Gene Association: ODC1

Epicatechin

C15H14O6 (290.079)

Epicatechin is an antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. Catechin is a tannin peculiar to green and white tea because the black tea oxidation process reduces catechins in black tea. Catechin is a powerful, water soluble polyphenol and antioxidant that is easily oxidized. Several thousand types are available in the plant world. As many as two thousand are known to have a flavon structure and are called flavonoids. Catechin is one of them. Green tea is manufactured from fresh, unfermented tea leaves; the oxidation of catechins is minimal, and hence they are able to serve as antioxidants. Researchers believe that catechin is effective because it easily sticks to proteins, blocking bacteria from adhering to cell walls and disrupting their ability to destroy them. Viruses have hooks on their surfaces and can attach to cell walls. The catechin in green tea prevents viruses from adhering and causing harm. Catechin reacts with toxins created by harmful bacteria (many of which belong to the protein family) and harmful metals such as lead, mercury, chrome, and cadmium. From its NMR espectra, there is a doubt on 2 and 3 atoms configuration. It seems to be that they are in trans position. Epicatechin, also known as (+)-cyanidanol-3 or 2,3-cis-epicatechin, is a member of the class of compounds known as catechins. Catechins are compounds containing a catechin moiety, which is a 3,4-dihydro-2-chromene-3,5.7-tiol. Thus, epicatechin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Epicatechin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Epicatechin can be found in cashew nut, which makes epicatechin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Epicatechin can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Epicatechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol and antioxidant. It is a plant secondary metabolite. It belongs to the group of flavan-3-ols (or simply flavanols), part of the chemical family of flavonoids . (-)-epicatechin is a catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration. It has a role as an antioxidant. It is a polyphenol and a catechin. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-epicatechin. Epicatechin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Pre-diabetes. (-)-Epicatechin is a natural product found in Visnea mocanera, Litsea rotundifolia, and other organisms with data available. An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. See also: Crofelemer (monomer of); Bilberry (part of); Cats Claw (part of) ... View More ... A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration. [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_20eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_50eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_40eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_10eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_30eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_50eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_30eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_10eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_40eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_20eV_000009.txt Epicatechin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=490-46-0 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 490-46-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.

Cynaropicrin

C19H22O6 (346.1416)

Constituent of Cynara scolymus (artichoke). Cynaropicrin is found in cardoon, globe artichoke, and root vegetables. Cynaropicrin is found in cardoon. Cynaropicrin is a constituent of Cynara scolymus (artichoke). Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone. Cynaropicrin is a natural product found in Pleiotaxis rugosa, Pseudostifftia kingii, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cynara scolymus leaf (part of). D009676 - Noxae > D003603 - Cytotoxins Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone which can inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) release with IC50s of 8.24 and 3.18 μM for murine and human macrophage cells, respectively. Cynaropicrin also inhibits the increase of cartilage degradation factor (MMP13) and suppresses NF-κB signaling. Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone which can inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) release with IC50s of 8.24 and 3.18 μM for murine and human macrophage cells, respectively. Cynaropicrin also inhibits the increase of cartilage degradation factor (MMP13) and suppresses NF-κB signaling.

Thymidine

C10H14N2O5 (242.0903)

Deoxythymidine, also known as 2-deoxy-5-methyluridine or 5-methyl-2-deoxyuridine, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxythymidine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Deoxythymidine can be synthesized from thymine. Deoxythymidine is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, tritiated thymidine, alpha-tritiated thymidine, and 5,6-dihydrothymidine. Deoxythymidine can be found in a number of food items such as butternut squash, mammee apple, catjang pea, and climbing bean, which makes deoxythymidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Deoxythymidine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including blood, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Deoxythymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, deoxythymidine is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism. Deoxythymidine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Moreover, deoxythymidine is found to be associated with canavan disease and degenerative disc disease. Thymidine (deoxythymidine; other names deoxyribosylthymine, thymine deoxyriboside) is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. In cell biology it is used to synchronize the cells in G1/early S phase . Thymidine, also known as deoxythymidine or deoxyribosylthymine or thymine deoxyriboside, is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. It consists of the nucleobase thymine attached to deoxyribose through a beta N- glycosidic bond. Thymidine also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxythymidine (or thymidine) is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. Therefore, thymidine is essential to all life. Indeed, thymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, thymidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, thymidine can be biosynthesized from 5-thymidylic acid through its interaction with the enzyme cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, thymidine can be converted into 5-thymidylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme thymidine kinase. Deoxythymidine can be phosphorylated with one, two or three phosphoric acid groups, creating dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate), dTDP, or dTTP (for the di- and tri- phosphates, respectively). dTMP can be incorporated into DNA via DNA polymerases. In cell biology, thymidine can be used to synchronize the cells in S phase. Derivatives of thymidine are used in a number of drugs, including Azidothymidine (AZT), which is used in the treatment of HIV infection. AZT inhibits the process of reverse transcription in the human immunodeficiency virus. Thymidine is a pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase. It has a role as a metabolite, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a thymine. It is an enantiomer of a telbivudine. Thymidine is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Thymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. In cell biology it is used to synchronize the cells in S phase. Thymidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Thymidine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Saussurea medusa, and other organisms with data available. Thymidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the pyrimidine base thymine attached to the sugar deoxyribose. As a constituent of DNA, thymidine pairs with adenine in the DNA double helix. (NCI04) Thymidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nucleoside in which THYMINE is linked to DEOXYRIBOSE. A pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase. KEIO_ID T014; [MS2] KO009272 KEIO_ID T014 Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3]. Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3].

Deoxycholic acid

C24H40O4 (392.2926)

Deoxycholic acid is a bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively. It has a role as a human blood serum metabolite. It is a bile acid, a dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid and a C24-steroid. It is a conjugate acid of a deoxycholate. Deoxycholic acid is a a bile acid which emulsifies and solubilizes dietary fats in the intestine, and when injected subcutaneously, it disrupts cell membranes in adipocytes and destroys fat cells in that tissue. In April 2015, deoxycholic acid was approved by the FDA for the treatment submental fat to improve aesthetic appearance and reduce facial fullness or convexity. It is marketed under the brand name Kybella by Kythera Biopharma and is the first pharmacological agent available for submental fat reduction, allowing for a safer and less invasive alternative than surgical procedures. Deoxycholic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Deoxycholic acid is a Cytolytic Agent. The physiologic effect of deoxycholic acid is by means of Decreased Cell Membrane Integrity. Deoxycholic acid is a natural product found in Pseudomonas syringae and Homo sapiens with data available. Deoxycholic Acid is a steroidal acid that is a secondary bile acid, with cytolytic activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, deoxycholic acid causes lysis of adipocytes and improves the appearance of fullness associated with submental fat. Also, it may potentially be able to reduce fat in other subcutaneous fatty tissues. Deoxycholic acid, naturally produced by the metabolism of cholic acid by intestinal bacteria, is involved in the emulsification of dietary fats in the intestine. Deoxycholic acid is a bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (A3407, A3408, A3409, A3410). A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent. Deoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid produced in the liver and is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, and depends only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycholic acid can act as a hepatotoxin, a metabotoxin, and an oncometabolite. A hepatotoxin causes damage to the liver or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. An oncometabolite is a compound, when present at chronically high levels, that promotes tumour growth and survival. Among the primary bile acids, cholic acid is considered to be the least hepatotoxic while deoxycholic acid is the most hepatoxic (PMID: 1641875). The liver toxicity of bile acids appears to be due to their ability to peroxidate lipids and to lyse liver cells. High bile acid levels lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, disruption of the cell membrane and mitochondria, induction of DNA damage, mutation and apoptosis, and the development of reduced apoptosis capability upon chronic exposure (PMID: 24884764). Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are associated with familial hypercholanemia. In hypercholanemia, bile acids, including deoxycholic acid, are elevated in the blood. This disease causes liver damage, extensive itching, poor fat absorption, and can lead to rickets due to lack of calcium in bones. The deficiency of normal bile acids in the intestines results in a deficiency of vitamin K, which also adversely affects clotting of the blood. The bile acid ursodiol (ursodeoxycholic acid) can improve symptoms associated with familial hypercholanemia. Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are also associated with several forms of cancer including colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, and many other GI cancers. A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively. Deoxycholic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=83-44-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 83-44-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Deoxycholic acid (cholanoic acid), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5[1][2]. Deoxycholic acid (cholanoic acid), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5[1][2].

Cordycepin

C10H13N5O3 (251.1018)

Cordycepin is a 3-deoxyribonucleoside and a member of adenosines. It has a role as an antimetabolite and a nucleoside antibiotic. Cordycepin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Leukemia. Cordycepin is a natural product found in Aspergillus nidulans, Streptomyces sparsogenes, and other organisms with data available. Cordycepin is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite and antibiotic isolated from the fungus Cordyceps militaris with potential antineoplastic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Cordycepin is an inhibitor of polyadenylation, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and reduces mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which may result in both the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family, plays an important role in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and proliferation, and its expression or activity is frequently dysregulated in human cancers. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Cordycepin (3'-Deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside derivative and inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in a dose-dependent manner[1]. Cordycepin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis through hijacking the bacterial adenosine kinase[2]. Cordycepin (3'-Deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside derivative and inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in a dose-dependent manner[1]. Cordycepin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis through hijacking the bacterial adenosine kinase[2]. Cordycepin (3'-Deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside derivative and inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in a dose-dependent manner[1]. Cordycepin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis through hijacking the bacterial adenosine kinase[2].

Cycloheximide

C15H23NO4 (281.1627)

Cycloheximide appears as colorless crystals. Used as a fungicide and as a anticancer drug. (EPA, 1998) Cycloheximide is a dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a protein synthesis inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent, an anticoronaviral agent and a ferroptosis inhibitor. It is a member of piperidones, a piperidine antibiotic, an antibiotic fungicide, a dicarboximide, a secondary alcohol and a cyclic ketone. It is functionally related to a piperidine-2,6-dione. Cycloheximide is a natural product found in Streptomyces, Streptomyces griseus, and Streptomyces pulveraceus with data available. Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent Origin: Microbe; SubCategory_DNP: Alkaloids derived from lysine, Piperidine alkaloids relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.773 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.776 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.777 [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_30eV.txt

Nicotine

C10H14N2 (162.1157)

Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae), predominantly in tobacco and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant (aubergine), and green pepper. Nicotine alkaloids are also found in the leaves of the coca plant. Nicotine constitutes 0.3 to 5\\\% of the tobacco plant by dry weight, with biosynthesis taking place in the root and accumulation in the leaves. It is a potent neurotoxin with particular specificity to insects; therefore nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine derivatives such as imidacloprid continue to be widely used. It has been noted that the majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia smoke tobacco. Estimates for the number of schizophrenics that smoke range from 75\\\% to 90\\\%. It was recently argued that the increased level of smoking in schizophrenia may be due to a desire to self-medicate with nicotine. More recent research has found the reverse: it is a risk factor without long-term benefit, used only for its short-term effects. However, research on nicotine as administered through a patch or gum is ongoing. As nicotine enters the body, it is distributed quickly through the bloodstream and can cross the blood-brain barrier. On average, it takes about seven seconds for the substance to reach the brain. The half-life of nicotine in the body is around 2 hours. The amount of nicotine inhaled with tobacco smoke is a fraction of the amount contained in the tobacco leaves (most of the substance is destroyed by the heat). The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking depends on many factors, including the type of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. For chewing tobacco, often called dip, snuff, or sinus, which is held in the mouth between the lip and gum, the amount released into the body tends to be much greater than smoked tobacco. The currently available literature indicates that nicotine, on its own, does not promote the development of cancer in healthy tissue and has no mutagenic properties. Its teratogenic properties have not yet been adequately researched, and while the likelihood of birth defects caused by nicotine is believed to be very small or nonexistent, nicotine replacement product manufacturers recommend consultation with a physician before using a nicotine patch or nicotine gum while pregnant or nursing. However, nicotine and the increased acetylcholinic activity it causes have been shown to impede apoptosis, which is one of the methods by which the body destroys unwanted cells (programmed cell death). Since apoptosis helps to remove mutated or damaged cells that may eventually become cancerous, the inhibitory actions of nicotine create a more favourable environment for cancer to develop. Thus, nicotine plays an indirect role in carcinogenesis. It is also important to note that its addictive properties are often the primary motivating factor for tobacco smoking, contributing to the proliferation of cancer. Nicotine is a highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. Nicotine is a hygroscopic, oily liquid that is miscible with water in its base form. As a nitrogenous base, nicotine forms salts with acids that are usually solid and water soluble. Nicotine easily penetrates the skin. As shown by the physical data, free base nicotine will burn at a temperature below its boiling point, and its vapours will combust at 95 °C in the air despite a low vapour pressure. Because of this, most nicotine is burned when a cigarette is smoked; however, enough is inhaled to provide the desired effects. Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nic... Nicotine appears as a colorless to light yellow or brown liquid. Combustible. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. (S)-nicotine is a 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. It has a role as a phytogenic insecticide, a teratogenic agent, a neurotoxin, an anxiolytic drug, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, a biomarker, an immunomodulator, a mitogen, a peripheral nervous system drug, a psychotropic drug, a plant metabolite and a xenobiotic. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-nicotinium(1+). It is an enantiomer of a (R)-nicotine. Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. Nicotine is a Cholinergic Nicotinic Agonist. Nicotine is a natural alkyloid that is a major component of cigarettes and is used therapeutically to help with smoking cessation. Nicotine has not been associated with liver test abnormalities or with clinically apparent hepatotoxicity. Nicotine is a natural product found in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Nicotiana cavicola, and other organisms with data available. Nicotine is a plant alkaloid, found in the tobacco plant, and addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that causes either ganglionic stimulation in low doses or ganglionic blockage in high doses. Nicotine acts as an agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the adrenal medulla and the brain. Nicotines CNS-stimulating activities may be mediated through the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ACTH. As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and elevated blood pressure may be observed with nicotine intake. This agent may also stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby inducing nausea and vomiting. Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. See also: Tobacco Leaf (part of); Nicotine Polacrilex (related); Menthol; nicotine (component of) ... View More ... Alkaloid from Nicotiana tabacum and other Nicotiana subspecies, Asclepias syriaca, Lycopodium subspecies, and other subspecies (Solanaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Crassulaceae). Rare spread of occurrence between angiosperms and cryptogametes (CCD) A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.

Etoposide

C29H32O13 (588.1843)

Etoposide is a beta-D-glucoside, a furonaphthodioxole and an organic heterotetracyclic compound. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a DNA synthesis inhibitor. It is functionally related to a podophyllotoxin and a 4-demethylepipodophyllotoxin. A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. Etoposide is a Topoisomerase Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of etoposide is as a Topoisomerase Inhibitor. Etoposide is a natural product found in Aspergillus porosus, Aspergillus alliaceus, and other organisms with data available. Etoposide is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, a substance extracted from the mandrake root Podophyllum peltatum. Possessing potent antineoplastic properties, etoposide binds to and inhibits topoisomerase II and its function in ligating cleaved DNA molecules, resulting in the accumulation of single- or double-strand DNA breaks, the inhibition of DNA replication and transcription, and apoptotic cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. (NCI04) A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. See also: Etoposide Phosphate (active moiety of). Etoposide, also known as vepesid or VP-16, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as podophyllotoxins. These are tetralin lignans in which the benzene moiety of the tetralin skeleton is fused to a 1,3-dioxolane and the cyclohexane is fused to a butyrolactone (pyrrolidin-2-one). Etoposide is a drug. Within humans, etoposide participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, etoposide can be converted into etoposide ortho-quinone; which is mediated by the enzymes prostaglandin g/h synthase 1 and prostaglandin g/h synthase 2. In addition, etoposide and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be converted into etoposide glucuronide and uridine 5-diphosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1. In humans, etoposide is involved in etoposide metabolism pathway. Etoposide is formally rated as a carcinogen (by IARC 1) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Etoposide is used as a form of chemotherapy for cancers such as Kaposis sarcoma, Ewings sarcoma, lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphoma, nonlymphocytic leukemia, and glioblastoma multiforme. It is given intravenously (IV) or orally in capsule or tablet form. It is believed to work by damaging DNA. Etoposide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1983. They can include low blood cell counts, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, and fever. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01C - Plant alkaloids and other natural products > L01CB - Podophyllotoxin derivatives C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor > C129824 - Antineoplastic Protein Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C1331 - Epipodophyllotoxin Compound C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C129825 - Antineoplastic Enzyme Inhibitor > C1748 - Topoisomerase Inhibitor COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C1907 - Drug, Natural Product D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_20eV_CB000069.txt [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_50eV_CB000069.txt [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_10eV_CB000069.txt [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_40eV_CB000069.txt [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_30eV_CB000069.txt Etoposide (VP-16; VP-16-213) is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II, thus stopping DNA replication. Etoposide induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy[1]. Etoposide (VP-16; VP-16-213) is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II, thus stopping DNA replication. Etoposide induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy[1].

Arbutin

C12H16O7 (272.0896)

Hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside is a monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a hydroquinone. Extracted from the dried leaves of bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos and other plants commonly in the Ericaceae family, arbutin is a beta-D-glucopyranoside of [DB09526]. It is found in foods, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal dietary supplements. Most commonly, it is an active ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products as a skin-lightening agent for the prevention of melanin formation in various skin conditions that involve cutaneous hyperpigmentation or hyperactive melanocyte function. It has also been used as an anti-infective for the urinary system as well as a diuretic. Arbutin is available in both natural and synthetic forms; it can be synthesized from acetobromglucose and [DB09526]. Arbutin is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase (E.C.1.14.18.1) in melanocytes, and the inhibition of melanin synthesis at non-toxic concentrations was observed in vitro. Arbutin was shown to be less cytotoxic to melanocytes in culture compared to [DB09526]. Arbutin is a natural product found in Grevillea robusta, Halocarpus biformis, and other organisms with data available. See also: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf (part of); Arbutin; octinoxate (component of); Adenosine; arbutin (component of) ... View More ... Arbutin, also known as hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside or P-hydroxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenolic glycosides. Phenolic glycosides are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. Arbutin is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Arbutin can be found in a number of food items such as guava, lingonberry, irish moss, and rowal, which makes arbutin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Arbutin is a glycoside; a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos among many other medicinal plants, primarily in the Ericaceae family. Applied topically, it inhibits tyrosinase and thus prevents the formation of melanin. Arbutin is therefore used as a skin-lightening agent. Very tiny amounts of arbutin are found in wheat, pear skins, and some other foods. It is also found in Bergenia crassifolia. Arbutin was also produced by an in vitro culture of Schisandra chinensis . A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage. Arbutin is found in apple. Glucoside in pear leaves (Pyrus communis C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6126; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6123 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6107; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6104 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 811; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 808 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 806; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 804 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 813; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 811 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 832; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 828 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 817; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 816 Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents[1]. Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[2][3]. Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents[1]. Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[2][3].

Amygdaloside

C20H27NO11 (457.1584)

Amygdalin is found in almond. Bitter glycoside of the Rosaceae, found especially in kernels of cherries, peaches and apricots. Amygdalin is present in cold pressed bitter almond oil from the above sources prior to enzymic hydolysis and steam distillation for food use Amygdalin , C20H27NO11, is a glycoside initially isolated from the seeds of the tree Prunus dulcis, also known as bitter almonds, by Pierre-Jean Robiquet and A. F. Boutron-Charlard in 1803, and subsequently investigated by Liebig and Wohler in 1830, and others. Several other related species in the genus of Prunus, including apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and black cherry (Prunus serotina), also contain amygdalin. It was promoted as a cancer cure by Ernst T. Krebs under the name "Vitamin B17", but studies have found it to be ineffective. Amygdalin is sometimes confounded with laevomandelonitrile, also called laetrile for short; however, amygdalin and laetrile are different chemical compounds (R)-amygdalin is an amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an apoptosis inducer and an antineoplastic agent. It is functionally related to a (R)-mandelonitrile. D-Amygdalin is a natural product found in Prunus spinosa, Gerbera jamesonii, and other organisms with data available. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glucoside isolated from almonds and seeds of other plants of the family Rosaceae. Amygdalin is converted by plant emulsin (a combination of a glucosidase and a nitrilase) or hydrochloric acid into benzaldehyde, D-glucose, and hydrocyanic acid. (NCI04) A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae. Amygdalin is a bitter glycoside of the Rosaceae, found in sources such as kernels of cherries, peaches and apricots. Present in cold pressed bitter almond oil from the these sources prior to enzymic hydolysis and steam distillation for food use. Amygdalin can also be found in passion fruit. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C29724 - Cyanoglycoside Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1907 - Drug, Natural Product Amygdalin is a plant glucoside isolated from the stones of rosaceous fruits, such as apricots, peaches, almond, cherries, and plums. Amygdalin is a plant glucoside isolated from the stones of rosaceous fruits, such as apricots, peaches, almond, cherries, and plums.

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

Leucine (Leu) or L-leucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-leucine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Leucine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. L-Leucine is a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). The BCAAs consist of leucine, valine and isoleucine (and occasionally threonine). BCAAs are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point at the beta-carbon position. BCAAs are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism are acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; consequently, it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, with lysine being the other. Leucine is the most important ketogenic amino acid in humans. The vast majority of l-leucine metabolism is initially catalyzed by the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase enzyme, producing alpha-ketoisocaproate (alpha-KIC). alpha-KIC is metabolized by the mitochondrial enzyme branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, which converts it to isovaleryl-CoA. Isovaleryl-CoA is subsequently metabolized by the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase and converted to beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MC-CoA), which is used in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA and other compounds. During biotin deficiency, HMB can be synthesized from MC-CoA via enoyl-CoA hydratase and an unknown thioesterase enzyme, which convert MC-CoA into HMB-CoA and HMB-CoA into HMB respectively. Leucine has the capacity to directly stimulate myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis (PMID 15051860). This effect of leucine arises results from its role as an activator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PMID 23551944) a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates protein biosynthesis and cell growth. The activation of mTOR by leucine is mediated through Rag GTPases. Leucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of leucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287). BCAAs such as leucine have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Persistently low leucine levels can result in decreased appetite, poor feeding, lethargy, poor growth, weight loss, skin rashes, hair loss, and desquamation. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist and these are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary res... L-leucine is the L-enantiomer of leucine. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a leucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-leucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-leucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-leucine. It is a tautomer of a L-leucine zwitterion. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. L-Leucine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Leucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare. (NCI04) Leucine (abbreviated as Leu or L)[2] is a branched-chain л±-amino acid with the chemical formulaHO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH(CH3)2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons (UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG) and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin, and other buffer proteins. Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning that the human body cannot synthesize it, and it therefore must be ingested. It is important for hemoglobin formation. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. See also: Isoleucine; Leucine (component of) ... View More ... Dietary supplement, nutrient [DFC]. (±)-Leucine is found in many foods, some of which are green bell pepper, italian sweet red pepper, green zucchini, and red bell pepper. L-Leucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=61-90-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 61-90-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].

Ingenol

C20H28O5 (348.1937)

Ingenol is a tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-1H-2,8a-methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[e][10]annulen-11-one substituted at positions 5, 5a and 6 by hydroxy groups, positions 1, 1, 7 and 9 by methyl groups, position 4 by a hydroxymethyl group and position 1 by an oxo group (the 1aR,2S,5R,5aR,6S,8aS,9R,10aR diastereomer). It is a tetracyclic diterpenoid and a cyclic terpene ketone. Ingenol is a natural product found in Euphorbia villosa, Euphorbia illirica, and other organisms with data available. Ingenol is a PKC activator, with a Ki of 30 μM, with antitumor activity. Ingenol is a PKC activator, with a Ki of 30 μM, with antitumor activity.

Aesculin

C15H16O9 (340.0794)

Esculin is a hydroxycoumarin that is the 6-O-beta-D-glucoside of esculetin. It has a role as an antioxidant and a metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside and a hydroxycoumarin. It is functionally related to an esculetin. Esculin is found in barley. Vitamin C2 is generally considered a bioflavanoid, related to vitamin P esculin is a glucoside that naturally occurs in the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), California Buckeye (Aesculus californica) and in daphnin (the dark green resin of Daphne mezereum). Esculin belongs to the family of Glycosyl Compounds. These are carbohydrate derivatives in which a sugar group is bonded through its anmoeric carbonA to another group via a C-, S-,N-,O-, or Se- glycosidic bond. Esculin is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Gardenia jasminoides, and other organisms with data available. A derivative of COUMARIN with molecular formula C15H16O9. See also: Horse Chestnut (part of); Aesculus hippocastanum bark (part of). Aesculin is found in barley. Vitamin C2 is generally considered a bioflavanoid, related to vitamin P Aesculin is a glucoside that naturally occurs in the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), California Buckeye (Aesculus californica) and in daphnin (the dark green resin of Daphne mezereum) Vitamin C2 is generally considered a bioflavanoid, related to vitamin P A hydroxycoumarin that is the 6-O-beta-D-glucoside of esculetin. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Esculin, a fluorescent coumarin glucoside, is an active ingredient of ash bark[1]. Esculin ameliorates cognitive impairment in experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN), and exerts anti?oxidative stress and anti?inflammatory effects, via the MAPK signaling pathway[2]. Esculin, a fluorescent coumarin glucoside, is an active ingredient of ash bark[1]. Esculin ameliorates cognitive impairment in experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN), and exerts anti?oxidative stress and anti?inflammatory effects, via the MAPK signaling pathway[2].

Reserpine

C33H40N2O9 (608.2734)

Reserpine appears as white or cream to slightly yellow crystals or crystalline powder. Odorless with a bitter taste. (NTP, 1992) Reserpine is an alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent, a first generation antipsychotic, an adrenergic uptake inhibitor, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and a plant metabolite. It is an alkaloid ester, a methyl ester and a yohimban alkaloid. It is functionally related to a reserpic acid. An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. The FDA withdrew its approval for the use of all oral dosage form drug products containing more than 1 mg of reserpine. Reserpine is a Catecholamine-depleting Sympatholytic. The physiologic effect of reserpine is by means of Decreased Sympathetic Activity. Reserpine is an oral antihypertensive medication that acts through inhibitor of alpha-adrenergic transmission and was one of the first antihypertensive agents introduced into clinical practice. Despite widescale use for many years, reserpine has not been shown to cause clinically apparent liver injury. Reserpine is a natural product found in Rauvolfia yunnanensis, Alstonia constricta, and other organisms with data available. Reserpine is an alkaloid, derived from the roots of Rauwolfia serpentine and vomitoria, and an adrenergic uptake inhibitor with antihypertensive effects. Reserpine is lipid soluble and can penetrate blood-brain barrier. This agent binds and inhibits catecholamine pump on the storage vesicles in central and peripheral adrenergic neurons, thereby inhibiting the uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine serotonin into presynaptic storage vesicles. This results in catecholamines and serotonin lingering in the cytoplasm where they are destroyed by intraneuronal monoamine oxidase, thereby causing the depletion of catecholamine and serotonin stores in central and peripheral nerve terminals. Depletion results in a lack of active transmitter discharge from nerve endings upon nerve depolarization, and consequently leads to a decreased heart rate and decreased arterial blood pressure as well as sedative effects. An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. See also: Hydroflumethiazide; reserpine (component of); Polythiazide; reserpine (component of); Chlorthalidone; reserpine (component of) ... View More ... An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [PubChem] C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02A - Antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting > C02AA - Rauwolfia alkaloids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C1744 - Multidrug Resistance Modulator CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2682 [Raw Data] CBA02_Reserpine_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA02_Reserpine_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA02_Reserpine_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA02_Reserpine_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA02_Reserpine_pos_50eV.txt Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2).

Melamine

C3H6N6 (126.0654)

Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66\\\% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine. It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants. Melamine is combined with formaldehyde to produce melamine resin, a very durable thermosetting plastic used in Formica, and melamine foam, a polymeric cleaning product. The end products include countertops, dry erase boards, fabrics, glues, housewares, dinnerware, cooking spoons, guitar saddles, guitar nuts, acoustic foam paneling, and flame retardants. Melamine is one of the major components in Pigment Yellow 150, a colorant in inks and plastics. Melamine is sometimes illegally added to food products in order to increase the apparent protein content. Standard tests, such as the Kjeldahl and Dumas tests, estimate protein levels by measuring the nitrogen content, so they can be misled by adding nitrogen-rich compounds such as melamine.There is an instrument (SPRINT) developed by the company CEM Corp that allows the determination of protein content directly in some applications; this cannot be fooled by adding melamine in the sample. Ultrasound-assisted extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed at ETH Zurich (Switzerland) by Zhu et al., (2008) for a rapid detection of melamine in untreated food samples. Ultrasounds are used to nebulize the melamine-containing liquids into a fine spray. The spray is then ionised by extractive electrospray ionisation (EESI) and analysed using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). An analysis requires 30 seconds per sample. The limit of detection of melamine is a few nanograms of melamine per gram of milk. Crystallization and washing of melamine generates a considerable amount of waste water, which is a pollutant if discharged directly into the environment. The waste water may be concentrated into a solid (1.5-5\\\% of the weight) for easier disposal. The solid may contain approximately 70\\\% melamine, 23\\\% oxytriazines (ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid), 0.7\\\% polycondensates (melem, melam, and melon). In the Eurotecnica process, however, there is no solid waste and the contaminants are decomposed to ammonia and carbon dioxide and sent as off gas to the upstream urea plant; accordingly, the waste water can be recycled to the melamine plant itself or used as clean cooling water make-up. Melamine also enters the fabrication of melamine poly-sulfonate used as superplasticizer for making high-resistance concrete. Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF) is a polymer used as cement admixture to reduce the water content in concrete while increasing the fluidity and the workability of the mix during its handling and pouring. It results in concrete with a lower porosity and a higher mechanical strength, exhibiting an improved resistance to aggressive environments and a longer life-time. Melamine appears as colorless to white monoclinic crystals or prisms or white powder. Sublimes when gently heated. (NTP, 1992) Melamine is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. It has a role as a xenobiotic metabolite. It is functionally related to a cyanamide. It is a conjugate base of a melamine(1+). Melamine is a natural product found in Euglena gracilis, Aeromonas veronii, and Apis cerana with data available. Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66\\\% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine. It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants. Melamine is described as Harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Chronic exposure may cause cancer or reproductive damage. Eye, skin and respiratory irritant. However, the short-term lethal dose is on a par with common table salt with an LD50 of more than 3 grams per kilogram of bodyweight.[15] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) scientists explained that when melamine and cyanuric acid are absorbed into the bloodstream, they concentrate and interact in the urine-filled renal tubules, then crystallize and form large numbers of round, yellow crystals, which in turn block and damage the renal cells that line the tubes, causing the kidneys to malfunction. A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3151 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8699 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3870 Melamine is a metabolite?of?cyromazine. Melamine is a intermediate for the synthesis of melamine resin and plastic materials[1].

Milrinone

C12H9N3O (211.0746)

Milrinone is a member of the class of bipyridines that is 2-pyridone which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 6 by cyano, pyrid-4-yl, and methyl groups, respectively. It is used (particularly intravenously, as the lactate) for the short-term management of severe heart failure. It has a role as an EC 3.1.4.17 (3,5-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, a vasodilator agent and a cardiotonic drug. It is a pyridone, a nitrile and a member of bipyridines. Heart failure is a multifactorial condition that affects roughly 1-2\\% of the adult population. Often the result of long-term myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy, or other cardiac insults, heart failure results from an inability of the heart to perfuse peripheral tissues with sufficient oxygen and metabolites, resulting in complex systemic pathologies. Heart failure is underpinned by numerous physiological changes, including alteration in β-adrenergic signalling and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, which affects the hearts contractile function and cardiac output. Milrinone is a second-generation bipyridine phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor created through chemical modification of [amrinone]. As a PDE-III inhibitor, milrinone results in increased cAMP levels and improves cardiac function and peripheral vasodilation in acute decongested heart failure. Milrinone was originally synthesized at the Sterling Winthrop Research Institute in the 1980s. It was approved by the FDA on December 31, 1987, and was marketed under the trademark PRIMACOR® by Sanofi-Aventis US before being discontinued. Milrinone is a Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of milrinone is as a Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitor. Milrinone is a cardiovascular bipyridine agent and phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitor, with positive inotropic and vasodilator activities. Upon administration, milrinone selectively inhibits PDE-mediated degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the heart and vascular muscles, thereby increasing cAMP and activates protein kinase A (PKA). This leads to phosphorylation of calcium ion channels and improve myocardium contractile force. Milrinone also causes vasodilation in arteriolar and venous vascular smooth muscle. A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase type 3 activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the inotropic potency of amrinone. See also: Milrinone Lactate (active moiety of). Milrinone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. Milrinone inhibits erythrocyte phosphodiesterase, resulting in an increase in erythrocyte cAMP activity. Subsequently, the erythrocyte membrane becomes more resistant to deformity. Along with erythrocyte activity, Milrinone also decreases blood viscosity by reducing plasma fibrinogen concentrations and increasing fibrinolytic activity. It also inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the ionotropic potency of amrinone. [PubChem] C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CE - Phosphodiesterase inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D010726 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors > D058987 - Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C744 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents KEIO_ID M037; [MS2] KO009062 KEIO_ID M037

Salicin

C13H18O7 (286.1052)

Salicin, also known as salicoside or delta-salicin, is an aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as a prodrug, an antipyretic, a non-narcotic analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor and a metabolite. It is an aryl beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic primary alcohol and a member of benzyl alcohols. It derives from a salicyl alcohol. Salicin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenolic glycosides. These are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. Salicin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Salicin is a bitter tasting compound. Salicin is an aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as a prodrug, an antipyretic, a non-narcotic analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor and a metabolite. It is an aryl beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic primary alcohol and a member of benzyl alcohols. It is functionally related to a salicyl alcohol. Salicin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Salicin is a natural product found in Salix candida, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. Salicin is an alcoholic β-glycoside that contains D-glucose. Salicin is an anti-inflammatory agent that is produced from willow bark. Salicin is closely related in chemical make-up to aspirin and has a very similar action in the human body. When consumed by humans, Salicin is metabolized into salicylic acid. [HMDB] An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor. Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor.

Raffinose

C18H32O16 (504.169)

Raffinose is a complex carbohydrate. It is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, fructose, and glucose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains. Raffinose is hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by D-galactosidase (D-GAL). D-GAL also hydrolyzes other D-galactosides such as stachyose, verbascose, and galactinol [1-O-(D-galactosyl)-myoinositol], if present. The enzyme does not cleave linked galactose, as in lactose. Raffinose is also known as melitose and may be thought of as galactose and sucrose connected via an alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkage. Thus, raffinose can be broken down into galactose and sucrose via the enzyme alpha-galactosidase. Human intestines do not contain this enzyme. Raffinose is a trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a raffinose family oligosaccharide and a trisaccharide. Raffinose is a natural product found in Teucrium polium, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. See also: Oligosaccharide (related). A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 230 Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1]. Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1].

beta-Lactose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

Beta-lactose is the beta-anomer of lactose. beta-Lactose contains a Lactosylceramide motif and is often attached to a Cer aglycon. beta-Lactose is a natural product found in Hypericum perforatum with data available. A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry. Beta-Lactose is the beta-pyranose form of the compound lactose [CCD]. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents Beta-pyranose form of the compound lactose [CCD] The beta-anomer of lactose. Lactose, a major sugar in the milk of most species, could regulate human’s intestinal microflora. Lactose, a major sugar in the milk of most species, could regulate human’s intestinal microflora. α-Lactose (α-D-Lactose) is the major sugar present in milk. Lactose exists in the form of two anomers, α and β. The α form normally crystallizes as a monohydrate[1][2]. α-Lactose (α-D-Lactose) is the major sugar present in milk. Lactose exists in the form of two anomers, α and β. The α form normally crystallizes as a monohydrate[1][2].

Bergapten

C12H8O4 (216.0423)

Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis". Grayish-white microcrystalline powder or yellow fluffy solid. (NTP, 1992) 5-methoxypsoralen is a 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5. It has a role as a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of psoralens, a 5-methoxyfurocoumarin and an organic heterotricyclic compound. It is functionally related to a psoralen. Bergapten is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 (Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis). Bergapten is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Ficus virens, and other organisms with data available. A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS. See also: Parsley (part of); Anise (part of); Angelica archangelica root (part of) ... View More ... Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, esp. the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05B - Antipsoriatics for systemic use > D05BA - Psoralens for systemic use D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8020; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8017 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8002; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8000 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7952; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7950 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7968; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7967 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8005; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8002 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8376; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8372 [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_50eV.txt Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms. Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.

DL-Mannitol

C6H14O6 (182.079)

D-mannitol appears as odorless white crystalline powder or free-flowing granules. Sweet taste. (NTP, 1992) D-mannitol is the D-enantiomer of mannitol. It has a role as an osmotic diuretic, a sweetening agent, an antiglaucoma drug, a metabolite, an allergen, a hapten, a food bulking agent, a food anticaking agent, a food humectant, a food stabiliser, a food thickening agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a member of compatible osmolytes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and occurs naturally, as a sugar or sugar alcohol, in fruits and vegetables. Mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, into interstitial fluid and plasma. As a result, cerebral edema, elevated intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid volume and pressure may be reduced. Mannitol may also be used for the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established; the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances; as an Antiglaucoma agent; and as a renal function diagnostic aid. On October 30, 2020, mannitol was approved by the FDA as add-on maintenance therapy for the control of pulmonary symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis in adult patients and is currently marketed for this indication under the name BRONCHITOL® by Chiesi USA Inc. Mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Mannitol is an Osmotic Diuretic. The mechanism of action of mannitol is as an Osmotic Activity. The physiologic effect of mannitol is by means of Increased Diuresis. Mannitol is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Scoparia dulcis, and other organisms with data available. Mannitol is a naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. An increase in osmolarity limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, thereby promoting diuresis. In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma. D-mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. See also: Mannitol; sorbitol (component of); Mannitol; menthol (component of). Mannitol, or hexan-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (C6H8(OH)6), is an alcohol and a sugar (sugar alcohol), or a polyol, it is a stereoisomer of sorbitol and is similar to the C5 xylitol. The structure of mannitol is made of a straight chain of six carbon atoms, each of which is substituted with a hydroxyl group. Mannitol is one of the most abundant energy and carbon storage molecules in nature, it is produced by a wide range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants (PMID: 19578847). In medicine, mannitol is used as a diuretic and renal diagnostic aid. Mannitol has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. Mannitol has a tendency to lose a hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions, which causes the solution to become acidic. For this, it is not uncommon to add a weak base, such as sodium bicarbonate, to the solution to adjust its pH. Mannitol is a non-permeating molecule i.e., it cannot cross biological membranes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator. Mannitol is found to be associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Mannitol is also a microbial metabolite found in Aspergillus, Candida, Clostridium, Gluconobacter, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pseudomonas, Rhodobacteraceae, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Torulaspora and Zymomonas (PMID: 15240312; PMID: 29480337). Mannitol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=85085-15-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 69-65-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity.

Cytidine

C9H13N3O5 (243.0855)

Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brains extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547). Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis; as precursor of the cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathway. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transports of cytidine into the brains extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide, which is involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. Cytidine is a white crystalline powder. (NTP, 1992) Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a cytosine. Cytidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Cytidine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Castanopsis fissa, and other organisms with data available. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside comprised of a cytosine bound to ribose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a precursor for uridine. Both cytidine and uridine are utilized in RNA synthesis. Cytidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE. A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3]. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3]. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3].

Glycyrrhetinic acid

C30H46O4 (470.3396)

Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an oxo group at position 11 and a carboxy group at position 30. It has a role as an immunomodulator and a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a cyclic terpene ketone and a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a glycyrrhetinate. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane. Enoxolone (glycyrrhetic acid) has been investigated for the basic science of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (AME). Enoxolone is a natural product found in Glycyrrhiza, Echinopora lamellosa, and other organisms with data available. Enoxolone is a pentacyclic triterpenoid aglycone metabolite of glycyrrhizin, which is a product of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), with potential expectorant, and gastrokinetic activities. After administration, enoxolone inhibits the metabolism of prostaglandins by both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] and prostaglandin reductase 2. Therefore, this agent potentiates the activity of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha, which inhibits gastric secretion while stimulating pancreatic secretion and the secretion of intestinal and respiratory mucus, leading to increased intestinal motility and antitussive effects. Additionally, this agent inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the conversion of cortisol to cortisone in the kidneys. An oleanolic acid from GLYCYRRHIZA that has some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation. See also: Glycyrrhizin (is active moiety of); Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of). Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was first obtained from the herb liquorice. It is used in flavouring and it masks the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer and also has expectorant (antitussive) properties (PMID:32106571). In glycyrrhetinic acid the functional group (R) is a hydroxyl group. Research in 2005 demonstrated that with a proper functional group a very effective glycyrrhetinic artificial sweetener can be obtained. When R is an anionic NHCO(CH2)CO2K side chain, the sweetening effect is found to 1200 times that of sugar (human sensory panel data). A shorter or longer spacer reduces the sweetening effect. One explanation is that the taste bud cell receptor has 1.3 nanometers (13 angstroms) available for docking with the sweetener molecule. In addition the sweetener molecule requires three proton donor positions of which two reside at the extremities to be able to interact efficiently with the receptor cavity. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties.

Diosmin

C28H32O15 (608.1741)

Isolated from parsley. Diosmetin 7-rutinoside is found in many foods, some of which are sweet orange, spearmint, rosemary, and peppermint. C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05C - Capillary stabilizing agents > C05CA - Bioflavonoids Diosmin is found in green vegetables. Diosmin is isolated from parsle C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant > C306 - Bioflavonoid Diosmin is a disaccharide derivative that consists of diosmetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a glycosyloxyflavone, a rutinoside, a disaccharide derivative, a monomethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavanone. It is functionally related to a diosmetin. Chronic venous insufficiency is a common condition the western population. Compression and pharmacotherapy are frequently used to manage chronic venous insufficiency, improving circulation and symptoms of venous disease. Diosmin is a bioflavonoid isolated from various plants or synthesized from [hesperidin]. It is used for the improvement of capillary fragility or venous insufficiency, including chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and hemorrhoids. Diosmin is widely available over-the-counter and demonstrates a favourable a favorable safety profile. Diosmin is a natural product found in Asyneuma argutum, Citrus hystrix, and other organisms with data available. A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls. See also: Agathosma betulina leaf (part of). [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_neg_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA89_Diosmin_pos_40eV.txt Diosmin is a flavonoid found in a variety of citrus fruits and also an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Diosmin is a flavonoid found in a variety of citrus fruits and also an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).

Methoxsalen

C12H8O4 (216.0423)

8-methoxypsoralen is an odorless white to cream-colored crystalline solid. Bitter taste followed by tingling sensation. (NTP, 1992) Methoxsalen is a member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis. It has a role as a dermatologic drug, an antineoplastic agent, a photosensitizing agent, a cross-linking reagent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of psoralens and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to a psoralen. A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. Methoxsalen is a Photoactivated Radical Generator and Psoralen. The mechanism of action of methoxsalen is as a Photoabsorption. The physiologic effect of methoxsalen is by means of Photosensitizing Activity. Methoxsalen is a natural product found in Ammi visnaga, Zanthoxylum mayu, and other organisms with data available. Methoxsalen is a naturally occurring substance isolated from the seeds of the plant Ammi majus with photoactivating properties. As a member of the family of compounds known as psoralens or furocoumarins, methoxsalens exact mechanism of action is unknown; upon photoactivation, methoxsalen has been observed to bind covalently to and crosslink DNA. (NCI04) Methoxsalen is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. After activation Methoxsalen binds preferentially to the guanine and cytosine moieties of DNA, leading to cross-linking of DNA, thus inhibiting DNA synthesis and function. A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. See also: Angelica archangelica root (part of); Ammi majus seed (part of); Angelica keiskei top (part of) ... View More ... Methoxsalen, also known as oxsoralen or 8-methoxypsoralen, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 8-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C8 position of the psoralen group. Methoxsalen is a drug which is used for the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. Methoxsalen is a bitter tasting compound. Methoxsalen is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as parsnips, parsley, and celery stalks and in a lower concentration in wild carrots, carrots, and fennels. Methoxsalen has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as figs, green vegetables, corianders, dills, and fruits. Methoxsalen is a potentially toxic compound. A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis. Present in celery, especies the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Isolated from Aegle marmelos (bael) D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05B - Antipsoriatics for systemic use > D05BA - Psoralens for systemic use D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05A - Antipsoriatics for topical use > D05AD - Psoralens for topical use D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_50eV.txt Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor. Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor.

Phorbol

C20H28O6 (364.1886)

Phorbol is a white solid. (NTP, 1992) Phorbol is a diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions. It is a tetracyclic diterpenoid, an enone, a cyclic ketone, a tertiary alcohol and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone. It derives from a hydride of a tigliane. Phorbol is a natural product found in Euphorbia tirucalli, Croton tiglium, and Rehmannia glutinosa with data available. Phorbol is a natural, plant-derived organic compound. It is a member of the tigliane family of diterpenes. Phorbol was first isolated in 1934 as the hydrolysis product of croton oil, which is derived from the seeds of the purging croton, Croton tiglium. The structure of phorbol was determined in 1967. It is very soluble in most polar organic solvents, as well as in water. Phorbol is a highly toxic diterpene, whose esters have important biological properties. Phorbol is a highly toxic diterpene, whose esters have important biological properties.

Galactitol

C6H14O6 (182.079)

Galactitol or dulcitol is a sugar alcohol that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Galactose is derived from lactose in food (such as dairy products). When lactose is broken down by the enzyme lactase it produces glucose and galactose. Galactitol has a slightly sweet taste. It is produced from galactose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase. When present in sufficiently high levels, galactitol can act as a metabotoxin, a neurotoxin, and a hepatotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural cells and neural tissue. A hepatotoxin as a compound that disrupts or attacks liver tissue or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of galactitol are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including galactosemia and galactosemia type II. Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects an individuals ability to metabolize the sugar galactose properly. Excess lactose consumption in individuals with galactose intolerance or galactosemia activates aldose reductase to produce galactitol, thus depleting NADPH and leading to lowered glutathione reductase activity. As a result, hydrogen peroxide or other free radicals accumulate causing serious oxidative damage to various cells and tissues. In individuals with galactosemia, the enzymes needed for the further metabolism of galactose (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase) are severely diminished or missing entirely, leading to toxic levels of galactose 1-phosphate, galactitol, and galactonate. High levels of galactitol in infants are specifically associated with hepatomegaly (an enlarged liver), cirrhosis, renal failure, cataracts, vomiting, seizure, hypoglycemia, lethargy, brain damage, and ovarian failure. Galactitol is an optically inactive hexitol having meso-configuration. It has a role as a metabolite, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. Galactitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Galactitol is a natural product found in Elaeodendron croceum, Salacia chinensis, and other organisms with data available. Galactitol is a naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of galactose. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in galactosemias a deficiency of galactokinase. A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of GALACTOSE. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in GALACTOSEMIAS, a deficiency of GALACTOKINASE. A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of galactose. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste.; Dulcitol (or galactitol) is a sugar alcohol, the reduction product of galactose. Galactitol in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of milk. Galactitol is found in many foods, some of which are elliotts blueberry, italian sweet red pepper, catjang pea, and green bean. An optically inactive hexitol having meso-configuration. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose.

Psoralen

C11H6O3 (186.0317)

Psoralen is the simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia. It has a role as a plant metabolite. 8-methoxsalen and 5-methoxsalen are furocoumarins referred to collectively as psoralens that have photosensitizing activity and are used orally and topically in conjunction with ultraviolet irradiation for the therapy of psoriasis and vitiligo. Psoralens have been linked to a low rate of transient serum enzyme elevations during therapy and to rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury. Psoralen is a natural product found in Cullen cinereum, Ficus erecta var. beecheyana, and other organisms with data available. Psoralen is a furocoumarin that intercalates with DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division. Psoralen is used in Photochemotherapy with high-intensity long-wavelength UVA irradiation. Psoralens are tricyclic furocumarins and have a strong tendency to intercalate with DNA base pairs. Irradiation of nucleic acids in the presence of psoralen with long wave UV (~360 nm) results in the 2+2 cyclo- addition of either of its two photoreactive sites with 5,6-carbon bonds of pyrimidines resulting in crosslinking double-stranded nucleic acids. Psoralen is found in carrot. Psoralen is found in common vegetables, e.g. parsnip, celery especially if diseased or `spoiled Psoralen is a significant mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research.Psoralen has been shown to exhibit anti-proliferative, anti-allergenic and anti-histamine functions (A7781, A7782, A7782).Psoralen belongs to the family of Furanocoumarins. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a furan ring fused to a coumarin moeity. A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking. See also: Angelica keiskei top (part of); Cullen corylifolium fruit (part of). Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia. The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics Found in common vegetables, e.g. parsnip, celery especies if diseased or `spoiled D003879 - Dermatologic Agents INTERNAL_ID 18; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 18 Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1]. Psoralen. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=66-97-7 (retrieved 2024-10-18) (CAS RN: 66-97-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Paucine

C13H18N2O3 (250.1317)

N-caffeoylputrescine is a N-substituted putrescine. It is a conjugate base of a N-caffeoylputrescinium(1+). N-Caffeoylputrescine is a natural product found in Iochroma cyaneum, Solanum tuberosum, and Selaginella moellendorffii with data available. Paucine is found in avocado. Paucine is an alkaloid from the famine food Pentaclethra macrophylla and from Persea gratissima (avocado Alkaloid from the famine food Pentaclethra macrophylla and from Persea gratissima (avocado). Paucine is found in avocado and fruits.

Butein

C15H12O5 (272.0685)

Butein is a chalcone that is (E)-chalcone bearing four additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2, 3, 4 and 4. It has a role as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an antioxidant, an EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, a geroprotector, a radiosensitizing agent, a hypoglycemic agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of chalcones and a polyphenol. Butein is a natural product found in Dahlia pinnata, Calanticaria bicolor, and other organisms with data available. Butein is a flavonoid obtained from the seed of Cyclopia subternata. It is a specific protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor that induces apoptosis. (NCI) See also: Semecarpus anacardium juice (part of). A chalcone that is (E)-chalcone bearing four additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2, 3, 4 and 4. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C1967 - Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Butein, also known as 2,3,4,4-tetrahydroxychalcone, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2-hydroxychalcones. 2-hydroxychalcones are organic compounds containing chalcone skeleton that carries a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. Thus, butein is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Butein is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Butein is a bitter tasting compound found in broad bean, which makes butein a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Butein is a chalcone of the chalconoids. It can be found in Toxicodendron vernicifluum (or formerly Rhus verniciflua), Dahlia, Butea (Butea monosperma) and Coreopsis It has antioxidative, aldose reductase and advanced glycation endproducts inhibitory effects. It is also a sirtuin-activating compound, a chemical compound having an effect on sirtuins, a group of enzymes that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteins. It turned out that buteins possess a high ability to inhibit aromatase process in the human body, for this reason, the use of these compounds in the treatment of breast cancer on the estrogen ground has been taken into account. The first attempts of sport pro-hormone supplementation with the use of buteins took place in Poland . Butein is a cAMP-specific PDE inhibitor with an IC50 of 10.4 μM for PDE4[1]. Butein is a specific protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 16 and 65 μM for EGFR and p60c-src in HepG2 cells[2]. Butein sensitizes HeLa cells to Cisplatin through AKT and ERK/p38 MAPK pathways by targeting FoxO3a[3]. Butein is a SIRT1 activator (STAC). Butein is a cAMP-specific PDE inhibitor with an IC50 of 10.4 μM for PDE4[1]. Butein is a specific protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 16 and 65 μM for EGFR and p60c-src in HepG2 cells[2]. Butein sensitizes HeLa cells to Cisplatin through AKT and ERK/p38 MAPK pathways by targeting FoxO3a[3]. Butein is a SIRT1 activator (STAC).

Hyoscyamine

C17H23NO3 (289.1678)

(S)-atropine is an atropine with a 2S-configuration. It is functionally related to a (S)-tropic acid. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-atropinium. Hyoscyamine is a tropane alkaloid and the levo-isomer of [atropine]. It is commonly extracted from plants in the Solanaceae or nightshade family. Research into the action of hyoscyamine in published literature dates back to 1826. Hyoscyamine is used for a wide variety of treatments and therapeutics due to its antimuscarinic properties. Although hyoscyamine is marketed in the United States, it is not FDA approved. Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. L-Hyoscyamine is a natural product found in Datura ferox, Crenidium spinescens, and other organisms with data available. Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility. The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinsons disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain > A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2269 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents KEIO_ID H045; [MS2] KO008998 KEIO_ID H045 L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2].

Lupeol

C30H50O (426.3861)

Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It occurs in the skin of lupin seeds, as well as in the latex of fig trees and of rubber plants. It is also found in many edible fruits and vegetables. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug and a plant metabolite. It is a secondary alcohol and a pentacyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a lupane. Lupeol has been investigated for the treatment of Acne. Lupeol is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Ficus septica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It occurs in the skin of lupin seeds, as well as in the latex of fig trees and of rubber plants. It is also found in many edible fruits and vegetables. D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1]. Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1].

1-Kestose

C18H32O16 (504.169)

1-kestose, also known as 1f-beta-D-fructosylsucrose or [beta-D-fru-(2->1)]2-alpha-D-glup, is a member of the class of compounds known as oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. 1-kestose is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1-kestose can be found in a number of food items such as german camomile, nance, amaranth, and european plum, which makes 1-kestose a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 1-kestose can be found primarily in prostate Tissue, as well as in human prostate tissue. Moreover, 1-kestose is found to be associated with prostate cancer. 1-kestose is a trisaccharide found in vegetables consisting of beta-D-fructofuranose having beta-D-fructofuranosyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues attached at the 1- and 2-positions respectively. 1-Kestose is a natural product found in Taraxacum lapponicum, Arctium umbrosum, and other organisms with data available. 1-Kestose is a fructooligosaccharide. An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to six) of component sugars, also known as simple sugars. They are generally found either O- or N-linked to compatible amino acid side chains in proteins or to lipid moieties. A trisaccharide found in vegetables consisting of beta-D-fructofuranose having beta-D-fructofuranosyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues attached at the 1- and 2-positions respectively. 1-Kestose, the smallest fructooligosaccharide component, which efficiently stimulates Faecalibacterium prausnitzii as well as Bifidobacteria. 1-Kestose, the smallest fructooligosaccharide component, which efficiently stimulates Faecalibacterium prausnitzii as well as Bifidobacteria.

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

C36H56O8 (616.3975)

12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate appears as white crystals. (NTP, 1992) Phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate is a phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types. It has a role as a protein kinase C agonist, an antineoplastic agent, a reactive oxygen species generator, a plant metabolite, a mitogen, a carcinogenic agent and an apoptosis inducer. It is an acetate ester, a tetradecanoate ester, a diester, a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone and a phorbol ester. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate diester is an inducer of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a natural product found in Iris tectorum, Phormidium tenue, and other organisms with data available. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate is a phorbol ester with potential antineoplastic effects. Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) induces maturation and differentiation of hematopoietic cell lines, including leukemic cells. This agent may induce gene expression and protein kinase C (PKC) activity. In addition to potential antineoplastic effects, TPA may exhibit tumor promoting activity. (NCI04) A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA. A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2122 - Cell Differentiating Agent > C1934 - Differentiation Inducer COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens > D010703 - Phorbol Esters Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a phorbol ester, is a dual SphK and protein kinase C (PKC) activator[1][2]. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a NF-κB activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces differentiation in THP-1 cells[3][7]. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a phorbol ester, is a dual SphK and protein kinase C (PKC) activator[1][2]. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a NF-κB activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces differentiation in THP-1 cells[3][7].

Monensin

C36H62O11 (670.4292)

Monensin A is a spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. It has a role as a coccidiostat, an antifungal agent and an ionophore. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a cyclic hemiketal, a spiroketal and a polyether antibiotic. Monensin is a polyether isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis that presents antibiotic properties. It is widely used in ruminant animal feeds. Monensin is a natural product found in Streptomyces glaucescens and Apis cerana with data available. An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies. See also: Monensin Sodium (has salt form). A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D014475 - Uncoupling Agents D007476 - Ionophores > D061209 - Proton Ionophores D007476 - Ionophores > D061210 - Sodium Ionophores C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8499

Benzo[a]pyrene

C20H12 (252.0939)

Benzo[a]pyrene appears as a liquid. Presents a threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limits its spread to the environment. Easily penetrates the soil and contaminates groundwater or nearby waterways. Benzo[a]pyrene is an ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent and a mouse metabolite. Benzo[a]pyrene is a natural product found in Angelica sinensis and Homo sapiens with data available. 3,4-Benzpyrene is a crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of five fused benzene rings and formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter. 3,4-Benzpyrene is primarily found in gasoline and diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, coal tar and coal tar pitch, charcoal-broiled foods and certain other foods, amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrate pyrolysis products, soot smoke, creosote oil, petroleum asphalt and shale oils. This substance is used only for research purposes. 3,4-Benzpyrene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) Benzo[a]pyrene is one of over 100 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning organic substances, such as fossil fuels. They are usually found as a mixture containing two or more of these compounds. It is one ingredient of cigarette. (L10) A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. See also: Tobacco Leaf (part of) ... View More ... Benzo[a]pyrene, also known as 3,4-Benzopyrene or 3,4-BP, is classified as a member of the Benzopyrenes. Benzopyrenes are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to a pyrene(benzo[def]phenanthrene) ring system. Benzo[a]pyrene is formally rated as a carcinogenic (IARC 1) potentially toxic compound. Benzo[a]pyrene is a crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of five fused benzene rings and formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Benzo[a]pyrene is primarily found in gasoline and diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, coal tar and coal tar pitch, charcoal-broiled foods and certain other foods, amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrate pyrolysis products, soot smoke, creosote oil, petroleum asphalt and shale oils. This substance is used only for research purposes. Benzo[a]pyrene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (NCI05). Its diol epoxide metabolites (more commonly known as BPDE) react and bind to DNA, resulting in mutations and eventually cancer. It is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC. In the 18th century a scrotal cancer of chimney sweepers, the chimney sweeps carcinoma, was already connected to soot. [Wikipedia] An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. Benzo[a]pyrene shows lung carcinogenicity in animal models, and it is frequently used in chemoprevention studies. Benzo[a]pyrene shows lung carcinogenicity in animal models, and it is frequently used in chemoprevention studies.

Prostratin

C22H30O6 (390.2042)

Prostratin is a phorbol ester. It has a role as a metabolite. Prostratin is a natural product found in Euphorbia fischeriana, Euphorbia triangularis, and other organisms with data available. D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens > D010703 - Phorbol Esters A natural product found in Euphorbia fischeriana.

Perillyl alcohol

C10H16O (152.1201)

Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of lavendin, peppermint, spearmint, cherries, celery seeds, and several other plants. In animal studies it has been shown to regress pancreatic, mammary, and liver tumors, to exhibit possible application as a chemopreventative agent for colon, skin, and lung cancer, and as a chemotherapeutic agent for neuroblastoma, and prostate and colon cancer.(PMID: 9855569) [HMDB]. p-Mentha-1,8-dien-7-ol is found in many foods, some of which are caraway, ginger, german camomile, and sweet bay. (S)-(-)-perillyl alcohol is a perillyl alcohol in which the chiral centre has S configuration. It is an enantiomer of a (R)-(+)-perillyl alcohol. Perillyl alcohol is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02704858 (Safety and Efficacy Study in Recurrent Grade IV Glioma). (-)-Perillyl alcohol is a natural product found in Teucrium pestalozzae, Canella winterana, and other organisms with data available. See also: Paeonia lactiflora root (part of). Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of lavendin, peppermint, spearmint, cherries, celery seeds, and several other plants. In animal studies it has been shown to regress pancreatic, mammary, and liver tumors, to exhibit possible application as a chemopreventative agent for colon, skin, and lung cancer, and as a chemotherapeutic agent for neuroblastoma, and prostate and colon cancer.(PMID:9855569). C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2020 - Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors (S)-(?)-Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene found in lavender, inhibits farnesylation of Ras, upregulates the mannose-6-phosphate receptor and induces apoptosis. Anti-cancer activity[1]. (S)-(?)-Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene found in lavender, inhibits farnesylation of Ras, upregulates the mannose-6-phosphate receptor and induces apoptosis. Anti-cancer activity[1]. Perillyl alcohol, a monoterpene,?is active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells[1]. Perillyl alcohol, a monoterpene,?is active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells[1].

1,4-Dimethyl-7-ethylazulene

C14H16 (184.1252)

Chamazulene is a sesquiterpenoid. Chamazulene is a natural product found in Artemisia macrocephala, Otanthus maritimus, and other organisms with data available. See also: Chamomile (part of); Chamaemelum nobile flower (part of). Isol. as artifact from various sesquiterpene oils, e.g. from Achillea and Artemisia subspecies 1,4-Dimethyl-7-ethylazulene is found in roman camomile, german camomile, and anise. 1,4-Dimethyl-7-ethylazulene is found in anise. 1,4-Dimethyl-7-ethylazulene is isolated as artifact from various sesquiterpene oils, e.g. from Achillea and Artemisia species.

Yakuchinone-A

C20H24O3 (312.1725)

1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3-heptanone is a ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 7. Isolated from in Alpinia oxyphylla, it exhibits antineoplastic and inhibitory activities against COX-1, COX-2 and NO synthase. It has a role as a metabolite, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, an EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor and an antineoplastic agent. It is a monomethoxybenzene, a member of phenols and a ketone. Yakuchinone-A is a natural product found in Alpinia oxyphylla with data available. Yakuchinone A is a natural product isolated from the fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla, which can induce apoptosis and has anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities[1]. Yakuchinone A is a natural product isolated from the fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla, which can induce apoptosis and has anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities[1].

L-Canaline

C4H10N2O3 (134.0691)

L-canaline, also known as L-2-amino-4-(aminooxy)butyric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-canaline is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-canaline can be found in a number of food items such as mulberry, rape, grape, and black chokeberry, which makes L-canaline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. L-canaline is a substrate for ornithine aminotransferase resulting in the synthesis of L-ureidohomoserine (the corresponding analog of L-citrulline). In turn, the latter forms L-canavaninosuccinic acid in a reaction mediated by argininosuccinic acid synthetase. L-Canavaninosuccinic acid is cleaved to form L-canavanine by argininosuccinic acid synthetase. By these sequential reactions, the canaline-urea cycle (analogous to the ornithine-urea cycle) is formed. Every time a canavanine molecule runs through the canaline-urea cycle, the two terminal nitrogen atoms are released as urea. Urea is an important by-product of this reaction sequence because it makes ammonicial ammonia (urease-mediated) that is available to support intermediary nitrogen metabolism. L-canaline can by reductively cleaved to L-homoserine, a non-protein amino acid of great importance in the formation of a host of essential amino acids. In this way, the third nitrogen atom of canavanine enters into the reactions of nitrogen metabolism of the plant. As homoserine, its carbon skeleton also finds an important use . L-canaline is a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine in which the hydroxy group at position 4 is substituted by an aminooxy group. It has been isolated from legumes and plays an essential role in lugume chemical defense against insects. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an antineoplastic agent, an antimetabolite and a phytogenic insecticide. It is functionally related to a L-homoserine. It is a tautomer of a L-canaline zwitterion. Canavanine reacts with water to produce L-canaline and urea. The reaction is catalyzed by arginase. L-canaline reacts with carbamoyl-phosphate to produce O-ureidohomoserine and phosphate. The reaction is catalyzed by ornithine carbamoyltransferase. A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine in which the hydroxy group at position 4 is substituted by an aminooxy group. It has been isolated from legumes and plays an essential role in lugume chemical defense against insects.

Selenomethionine

C5H11NO2Se (196.9955)

L-selenomethionine is the L-enantiomer of selenomethionine. It is an enantiomer of a D-selenomethionine. It is a tautomer of a L-selenomethionine zwitterion. Selenomethionine is a naturally occuring amino acid in some plant materials such as cereal grains, soybeans and enriched yeast but it cannot be synthesized from animals or humans. It can be produced from post-structural modifications. *In vivo*, selenomethionine plays an essential role in acting as an antioxidant, where it depletes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aids in the formation and recycling of glutathione, another important antioxidant. In comparison to selenite, which is the inorganic form of selenium, the organic form of selenomethionine is more readily absorbed in the human body. Selenomethionin is used in biochemical laboratories where its incorporation into proteins that need to be visualized enhances the performance of X-ray crystallography. L-Selenomethionine is the amino acid methionine with selenium substituting for the sulphur moiety. Methionine is an essential amino acid in humans, whereas selenium is a free-radical scavenging anti-oxidant, essential for the protection of various tissues from the damages of lipid peroxidation. As a trace mineral that is toxic in high doses, selenium is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase, an anti-oxidant enzyme that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide. L-Selenomethionine is considered a safe, efficacious form of selenium and is readily bioavailable. Selenium may be chemoprotective for certain cancers, particularly prostate cancer. (NCI04) Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination. Selenomethionine (CAS: 1464-42-2) is an amino acid containing selenium that cannot be synthesized by higher animals but can be obtained from plant material. Selenomethionine is the major seleno-compound in cereal grains (wheat grain, maize, and rice), soybeans, and enriched yeast. Seleno-compounds present in plants may have a profound effect on the health of animals and human subjects. It is now known that the total Se content cannot be used as an indication of its efficacy, but knowledge of individual selenocompounds is necessary to fully assess the significance. Thus, speciation of the seleno-compounds has moved to the forefront. Since animals and man are dependent upon plants for their nutritional requirements, this makes the types of seleno-compounds in plants even more critical. Se enters the food chain through incorporation into plant proteins, mostly as selenocysteine and selenomethionine at normal Se levels. There are two possible pathways for the catabolism of selenomethionine. One is the transsulfuration pathway via selenocystathionine to produce selenocysteine, which in turn is degraded into H2Se by the enzyme beta-lyase. The other pathway is the transamination-decarboxylation pathway. It was estimated that 90\\\\% of methionine is metabolized through this pathway and thus could be also the major route for selenomethionine catabolism (PMID:14748935). Found in onion, cabbage, coco de mono (Lecythis elliptica), Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), wheat grains and other plants. Dietary supplement for avoidance of Se deficiency in humans and ruminants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant The L-enantiomer of selenomethionine. L-SelenoMethionine, an L-isomer of Selenomethionine, is a major natural food-form of selenium. L-SelenoMethionin is a cancer chemopreventive agent that can reduce cancer incidence by dietary supplementation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. L-SelenoMethionine also can increase expression of glutathione peroxidase[1][2][3]. Selenomethionine is a naturally occurring amino acid containing selenium and is a common natural food source.

Hyoscyamine

C17H23NO3 (289.1678)

Atropine is a racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine. It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a mydriatic agent, a parasympatholytic, a bronchodilator agent, a plant metabolite, an antidote to sarin poisoning and a oneirogen. It contains a (S)-atropine and a (R)-atropine. Atropine is an alkaloid originally synthesized from Atropa belladonna. It is a racemic mixture of d-and l-hyoscyamine, of which only l-hyoscyamine is pharmacologically active. Atropine is generally available as a sulfate salt and can be administered by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraosseous, endotracheal and ophthalmic methods. Oral atropine is only available in combination products. Atropine is a competitive, reversible antagonist of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine and other choline esters. It has a variety of therapeutic applications, including pupil dilation and the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning and symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of reversible causes. Atropine is a relatively inexpensive drug and is included in the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines. Atropine is an Anticholinergic and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. The mechanism of action of atropine is as a Cholinergic Antagonist and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. Atropine is a natural product found in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Anthocercis ilicifolia, and other organisms with data available. Atropine Sulfate is the sulfate salt of atropine, a naturally-occurring alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Atropine is a synthetically-derived form of the endogenous alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility. An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain > A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FA - Anticholinergics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2292 INTERNAL_ID 2292; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3334 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents KEIO_ID A080; [MS2] KO008864 KEIO_ID A080 Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2].

Tannic acid

C76H52O46 (1700.173)

A gallotannin obtained by acylation of the five hydroxy groups of D-glucose by 3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid (a gallic acid dimer). Same as: D01959 Tannic acid is a light yellow to tan solid with a faint odor. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999) Chinese gallotannin is a tannin. Tannic acid is a natural product found in Achillea millefolium, Calluna vulgaris, and other organisms with data available. Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC50 of 3.4 μM. Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC50 of 3.4 μM.

S-Methylcysteine

C4H9NO2S (135.0354)

S-methylcysteine is a cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group. It has a role as a human urinary metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a tautomer of a S-methylcysteine zwitterion. S-Methyl-L-cysteine is a natural product that acts as a substrate in the catalytic antioxidant system mediated by methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA), with antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity activities.

D-Xylitol

C5H12O5 (152.0685)

Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that is obtained through the diet. It is not endogenously produced by humans. Xylitol is used as a diabetic sweetener which is roughly as sweet as sucrose with 33\\\\\\% fewer calories. Xylitol is naturally found in many fruits (strawberries, plums, raspberries) and vegetables (e.g. cauliflower). Because of fruit and vegetable consumption the human body naturally processes 15 grams of xylitol per day. Xylitol can be produced industrially starting from primary matters rich in xylan which is hydrolyzed to obtain xylose. It is extracted from hemicelluloses present in the corn raids, the almond hulls or the barks of birch (or of the by-products of wood: shavings hard, paper pulp). Of all polyols, it is the one that has the sweetest flavor (it borders that of saccharose). It gives a strong refreshing impression, making xylitol an ingredient of choice for the sugarless chewing gum industry. In addition to his use in confectionery, it is used in the pharmaceutical industry for certain mouthwashes and toothpastes and in cosmetics (creams, soaps, etc.). Xylitol is produced starting from xylose, the isomaltose, by enzymatic transposition of the saccharose (sugar). Xylitol is not metabolized by cariogenic (cavity-causing) bacteria and gum chewing stimulates the flow of saliva; as a result, chewing xylitol gum may prevent dental caries. Chewing xylitol gum for 4 to 14 days reduces the amount of dental plaque. The reduction in the amount of plaque following xylitol gum chewing within 2 weeks may be a transient phenomenon. Chewing xylitol gum for 6 months reduced mutans streptococci levels in saliva and plaque in adults (PMID:17426399, 15964535). Studies have also shown xylitol chewing gum can help prevent acute otitis media (ear aches and infections) as the act of chewing and swallowing assists with the disposal of earwax and clearing the middle ear, while the presence of xylitol prevents the growth of bacteria in the eustachian tubes. Xylitol is well established as a life-threatening toxin to dogs. The number of reported cases of xylitol toxicosis in dogs has significantly increased since the first reports in 2002. Dogs that have ingested foods containing xylitol (greater than 100 milligrams of xylitol consumed per kilogram of bodyweight) have presented with low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which can be life-threatening. Xylitol is found to be associated with ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Occurs in a variety of plants, berries and fruits including plums, raspberries, cauliflower and endive; sweetening agent used in sugar free sweets and chewing gum D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.

Trehalose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

Trehalose, also known as mycose, is a 1-alpha (disaccharide) sugar found extensively but not abundantly in nature. It is thought to be implicated in anhydrobiosis - the ability of plants and animals to withstand prolonged periods of desiccation. The sugar is thought to form a gel phase as cells dehydrate, which prevents disruption of internal cell organelles by effectively splinting them in position. Rehydration then allows normal cellular activity to be resumed without the major, generally lethal damage that would normally follow a dehydration/reyhdration cycle. Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar formed from two glucose units joined by a 1-1 alpha bond giving it the name of alpha-D-glucopyranoglucopyranosyl-1,1-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The bonding makes trehalose very resistant to acid hydrolysis, and therefore stable in solution at high temperatures even under acidic conditions. The bonding also keeps non-reducing sugars in closed-ring form, such that the aldehyde or ketone end-groups do not bind to the lysine or arginine residues of proteins (a process called glycation). The enzyme trehalase, present but not abundant in most people, breaks it into two glucose molecules, which can then be readily absorbed in the gut. Trehalose is an important components of insects circulating fluid. It acts as a storage form of insect circulating fluid and it is important in respiration. Trehalose has also been found to be a metabolite of Burkholderia, Escherichia and Propionibacterium (PMID:12105274; PMID:25479689) (krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/84382/1/88571\\\\%20P-1257.pdf). Alpha,alpha-trehalose is a trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector. Cabaletta has been used in trials studying the treatment of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy. Trehalose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Trehalose is a natural product found in Cora pavonia, Selaginella nothohybrida, and other organisms with data available. Trehalose is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Occurs in fungi. EU and USA approved sweetener Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 149 D-(+)-Trehalose,which is widespread, can be used as a food ingredient and pharmaceutical excipient. D-(+)-Trehalose,which is widespread, can be used as a food ingredient and pharmaceutical excipient.

Maltodextrin

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

Alpha-maltose is a maltose that has alpha-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre. alpha-Maltose is a natural product found in Cyperus esculentus, Phytelephas aequatorialis, and other organisms with data available. Maltodextrin is an oligosaccharide derived from starch that is used as a food additive and as a carbohydrate supplement. As a supplement, maltodextrin is used to provide and sustain energy levels during endurance-oriented workouts o sports, and to help build muscle mass and support weight gain. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.

Putrescine

C4H12N2 (88.1)

Putrescine is a four-carbon alkane-alpha,omega-diamine. It is obtained by the breakdown of amino acids and is responsible for the foul odour of putrefying flesh. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite and an antioxidant. It is a conjugate base of a 1,4-butanediammonium. Putrescine is a toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. Putrescine is a solid. This compound belongs to the polyamines. These are compounds containing more than one amine group. Known drug targets of putrescine include putrescine-binding periplasmic protein, ornithine decarboxylase, and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme. Putrescine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). 1,4-Diaminobutane is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. Putrescine is a four carbon diamine produced during tissue decomposition by the decarboxylation of amino acids. Polyamines, including putrescine, may act as growth factors that promote cell division; however, putrescine is toxic at high doses. Putrescine is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.Putrescine is a polyamine. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. The polyamines, of which putrescine is one of the simplest, appear to be growth factors necessary for cell division. Putrescine apparently has specific role in skin physiology and neuroprotection. Pharmacological interventions have demonstrated convincingly that a steady supply of polyamines is a prerequisite for cell proliferation to occur. Genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism in transgenic rodents has shown that polyamines play a role in spermatogenesis, skin physiology, promotion of tumorigenesis and organ hypertrophy as well as neuronal protection. Transgenic activation of polyamine catabolism not only profoundly disturbs polyamine homeostasis in most tissues, but also creates a complex phenotype affecting skin, female fertility, fat depots, pancreatic integrity and regenerative growth. Transgenic expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme has suggested that this unique protein may act as a general tumor suppressor. Homozygous deficiency of the key biosynthetic enzymes of the polyamines, ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is not compatible with murine embryogenesis. (A3286, A3287). Putrescine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. Putrescine is a polyamine. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821). It is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. The polyamines, of which putrescine is one of the simplest, appear to be growth factors necessary for cell division. Putrescine apparently has specific role in skin physiology and neuroprotection. (PMID:15009201, 16364196). Pharmacological interventions have demonstrated convincingly that a steady supply of polyamines is a prerequisite for cell proliferation to occur. Genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism in transgenic rodents has shown that polyamines play a role in spermatogenesis, skin physiology, promotion of tumorigenesis and organ hypertrophy as well as neuronal protection. Transgenic activation of polyamine catabolism not only profoundly disturbs polyamine homeostasis in most tissues, but also creates a complex phenotype affecting skin, female fertility, fat depots, pancreatic integrity and regenerative growth. Transgenic expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme has suggested that this unique protein may act as a general tumor suppressor. Homozygous deficiency of the key biosynthetic enzymes of the polyamines, ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is not compatible with murine embryogenesis. Putrescine can be found in Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Cronobacter and Enterobacter (PMID:27872963) (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12099). Putrescine is an organic chemical compound related to cadaverine; both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. The two compounds are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. They are also found in semen and some microalgae, together with related molecules like spermine and spermidine. A four-carbon alkane-alpha,omega-diamine. It is obtained by the breakdown of amino acids and is responsible for the foul odour of putrefying flesh. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID B001

Secoisolariciresinol

C20H26O6 (362.1729)

Secoisolariciresinol, also known as knotolan or secoisolariciresinol, (r*,s*)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as dibenzylbutanediol lignans. Dibenzylbutanediol lignans are lignan compounds containing a 2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol moiety. Secoisolariciresinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Secoisolariciresinol can be found in a number of food items such as grape, saskatoon berry, asparagus, and sweet potato, which makes secoisolariciresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Secoisolariciresinol can be found primarily in urine. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoid. It is present in the water extract of silver fir wood, where its content is more than 5 \\\\% . (-)-secoisolariciresinol is an enantiomer of secoisolariciresinol having (-)-(2R,3R)-configuration. It has a role as an antidepressant, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-secoisolariciresinol. Secoisolariciresinol has been used in trials studying the prevention of Breast Cancer. Secoisolariciresinol is a natural product found in Fitzroya cupressoides, Crossosoma bigelovii, and other organisms with data available. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.

beta-Geraniol

C10H18O (154.1358)

Geraniol is a colorless to pale yellow oily liquid with a sweet rose odor. (NTP, 1992) Geraniol is a monoterpenoid consisting of two prenyl units linked head-to-tail and functionalised with a hydroxy group at its tail end. It has a role as a fragrance, an allergen, a volatile oil component and a plant metabolite. It is a monoterpenoid, a primary alcohol and a 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol. Geraniol is a monoterpene that is found within many essential oils of fruits, vegetables, and herbs including rose oil, citronella, lemongrass, lavender, and other aromatic plants. It is emitted from the flowers of many species of plant and is commonly used by the food, fragrance, and cosmetic industry. Geraniol has demonstrated a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective to name a few. Interestingly, geraniol has also been shown to sensitize tumour cells to commonly used chemotherapies including [DB00544] and [DB01248] and represents a promising cancer chemopreventive agent. Due to its anticancer effects, geraniol has been found to be effective against a broad range of cancers including breast, lung, colon, prostate, pancreatic, skin, liver, kidney and oral cancers. These pharmacologic effects are clinically important as geraniol is classified as generally-recognized-as-safe (GRAS) by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States. Sensitivity to geraniol may be identified with a clinical patch test. Geraniol is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of geraniol is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity. Geraniol is a natural product found in Xylopia sericea, Eupatorium cannabinum, and other organisms with data available. beta-Geraniol is found in almond. beta-Geraniol is found in free state and as esters in many essential oils including geranium oil. Most prolific natural source is palmarosa oil. beta-Geraniol is a flavouring agent. Geraniol is a monoterpenoid and an alcohol. It is the primary part of rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil (Java type). It also occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. It has a rose-like odor and is commonly used in perfumes. It is used in flavors such as peach, raspberry, grapefruit, red apple, plum, lime, orange, lemon, watermelon, pineapple, and blueberry. It is the isomer of nerol. (Wikipedia) beta-Geraniol belongs to the family of Monoterpenes. These are compounds contaning a chain of two isoprene units. Geraniol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Coriander Oil (part of); Java citronella oil (part of). beta-Geraniol, also known as (E)-nerol, the isomer of nerol (or geranyl alcohol, is a monoterpenoid alcohol. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenes that do not contain a cycle. Monoterpenoids are terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms and are comprised of two isoprene units. The biosynthesis of monoterpenes is known to occur mainly through the methyl-erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids (PMID:7640522 ). Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cyclic monoterpenes. GPP undergoes several cyclization reactions to yield a diverse number of cyclic arrangements. beta-Geraniol is an isoprenoid lipid molecule that is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. beta-Geraniol has a sweet, citrus, and floral taste. beta-Geraniol is found in highest concentrations in common grapes, black walnuts, and common thymes and in lower concentrations in cardamoms, common oregano, and gingers. beta-Geraniol has also been detected in lemon verbena, oval-leaf huckleberries, common pea, sweet cherries, and nopals. This could make beta-geraniol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is found in as an alcohol and as its ester in many essential oils including geranium oil. It is the primary part of rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil (Java type) and occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. Geraniol is a monoterpenoid and an alcohol found in cannabis plants (PMID:6991645 ). Because it has a rose-like odor, it is commonly used in perfumes. It is used to create flavors such as peach, raspberry, grapefruit, red apple, plum, lime, orange, lemon, watermelon, pineapple, and blueberry. Geraniol is produced by the scent glands of honeybees to mark nectar-bearing flowers and locate the entrances to their hives (http//doi:10.1051/apido:19900403). Found in free state and as esters in many essential oils including geranium oil. Most prolific natural source is palmarosa oil. Flavouring agent A monoterpenoid consisting of two prenyl units linked head-to-tail and functionalised with a hydroxy group at its tail end. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Geraniol, an olefinic terpene, was found to inhibit growth of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains[1]. Geraniol, an olefinic terpene, was found to inhibit growth of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains[1]. Nerol is a constituent of neroli oil. Nerol Nerol triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and induces apoptosis via elevation of Ca2+ and ROS. Antifungal activity[1][2]. Nerol is a constituent of neroli oil. Nerol Nerol triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and induces apoptosis via elevation of Ca2+ and ROS. Antifungal activity[1][2]. Nerol is a constituent of neroli oil. Nerol Nerol triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and induces apoptosis via elevation of Ca2+ and ROS. Antifungal activity[1][2].

Tropine

C8H15NO (141.1154)

Pseudotropine is a natural product found in Atropa belladonna and Datura stramonium with data available. KEIO_ID T024 Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2]. Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2].

Cycloartenol

C30H50O (426.3861)

Cycloartenol is found in alcoholic beverages. Cycloartenol is a constituent of Artocarpus integrifolia fruits and Solanum tuberosum (potato) Cycloartenol is a sterol precursor in photosynthetic organisms and plants. The biosynthesis of cycloartenol starts from the triterpenoid squalene. Its structure is also related to triterpenoid lanosterol Cycloartenol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a 3beta-sterol and a member of phytosterols. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a lanostane. Cycloartenol is a natural product found in Euphorbia nicaeensis, Euphorbia boetica, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of Artocarpus integrifolia fruits and Solanum tuberosum (potato)

Mezerein

C38H38O10 (654.2465)

Crystals or white powder. (NTP, 1992) Mezerein is a diterpenoid. D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Angoline

C22H21NO5 (379.142)

Angoline is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid. Angoline is a natural product found in Bocconia arborea, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, and other organisms with data available. Angoline is a potent and selective IL6/STAT3 signaling pathway inhibitor with an IC50 of 11.56 μM. Angoline inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation and its target gene expression, and inhibits cancer cell proliferation[1].

Retronecine

C8H13NO2 (155.0946)

Retronecine is a member of pyrrolizines. Retronecine is a natural product found in Senecio nebrodensis, Lappula spinocarpos, and other organisms with data available. Retronecine is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid found in a variety of plants in the genera Senecio and Crotalaria, and the family Boraginaceae. It is the most common central core for other pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Alkaloids derived from ornithine, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Caffeoyl-CoA

C30H42N7O19P3S (929.1469)

Caffeoyl-CoA is an acyl CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of caffeic acid. It is functionally related to a caffeic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a caffeoyl-CoA(4-). An acyl CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of caffeic acid.

Xanthine

C5H4N4O2 (152.0334)

Xanthine, also known as 2,6-dioxopurine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthines. These are purine derivatives with a ketone group conjugated at carbons 2 and 6 of the purine moiety. Xanthine is also classified as an oxopurine. An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated. Xanthine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, several stimulants can be derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. Derivatives of xanthine (known collectively as xanthines) are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in the treatment of asthma or influenza symptoms. Within humans, xanthine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, xanthine can be biosynthesized from guanine; which is mediated by the enzyme guanine deaminase. In addition, xanthine and ribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from xanthosine through the action of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. In humans and other primates, xanthine can be converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme. People with rare genetic disorders, specifically xanthinuria and Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, lack sufficient xanthine oxidase and cannot convert xanthine to uric acid. Individuals with xanthinuria have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones. Individuals with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome have a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). The HGPRT deficiency causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids. This results in both high levels of uric acid in the blood and urine, associated with severe gout and kidney problems. Neurological signs include poor muscle control and moderate intellectual disability. 9H-xanthine is an oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a tautomer of a 7H-xanthine. A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed) Xanthine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Xanthine is a natural product found in Beta vulgaris, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, and other organisms with data available. Xanthine is a purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed.). Xanthine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed) An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3]. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3]. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3].

2-Aminoisobutyric acid

C4H9NO2 (103.0633)

2-Aminoisobutyric acid, also known as alpha-methylalanine or a-aminoisobutanoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). 2-Aminoisobutyric acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. 2-Aminoisobutyric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminoisobutyric acid has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk. Aminoisobutyric acid is a nonprotein amino acid (is an end product of pyrimidine metabolism) excreted in the urine of about 5\\\\\% of healthy individuals (PMID 14806475), and high excretion is an autosomal recessive phenotype (PMID 13058271). 2-aminoisobutyric acid is a rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays. It is functionally related to a propionic acid and an isobutyric acid. It is a tautomer of a 2-aminoisobutanoic acid zwitterion. 2-Aminoisobutyric acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Aminoisobutyric acid is a nonprotein amino acid (is an end product of pyrimidine metabolism) excreted in the urine of about 5\\\\\% of healthy individuals (PMID 14806475), and high excretion is an autosomal recessive phenotype (PMID 13058271) [HMDB] A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays. Aminoisobutyric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=765258-64-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 62-57-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). NSC 16590 inhibits the production of endogenous ethylene in the cotyledonary segments of cocklebur. NSC 16590 inhibits the production of endogenous ethylene in the cotyledonary segments of cocklebur.

omega-COOH-tetranor-LTE3

C15H16Cl3N3O2 (375.0308)

omega-COOH-tetranor-LTE3, also known as Prochloraz-MN, is classified as a member of the Phenol ethers. Phenol ethers are aromatic compounds containing an ether group substituted with a benzene ring. omega-COOH-tetranor-LTE3 is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and basic. omega-COOH-tetranor-LTE3 is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 580; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9617; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9615 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 580; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9690; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9687 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 580; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9587; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9585 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 580; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9674; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9673 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 580; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9668; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9666 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 580; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9637; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9635 CONFIDENCE Parent Substance (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2000 INTERNAL_ID 2000; CONFIDENCE Parent Substance (Level 1) CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 96 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8389 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4058 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2566 D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3 (138.0317)

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as 3-hydroxybenzoate or 3-carboxyphenol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration in american cranberries and beers. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in a few different foods, such as bilberries, citrus, and corns. As well, 3-Hydroxybenzoic Acid can be found in the pineapple fruit. It can also be formed by a Pseudomonas species from 3-Chlorobenzoic acid. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be obtained by the alkali fusion of 3-sulfobenzoic acid between 210-220 °C. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a component of castoreum, the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the European beaver (Castor fiber), used in perfumery. Present in fruits. Isolated from Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 13 KEIO_ID H019 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

5-methylthioadenosine (MTA)

C11H15N5O3S (297.0896)

5-Methylthioadenosine, also known as MTA or thiomethyladenosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. These are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. 5-Methylthioadenosine is metabolized solely by MTA-phosphorylase, to yield 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine, a crucial step in the methionine and purine salvage pathways, respectively. 5-Methylthioadenosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside present in all mammalian tissues. Within humans, 5-methylthioadenosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5-methylthioadenosine and spermidine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and putrescine through the action of the enzyme spermidine synthase. In addition, 5-methylthioadenosine can be converted into 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate and L-methionine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase. It is produced from S-adenosylmethionine mainly through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, where it behaves as a powerful inhibitory product. For instance, 5-Methylthioadenosine has been shown to influence the regulation of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (PMID:15313459). In humans, 5-methylthioadenosine is involved in the metabolic disorder called hypermethioninemia. Outside of the human body, 5-Methylthioadenosine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as soursops, allspices, summer grapes, alaska wild rhubarbs, and breadfruits. Elevated excretion appears in children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) (PMID:3987052). Evidence suggests that 5-Methylthioadenosine can affect cellular processes in many ways. 5-Methylthioadenosine can be found in human urine. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine, also known as S-methyl-5-thioadenosine or mta, is a member of the class of compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine can be found in a number of food items such as allspice, sesame, roselle, and bayberry, which makes 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human fibroblasts, platelet and prostate tissues. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include methionine metabolism and spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include glycine n-methyltransferase deficiency, methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defect in cobalamin metabolism, cblg complementation type, and hypermethioninemia. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2].

Adenosine diphosphate

C10H15N5O10P2 (427.0294)

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1’ carbon. ADP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. Adenosine diphosphate is a nucleotide. ADP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ADP is involved in d4-gdi signaling pathway. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. 5′-ADP. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-64-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 58-64-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors.

(4-Aminobutyl)guanidine

C5H14N4 (130.1218)

Agmatine ((4-aminobutyl)guanidine, NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(-NH2)(=NH)) is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis. It is a putative neurotransmitter. It is synthesized in the brain, stored in synaptic vesicles, accumulated by uptake, released by membrane depolarization, and inactivated by agmatinase. Agmatine binds to 2-adrenergic receptor and imidazoline binding sites, and blocks NMDA receptors and other cation ligand-gated channels. Agmatine inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and induces the release of some peptide hormones. Treatment with exogenous agmatine exerts neuroprotective effects in animal models of neurotrauma. -- Wikipedia; Agmatine ((4-aminobutyl)guanidine, NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(-NH2)(=NH)) is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis. It is discussed as a putative neurotransmitter. It is synthesized in the brain, stored in synaptic vesicles, accumulated by uptake, released by membrane depolarization, and inactivated by agmatinase. Agmatine binds to ?2-adrenergic receptor and imidazoline binding sites, and blocks NMDA receptors and other cation ligand-gated channels. Agmatine inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and induces the release of some peptide hormones. Agmatine is found in many foods, some of which are fruits, kohlrabi, carob, and burdock. Agmatine ((4-aminobutyl)guanidine, NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(-NH2)(=NH)) is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis. It is a putative neurotransmitter. It is synthesized in the brain, stored in synaptic vesicles, accumulated by uptake, released by membrane depolarization, and inactivated by agmatinase. Agmatine binds to 2-adrenergic receptor and imidazoline binding sites, and blocks NMDA receptors and other cation ligand-gated channels. Agmatine inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and induces the release of some peptide hormones. Treatment with exogenous agmatine exerts neuroprotective effects in animal models of neurotrauma. Agmatine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=306-60-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 306-60-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Asparagine

C4H8N2O3 (132.0535)

Asparagine (Asn) or L-asparagine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-asparagine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Asparagine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans, asparagine is not an essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. The precursor to asparagine is oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate using a transaminase enzyme. This enzyme transfers the amino group from glutamate to oxaloacetate producing alpha-ketoglutarate and aspartate. The enzyme asparagine synthetase produces asparagine, AMP, glutamate, and pyrophosphate from aspartate, glutamine, and ATP. In the asparagine synthetase reaction, ATP is used to activate aspartate, forming beta-aspartyl-AMP. Glutamine donates an ammonium group which reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to form asparagine and free AMP. Since the asparagine side chain can make efficient hydrogen bond interactions with the peptide backbone, asparagines are often found near the beginning and end of alpha-helices, and in turn motifs in beta sheets. Its role can be thought as "capping" the hydrogen bond interactions which would otherwise need to be satisfied by the polypeptide backbone. Asparagine also provides key sites for N-linked glycosylation, a modification of the protein chain that is characterized by the addition of carbohydrate chains. A reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars or reactive carbonyls produces acrylamide (acrylic amide) in food when heated to sufficient temperature (i.e. baking). These occur primarily in baked goods such as French fries, potato chips, and roasted coffee. Asparagine was first isolated in 1806 from asparagus juice --hence its name. Asparagine was the first amino acid to be isolated. The smell observed in the urine of some individuals after the consumption of asparagus is attributed to a byproduct of the metabolic breakdown of asparagine, asparagine-amino-succinic-acid monoamide. However, some scientists disagree and implicate other substances in the smell, especially methanethiol. [Spectral] L-Asparagine (exact mass = 132.05349) and L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. One of the nonessential amino acids. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Isolated from asparagus, beetroot, peas, beans, etc. (-)-Asparagine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=70-47-3 (retrieved 2024-07-15) (CAS RN: 70-47-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue.

Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid

C20H34O2 (306.2559)

8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid is a 20-carbon-chain omega-6 fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) only at position 5. 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid is also known as Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:3(n-6). DGLA is the elongation product of the 18 carbon gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). DGLA can be converted into prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). PGE1 inhibits platelet aggregation and also exerts a vasodilatory effect. DGLA competes with arachadonic acid for COX and lipoxygenase, inhibiting the production of arachadonic acids eicosanoids [HMDB] 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid is a 20-carbon-chain omega-6 fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) only at position 5. 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid is also known as Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:3(n-6). DGLA is the elongation product of the 18 carbon gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). DGLA can be converted into prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). PGE1 inhibits platelet aggregation and also exerts a vasodilatory effect. DGLA competes with arachadonic acid for COX and lipoxygenase, inhibiting the production of arachadonic acids eicosanoids. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1783-84-2 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 1783-84-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

L-Glutamine

C5H10N2O3 (146.0691)

Glutamine (Gln), also known as L-glutamine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Structurally, glutamine is similar to the amino acid glutamic acid. However, instead of having a terminal carboxylic acid, it has an amide. Glutamine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glutamine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, polar amino acid. In humans glutamine is considered a non-essential amino acid. Enzymatically, glutamine is formed by replacing a side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group. More specifically, glutamine is synthesized by the enzyme glutamine synthetase from glutamate and ammonia. The most relevant glutamine-producing tissue are skeletal muscles, accounting for about 90\\\\\\% of all glutamine synthesized. Glutamine is also released, in small amounts, by the lungs and brain. In human blood, glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid. Dietary sources of glutamine include protein-rich foods such as beef, chicken, fish, dairy products, eggs, beans, beets, cabbage, spinach, carrots, parsley, vegetable juices, wheat, papaya, Brussels sprouts, celery and kale. Glutamine is one of the few amino acids that can directly cross the blood–brain barrier. Glutamine is often used as a supplement in weightlifting, bodybuilding, endurance and other sports, as well as by those who suffer from muscular cramps or pain, particularly elderly people. In 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved L-glutamine oral powder, marketed as Endari, to reduce severe complications of sickle cell disease in people aged five years and older with the disorder. Subjects who were treated with L-glutamine oral powder experienced fewer hospital visits for pain treated with a parenterally administered narcotic or ketorolac. The main use of glutamine within the diet of either group is as a means of replenishing the bodys stores of amino acids that have been used during exercise or everyday activities. Studies which have looked into problems with excessive consumption of glutamine thus far have proved inconclusive. However, normal supplementation is healthy mainly because glutamine is supposed to be supplemented after prolonged periods of exercise (for example, a workout or exercise in which amino acids are required for use) and replenishes amino acid stores. This is one of the main reasons glutamine is recommended during fasting or for people who suffer from physical trauma, immune deficiencies, or cancer. There is a significant body of evidence that links glutamine-enriched diets with positive intestinal effects. These include maintenance of gut barrier function, aiding intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as generally reducing septic morbidity and the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). The reason for such "cleansing" properties is thought to stem from the fact that the intestinal extraction rate of glutamine is higher than that for other amino acids, and is therefore thought to be the most viable option when attempting to alleviate conditions relating to the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions were discovered after comparing plasma concentration within the gut between glutamine-enriched and non glutamine-enriched diets. However, even though glutamine is thought to have "cleansing" properties and effects, it is unknown to what extent glutamine has clinical benefits, due to the varied concentrations of glutamine in varieties of food. It is also known that glutamine has positive effects in reducing healing time after operations. Hospital waiting times after abdominal s... L-glutamine, also known as L-2-aminoglutaramic acid or levoglutamide, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-glutamine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-glutamine can be found in a number of food items such as acorn, yautia, ohelo berry, and oregon yampah, which makes L-glutamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. L-glutamine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including blood, sweat, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as throughout most human tissues. L-glutamine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-glutamine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include amino sugar metabolism, the oncogenic action of 2-hydroxyglutarate, mercaptopurine metabolism pathway, and transcription/Translation. L-glutamine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the oncogenic action of d-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria, tay-sachs disease, xanthinuria type I, and adenosine deaminase deficiency. Moreover, L-glutamine is found to be associated with carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and alzheimers disease. L-glutamine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. L-glutamine is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2]. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2]. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2].

Dihydrofolic acid

C19H21N7O6 (443.1553)

Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division. It can be targeted with drug analogs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis. Dihydrofolic acid is also known by the name Dihydrofolate - more commonly Vitamin B9. [HMDB] Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division. It can be targeted with drug analogs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis. Dihydrofolic acid is also known by the name Dihydrofolate - more commonly Vitamin B9. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid.

L-Cystathionine

C7H14N2O4S (222.0674)

Cystathionine is a dipeptide formed by serine and homocysteine. Cystathioninuria is a prominent manifestation of vitamin-B6 deficiency. The transsulfuration of methionine yields homocysteine, which combines with serine to form cystathionine, the proximate precursor of cysteine through the enzymatic activity of cystathionase. In conditions in which cystathionine gamma-synthase or cystathionase is deficient, for example, there is cystathioninuria. Although cystathionine has not been detected in normal human serum or plasma by most conventional methods, gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric methodology detected a mean concentration of cystathionine in normal human serum of 140 nM, with a range of 65 to 301 nM. Cystathionine concentrations in CSF have been 10, 1, and 0.5 uM, and "not detected". Only traces (i.e., <1 uM) of cystathionine are present in normal CSF.587. Gamma-cystathionase deficiency (also known as Cystathioninuria), which is an autosomal recessive disorder (NIH: 2428), provided the first instance in which, in a human, the major biochemical abnormality due to a defined enzyme defect was clearly shown to be alleviated by administration of large doses of pyridoxine. The response in gamma-cystathionase-deficient patients is not attributable to correction of a preexisting deficiency of this vitamin (OMMBID, Chap. 88). Isolated from Phallus impudicus (common stinkhorn) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 146 KEIO_ID C019; [MS2] KO008910 KEIO_ID C047 KEIO_ID C019 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 30 L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2]. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2].

L-Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

Arginine (Arg), also known as L-argninine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-asparagine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Arginine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Arginine is an essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. It is classified as a charged, basic, aliphatic amino acid. Arginine is considered to be a basic amino acid as it has a strongly basic guanidinium group. With a pKa of 12.48, the guanidinium group is positively charged in neutral, acidic, and even most basic environments. Because of the conjugation between the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized. This group is able to form multiple H-bonds. In mammals, arginine is formally classified as a semi-essential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. Infants are unable to effectively synthesize arginine, making it nutritionally essential for infants. Adults, however, are able to synthesize arginine in the urea cycle. L-Arginine is an amino acid that has numerous functions in the body. It helps dispose of ammonia, is used to make compounds such as nitric oxide, creatine, L-glutamate, and L-proline, and it can be converted into glucose and glycogen if needed. Arginine also plays an important role in cell division, immunity and wound healing. Arginine is the immediate precursor of nitric oxide (NO), an important signaling molecule which can act as a second messenger, as well as an intercellular messenger which regulates vasodilation, and also has functions in the immune systems reaction to infection. Nitric oxide is made via the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (PMID 10690324). Arginine is also a precursor for several important nitrogen-containing compounds including urea, ornithine, and agmatine. Arginine is necessary for the synthesis of creatine and can be used for the synthesis of polyamines (mainly through ornithine and to a lesser degree through agmatine, citrulline, and glutamate.) The presence of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in serum or plasma, a close relative of argninine, inhibits the nitric oxide synthase reaction. ADMA is considered a marker for vascular disease, just as L-arginine is considered a sign of a healthy endothelium. In large doses, L-arginine also stimulates the release of the hormones growth hormone and prolactin. Arginine is a known inducer of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and is responsible for inducing protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin partially reduces arginine-induced protein synthesis (PMID: 20841502). Catabolic disease states such as sepsis, injury, and cancer cause an increase in arginine utilization, which can exceed normal body production, leading to arginine depletion. Arginine also activates AMP kinase (AMPK) which then stimulates skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and muscle glucose uptake, thereby increasing insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells (PMID: 21311355). Arginine is found in plant and animal proteins, such as dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, and nuts. The ratio of L-arginine to lysine is also important: soy and other plant proteins have more L-arginine than animal sources of protein. [Spectral] L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) and L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. L-Arginine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=74-79-3 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 74-79-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].

Guanidinoacetate

C3H7N3O2 (117.0538)

Guanidoacetic acid (GAA), also known as guanidinoacetate or glycocyamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Guanidinoacetic acid was first prepared in 1861 by Adolph Strecker by reaction of cyanamide with glycine in aqueous solution. Manufactured guanidinoacetic acid is primarily used a feed additive approved by EFSA in poultry farming (for fattening), and pigs for fattening. Guanidoacetic acid exists naturally in all vertebrates. It is formed primarily in the kidneys by transferring the guanidine group of L-arginine to the amino acid glycine via the enzyme known as L-Arg:Gly-amidinotransferase (AGAT). In a further step, guanidinoacetate is methylated to generate creatine using S-adenosyl methionine (as the methyl donor) via the enzyme known as guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT). The resulting creatine is released into the bloodstream. Elevated levels of guanidoacetic acid are a characteristic of an inborn metabolic disorder known as Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase (GAMT) Deficiency. GAMT converts guanidinoacetate to creatine and deficiency of this enzyme results in creatine depletion and accumulation of guanidinoacetate The disorder is transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion and is localized to mutations on chromosome 19p13.3. GAMT deficiency is characterized by developmental arrest, medication-resistant epilepsy (myoclonic, generalized tonic-clonic, partial complex, atonic), severe speech impairment, progressive dystonia, dyskinesias, hypotonia, ataxia, and autistic-like behavior. Guanidino acetic acid, also known as guanidinoacetate or glycocyamine, belongs to alpha amino acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Guanidino acetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Guanidino acetic acid can be found in apple and loquat, which makes guanidino acetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Guanidino acetic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cellular cytoplasm, feces, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as in human brain, kidney and liver tissues. In humans, guanidino acetic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include arginine and proline metabolism and glycine and serine metabolism. Guanidino acetic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency (DHPD), hyperprolinemia type II, prolinemia type II, and hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria [hhh-syndrome]. Moreover, guanidino acetic acid is found to be associated with chronic renal failure and schizophrenia. Guanidino acetic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Chronic Exposure: Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D000345 - Affinity Labels Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

Indomethacin

C19H16ClNO4 (357.0768)

Indomethacin is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent (NSAIA) with antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Its pharmacological effect is thought to be mediated through inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme responsible for catalyzes the rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9631; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9627 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9618; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9614 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9602; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9599 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9606; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9605 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9610; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9609 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9598; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9596 M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AB - Acetic acid derivatives and related substances S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01B - Antiinflammatory agents > S01BC - Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D015149 - Tocolytic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 207 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2714 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8611 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid

C4H10N2O2 (118.0742)

L-3-Amino-isobutanoic acid is a component of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism. It can also be used in pyrimidine metabolism. L-3-Amino-isobutanoic acid is produced from S-methylmalonate semialdehyde by the enzyme 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. KEIO_ID D038 L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro.

N1-Acetylspermine

C12H28N4O (244.2263)

N1-Acetylspermine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acetamides. These are organic compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3, where R= organyl group. N1-Acetylspermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, N1-Acetylspermine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as purple lavers, jutes, yams, pineapples, and fireweeds. This could make N1-acetylspermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. N1-Acetylspermine is a polyamine that has been postulated to be an intermediate in the conversion of spermine to spermidine. N1-Acetylspermine is a polyamine that has been postulated to be an intermediate in the conversion of spermine to spermidine [HMDB]. N1-Acetylspermine is found in many foods, some of which are chinese cinnamon, purple laver, common sage, and mexican oregano. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID A111; [MS2] KO008807 KEIO_ID A111; [MS3] KO008809 KEIO_ID A111; [MS3] KO008808 KEIO_ID A111

N8-Acetylspermidine

C9H21N3O (187.1685)

N8-Acetylspermidine is a polyamine. The polyamines, found in virtually all living organisms, are a ubiquitous group of compounds that appear to play a vital role in many cellular processes involving nucleic acids including cell growth and differentiation. The polyamines, found in virtually all living organisms, are a ubiquitous group of compounds that appear to play a vital role in many cellular processes involving nucleic acids including cell growth and differentiation. Acetylation on the terminal nitrogen adjacent to the 4-carbon chain produces N8-acetylspermidine. This reaction is catalyzed by spermidine N8-acetyltransferase and does not result in the conversion of spermidine to putrescine but, instead, the product undergoes deacetylation. This acetyltransferase appears to be associated with chromatin in the cell nucleus and has been reported to be the same as (or related to) the enzyme(s) responsible for histone acetylation. N8-Acetylspermidine does not accumulate in tissues but rather appears to be rapidly deacetylated back to spermidine by a relatively specific cytosolic deacetylase, N8-acetylspermidine deacetylase. The function of this N8-acetylation/deacetylation pathway in cellular processes is not understood clearly, but several observations have suggested a role in cell growth and differentiation. (PMID: 12093478) [HMDB] N8-Acetylspermidine is a polyamine. The polyamines, found in virtually all living organisms, are a ubiquitous group of compounds that appear to play a vital role in many cellular processes involving nucleic acids including cell growth and differentiation. Acetylation on the terminal nitrogen adjacent to the 4-carbon chain produces N8-acetylspermidine. This reaction is catalyzed by spermidine N8-acetyltransferase and does not result in the conversion of spermidine to putrescine. Instead, the product undergoes deacetylation. This acetyltransferase appears to be associated with chromatin in the cell nucleus and has been reported to be the same as (or related to) the enzyme(s) responsible for histone acetylation. N8-Acetylspermidine does not accumulate in tissues but rather appears to be rapidly deacetylated back to spermidine by a relatively specific cytosolic deacetylase, N8-acetylspermidine deacetylase. The function of this N8-acetylation/deacetylation pathway in cellular processes is not understood clearly, but several observations have suggested a role in cell growth and differentiation (PMID: 12093478). KEIO_ID A112

N-acetylglutamate

C7H11NO5 (189.0637)

N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid or N-Acetylglutamate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetyl-L-glutamate can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetyl-L-glutamate is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-glutamic acid. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\\\% of all human proteins and 68\\\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylglutamate can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free glutamic acid can also occur. In particular, N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid can be biosynthesized from glutamate and acetylornithine by ornithine acetyltransferase, and from glutamic acid and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme known as N-acetylglutamate synthase. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is the first intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of arginine in prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes and a regulator of the urea cycle in vertebrates. In vertebrates, N-acetylglutamic acid is the allosteric activator molecule to mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSI) which is the first enzyme in the urea cycle. It triggers the production of the first urea cycle intermediate, a compound known as carbamyl phosphate. Notably the CPSI enzyme is inactive when N-acetylglutamic acid is not present. A deficiency in N-acetyl glutamate synthase or a genetic mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme will lead to urea cycle failure in which ammonia is not converted to urea, but rather accumulated in the blood leading to the condition called Type I hyperammonemia. Excessive amounts N-acetyl amino acids can be detected in the urine with individuals with aminoacylase I deficiency, a genetic disorder (PMID: 16465618). These include N-acetylalanine (as well as N-acetylserine, N-acetylglutamine, N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylglycine, N-acetylmethionine and smaller amounts of N-acetylthreonine, N-acetylleucine, N-acetylvaline and N-acetylisoleucine. Aminoacylase I is a soluble homodimeric zinc binding enzyme that catalyzes the formation of free aliphatic amino acids from N-acetylated precursors. In humans, Aminoacylase I is encoded by the aminoacylase 1 gene (ACY1) on chromosome 3p21 that consists of 15 exons (OMIM 609924). Individuals with aminoacylase I deficiency w... N-acetyl-l-glutamate, also known as L-N-acetylglutamic acid or ac-glu-oh, belongs to glutamic acid and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. N-acetyl-l-glutamate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-acetyl-l-glutamate can be found in a number of food items such as cardoon, almond, butternut squash, and avocado, which makes N-acetyl-l-glutamate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-acetyl-l-glutamate may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID A031 N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, a glutamic acid, is a component of animal cell culturing media. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human[1]. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, a glutamic acid, is a component of animal cell culturing media. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human[1].

N-Acetylputrescine

C6H14N2O (130.1106)

N-Acetylputrescine is a polyamine commonly occurring excreted in normal human urine (PMID 7775374). N-Acetylputrescine is the most abundant of all polyamines both in normal individuals and in patients with leukemia (PMID 9464484). N-Acetylputrescine is the N-acetylated form of the naturally occurring polyamine called putrescine. The N-acetylation is mediated by the enzyme diamine N-acetyltransferase. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. N-Acetylputrescine can be found in Corynebacterium as well (PMID:25919117). N-Acetylputrescine is a polyamine commonly occurring excreted in normal human urine (PMID 7775374). N-Acetylputrescine is the most abundant of all polyamines both in normal individuals and in patients with leukemia (PMID 9464484). N-Acetylputrescine is the N-acetylated form of the naturally occurring polyamine called putrescine. The N-acetylation is mediated by the enzyme diamine N-acetyltransferase. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID A051

L-Ornithine

C5H12N2O2 (132.0899)

Ornithine, also known as (S)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid or ornithine, (L)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Ornithine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ornithine can be found in a number of food items such as pine nut, lingonberry, turnip, and cassava, which makes ornithine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ornithine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Ornithine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ornithine is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include arginine and proline metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, spermidine and spermine biosynthesis, and urea cycle. Ornithine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency), prolidase deficiency (PD), citrullinemia type I, and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (AGAT deficiency). Moreover, ornithine is found to be associated with cystinuria, alzheimers disease, leukemia, and uremia. Ornithine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Ornithine is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. it has been claimed that ornithine improves athletic performance, has anabolic effects, has wound-healing effects, and is immuno-enhancing. Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The radical is ornithyl . L-Ornithine is metabolised to L-arginine. L-arginine stimulates the pituitary release of growth hormone. Burns or other injuries affect the state of L-arginine in tissues throughout the body. As De novo synthesis of L-arginine during these conditions is usually not sufficient for normal immune function, nor for normal protein synthesis, L-ornithine may have immunomodulatory and wound-healing activities under these conditions (by virtue of its metabolism to L-arginine) (DrugBank). Chronically high levels of ornithine are associated with at least 9 inborn errors of metabolism including: Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Deficiency, Hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Hyperprolinemia Type II, Lysinuric Protein Intolerance, Ornithine Aminotransferase Deficiency, Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency and Prolinemia Type II (T3DB). Ornithine or L-ornithine, also known as (S)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-ornithine is soluble (in water) and a moderately basic compound. Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. It is considered to be a non-essential amino acid. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. L-Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea. Therefore, ornithine is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen. Outside the human body, L-ornithine is abundant in a number of food items such as wild rice, brazil nuts, common oregano, and common grapes. L-ornithine can be found throughout most human tissues; and in most biofluids, some of which include blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sweat, saliva, and feces. L-ornithine exists in all living species, from bacteria to plants to humans. L-Ornithine is also a precursor of citrulline and arginine. In order for ornithine that is produced in the cytosol to be converted to citrulline, it must first cross the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix where it is carbamylated by the enzyme known as ornithine transcarbamylase. This transfer is mediated by the mitochondrial ornithine transporter (SLC25A15; AF112968; ORNT1). Mutations in the mitochondrial ornithine transporter result in hyperammonemia, hyperornithinemia, homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, a disorder of the urea cycle (PMID: 16256388). The pathophysiology of the disease may involve diminished ornithine transport into mitochondria, resulting in ornithine accumulation in the cytoplasm and reduced ability to clear carbamoyl phosphate and ammonia loads (OMIM 838970). In humans, L-ornithine is involved in a number of other metabolic disorders, some of which include, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency), argininemia, and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT deficiency). Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Moreover, Ornithine is found to be associated with cystinuria, hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I, and lysinuric protein intolerance, which are inborn errors of metabolism. It has been claimed that ornithine improves athletic performance, has anabolic effects, has wound-healing effects, and is immuno-enhancing. L-Ornithine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=70-26-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 70-26-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2]. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2].

Orotic acid

C5H4N2O4 (156.0171)

Orotic acid is classified as a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid. That is it is a uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. It is also classified as a pyrimidinedione and a carboxylic acid. Orotic acid is a minor dietary constituent. Indeed, until it was realized that it could be synthesized by humans, orotic acid was known as vitamin B-13. The richest dietary sources of orotic acid are cows milk and other dairy products as well as root vegetables such as carrots and beets. Dietary intake probably contributes to a basal rate of orotic acid excretion in urine because fasting decreases excretion by ~50\\\\%. However, it is now apparent that most urinary orotic acid is synthesized in the body, where it arises as an intermediate in the pathway for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Orotic acid is converted to UMP by UMP synthase, a multifunctional protein with both orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase activity. The most frequently observed inborn error of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is a mutation of the multifunctional protein UMP synthase (UMP synthase deficiency or orotic aciduria). This disorder prevents the conversion of orotic acid to UMP, and thus to other pyrimidines. As a result, plasma orotic acid accumulates to high concentrations, and increased quantities appear in the urine. Indeed, urinary orotic acid is so markedly increased in individuals harboring a mutation in UMP synthase that orotic acid crystals can form in the urine. The urinary concentration of orotic acid in individuals suffering from orotic aciduria can be of the order of millimoles of orotic acid per millimole creatinine. By comparison, the urinary level in unaffected individuals is ~ 1 ¬umol/mmol creatinine (PMID: 17513443). Orotic aciduria is characterized by megaloblastic anemia and orotic acid crystalluria that is frequently associated with some degree of physical and mental retardation. These features respond to appropriate pyrimidine replacement therapy and most cases appear to have a good prognosis. When present in sufficiently high levels, orotic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of orotic acid are associated with at least seven inborn errors of metabolism, including argininemia, LPI syndrome (lysinuric protein intolerance), hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH), OTC deficiency, citrullinemia type I, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, and orotic aciduria. Orotic acid is broadly classified as an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. Orotic acid, also known as orotate or orotsaeure, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidinecarboxylic acids. Pyrimidinecarboxylic acids are pyrimidines with a structure containing a carboxyl group attached to the pyrimidine ring. Orotic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Orotic acid can be synthesized from uracil. Orotic acid can also be synthesized into dihydroorotic acid. Orotic acid can be found in a number of food items such as okra, atlantic herring, black chokeberry, and prunus (cherry, plum), which makes orotic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Orotic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including saliva, amniotic fluid, blood, and urine, as well as in human liver and pancreas tissues. Orotic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, orotic acid is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism. Orotic acid is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Moreover, orotic acid is found to be associated with hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria, orotic aciduria I, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, and n-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency. Orotic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. The compound is manufactured in the body via a mitochondrial enzyme, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase or a cytoplasmic enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis pathway. It is sometimes used as a mineral carrier in some dietary supplements (to increase their bioavailability), most commonly for lithium orotate . Chronically high levels of orotic acid are associated with at least 4 inborn errors of metabolism including: Argininemia, Citrullinemia Type I, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and Orotic Aciduria (T3DB). Orotic acid (6-Carboxyuracil), a precursor in biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and RNA, is released from the mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) for conversion to UMP by the cytoplasmic UMP synthase enzyme. Orotic acid is a marker for measurement in routine newborn screening for urea cycle disorders. Orotic acid can induce hepatic steatosis and hepatomegaly in rats[1][2][3].

Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate

C8H13N2O5P (248.0562)

Pyridoxamine 5-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxamine 5-phosphates. These are heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing a pyridoxamine that carries a phosphate group at the 5-position. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble compound that was discovered in 1930s during nutrition studies on rats. The vitamin was named pyridoxine to indicate its structural homology to pyridine. Later it was shown that vitamin B6 could exist in two other, slightly different, chemical forms, termed pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. All three forms of vitamin B6 are precursors of an activated compound known as pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), which plays a vital role as the cofactor of a large number of essential enzymes in the human body. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin. The three major forms of vitamin B6 are pyridoxine (also known as pyridoxol), pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, which are all converted in the liver to pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism. PLP also is necessary for the enzymatic reaction governing the release of glucose from glycogen. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble compound that was discovered in 1930s during nutrition studies on rats. The vitamin was named pyridoxine to indicate its structural homology to pyridine. Later it was shown that vitamin B6 could exist in two other, slightly different, chemical forms, termed pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. All three forms of vitamin B6 are precursors of an activated compound known as pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), which plays a vital role as the cofactor of a large number of essential enzymes in the human body. KEIO_ID P113; [MS3] KO009146 KEIO_ID P113; [MS2] KO009143 KEIO_ID P113

Pyridoxine

C8H11NO3 (169.0739)

Pyridoxine, also known vitamin B6, is commonly found in food and is used as a dietary supplement. Pyridoxine is an essential nutrient, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain. Although pyridoxine and vitamin B6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is sometimes misleading (PMID: 2192605). Technically, pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6 or it is a member of the family of B6 vitamins. Healthy human blood levels of pyridoxine are 2.1 - 21.7 ng/mL. Pyridoxine is readily converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. Pyridoxine assists in the balancing of sodium and potassium as well as promoting red blood cell production. Therefore pyridoxine is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. It is linked to cancer immunity and helps fight the formation of homocysteine. It has been suggested that pyridoxine might help children with learning difficulties, and may also prevent dandruff, eczema, and psoriasis. In addition, pyridoxine can help balance hormonal changes in women and aid in immune system. Lack of pyridoxine may cause anemia, nerve damage, seizures, skin problems, and sores in the mouth (Wikipedia). Deficiency of pyridoxine, though rare because of widespread distribution in foods, leads to the development of peripheral neuritis in adults and affects the central nervous system in children (DOSE - 3rd edition). As a supplement pyridoxine is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, problems from isoniazid, and certain types of mushroom poisoning. Pyridoxine in combination with doxylamine is used as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women. Found in rice husks, cane molasses, yeast, wheat germ and cod liver oils. Vitamin, dietary supplement, nutrient. Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6, along with pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. It differs from pyridoxamine by the substituent at the 4 position. It is often used as pyridoxine hydrochloride. Pyridoxine in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of soy products. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID P053 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH)

C14H20N6O5S (384.1216)

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is formed by the demethylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy or SAH) is also the immediate precursor of all of the homocysteine produced in the body. The reaction is catalyzed by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and is reversible with the equilibrium favoring formation of SAH. In vivo, the reaction is driven in the direction of homocysteine formation by the action of the enzyme adenosine deaminase which converts the second product of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase reaction, adenosine, to inosine. Except for methyl transfer from betaine and from methylcobalamin in the methionine synthase reaction, SAH is the product of all methylation reactions that involve S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. Methylation is significant in epigenetic regulation of protein expression via DNA and histone methylation. The inhibition of these SAM-mediated processes by SAH is a proven mechanism for metabolic alteration. Because the conversion of SAH to homocysteine is reversible, with the equilibrium favoring the formation of SAH, increases in plasma homocysteine are accompanied by an elevation of SAH in most cases. Disturbances in the transmethylation pathway indicated by abnormal SAH, SAM, or their ratio have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, depression, and Parkinsons disease (PMID:18065573, 17892439). Therefore, when present in sufficiently high levels, S-adenosylhomocysteine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine are associated with S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency. S-Adenosylhomocysteine forms when there are elevated levels of homocysteine and adenosine. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation reactions. It is toxic to immature lymphocytes and can lead to immunosuppression (PMID:221926). S-adenosylhomocysteine, also known as adohcy or sah, is a member of the class of compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. S-adenosylhomocysteine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). S-adenosylhomocysteine can be found in a number of food items such as rapini, european plum, rambutan, and pepper (c. pubescens), which makes S-adenosylhomocysteine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. S-adenosylhomocysteine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. S-adenosylhomocysteine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, S-adenosylhomocysteine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(14:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/22:0), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/22:2(13Z,16Z)), and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). S-adenosylhomocysteine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, hawkinsinuria, non ketotic hyperglycinemia, and tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Moreover, S-adenosylhomocysteine is found to be associated with neurodegenerative disease and parkinsons disease. S-adenosylhomocysteine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is an amino acid derivative used in several metabolic pathways in most organisms. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine . [Spectral] S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) and Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine) is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine[1]. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC50 of 0.9 μM[2]. SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine) is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine[1]. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC50 of 0.9 μM[2].

Spermine

C10H26N4 (202.2157)

Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound. [Spectral] Spermine (exact mass = 202.21575) and Spermidine (exact mass = 145.1579) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Occurs as phosphate in ox pancreas, yeast and meat products IPB_RECORD: 270; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID S011; [MS2] KO009230 KEIO_ID S011 Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects.

Sulfadoxine

C12H14N4O4S (310.0736)

Sulfadoxine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections. [PubChem]Sulfadoxine is a sulfa drug, often used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat malaria. This medicine may also be used to prevent malaria in people who are living in, or will be traveling to, an area where there is a chance of getting malaria. Sulfadoxine targets Plasmodium dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase. Sulfa drugs or Sulfonamides are antimetabolites. They compete with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for incorporation into folic acid. The action of sulfonamides exploits the difference between mammal cells and other kinds of cells in their folic acid metabolism. All cells require folic acid for growth. Folic acid (as a vitamin) diffuses or is transported into human cells. However, folic acid cannot cross bacterial (and certain protozoan) cell walls by diffusion or active transport. For this reason bacteria must synthesize folic acid from p-aminobenzoic acid. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1010

Testosterone

C19H28O2 (288.2089)

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid from the androstane class of steroids. It is the most important androgen in potency and quantity for vertebrates. In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Testosterone exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor. In mammals, testosterone is metabolized mainly in the liver. Approximately 50\\% of testosterone is metabolized via conjugation into testosterone glucuronide and to a lesser extent testosterone sulfate by glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. An additional 40\\% of testosterone is metabolized in equal proportions into the 17-ketosteroids androsterone and etiocholanolone via the combined actions of 5alpha- and 5beta-reductases, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17beta-HSD. Like other steroid hormones, testosterone is derived from cholesterol. The first step in the biosynthesis of testosterone involves the oxidative cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc, CYP11A1) to give pregnenolone. In the next step, two additional carbon atoms are removed by the CYP17A1 (17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) enzyme to yield a variety of C19 steroids. In addition, the 3beta-hydroxyl group is oxidized by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to produce androstenedione. In the final and rate limiting step, the C17 keto group androstenedione is reduced by 17beta-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase to yield testosterone. Testosterone is synthesized and released by the Leydig cells in the testes that lie between the tubules and comprise less than 5\\% of the total testicular volume. Testosterone diffuses into the seminiferous tubules where it is essential for maintaining spermatogenesis. Some testosterone binds to an androgen-binding protein (ABP) that is produced by the Sertoli cells and is homologous to the sex-hormone binding globulin that transports testosterone in the general circulation. The ABP carries testosterone in the testicular fluid where it maintains the activity of the accessory sex glands and may also help to retain testosterone within the tubule and bind excess free hormone. Some testosterone is converted to estradiol by Sertoli cell-derived aromatase enzyme. Leydig cell steroidogenesis is controlled primarily by luteinizing hormone with negative feedback of testosterone on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The requirement of spermatogenesis for high local concentrations of testosterone means that loss of androgen production is likely to be accompanied by loss of spermatogenesis. Indeed, if testicular androgen production is inhibited by the administration of exogenous androgens then spermatogenesis ceases. This is the basis of using exogenous testosterone as a male contraceptive. The largest amounts of testosterone (>95\\%) are produced by the testes in men, while the adrenal glands account for most of the remainder. Testosterone is also synthesized in far smaller total quantities in women by the adrenal glands, thecal cells of the ovaries, and, during pregnancy, by the placenta. Testosterone levels fall by about 1\\% each year in men. Therefore, with increasing longevity and the aging of the population, the number of older men with testosterone deficiency will increase substantially over the next several decades. Serum testosterone levels decrease progressively in aging men, but the rate and magnitude of decrease vary considerably. Approximately 1\\% of healthy young men have total serum testosterone levels below normal; in contrast, approximately 20\\% of healthy men over age 60 years have serum testosterone levels below normal. (PMID: 17904450, 17875487). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03B - Androgens > G03BA - 3-oxoandrosten (4) derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid

Chlorpheniramine

C16H19ClN2 (274.1237)

Chlorpheniramine is a histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than Promethazine. -- Pubchem; Chlorphenamine or chlorpheniramine, commonly marketed as its salt chlorphenamine maleate (Chlor- Trimeton, Piriton, Chlor- Tripolon), is a first generation antihistamine used in the prevention of the symptoms of allergic conditions such as rhinitis and urticaria.- wikipedia. A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than Promethazine. -- Pubchem; Chlorphenamine or chlorpheniramine, commonly marketed as its salt chlorphenamine maleate (Chlor- Trimeton, Piriton, Chlor- Tripolon), is a first generation antihistamine used in the prevention of the symptoms of allergic conditions such as rhinitis and urticaria.- wikipedia [HMDB] R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AB - Substituted alkylamines D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents

Methyl red

C15H15N3O2 (269.1164)

D004396 - Coloring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 502; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9367; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9363 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 502; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9443; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9441 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 502; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9445; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9443 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 502; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9467; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9462 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 502; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9471; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9469 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 502; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9503; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9501

Ampicillin

C16H19N3O4S (349.1096)

Ampicillin is found in common pea. It is also a potential contaminant of cows milk arising from its veterinary use. Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic. It has been used extensively to treat bacterial infections since 1961. It is considered part of the aminopenicillin family and is roughly equivalent to amoxicillin in terms of spectrum and level of activity J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic KEIO_ID A197

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3 (432.8672)

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine, also known as diiy or DIT, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosine and derivatives. Tyrosine and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine is involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine is a product from the iodination of monoiodotyrosine. A product from the iodination of monoiodotyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine). [HMDB] H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H03 - Thyroid therapy > H03B - Antithyroid preparations D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones KEIO_ID D056

Terbutaline

C12H19NO3 (225.1365)

Terbutaline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [PubChem]The pharmacologic effects of terbutaline are at least in part attributable to stimulation through beta-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic- 3,5- adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP). Increased c-AMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03C - Adrenergics for systemic use > R03CC - Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03A - Adrenergics, inhalants > R03AC - Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29712 - Anti-asthmatic Agent > C319 - Bronchodilator C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D015149 - Tocolytic Agents Terbutaline is an orally active β2-adrenergic receptor agonist and an active metabolite of bambuterol[1]. Terbutaline can be used in asthma symptom research[2]. Terbutaline is an orally active β2-adrenergic receptor agonist and an active metabolite of bambuterol[1]. Terbutaline can be used in asthma symptom research[2].

Verapamil

C27H38N2O4 (454.2831)

Verapamil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [PubChem]Verapamil inhibits voltage-dependent calcium channels. Specifically, its effect on L-type calcium channels in the heart causes a reduction in ionotropy and chronotropy, thuis reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Verapamils mechanism of effect in cluster headache is thought to be linked to its calcium-channel blocker effect, but which channel subtypes are involved is presently not known. [PubChem] Calcium channel antagonists can be quite toxic. In the management of poisoning, early recognition is critical. Calcium channel antagonists are frequently prescribed, and the potential for serious morbidity and mortality with over dosage is significant. Ingestion of these agents should be suspected in any patient who presents in an overdose situation with unexplained hypotension and conduction abnormalities. The potential for toxicity should be noted in patients with underlying hepatic or renal dysfunction who are receiving therapeutic doses. (PMID 8213877). C - Cardiovascular system > C08 - Calcium channel blockers > C08D - Selective calcium channel blockers with direct cardiac effects > C08DA - Phenylalkylamine derivatives C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent > C333 - Calcium Channel Blocker A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. -- Pubchem; COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8557 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2260 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4081 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker KEIO_ID V021; [MS2] KO009311 Corona-virus KEIO_ID V021 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Bicalutamide

C18H14F4N2O4S (430.061)

Bicalutamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an oral non-steroidal anti-androgen for prostate cancer. It binds to the androgen receptor.Bicalutamide competes with androgen for the binding of androgen receptors, consequently blocking the action of androgens of adrenal and testicular origin which stimulate the growth of normal and malignant prostatic tissue. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02B - Hormone antagonists and related agents > L02BB - Anti-androgens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D000726 - Androgen Antagonists C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C146993 - Androgen Receptor Inhibitor C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C242 - Anti-Androgen COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S (250.0524)

Sulfadiazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the short-acting sulfonamides used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [PubChem]Sulfadiazine is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. This enzyme is needed for the proper processing of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is essential for folic acid synthesis. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides Antibacterial agent. It is used in some countries for control of bacterial disease in farmed fish. Not approved for aquacultural use in the USA D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 179 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1011

Floxuridine

C9H11FN2O5 (246.0652)

An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection. Floxuridine is available as a sterile, nonpyrogenic, lyophilized powder for reconstitution. When administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. [PubChem] L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BC - Pyrimidine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Floxuridine (5-Fluorouracil 2'-deoxyriboside) is a?pyrimidine?analog?and known as an?oncology antimetabolite. Floxuridine inhibits Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase and induces DNA damage by activating the ATM and ATR checkpoint signaling pathways in vitro. Floxuridine is a extreamly potent inhibitor for S. aureus infection and induces cell apoptosis[1][2]. Floxuridine has antiviral effects against HSV and CMV[3].

Dactinomycin

C62H86N12O16 (1254.6284)

A compound composed of a two cyclic peptides attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from streptomyces parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01D - Cytotoxic antibiotics and related substances > L01DA - Actinomycines C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

PUROMYCIN

C22H29N7O5 (471.223)

An aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents KEIO_ID P075; [MS2] KO009213 KEIO_ID P075

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate

C8H10NO6P (247.0246)

Pyridoxal phosphate, also known as PLP, pyridoxal 5-phosphate or P5P, is the active form of vitamin B6. It is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxals and derivatives. Pyridoxals and derivatives are compounds containing a pyridoxal moiety, which consists of a pyridine ring substituted at positions 2,3,4, and 5 by a methyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carbaldehyde group, and a hydroxymethyl group, respectively. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation and for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, pyridoxal 5-phosphate is involved in glycine and serine metabolism. Outside of the human body, pyridoxal 5-phosphate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cow milk. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as soursops, italian sweet red peppers, muscadine grapes, european plums, and blackcurrants. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as epilepsy, early-onset, vitamin B6-dependent, odontohypophosphatasia, pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency, and hypophosphatasia. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. This is the active form of vitamin B6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (pyridoxamine). -- Pubchem; Pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal-5-phosphate) is a cofactor of many enzymatic reactions. It is the active form of vitamin B6 which comprises three natural organic compounds, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are linden, kai-lan, nance, and rose hip. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins KEIO_ID P038 Pyridoxal phosphate is the active form of vitamin B6, acts as an inhibitor of reverse transcriptases, and is used for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide

C9H6N2O3 (190.0378)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2518 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8294 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 37 D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens

L-Cysteine

C3H7NO2S (121.0197)

Cysteine (Cys), also known as L-cysteine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-alanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Cysteine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar, sulfur-containing amino acid. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine can occasionally be considered as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid. Cysteine is unique amongst the twenty natural amino acids as it contains a thiol group. Thiol groups can undergo oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions; when cysteine is oxidized it can form cystine, which is two cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bond. This reaction is reversible since the reduction of this disulphide bond regenerates two cysteine molecules. The disulphide bonds of cystine are crucial to defining the structures of many proteins. Cysteine is often involved in electron-transfer reactions, and help the enzyme catalyze its reaction. Cysteine is also part of the antioxidant glutathione. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a form of cysteine where an acetyl group is attached to cysteines nitrogen atom and is sold as a dietary supplement. Cysteine is named after cystine, which comes from the Greek word kustis meaning bladder (cystine was first isolated from kidney stones). Oxidation of cysteine can produce a disulfide bond with another thiol and further oxidation can produce sulphfinic or sulfonic acids. The cysteine thiol group is also a nucleophile and can undergo addition and substitution reactions. Thiol groups become much more reactive when they are ionized, and cysteine residues in proteins have pKa values close to neutrality, so they are often in their reactive thiolate form in the cell. The thiol group also has a high affinity for heavy metals and proteins containing cysteine will bind metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium tightly. Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is important in energy metabolism. As cystine, it is a structural component of many tissues and hormones. Cysteine has clinical uses ranging from treating baldness to psoriasis to preventing smokers hack. In some cases, oral cysteine therapy has proved excellent for treatment of asthmatics, enabling them to stop theophylline and other medications. Cysteine also enhances the effect of topically applied silver, tin, and zinc salts in preventing dental cavities. In the future, cysteine may play a role in the treatment of cobalt toxicity, diabetes, psychosis, cancer, and seizures (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). Cysteine has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). [Spectral] L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) and Creatine (exact mass = 131.06948) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Detoxicant, dietary supplement, dough strengthener, yeast nutrient for leavened bakery products. Flavouring agent. Enzymic browning inhibitor. L-Cysteine is found in many foods, some of which are bilberry, mugwort, cowpea, and sweet bay. L-(+)-Cysteine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=52-90-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 52-90-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1]. L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1].

Prostaglandin E1

C20H34O5 (354.2406)

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is a potent endogenous vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, and various protective functions. The protective action of PGE1 has been shown on both experimental animal models of liver injury and patients with fulminant viral hepatitis. PGE1-treated cirrhotic rats had less hepatosplenomegaly, lower serum alanine aminotransferase levels and portal pressures, and higher arterial pressure than placebo-treated cirrhotic rats. There are several mechanisms of PGE1 hepatic cytoprotection: inhibiting T-cell mediated cytotoxicity, enhancing DNA synthesis of the injured liver after partial hepatectomy by stimulating cyclic AMP production, increasing ATP level in hepatic tissue to accelerate the recovery of mitochondrial respiratory function after reperfusion, and stabilizing membrane microviscosity. PGE1 is a prostanoid. The term prostanoid collectively describes prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes. Prostanoids are a subclass of the lipid mediator group known as eicosanoids. They are derived from C-20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3n-6), arachidonic (20:4n-6), and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) acids, through the action of cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) (PMID: 11819590, 16986207). Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent and are able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Prostaglandin E1 (Alprostadil) is a prostanoid receptor ligand, with Kis of 1.1 nM, 2.1 nM, 10 nM, 33 nM and 36 nM for mouse EP3, EP4, EP2, IP and EP1, respectively. Prostaglandin E1 induces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. Prostaglandin E1 can be used as a vasodilator for the research of peripheral vascular diseases[1][2][3].

Erythritol

C4H10O4 (122.0579)

Erythritol is a sugar alcohol (or polyol), used as a food additive and sugar substitute. It is naturally occurring and is made from corn using enzymes and fermentation. Its formula is C4H10O4, or HO(CH2)(CHOH)2(CH2)OH; specifically, one particular stereoisomer with that formula. Erythritol is 60–70\\\\\% as sweet as sucrose (table sugar), yet it is almost noncaloric and does not affect blood sugar or cause tooth decay. Erythritol occurs widely in nature and has been found to occur naturally in several foods including wine, sake, beer, watermelon, pear, grape, and soy sauce. Evidence indicates that erythritol also exists endogenously in the tissues and body fluids of humans and animals. Erythritol is absorbed from the proximal intestine by passive diffusion in a manner similar to that of many low molecular weight organic molecules which do not have associated active transport systems. The rate of absorption is related to their molecular size. It passes through the intestinal membranes at a faster rate than larger molecules such as mannitol or glucose. In diabetics, erythritol has also been shown to be rapidly absorbed and excreted unchanged in the urine. Following absorption, ingested erythritol is rapidly distributed throughout the body and has been reported to occur in hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Erythritol also has been reported to cross the human placenta and to pass slowly from the plasma into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (PMID:9862657). Erythritol is found to be associated with ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Bulk sweetener with good taste props. Not metabolised, excreted unchanged in urine. Less sweet than sucrose. Use not yet permitted in most countries (1997). GRAS status for use as a sweetener, thickener, stabiliser, humectant, etc. in food meso-Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in a variety of foods (e.g., pear, watermelon), is 60-80\\% as sweet as sucrose, and is an approved low-calorie sweetener food additive[1]. meso-Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in a variety of foods (e.g., pear, watermelon), is 60-80\% as sweet as sucrose, and is an approved low-calorie sweetener food additive[1].

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

C8H6Cl2O3 (219.9694)

2,4-D is a member of the phenoxy family of herbicides, which include:; 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant hormones. It is absorbed through the leaves and is translocated to the meristems of the plant. Uncontrolled, unsustainable growth ensues, causing stem curl-over, leaf withering, and eventual plant death. 2,4-D is typically applied as an amine salt, but more potent ester versions exist as well. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (usually referred to by its abbreviation, 2,4-D) is a common systemic pesticide/herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is one of the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America. 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin (plant hormone), and as such it is often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. It was a major ingredient in Agent Orange alongside its chemically similar relative, 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid). CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 737; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4196; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4194 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 737; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4186; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4183 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 737; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4207; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4205 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 737; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4200; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4198 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 737; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4181; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4178 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 737; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4198; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4196 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8378 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 267 D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is a selective systemic herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds. 2,4-D acts as a plant hormone, causing uncontrolled growth in the meristematic tissues. 2,4-D inhibits DNA and protein synthesis and thereby prevents normal plant growth and development[1].

Nitrofurazone

C6H6N4O4 (198.0389)

Nitrofurazone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial wounds, burns, ulcers, and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of trypanosomiasis. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of action is unknown. Nitrofurazone inhibits several bacterial enzymes, especially those involved in the aerobic and anaerobic degradation of glucose and pyruvate. This activity is believed also to affect pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase, malate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and pyruvate decarboxylase. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01C - Agents against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis > P01CC - Nitrofuran derivatives B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CA - Antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D08 - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08A - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08AF - Nitrofuran derivatives D - Dermatologicals > D09 - Medicated dressings > D09A - Medicated dressings > D09AA - Medicated dressings with antiinfectives S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29698 - Antispasmodic Agent S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents

Novobiocin

C31H36N2O11 (612.2319)

Novobiocin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189) [PubChem]Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin. Aminocoumarins are very potent inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase and work by inhibiting the GyrB subunit of the enzyme involved in energy tranduction. Novobiocin as well as the other aminocoumarin antibiotics act as competitive inhibitors of the ATPase reaction catalysed by GyrB. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1168 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1167 Novobiocin (Albamycin) is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1][2][3][4][6].

3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine

C10H14N4O2 (222.1117)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D010726 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Tyramine

C8H11NO (137.0841)

Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese [Spectral] Tyramine (exact mass = 137.08406) and L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Tyramine (exact mass = 137.08406) and Glutathione (exact mass = 307.08381) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents IPB_RECORD: 267; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 5105 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators KEIO_ID T008 Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Tyramine occurs naturally in the body, and it's found in certain foods[1]. Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Tyramine occurs naturally in the body, and it's found in certain foods[1].

Trifluoperazine

C21H24F3N3S (407.1643)

Trifluoperazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a phenothiazine with actions similar to chlorpromazine. It is used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic. [PubChem]Trifluoperazine blocks postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors in the brain; depresses the release of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones and is believed to depress the reticular activating system thus affecting basal metabolism, body temperature, wakefulness, vasomotor tone, and emesis. N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AB - Phenothiazines with piperazine structure D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent > C740 - Phenothiazine D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics KEIO_ID T122; [MS2] KO009263 KEIO_ID T122

Emetine

C29H40N2O4 (480.2988)

A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6-, 7-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D004639 - Emetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Origin: Plant; Formula(Parent): C29H40N2O4; Bottle Name:Emetine dihydrochloride; PRIME Parent Name:Emetine; PRIME in-house No.:V0282; SubCategory_DNP: Isoquinoline alkaloids, Emetine alkaloids Annotation level-1 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society IPB_RECORD: 2501; CONFIDENCE confident structure

Trenbolone

C18H22O2 (270.162)

A 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid that is estra-4,9,11-triene carrying an oxo group at position 3 and a hydroxy group at position 17beta. It is a synthetic anabolic steroid used for muscle growth in livestock. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D045930 - Anabolic Agents C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2824 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8746 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8822; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8819 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8842; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8840 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4804; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4803 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8845; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8842 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8903; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8901 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4774; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4772 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4796; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4794 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4817; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4815 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8823; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8820 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4834; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4832 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 787; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8866; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8863

Tetracycline

C22H24N2O8 (444.1533)

Tetracycline is a broad spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria. It exerts a bacteriostatic effect on bacteria by binding reversible to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking incoming aminoacyl tRNA from binding to the ribosome acceptor site. It also binds to some extent to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and may alter the cytoplasmic membrane causing intracellular components to leak from bacterial cells. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations > A01AB - Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use > D06AA - Tetracycline and derivatives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01A - Tetracyclines > J01AA - Tetracyclines S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C1595 - Tetracycline Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic (-)-Tetracycline. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=60-54-8 (retrieved 2024-09-27) (CAS RN: 60-54-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Testosterone enanthate

C26H40O3 (400.2977)

testosterone enanthate is used in androgen substitution to replace testosterone at levels as close to physiological levels as is possible. For some androgen-dependent functions testosterone is a pro-hormone, peripherally converted to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), of which the levels preferably should be within normal physiological ranges. Furthermore, androgens should have a good safety profile without adverse effects on the prostate, serum lipids, liver or respiratory function, and they must be convenient to use and patient-friendly, with a relative independence from medical services. Natural testosterone is viewed as the best androgen for substitution in hypogonadal men. testosterone enanthate is used to treat male hypogonadism. Male hypogonadism is one of the most common endocrinologic syndromes. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms plus laboratory confirmation via the measurement of low morning testosterone levels on two different occasions. Serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels distinguish between primary (hypergonadotropic) and secondary (hypogonadotropic) hypogonadism. Osteoporosis in male hypogonadism: responses to androgen substitution differ among men with primary and secondary hypogonadism. In primary hypogonadal men the on bone mineral density (BMD) responds dose dependently to testosterone substitution, whereas in secondary hypogonadism only testosterone enanthate treatment significantly increased the BMD. In all mammalian species studied to date, testosterone has been found to be the predominant intratesticular steroid. In volunteers receiving hormonal contraception by using a combination of testosterone enanthate and levonorgestrel, there is a profound reduction of both intratesticular testosterone concentration and androgen bioactivity. High doses of testosterone enanthate can normalize hematocrit values of maintenance hemodialysis patients with replenished bone marrow iron stores. testosterone enanthate is classified as a prohibited substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and its use may be detected by way of the urinary testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio. (PMID: 16185098, 16467270, 15329035, 17530941, 17484401, 4028529, 12792150) [HMDB] Testosterone enanthate is used in androgen substitution to replace testosterone at levels as close to physiological levels as is possible. For some androgen-dependent functions testosterone is a pro-hormone, peripherally converted to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), of which the levels preferably should be within normal physiological ranges. Furthermore, androgens should have a good safety profile without adverse effects on the prostate, serum lipids, liver or respiratory function, and they must be convenient to use and patient-friendly, with a relative independence from medical services. Natural testosterone is viewed as the best androgen for substitution in hypogonadal men. testosterone enanthate is used to treat male hypogonadism. Male hypogonadism is one of the most common endocrinologic syndromes. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms plus laboratory confirmation via the measurement of low morning testosterone levels on two different occasions. Serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels distinguish between primary (hypergonadotropic) and secondary (hypogonadotropic) hypogonadism. Osteoporosis in male hypogonadism: responses to androgen substitution differ among men with primary and secondary hypogonadism. In primary hypogonadal men the on bone mineral density (BMD) responds dose dependently to testosterone substitution, whereas in secondary hypogonadism only testosterone enanthate treatment significantly increased the BMD. In all mammalian species studied to date, testosterone has been found to be the predominant intratesticular steroid. In volunteers receiving hormonal contraception by using a combination of testosterone enanthate and levonorgestrel, there is a profound reduction of both intratesticular testosterone concentration and androgen bioactivity. High doses of testosterone enanthate can normalize hematocrit values of maintenance hemodialysis patients with replenished bone marrow iron stores. testosterone enanthate is classified as a prohibited substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and its use may be detected by way of the urinary testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio. (PMID: 16185098, 16467270, 15329035, 17530941, 17484401, 4028529, 12792150). D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid

Sulfisoxazole

C11H13N3O3S (267.0678)

Sulfisoxazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms. [PubChem]Sulfisoxazole is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. It inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by preventing the condensation of the pteridine with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a substrate of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3072; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3068 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6520; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6519 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3077; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3073 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6493; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6491 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6549; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6547 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3096; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3094 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3126; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3125 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6542; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6539 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6522; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6521 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6555; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6553 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3083; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3080 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3067; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3065 J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AB - Sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013 Sulfisoxazole (Sulfafurazole) is an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 0.60 μM and 22 μM against endothelin receptor A and endothelin receptor B, respectively. Sulfisoxazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial agent with an oxazole substituent. Sulfisoxazole inhibits breast cancer exosome release by targeting endothelin receptor A[1][2].

Kanamycin

C18H36N4O11 (484.238)

Kanamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [PubChem]Aminoglycosides like kanamycin "irreversibly" bind to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA. Specifically Kanamycin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Megestil

C24H32O4 (384.23)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 727; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9660; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9655 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 727; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9556; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9555 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 727; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9613; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9611 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 727; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9650; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9648 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 727; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9684; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9681 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 727; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9604; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9603 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D019167 - Appetite Stimulants C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2814 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8750 D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Meperidine

C15H21NO2 (247.1572)

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [PubChem] D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AB - Phenylpiperidine derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics

Pyridaben

C19H25ClN2OS (364.1376)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 331; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10598; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10596 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 331; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10636; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10634 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 331; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10546; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10544 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 331; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10660; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10659 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 331; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10708; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10707 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 331; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10670; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10667 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2632

Piroxicam

C15H13N3O4S (331.0627)

Piroxicam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. [PubChem]The antiinflammatory effect of Piroxicam may result from the reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase, causing the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The prostaglandins are produced by an enzyme called Cox-1. Piroxicam blocks the Cox-1 enzyme, resulting into the disruption of production of prostaglandins. Piroxicam also inhibits the migration of leukocytes into sites of inflammation and prevents the formation of thromboxane A2, an aggregating agent, by the platelets. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AC - Oxicams S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01B - Antiinflammatory agents > S01BC - Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents KEIO_ID P068; [MS2] KO009199 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID P068

Monocrotaline

C16H23NO6 (325.1525)

Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive disease Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2249 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 131 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 121 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 151 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 141 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 111 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 161 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 171 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 101 Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 μM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8]. Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 μM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8].

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid

C12H10O2 (186.0681)

Plant growth regulator. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid is used for control of preharvest fruit drop, flower induction and fruit thinning in various crops such as apples, potatoes, olives and citrus fruits.1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) is a plant hormone in the auxin family. It is a rooting agent and used for the vegetative propagation of plants from stem and leaf cutting. It is also used for plant tissue culture. NAA does not occur naturally. Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), products containing NAA require registration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as pesticides. (Wikipedia 1-naphthaleneacetic acid is a naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1. It has a role as a synthetic auxin. It is a conjugate acid of a 1-naphthaleneacetate. 1-Naphthylacetic acid is a natural product found in Cocos nucifera, Humulus lupulus, and other organisms with data available. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (1-Naphthylacetic acid), a auxin, can promote plant growth. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid is also an inhibitor of PLA2, with an IC50 of 13.16 μM[1][2]. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (1-Naphthylacetic acid), a auxin, can promote plant growth. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid is also an inhibitor of PLA2, with an IC50 of 13.16 μM[1][2].

Nilutamide

C12H10F3N3O4 (317.0623)

Nilutamide is an antineoplastic hormonal agent primarily used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Nilutamide is a pure, nonsteroidal anti-androgen with affinity for androgen receptors (but not for progestogen, estrogen, or glucocorticoid receptors). Consequently, Nilutamide blocks the action of androgens of adrenal and testicular origin that stimulate the growth of normal and malignant prostatic tissue. Prostate cancer is mostly androgen-dependent and can be treated with surgical or chemical castration. To date, antiandrogen monotherapy has not consistently been shown to be equivalent to castration. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 279; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4399; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4395 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 279; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4426; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4421 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 279; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4395; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4393 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 279; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4406; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4401 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 279; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4403; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4401 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 279; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4490; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4487 L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02B - Hormone antagonists and related agents > L02BB - Anti-androgens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D000726 - Androgen Antagonists C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C146993 - Androgen Receptor Inhibitor C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C242 - Anti-Androgen D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Methylthiouracil

C5H6N2OS (142.0201)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1235; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1149; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1146 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1235; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1156; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1153 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1235; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1126; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1124 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1235; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1143; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1141 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1235; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1165; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1163 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1235; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1155; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1154 H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H03 - Thyroid therapy > H03B - Antithyroid preparations > H03BA - Thiouracils D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D013956 - Antithyroid Agents C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C885 - Antithyroid Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1164 Methylthiouracil is an antithyroid agent. Methylthiouracil suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2. Methylthiouracil is an antithyroid agent. Methylthiouracil suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2.

Methadone

C21H27NO (309.2093)

A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of morphine. It also has a depressant action on the cough center and may be given to control intractable cough associated with terminal lung cancer. Methadone is also used as part of the treatment of dependence on opioid drugs, although prolonged use of methadone itself may result in dependence. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8112; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8110 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8059; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8057 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8114; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8112 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8021; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8016 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8067; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8064 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8100; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8098 N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BC - Drugs used in opioid dependence D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2828 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1628

Caprylic acid

C8H16O2 (144.115)

Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon straight-chain fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. It is found naturally in coconuts and breast milk. It is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste that is minimally soluble in water. Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes (Wikipedia). Caprylic acid can be found in numerous foods such as Prunus (Cherry, Plum), pineapple sages, black raspberries, and shallots. Caprylic acid is found to be associated with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Widespread in plant oils, free and as glyceridesand is also present in apple, banana, orange juice and peel, pineapple, cognac, calamus, blue cheeses, cheddar cheese, Swiss cheese, feta cheese and other cheeses. Flavouring agent, defoamer, lubricant, binder and antimicrobial preservative in cheese wraps KEIO_ID C037 Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes.

Nitrilotriacetic acid

C6H9NO6 (191.043)

D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents

Diethylstilbestrol

C18H20O2 (268.1463)

Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic estrogen that was developed to supplement a womans natural estrogen production. In 1971, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a Drug Bulletin advising physicians to stop prescribing DES to pregnant women because it was linked to a rare vaginal cancer in female offspring. Diethylstilbesterol is found in gram bean. Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CC - Estrogens, combinations with other drugs G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CB - Synthetic estrogens, plain L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02A - Hormones and related agents > L02AA - Estrogens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

Saccharin

C7H5NO3S (182.999)

Saccharin, ammonium salt is used as a food additive [EAFUS] (EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States). Saccharin belongs to the family of aromatic homomonocyclic compounds. These are aromatic compounds containing only one ring, which is homocyclic. Widely-used sweetening agent. All salts intensely sweet. Permitted in foods at levels of 80-1200 ppm in EU D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8670 COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O (165.0651)

7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation and depurination observed in normal human biofluids; however, it has been found significantly higher in the urine of smokers than in nonsmokers. (PMID 16059882). 7-Methylguanine has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). 7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation and depurination observed in normal human biofluids; however, it has been found significantly higher in the urine of smokers than in nonsmokers. (PMID 16059882) [HMDB] KEIO_ID M043

Pentamidine

C19H24N4O2 (340.1899)

Pentamidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [PubChem]The mode of action of pentamidine is not fully understood. It is thought that the drug interferes with nuclear metabolism producing inhibition of the synthesis of DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and proteins. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent

Nornicotine

C9H12N2 (148.1)

Nornicotine is an alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. An alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. [HMDB] CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3280 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2228 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals

Propranolol

C16H21NO2 (259.1572)

Propranolol is a widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. --PubChem; Propranolol is a highly lipophilic drug achieving high concentrations in the brain. The duration of action of a single oral dose is longer than the half-life indicates and may be up to 12 hours, if the single dose is high enough (e.g. 80 mg). Effective plasma concentrations are between 10-100 ng/mL. -- Wikipedia; It was the first successful beta blocker developed. Propranolol is commonly marketed by Wyeth under the trade name Inderal. A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. --PubChem; Propranolol is a highly lipophilic drug achieving high concentrations in the brain. The duration of action of a single oral dose is longer than the half-life indicates and may be up to 12 hours, if the single dose is high enough (e.g. 80 mg). Effective plasma concentrations are between 10-100 ng/mL. -- Wikipedia; It was the first successful beta blocker developed. Propranolol is commonly marketed by Wyeth under the trade name Inderal. [HMDB] C - Cardiovascular system > C07 - Beta blocking agents > C07A - Beta blocking agents > C07AA - Beta blocking agents, non-selective C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 171 KEIO_ID P192; [MS2] KO009171 KEIO_ID P192 Propranolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has high affinity for the β1AR and β2AR with Ki values of 1.8 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively[1]. Propranolol inhibits [3H]-DHA binding to rat brain membrane preparation with an IC50 of 12 nM[2]. Propranolol is used for the study of hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[3]. Propranolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has high affinity for the β1AR and β2AR with Ki values of 1.8 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively[1]. Propranolol inhibits [3H]-DHA binding to rat brain membrane preparation with an IC50 of 12 nM[2]. Propranolol is used for the study of hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[3]. Propranolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has high affinity for the β1AR and β2AR with Ki values of 1.8 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively[1]. Propranolol inhibits [3H]-DHA binding to rat brain membrane preparation with an IC50 of 12 nM[2]. Propranolol is used for the study of hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[3].

Flutamide

C11H11F3N2O3 (276.0722)

Flutamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.Flutamide is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen that blocks the action of both endogenous and exogenous testosterone by binding to the androgen receptor. In addition Flutamide is a potent inhibitor of testosterone-stimulated prostatic DNA synthesis. Moreover, it is capable of inhibiting prostatic nuclear uptake of androgen. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 161; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4302; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4299 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 161; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4297; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4293 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 161; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4293; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4288 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 161; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4279; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4275 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 161; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4286; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4284 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 161; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4299; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4298 L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02B - Hormone antagonists and related agents > L02BB - Anti-androgens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D000726 - Androgen Antagonists C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C242 - Anti-Androgen CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8567 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2350 D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Isoproterenol

C11H17NO3 (211.1208)

Isoproterenol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant. [PubChem]The pharmacologic effects of isoproterenol are at least in part attributable to stimulation through beta-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic AMP. Increased cyclic AMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03C - Adrenergics for systemic use > R03CB - Non-selective beta-adrenoreceptor agonists R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03A - Adrenergics, inhalants > R03AB - Non-selective beta-adrenoreceptor agonists C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29712 - Anti-asthmatic Agent > C319 - Bronchodilator D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents

Testosterone Propionate

C22H32O3 (344.2351)

Testosterone Propionate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an ester of testosterone with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position. [PubChem]The effects of testosterone in humans and other vertebrates occur by way of two main mechanisms: by activation of the androgen receptor (directly or as DHT), and by conversion to estradiol and activation of certain estrogen receptors. Free testosterone (T) is transported into the cytoplasm of target tissue cells, where it can bind to the androgen receptor, or can be reduced to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the cytoplasmic enzyme 5α-reductase. DHT binds to the same androgen receptor even more strongly than T, so that its androgenic potency is about 2.5 times that of T. The T-receptor or DHT-receptor complex undergoes a structural change that allows it to move into the cell nucleus and bind directly to specific nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal DNA. The areas of binding are called hormone response elements (HREs), and influence transcriptional activity of certain genes, producing the androgen effects. C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones

Dantron

C14H8O4 (240.0423)

Danthron is an orange crystalline powder. Almost odorless and tasteless. (NTP, 1992) Chrysazin is a dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite. Withdrawn from the Canadian, US, and UK markets in 1998 due to genotoxicity. Danthron is a natural product found in Didemnum albopunctatum, Asphodelus tenuifolius, and other organisms with data available. Danthron is a reddish, synthetic anthraquinone derivative. Danthron has been widely used as a laxative, but is no longer used to treat constipation and is currently used as an antioxidant in synthetic lubricants, in the synthesis of experimental antitumor agents, as a fungicide and as an intermediate for making dyes. This substance is a suspected mutagen and is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05) A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AB - Contact laxatives A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8. Dantron is found in green vegetables. Dantron occurs in roots of Rheum palmatum (Turkey rhubarb Occurs in roots of Rheum palmatum (Turkey rhubarb). Dantron is found in green vegetables. D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_20eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_40eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_30eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_10eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_50eV_000028.txt Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.

Phenobarbital

C12H12N2O3 (232.0848)

Phenobarbital is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant.Phenobarbital acts on GABAA receptors, increasing synaptic inhibition. This has the effect of elevating seizure threshold and reducing the spread of seizure activity from a seizure focus. Phenobarbital may also inhibit calcium channels, resulting in a decrease in excitatory transmitter release. The sedative-hypnotic effects of phenobarbital are likely the result of its effect on the polysynaptic midbrain reticular formation, which controls CNS arousal. Phenobarbital appears as odorless white crystalline powder or colorless crystals. A saturated aqueous solution is acid to litmus (approximately pH 5). Slightly bitter taste. (NTP, 1992) Phenobarbital is a member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. It has a role as an anticonvulsant, a sedative, an excitatory amino acid antagonist and a drug allergen. Phenobarbital is a DEA Schedule IV controlled substance. Substances in the DEA Schedule IV have a low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule III. It is a Depressants substance. A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate that is widely used as a sedative and an antiseizure medication. Phenobarbital has been linked to rare instances of idiosyncratic liver injury that can be severe and even fatal. Phenobarbital is a long-acting barbituric acid derivative with antipsychotic property. Phenobarbital binds to and activates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor, thereby mimicking the inhibitory actions of GABA in the brain. The activation effects of the phenobarbital-receptor-ionophore complex include increased frequency of chloride channel openings, membrane hyperpolarization and ultimately synaptic inhibition and decreased neuronal excitability. In addition, this agent inhibits glutamate induced depolarization. Phenobarbital is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [PubChem] Phenobarbital acts on GABAA receptors, increasing synaptic inhibition. This has the effect of elevating seizure threshold and reducing the spread of seizure activity from a seizure focus. Phenobarbital may also inhibit calcium channels, resulting in a decrease in excitatory transmitter release. The sedative-hypnotic effects of phenobarbital are likely the result of its effect on the polysynaptic midbrain reticular formation, which controls CNS arousal. A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.

Propylthiouracil

C7H10N2OS (170.0514)

Propylthiouracil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)Propylthiouracil binds to thyroid peroxidase and thereby inhibits the conversion of iodide to iodine. Thyroid peroxidase normally converts iodide to iodine (via hydrogen peroxide as a cofactor) and also catalyzes the incorporation of the resulting iodide molecule onto both the 3 and/or 5 positions of the phenol rings of tyrosines found in thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin is degraded to produce thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3), which are the main hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Therefore propylthiouracil effectively inhibits the production of new thyroid hormones. H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H03 - Thyroid therapy > H03B - Antithyroid preparations > H03BA - Thiouracils D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D013956 - Antithyroid Agents C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C885 - Antithyroid Agent D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites KEIO_ID P055 Propylthiouracil (6-n-Propylthiouracil), a thioamide antithyroid agent, is an orally active thyroperoxidase and type-1 deiodinase (DIO1) inhibitor. Propylthiouracil can be used for the Graves disease and hyperthyroidism research[1].

Moxonidine

C9H12ClN5O (241.073)

Moxonidine (INN) is a new generation centrally acting antihypertensive drug licensed for the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. It may have a role when thiazides, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers are not appropriate or have failed to control blood pressure. In addition, it demonstrates favourable effects on parameters of the insulin resistance syndrome, apparently independent of blood pressure reduction. It is manufactured by Solvay Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Physiotens. Moxonidine is a selective agonist at the imidazoline receptor subtype 1 (I1). This receptor subtype is found in both the rostral ventro-lateral pressor and ventromedial depressor areas of the medulla oblongata. Moxonidine therefore causes a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity and, therefore, a decrease in blood pressure. C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02A - Antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting > C02AC - Imidazoline receptor agonists C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents

Legumelin

C23H22O6 (394.1416)

Legumelin, also known as (-)-cis-deguelin, is a member of the class of compounds known as rotenones. Rotenones are rotenoids with a structure based on a 6a,12a-dihydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromen-12(6H)-one skeleton. Thus, legumelin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Legumelin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Legumelin can be found in soy bean, which makes legumelin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB.

Cyclosporine

C62H111N11O12 (1201.8413)

D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents > D003524 - Cyclosporins D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065095 - Calcineurin Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Cyclosporin A (Cyclosporine A) is an immunosuppressant which binds to the cyclophilin and inhibits phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B/calcineurin) with an IC50 of 5 nM[3]. Cyclosporin A also inhibits CD11a/CD18 adhesion[8].

Diacetoxyscirpenol

C19H26O7 (366.1678)

Diacetoxyscirpenol is a constituent of Fusarium species Mycotoxin D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins Constituent of Fusarium subspecies Mycotoxin C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Cellobiose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.

Sulindac

C20H17FO3S (356.0882)

Sulindac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) of the arylalkanoic acid class that is marketed in the U.S. by Merck as Clinoril. Like other NSAIAs, it may be used in the treatment of acute or chronic inflammatory conditions. Sulindac is a prodrug, derived from sulfinylindene, that is converted in vivo to an active sulfide compound by liver enzymes. The sulfide metabolite then undergoes enterohepatic circulation; it is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This is thought to help maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects. Some studies have shown sulindac to be relatively less irritating to the stomach than other NSAIAs except for drugs of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor class. The exact mechanism of its NSAIA properties is unknown, but it is thought to act on enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AB - Acetic acid derivatives and related substances D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C744 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor > C2127 - cGMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents KEIO_ID S054; [MS2] KO009077 KEIO_ID S054; [MS3] KO009079 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID S054

Ethionamide

C8H10N2S (166.0565)

Ethionamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. It also may be used for treatment of leprosy. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p868)Ethionamide may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal in action, depending on the concentration of the drug attained at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the infecting organism. Ethionamide, like prothionamide and pyrazinamide, is a nicotinic acid derivative related to isoniazid. It is thought that ethionamide undergoes intracellular modification and acts in a similar fashion to isoniazid. Isoniazid inhibits the synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. Specifically isoniazid inhibits InhA, the enoyl reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by forming a covalent adduct with the NAD cofactor. It is the INH-NAD adduct that acts as a slow, tight-binding competitive inhibitor of InhA. Ethionamide. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=536-33-4 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 536-33-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Ethionamide (2-ethylthioisonicotinamide) is a second-line anti-tuberculosis antibiotic.

Metaraminol

C9H13NO2 (167.0946)

Metaraminol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an adrenergic agonist that acts predominantly at alpha adrenergic receptors and also stimulates the release of norepinephrine. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of hypotension. [PubChem]Metaraminol acts through peripheral vasoconstriction by acting as a pure alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist, consequently increasing systemic blood pressure (both systolic & diastolic). Its effect is thought to be associated with the inhibition of adenyl cyclase which leads to an inhibition of the production of cAMP. Another effect of Metaraminol is that it releases norepinephrine from its storage sites indirectly. C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents

Dimethylarsinic acid

C2H7AsO2 (137.9662)

Dimethylarsinic acid, also known as cacodylic acid, is formally rated as possibly a carcinogenic (IARC 2B), potentially toxic compound. Derivatives of cacodylic acid, cacodylates, were frequently used as herbicides. For example, Agent Blue, one of the chemicals used during the Vietnam War, is a mixture of cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate. Sodium cacodylate is frequently used as a buffering agent in the preparation and fixation of biological samples for transmission electron microscopy. Dimethylarsinic acid is highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Once thought to be a byproduct of inorganic arsenic detoxification, it is now believed to have serious health consequences of its own. It has been shown to be teratogenic in rodents, most often causing cleft palate but also fetal fatality at high doses. It has been shown to be genotoxic in human cells, causing apoptosis and also decreased DNA production and shorter DNA strands. While not itself a strong carcinogen, dimethylarsinic acid does promote tumours in the presence of carcinogens in organs such as the kidneys and liver (Wikipedia). Cacodylic acid is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2AsO2H. Derivatives of cacodylic acid, cacodylates, were frequently used as herbicides. For example, "Agent Blue," one of the chemicals used during the Vietnam War, is a mixture of cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate. Sodium cacodylate is frequently used as a buffering agent in the preparation and fixation of biological samples for transmission electron microscopy. D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals

Malonate

C3H4O4 (104.011)

Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2. The ionised form of malonic acid, as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates. For example, diethyl malonate is malonic acids ethyl ester. The name originates from Latin malum, meaning apple. Malonic acid is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain.; Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2. The ionised form of malonic acid, as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates. For example, diethyl malonate is malonic acids ethyl ester. The name originates from the Greek word ????? (malon) meaning apple. Propanedioic acid is found in many foods, some of which are green bell pepper, red bell pepper, common beet, and sweet orange. Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2. The ionised form of malonic acid, as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates. For example, diethyl malonate is malonic acids ethyl ester. The name originates from Latin malum, meaning apple. Malonic acid is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain. Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Malonic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=141-82-2 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 141-82-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Cyclohexylamine

C6H13N (99.1048)

Cyclohexylamine is a food contaminant arising from its use as a boiler water additive Cyclohexylamine, also called hexahydroaniline, 1-aminocyclohexane, or aminohexahydrobenzene, is an organic chemical, an amine derived from cyclohexane. It is a clear to yellowish liquid with fishy odor, with melting point of 17.7 °C and boiling point 134.5 °C, miscible with water. Like other amines, it is of mildly alkaline nature, compared to strong bases such as NaOH, but it is a stronger base than its aromatic sister compound aniline, which differs only in that its ring is aromatic. It is flammable, with flash point at 28.6 °C. Explosive mixtures with air can be formed above 26 °C. It is toxic by both ingestion and inhalation; the inhalation itself may be fatal. It readily absorbs through skin, which it irritates. It is corrosive. Cyclohexylamine is listed as an extremely hazardous substance as defined by Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Food contaminant arising from its use as a boiler water additive CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2441 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8266 KEIO_ID C114

4-Fluoro-L-phenylalanine

C9H10FNO2 (183.0696)

Indole

C8H7N (117.0578)

Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. The participation of the nitrogen lone electron pair in the aromatic ring means that indole is not a base, and it does not behave like a simple amine. Indole is a microbial metabolite and it can be produced by bacteria as a degradation product of the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal smell. At very low concentrations, however, indole has a flowery smell and is a constituent of many flower scents (such as orange blossoms) and perfumes. As a volatile organic compound, indole has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Natural jasmine oil, used in the perfume industry, contains around 2.5\\\\\% of indole. Indole also occurs in coal tar. Indole has been found to be produced in a number of bacterial genera including Alcaligenes, Aspergillus, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 23194589, 2310183, 9680309). Indole plays a role in bacterial biofilm formation, bacterial motility, bacterial virulence, plasmid stability, and antibiotic resistance. It also functions as an intercellular signalling molecule (PMID: 26115989). Recently, it was determined that the bacterial membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase (HK) known as CpxA acts as a bacterial indole sensor to facilitate signalling (PMID: 31164470). It has been found that decreased indole concentrations in the gut promote bacterial pathogenesis, while increased levels of indole in the gut decrease bacterial virulence gene expression (PMID: 31164470). As a result, enteric pathogens sense a gradient of indole concentrations in the gut to migrate to different niches and successfully establish an infection. Constituent of several flower oils, especies of Jasminum and Citrus subspecies (Oleaceae) production of bacterial dec. of proteins. Flavouring ingredientand is also present in crispbread, Swiss cheese, Camembert cheese, wine, cocoa, black and green tea, rum, roasted filbert, rice bran, clary sage, raw shrimp and other foodstuffs Indole. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=120-72-9 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 120-72-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.

Urea

CH4N2O (60.0324)

Urea is a highly soluble organic compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea is formed in a cyclic pathway known simply as the urea cycle. In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea. Urea is essentially a waste product; it has no physiological function. It is dissolved in blood (in humans in a concentration of 2.5 - 7.5 mmol/liter) and excreted by the kidney in the urine. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in human sweat. Urea is found to be associated with primary hypomagnesemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05B - I.v. solutions > B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis Formulation aid. Cattle feed supplement. Urea is found in many foods, some of which are globe artichoke, hickory nut, hard wheat, and cherry tomato. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02A - Emollients and protectives > D02AE - Carbamide products C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49187 - Osmotic Diuretic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.

Liothyronine

C15H12I3NO4 (650.7901)

Liothyronine is a T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone that is finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3. Liothyronine is mildly toxic by ingestion and is an experimental teratogen. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx, I(-), and Cl(-) (Saxs Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials). CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 700; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4253; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4249 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 700; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4223; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4222 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 700; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4256; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4251 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 700; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4242; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4239 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 700; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4266; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4262 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 700; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4237; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4235 D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1553 - Thyroid Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials KEIO_ID T040 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Liothyronine is an active form of thyroid hormone. Liothyronine is a potent thyroid hormone receptors TRα and TRβ agonist with Kis of 2.33 nM for hTRα and hTRβ, respectively[1][2][3].

Citrulline

C6H13N3O3 (175.0957)

Citrulline, also known as Cit or δ-ureidonorvaline, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Citrulline has the formula H2NC(O)NH(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H. Citrulline exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, citrulline participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, citrulline can be biosynthesized from carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine which is catalyzed by the enzyme ornithine carbamoyltransferase. In addition, citrulline and L-aspartic acid can be converted into argininosuccinic acid through the action of the enzyme argininosuccinate synthase. In humans, citrulline is involved in the metabolic disorder called argininemia. Citrulline has also been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and citrullinemia type II. Citrulline has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including argininosuccinic aciduria and fumarase deficiency. Outside of the human body, citrulline is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as wheats, oats, and cucumbers and in a lower concentration in swiss chards, yellow wax beans, and potato. Citrulline has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as epazotes, lotus, common buckwheats, strawberry guava, and italian sweet red peppers. Citrulline is a potentially toxic compound. Proteins that normally contain citrulline residues include myelin basic protein (MBP), filaggrin, and several histone proteins, whereas other proteins, such as fibrin and vimentin are susceptible to citrullination during cell death and tissue inflammation. Citrulline is also produced as a byproduct of the enzymatic production of nitric oxide from the amino acid arginine, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. It is also produced from arginine as a byproduct of the reaction catalyzed by NOS family (NOS; EC1.14.13.39). [Spectral] L-Citrulline (exact mass = 175.09569) and L-Glutamate (exact mass = 147.05316) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Occurs in the juice of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) IPB_RECORD: 257; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID C013 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2-Amino-5-ureidopentanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 2-Amino-5-ureidopentanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. L-Citrulline is an amino acid derived from ornithine in the catabolism of proline or glutamine and glutamate, or from l-arginine via arginine-citrulline pathway. L-Citrulline is an amino acid derived from ornithine in the catabolism of proline or glutamine and glutamate, or from l-arginine via arginine-citrulline pathway.

Cadaverine

C5H14N2 (102.1157)

Cadaverine is a foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine that occurs during protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. However, this diamine is not purely associated with putrefaction. It is also produced in small quantities by mammals. In particular, it is partially responsible for the distinctive smell of urine and semen. Elevated levels of cadaverine have been found in the urine of some patients with defects in lysine metabolism. Cadaverine is toxic in large doses. In rats it had a low acute oral toxicity of more than 2000 mg/kg body weight .; Cadaverine is a foul-smelling molecule produced by protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. Cadaverine is a toxic diamine with the formula NH2(CH2)5NH2, which is similar to putrescine. Cadaverine is also known by the names 1,5-pentanediamine and pentamethylenediamine. Cadaverine is a foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine that occurs during protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. However, this diamine is not purely associated with putrefaction. Cadaverine is a toxic diamine with the formula NH2(CH2)5NH2, which is similar to putrescines NH2(CH2)4NH2. Cadaverine is also known by the names 1,5-pentanediamine and pentamethylenediamine. It is also produced in small quantities by mammals. In particular, it is partially responsible for the distinctive smell of urine and semen. Elevated levels of cadaverine have been found in the urine of some patients with defects in lysine metabolism. Cadaverine is toxic in large doses. In rats it had a low acute oral toxicity of more than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Cadaverine can be found in Corynebacterium (PMID:27872963). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent KEIO_ID C032

Methoxamine

C11H17NO3 (211.1208)

Methoxamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an alpha-adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral vasoconstriction. It has little if any direct effect on the central nervous system. [PubChem]Methoxamine acts through peripheral vasoconstriction by acting as a pure alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist, consequently increasing systemic blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic). C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents KEIO_ID M169; [MS2] KO009056 KEIO_ID M169

Methyl jasmonate

C13H20O3 (224.1412)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Flavouring ingredient. From Jasminum grandiflorum (royal jasmine) D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators lo Methyl 2-(3-oxo-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)acetate is an endogenous metabolite. Methyl 2-(3-oxo-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)acetate is an endogenous metabolite.

1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid

C4H7NO2 (101.0477)

1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, also known as acc or 1-amino-1-carboxycyclopropane, is a member of the class of compounds known as alpha amino acids. Alpha amino acids are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid can be found in a number of food items such as american cranberry, chayote, sour cherry, and garden rhubarb, which makes 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ACC plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene. It is synthesized by the enzyme ACC synthase ( EC 4.4.1.14) from methionine and converted to ethylene by ACC oxidase (EC 1.14.17.4) . 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid is found in fruits. 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid is isolated from apple and pear juice and cranberries. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents KEIO_ID A047 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Myo-Inositol

C6H12O6 (180.0634)

myo-Inositol is an inositol isoform. Inositol is a derivative of cyclohexane with six hydroxyl groups, making it a polyol. It also is known as a sugar alcohol, having exactly the same molecular formula as glucose or other hexoses. Inositol exists in nine possible stereoisomers, of which cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, or myo-inositol is the most widely occurring form in nature. The other known inositols include scyllo-inositol, muco-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, L-chiro-inositol, neo-inositol, allo-inositol, epi-inositol and cis-inositol. myo-Inositol is found naturally in many foods (particularly in cereals with high bran content) and can be used as a sweetner as it has half the sweetness of sucrose (table sugar). myo-Inositol was once considered a member of the vitamin B complex and given the name: vitamin B8. However, because it is produced by the human body from glucose, it is not an essential nutrient, and therefore cannot be called a vitamin. myo-Inositol is a precursor molecule for a number of secondary messengers including various inositol phosphates. In addition, inositol/myo-inositol is an important component of the lipids known as phosphatidylinositol (PI) phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP). myo-Inositol is synthesized from glucose, via glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in two steps. First, G-6-P is isomerised by an inositol-3-phosphate synthase enzyme to myo-inositol 1-phosphate, which is then dephosphorylated by an inositol monophosphatase enzyme to give free myo-inositol. In humans, myo-inositol is primarily synthesized in the kidneys at a rate of a few grams per day. myo-Inositol can be used in the management of preterm babies who have or are at a risk of infant respiratory distress syndrome. It is also used as a treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It works by increasing insulin sensitivity, which helps to improve ovarian function and reduce hyperandrogenism. Reduced levels of myo-inositol have been found in the spinal fluid of depressed patients and levels are significantly reduced in brain samples of suicide victims. Of common occurrence in plants and animals . obtained comly. from phytic acid in corn steep liquor. Dietary supplement C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity. D-chiro-Inositol is used clinically for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus, which can reduce hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance[1][2][3]. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1]. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1].

Melibiose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780). Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions. Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions.

Palmitoylcarnitine

C23H45NO4 (399.3348)

D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 250

Procarbazine

C12H19N3O (221.1528)

Procarbazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkins disease. [PubChem]The precise mode of cytotoxic action of procarbazine has not been clearly defined. There is evidence that the drug may act by inhibition of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. Studies have suggested that procarbazine may inhibit transmethylation of methyl groups of methionine into t-RNA. The absence of functional t-RNA could cause the cessation of protein synthesis and consequently DNA and RNA synthesis. In addition, procarbazine may directly damage DNA. Hydrogen peroxide, formed during the auto-oxidation of the drug, may attack protein sulfhydryl groups contained in residual protein which is tightly bound to DNA. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01X - Other antineoplastic agents > L01XB - Methylhydrazines C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

p,p'-DDE

C14H8Cl4 (315.938)

D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals

ANTHRACENE

C14H10 (178.0782)

Anthracene, also known as anthrazen or anthracene, sodium salt, ion (1-), is a member of the class of compounds known as anthracenes. Anthracenes are organic compounds containing a system of three linearly fused benzene rings. Anthracene can be found in sorrel, which makes anthracene a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Anthracene is formally rated as an unfounded non-carcinogenic (IARC 3) potentially toxic compound. Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of formula C14H10, consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a component of coal tar. Anthracene is used in the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes. Anthracene is colorless but exhibits a blue (400-500 nm peak) fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation . PAHs are carcinogens and have been associated with the increased risk of skin, respiratory tract, bladder, stomach, and kidney cancers. They may also cause reproductive effects and depress the immune system (L10) (T3DB).

3-HODE + 9-HODE

C18H32O3 (296.2351)

13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) (CAS: 18104-45-5), also known as 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid or 13(S)-HODE, is the major lipoxygenation product synthesized in the body from linoleic acid. 13-HODE prevents cell adhesion to endothelial cells and can inhibit cancer metastasis. 13-HODE synthesis is enhanced by cyclic AMP. gamma-Linolenic acid, a desaturated metabolite of linoleic acid, causes substantial stimulation of 13-HODE synthesis. A fall in gamma-linolenic acid synthesis with age may be related to the age-related fall in 13-HODE formation (PMID: 9561154). 13-HODE is considered an intermediate in linoleic acid metabolism. It is generated from 13(S)-HPODE via the enzyme lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12). 13-HODE has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of systems. 13-HODE is found to be produced by prostate tumours and cell lines and researchers believe that there is a link between linoleic acid metabolism and the development or progression of prostate cancer (PMID: 9367845).

13-OxoODE

C18H30O3 (294.2195)

13-oxoODE is produced from 13-HODE by a NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase present in rat colonic mucosa. 13-OxoODE has been shown to stimulate cell proliferation when instilled intrarectally in rats. 13-OxoODE has also been detected in preparations of rabbit reticulocyte plasma and mitochondrial membranes, mostly esterified to phospholipids. Production of 13-oxoODE is putatively linked to the maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes through the activity of 15-LO. [HMDB] 13-oxoODE is produced from 13-HODE by a NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase present in rat colonic mucosa. 13-OxoODE has been shown to stimulate cell proliferation when instilled intrarectally in rats. 13-OxoODE has also been detected in preparations of rabbit reticulocyte plasma and mitochondrial membranes, mostly esterified to phospholipids. Production of 13-oxoODE is putatively linked to the maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes through the activity of 15-LO.

5-HETE

C20H32O3 (320.2351)

5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) is an endogenous eicosanoid. 5-HETE is an intermediate in the pathway of leukotriene synthesis. In addition, it is a modulator of tubuloglomerular feedback.; 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) is an endogenous eicosanoid. 5-HETE is an intermediate in Arachidonic acid metabolism. It is converted from 5(S)-HPETE via the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9)and then it is converted to 5-OxoETE. It is also involved in the pathway of leukotriene synthesis. In addition, it is a modulator of tubuloglomerular feedback. 5-HETE is found in corn. 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) is an endogenous eicosanoid. 5-HETE is an intermediate in arachidonic acid metabolism. It is converted from 5(S)-HPETE via the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9)and then converted to 5-OxoETE. It is also involved in the pathway of leukotriene synthesis. In addition, it is a modulator of tubuloglomerular feedback.

Myricitrin

C21H20O12 (464.0955)

Myricitrin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from the root bark of Myrica cerifera (Bayberry, a small tree native to North America). Myricetin 3-rhamnoside is found in many foods, some of which are common grape, black walnut, highbush blueberry, and lentils. Myricitrin is found in black walnut. Myricitrin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from the root bark of Myrica cerifera (Bayberry, a small tree native to North America) Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_30eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_40eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_10eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_50eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_20eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_40eV_000020.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_30eV_000020.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_50eV_000020.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_10eV_000020.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_20eV_000020.txt Myricitrin is a major antioxidant flavonoid[1]. Myricitrin is a major antioxidant flavonoid[1].

Norspermidine

C6H17N3 (131.1422)

Norspermidine, also known as caldine or dipropylentriamin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. Norspermidine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Norspermidine has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as narrowleaf cattails, agaves, hickory nuts, sour cherries, and european chestnuts. Norspermidine is a polyamine of similar structure to the more common spermidine. While norspermidine has been found to occur naturally in some species of plants, bacteria, and algae, it is not known to be a natural product in humans as spermidine is. [HMDB]. Norspermidine is found in many foods, some of which are lentils, sweet bay, sea-buckthornberry, and lemon thyme. KEIO_ID B040

Ethylamine

C2H7N (45.0578)

Ethylamine, also known as 1-aminoethane or ethanamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monoalkylamines. These are organic compounds containing an primary aliphatic amine group. Ethylamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Ethylamine is an ammonia and fishy tasting compound. Ethylamine can be found found in a few different foods, such as barley, apples, and corns and in a lower concentration in white cabbages, wild carrots, and cabbages. Ethylamine has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as black elderberries, common grapes, french plantains, soy beans, and spinachs. Ethylamine is a uremic toxin. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Ethylamine is component of normal human urine it has been suggested that this short aliphatic chain may play a significant role in the central nervous system disturbances observe during hepatic and renal disease especially when the blood brain barrier is compromised. Found in foods and drinks KEIO_ID E025

Ethionine

C6H13NO2S (163.0667)

An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID E056

(-)-2-Difluoromethylornithine

C6H12F2N2O2 (182.0867)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01C - Agents against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor > C129824 - Antineoplastic Protein Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065108 - Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2088 - Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D - Dermatologicals KEIO_ID H097

Butyrylcarnitine

C11H21NO4 (231.1471)

Butyrylcarnitine, also known as (3R)-3-(butyryloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate or L-carnitine butyryl ester, is classified as a member of the acylcarnitines. Acylcarnitines are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. Butyrylcarnitine is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. Butyrylcarnitine is elevated in patients with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency, in infants with acute acidosis and generalized muscle weakness, and in middle-aged patients with chronic myopathy localized in muscle (OMIM: 201470). Butyrylcarnitine is elevated in patients with acyl-coa dehydrogenase, short-chain (SCAD) deficiencyin; in infants with acute acidosis and generalized muscle weakness; and in middle-aged patients with chronic myopathy localized in muscle. (OMIM 201470) [HMDB] Butyrylcarnitine is a metabolite in plasma, acts as a biomarker to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure, and is indicative of anomalous lipid and energy metabolism.

Vinblastine

C46H58N4O9 (810.4204)

Vinblastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)The antitumor activity of vinblastine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinblastine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01C - Plant alkaloids and other natural products > L01CA - Vinca alkaloids and analogues D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D014748 - Vinca Alkaloids

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid

C5H7NO2 (113.0477)

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (CAS: 2906-39-0) is an enamine or an imino acid that forms upon the spontaneous dehydration of L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde in aqueous solutions. The stereoisomer (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate is an intermediate in glutamate metabolism, arginine degradation, and proline biosynthesis and degradation. It can also be converted into or be formed from three amino acids: L-glutamate, L-ornithine, and L-proline. In particular, it is synthesized via the oxidation of proline by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) (EC 1.5.1.2) or by proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) (EC 1.5.99.8). It is hydrolyzed into L-glutamate by delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (ALDH4A1) (EC 1.5.1.12). It is also one of the few metabolites that can act as a precursor to other metabolites of both the urea cycle and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Under certain conditions, pyrroline-5-carboxylate can act as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of pyrroline-5-carboxylate are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including hyperprolinemia type I, hyperprolinemia type II, iminoglycinuria, prolinemia type II, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. Hyperprolinemia type II results in high levels of pyrroline-5-carboxylate. People with hyperprolinemia type II have signs and symptoms that vary in severity, but they are more likely than type I to have seizures or intellectual disability. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate is highly reactive and excess quantities have been shown to cause cell death and apoptosis (PMID: 15548746). (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, also known as delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, (+-)-isomer, belongs to alpha amino acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate can be found in a number of food items such as beech nut, mango, oyster mushroom, and other bread, which makes (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate may be a unique E.coli metabolite.

Canthaxanthin

C40H52O2 (564.3967)

Canthaxanthin, also known as Cantaxanthin, Cantaxanthine, or Canthaxanthine is a keto-carotenoid, a pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids. Canthaxanin is also classified as a xanthophyll. Xanthophylls are yellow pigments and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes. Both are carotenoids. Xanthophylls and carotenes are similar in structure, but xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms while carotenes are purely hydrocarbons, which do not contain oxygen. Their content of oxygen causes xanthophylls to be more polar (in molecular structure) than carotenes and causes their separation from carotenes in many types of chromatography. (Carotenes are usually more orange in color than xanthophylls. Canthaxanthin is naturally found in bacteria, algae and some fungi. Canthaxanthin is associated with E number E161g and is approved for use as a food coloring agent in different countries, including the United States and the EU. Canthaxanthin is used as poultry feed additive to yield red color in skin and yolks. The European Union permits the use of canthaxanthin in feedstuff at a maximum content of 25 mg/kg of final feedstuff while the United States allows the use of this pigment in broiler chicken and salmonid fish feeds. Canthoxanthin was first isolated in edible chanterelle mushroom (Cantharellus cinnabarinus), from which it derived its name. It has also been found in green algae, bacteria, archea (a halophilic archaeon called Haloferax alexandrines), fungi and bioaccumulates in tissues and egg yolk from wild birds and at low levels in crustaceans and fish such as carp, golden grey mullet, and seabream. Canthaxanthin is not found in wild Atlantic Salmon, but is a minor carotenoid in Pacific Salmon. Canthaxanthin is used in farm-raised trout to give a red/orange color to their flesh similar to wild trout. Canthaxanthin has been used as a food additive for egg yolk, in cosmetics and as a pigmenting agent for human skin applications. It has also been used as a feed additive in fish and crustacean farms. Canthaxanthin is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant (PMID: 2505240). Canthaxanthin increases resistance to lipid peroxidation primarily by enhancing membrane alpha-tocopherol levels and secondarily by providing weak direct antioxidant activity. Canthaxanthin biosynthesis in bacteria and algae proceeds from beta-carotene via the action of an enzyme known as a beta-carotene ketolase, that is able to add a carbonyl group to carbon 4 and 4 of the beta carotene molecule. Food colouring. Constituent of the edible mushroom (Cantharellus cinnabarinus), sea trout, salmon and brine shrimp. It is used in broiler chicken feed to enhance the yellow colour of chicken skin D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Tephrosin

C23H22O7 (410.1365)

Tephrosin is a member of the class of rotenones that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted with geminal methyl groups at position 3, hydroxy group at position 7a and methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10 (the 7aR,13aR stereoisomer). It is isolated from the leaves and twigs of Antheroporum pierrei and exhibits antineoplastic and pesticidal activities. It has a role as a pesticide, an antineoplastic agent and a metabolite. It is an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an aromatic ether, a cyclic ketone and a member of rotenones. Tephrosin is a natural product found in Millettia ferruginea, Tephrosia vogelii, and other organisms with data available. A member of the class of rotenones that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted with geminal methyl groups at position 3, hydroxy group at position 7a and methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10 (the 7aR,13aR stereoisomer). It is isolated from the leaves and twigs of Antheroporum pierrei and exhibits antineoplastic and pesticidal activities.

(-)-cis-Rotenolone

C23H22O7 (410.1365)

(-)-cis-Rotenolone is found in jicama. (-)-cis-Rotenolone is isolated from Pachyrrhizus erosus (yam bean). Isolated from Pachyrrhizus erosus (yam bean). (-)-cis-Rotenolone is found in jicama and pulses.

FA 15:0

C15H30O2 (242.2246)

A branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising tetradecanoic acid carrying a 12-methyl substituent. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 246 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 247 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD), a saturated branched-chain fatty acid with potent anticancer effects. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid induces apoptosis in many types of human cancer cells[1][2]. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD), a saturated branched-chain fatty acid with potent anticancer effects. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid induces apoptosis in many types of human cancer cells[1][2].

Dihydrotestosterone

C19H30O2 (290.2246)

Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgenic metabolite of testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is generated by a 5-alpha reduction of testosterone. Unlike testosterone, DHT cannot be aromatized to estradiol therefore DHT is considered a pure androgenic steroid. -- Pubchem; Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (INN: androstanolone) is a biologically active metabolite of the hormone testosterone, formed primarily in the prostate gland, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands by the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase by means of reducing the alpha 4,5 double-bond. Dihydrotestosterone belongs to the class of compounds called androgens, also commonly called androgenic hormones or testoids. DHT is thought to be approximately 30 times more potent than testosterone because of increased affinity to the androgen receptor. A potent androgenic metabolite of testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is generated by a 5-alpha reduction of testosterone. Unlike testosterone, DHT cannot be aromatized to estradiol therefore DHT is considered a pure androgenic steroid. -- Pubchem; Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (INN: androstanolone) is a biologically active metabolite of the hormone testosterone, formed primarily in the prostate gland, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands by the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase by means of reducing the alpha 4,5 double-bond. Dihydrotestosterone belongs to the class of compounds called androgens, also commonly called androgenic hormones or testoids. DHT is thought to be approximately 30 times more potent than testosterone because of increased affinity to the androgen receptor. -- Wikipedia [HMDB] G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03B - Androgens > G03BB - 5-androstanon (3) derivatives A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A14 - Anabolic agents for systemic use > A14A - Anabolic steroids > A14AA - Androstan derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone

9,10-Epoxystearic acid

C18H34O3 (298.2508)

9,10-epoxystearate, also known as 18:0(9ep) or 9,10-epoxystearic acid, 14c-acid, belongs to lineolic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are derivatives of lineolic acid. Lineolic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 18 carbon long fatty acid, with two CC double bonds at the 9- and 12-positions. Thus, 9,10-epoxystearate is considered to be an octadecanoid lipid molecule. 9,10-epoxystearate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 9,10-epoxystearate can be found in a number of food items such as garden cress, silver linden, european chestnut, and soft-necked garlic, which makes 9,10-epoxystearate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Dicyclohexylamine

C12H23N (181.183)

INTERNAL_ID 2356; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2356 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Demethoxycurcumin

C20H18O5 (338.1154)

[Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_neg_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA69_Demethoxycurcum_pos_50eV.txt Demethoxycurcumin is the main active component of curcumin and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and toxic effects on cancer cells. Demethoxycurcumin is the main active component of curcumin and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and toxic effects on cancer cells.

2-Deoxy-D-glucose

C6H12O5 (164.0685)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites

Beta-tocopherol

C28H48O2 (416.3654)

beta-Tocopherol is an antioxidant which is synthesized by photosynthetic organisms and plays an important role in human and animal nutrition. beta-Tocopherols can be oxidized in dry CH2Cl2 or CH3CN by one electron to form cation radicals that deprotonate to form the neutral phenoxyl radicals, which are then immediately further oxidized by one electron to the phenoxonium cations (an ECE electrochemical mechanism, where E signifies an electron transfer and C represents a chemical step, with the electrochemical mechanism having been determined by in situ spectroscopic analysis). The phenoxonium cation of beta-tocopherol is stable for several minutes (PMID: 16771430). beta-Tocopherol has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). (rel)-β-Tocopherol is a relative configuration of β-Tocopherol.(±)-β-Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble form of vitamin E with antioxidant activity. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1].

Codeinone

C18H19NO3 (297.1365)

D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids

Acetoin

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

Acetoin, also known as dimethylketol or 2,3-butanolone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyloins. These are organic compounds containing an alpha hydroxy ketone. Acyloins are formally derived from reductive coupling of carboxylic acyl groups. Thus, acetoin is considered to be an oxygenated hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Acetoin is used as an external energy store by a number of fermentive bacteria. Acetoin, along with diacetyl, is one of the compounds giving butter its characteristic flavor. Acetoin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Acetoin is used as a food flavoring (in baked goods) and a fragrance. Acetoin is a sweet, buttery, and creamy tasting compound. Outside of the human body, Acetoin has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cocoa and cocoa products, evergreen blackberries, orange bell peppers, tortilla chips, and pomes. This could make acetoin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Constituent of beer, wine, fresh or cooked apple, fresh or cooked leak, corn, honey, cocoa, butter, cheeses, roasted coffee and other foodstuffs. Acetoin, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as eosinophilic esophagitis and ulcerative colitis; acetoin has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Acetoin is a colorless or pale yellow to green yellow liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor. It can be found in apples, butter, yogurt, asparagus, black currants, blackberry, wheat, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cantaloupe. Constituent of beer, wine, fresh or cooked apple, fresh or cooked leak, corn, honey, cocoa, butter, cheeses, roasted coffee and other foodstuffs. Flavouring ingredient. [DFC]

Hydroxylamine

H3NO (33.0215)

Hydroxylamine is a reactive chemical with formula NH2OH. It can be considered a hybrid of ammonia and water due to parallels it shares with each. At room temperature pure NH2OH is ordinarily a white, unstable crystalline, hygroscopic compound; Hydroxylamine is a reactive chemical with formula NH2OH. It can be considered a hybrid of ammonia and water due to parallels it shares with each. At room temperature pure NH2OH is ordinarily a white, unstable crystalline, hygroscopic compound; however it is almost always encountered as an aqueous solution.; NH2OH is an intermediate in biological nitrification. The oxidation of NH3 is mediated by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO).; however it is almost always encountered as an aqueous solution.; A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide.; Hydroxylamine may explode on heating. It is an irritant to the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and other mucous membranes. It may be absorbed through the skin, is harmful if swallowed, and is a possible mutagen.; NH2OH is an intermediate in the biological nitrification. The oxidation of NH3 is mediated by HAO (hydroxylamine oxidoreductase). Hydroxylamine is found in gram bean and mung bean. Hydroxylamine is a reactive chemical with formula NH2OH. It can be considered a hybrid of ammonia and water due to parallels it shares with each. At room temperature pure NH2OH is ordinarily a white, unstable crystalline, hygroscopic compound; however it is almost always encountered as an aqueous solution. A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide. Hydroxylamine may explode on heating. It is an irritant to the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and other mucous membranes. It may be absorbed through the skin, is harmful if swallowed, and is a possible mutagen. NH2OH is an intermediate in the biological nitrification. The oxidation of NH3 is mediated by HAO (hydroxylamine oxidoreductase).

Methanethiol

CH4S (48.0034)

Methanethiol (also known as methyl mercaptan) is a colorless gas that smells like rotten cabbage. It is a natural substance found in the blood, brain, and other tissues of people and animals. It is released from animal feces. It occurs naturally in certain foods, such as some nuts and cheese. It is also one of the main chemicals responsible for bad breath and flatulence. At very high concentrations methanethiol is highly toxic and affects the central nervous system. The chemical formula for methanethiol is CH3SH; it is classified as a thiol. Methanethiol is also considered to be a weak acid, with a pKa of ~10.4. This acidic property makes it reactive with dissolved metals in aqueous solutions. The environmental chemistry of these interactions in seawater or fresh water environments such as lakes has yet to be fully investigated. -- Wikipedia. Flavouring agent. Isolated from higher plants, e.g. radish (Raphanus sativus), also present in orange juice, pineapple, strawberries, asparagus, wheatbread, gruyere cheese, hop oil, coffee, roasted filberts, cooked rice and other foods

N1-Acetylspermidine

C9H21N3O (187.1685)

N1-Acetylspermidine is a polyamine. In many organisms, polyamines originate from L-ornithine and methionine. Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17), a key enzyme in polyamine metabolism, decarboxylates L-ornithine to yield putrescine which is then converted to higher polyamines spermidine and spermine by successive addition of aminopropyl groups derived from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine. Aliphatic polyamines occur ubiquitously in organisms and have important functions in the stabilization of cell membranes, biosynthesis of informing molecules, cell growth and differentiation, as well as adaptation to osmotic, ionic, pH and thermal stress. These cationic substances are implicated in multiple functions, therefore it is not surprising that intracellular levels of polyamines are regulated by different mechanisms. The inhibition of polyamine metabolism has important pharmacological and therapeutic implications for the control of physiological processes, reproduction, cancer and parasitic diseases. Recent reports have suggested the idea that parasites with an high turnover of Ornithine Decarboxilase (ODC) are resistant to Difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO, the irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase) because they always contain a fraction of newly synthesized and active enzyme, therefore not DFMO inhibited, sufficient to produce small amounts of putrescine rapidly converted into spermidine, which can support protozoan proliferation. DFMO has proved to be curative in trypanosomiasis, coccidiosis, and certain other protozoan infections. (PMID: 15490259). N1-Acetylspermidine is a polyamine. In many organisms, polyamines originate from L-ornithine and methionine. Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17), a key enzyme in polyamine metabolism, decarboxylates L-ornithine to yield putrescine which is then converted to higher polyamines spermidine and spermine by successive addition of aminopropyl groups derived from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine.

Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate

C8H12NO6P (249.0402)

Pyridoxine phosphate, also known as pyridoxine 5-phosphoric acid or pyridoxine 5-(dihydrogen phosphate), is a member of the class of compounds known as pyridoxine-5-phosphates. Pyridoxine-5-phosphates are pyridoxines that carry a phosphate group at the 5-position. Pyridoxine phosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Pyridoxine phosphate can be found primarily in blood. Within the cell, pyridoxine phosphate is primarily located in the cytoplasm (predicted from logP). Pyridoxine phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, pyridoxine phosphate is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism. Pyridoxine phosphate is also involved in hypophosphatasia, which is a metabolic disorder. Moreover, pyridoxine phosphate is found to be associated with obesity. Pyridoxine 5-phosphate is a substrate for Pyridoxine-5-phosphate oxidase and Pyridoxal kinase.

Guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate)

C10H17N5O17P4 (602.957)

Guanosine 3,5-bis(diphosphate) is part of the Purine metabolism pathway. It is a substrate for: Guanosine-3,5-bis(diphosphate) 3-pyrophosphohydrolase MESH1.

METHYLAZOXYMETHANOL

C2H6N2O2 (90.0429)

D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D009676 - Noxae > D013723 - Teratogens

arcaine

C6H16N6 (172.1436)

D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D001645 - Biguanides

Trypanothione disulfide

C27H47N9O10S2 (721.2887)

This compound belongs to the family of Cyclic Peptides. These are compounds containing a cyclic moiety bearing a peptide backbone

DG(10:0/10:0/0:0)

C23H44O5 (400.3189)

DG(10:0/10:0/0:0) belongs to the family of Diacylglycerols. These are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acyl group is esterified. DG(10:0/10:0/0:0) is also a substrate of diacylglycerol kinase. It is involved in the phospholipid metabolic pathway.

N1,N12-Diacetylspermine

C14H30N4O2 (286.2369)

N1,N12-Diacetylspermine is a polyamine commonly occurring in normal human urine (PMID 7775374). It has been reported that urinary N1,N12-Diacetylspermine can be used as a marker to efficiently detect colorectal and breast cancers at early stages (PMID 15837752). N1,N12-Diacetylspermine has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). N1,N12-Diacetylspermine is a polyamine commonly occurring in normal human urine (PMID 7775374). It has been reported that urinary N1,N12-Diacetylspermine can be used as a marker to efficiently detect colorectal and breast cancers at early stages (PMID 15837752). [HMDB]

1-Pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid

C5H7NO2 (113.0477)

1-Pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid is a terminal product of D-proline metabolism. Specifically D-proline is converted to 1-Pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid via D-amino acid oxidase. This spontaneously breaks down to 2-oxo-5-amino-valerate. [HMDB] 1-Pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid is a terminal product of D-proline metabolism. Specifically D-proline is converted to 1-Pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid via D-amino acid oxidase. This spontaneously breaks down to 2-oxo-5-amino-valerate.

Phorbol-12

C28H40O8 (504.2723)

D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens > D010703 - Phorbol Esters

5-Methylthioribose 1-phosphate

C6H13O7PS (260.012)

5-Methylthioribose 1-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentoses. These are monosaccharides in which the carbohydrate moiety contains five carbon atoms. 5-Methylthioribose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in methionine biosynthesis. It is converted from 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine by 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase. Then it is converted to methionine (PMID: 2153115). In the methionine salvage pathway, 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate isomerase (M1Pi) catalyzes the conversion of 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) into 5-methylthioribulose 1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P). 5-Methylthioribose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in methionine biosynthesis. It is converted from 5-Deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine by 5-Deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase. Then it is converted to methionine (PMID 2153115). In the methionine salvage pathway 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate isomerase (M1Pi) catalyzes the conversion of 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) to 5-methylthioribulose 1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P) [HMDB]

Buthionine sulfoximine

C8H18N2O3S (222.1038)

Buthionine Sulfoximine is a synthetic amino acid. Buthionine sulfoximine irreversibly inhibits gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, thereby depleting cells of glutathione, a metabolite that plays a critical role in protecting cells against oxidative stress, and resulting in free radical-induced apoptosis. Elevated glutathione levels are associated with tumor cell resistance to alkylating agents and platinum compounds. By depleting cells of glutathione, this agent may enhance the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicities of various chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant tumors. Buthionine sulfoximine may also exhibit antiangiogenesis activity. (NCI04) D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Buthionine sulfoximine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=5072-26-4 (retrieved 2024-09-04) (CAS RN: 5072-26-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Debromoaplysiatoxin

C32H48O10 (592.3247)

A member of the class of aplysiatoxins that has the structure of the parent aplysiatoxin, but is lacking the bromo substituent on the benzene ring at the position para to the phenolic hydroxy group. It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, as well as algae and molluscs. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008235 - Lyngbya Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

Bryostatins

C47H68O17 (904.4456)

Bryostatin 1 is a macrocyclic lactone isolated from the bryozoan Bugula neritina with antineoplastic activity. Bryostatin 1 binds to and inhibits the cell-signaling enzyme protein kinase C, resulting in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, the promotion of tumor cell differentiation, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This agent may act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic agents. (NCI04) Bryostatin 1. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=83314-01-6 (retrieved 2024-12-16) (CAS RN: 83314-01-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Olivoretin D

C28H41N3O2 (451.3199)

D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008235 - Lyngbya Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D009676 - Noxae > D007509 - Irritants

Glutathionylspermidine

C17H34N6O5S (434.2311)

The spermidine amide of glutathione.

1-Methylpyrrolinium

C5H10N1+ (84.0813)

This compound belongs to the family of Pyrrolines. These are compounds containing a pyrroline ring, which is a five-member unsaturated aliphatic ring with one nitrogen atom and four carbon atoms.

Hygrine

C8H15NO (141.1154)

Hygrine, also known as (+)-hygrine or (+)-N-methyl-2-acetonylpyrrolidine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Hygrine is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Hygrine can be found in pomegranate, which makes hygrine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Hygrine is a pyrrolidine alkaloid, found mainly in coca leaves (0.2\\%). It was first isolated by Carl Liebermann in 1889 (along with a related compound cuscohygrine) as an alkaloid accompanying cocaine in coca. Hygrine is extracted as a thick yellow oil, having a pungent taste and odor .

4,4'-Diaminodibutylamine

C8H21N3 (159.1735)

4,4-Diaminodibutylamine is found in cereals and cereal products. 4,4-Diaminodibutylamine is a constituent of the famine food Santalum album (sandalwood). 4,4-Diaminodibutylamine is a flavouring Constituent of the famine food Santalum album (sandalwood). Flavouring. 4,4-Diaminodibutylamine is found in soy bean and cereals and cereal products.

anthralin

C14H10O3 (226.063)

D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05A - Antipsoriatics for topical use > D05AC - Antracen derivatives C78284 - Agent Affecting Integumentary System > C29708 - Anti-psoriatic Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents

Azlocillin

C20H23N5O6S (461.1369)

Azlocillin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, azlocillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that azlocillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

magnesium hydroxide

H2MgO2 (57.9905)

C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29697 - Laxative D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000863 - Antacids

Metyrosine

C10H13NO3 (195.0895)

Metyrosine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)Metyrosine inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the first transformation in catecholamine biosynthesis, i.e., the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). Because the first step is also the rate-limiting step, blockade of tyrosine hydroxylase activity results in decreased endogenous levels of catecholamines and their synthesis. This consequently, depletes the levels of the catecholamines dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body,usually measured as decreased urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites. One main end result of the catecholamine depletion is a decrease in blood presure. C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02K - Other antihypertensives > C02KB - Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2155 - Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor

Nandrolone phenpropionate

C27H34O3 (406.2508)

Nandrolone phenpropionate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of estradiol to resemble testosterone but less one carbon at the 19 position. It is a schedule III drug in the U.S. Nandrolone is an androgen receptor agonist. The drug bound to the receptor complexes which allows it to enter the nucleus and bind directly to specific nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal DNA. The areas of binding are called hormone response elements (HREs), and influence transcriptional activity of certain genes, producing the androgen effects. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D045930 - Anabolic Agents C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones

Amanitin

C39H54N10O14S (918.3542)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D000546 - Amanitins

Isobutrin

C27H32O15 (596.1741)

A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 3 and 4 and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 2 respectively.

Butrin

C27H32O15 (596.1741)

A flavanone glycoside that is butin substituted by two beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues at positions 7 and 3 respectively.

1'-Acetoxychavicol

C13H14O4 (234.0892)

1-Acetoxychavicol is found in herbs and spices. 1-Acetoxychavicol is a constituent of Acorus calamus (sweet flag). Constituent of Acorus calamus (sweet flag). 1-Acetoxychavicol is found in herbs and spices and root vegetables.

1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone

C17H26O3 (278.1882)

1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone is found in alcoholic beverages. 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone is from grains of paradise (Amomum melegueta) and ginger (Zingiber officinale).Paradol is the active flavor constituent of the seeds of Guinea pepper (Aframomum melegueta). The seed is also known as Grains of paradise. Paradol has been found to have antioxidative and antitumor promoting effects. It is used in flavors as an essential oil to give spiciness. (Wikipedia [6]-Paradol is a member of phenols, a ketone and a monomethoxybenzene. Paradol is a natural product found in Aframomum angustifolium, Aframomum melegueta, and Zingiber officinale with data available. From grains of paradise (Amomum melegueta) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site. Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site.

Caffeic acid ester

C17H16O4 (284.1049)

Caffeic acid ester, also known as caffeic acid phenethyl ester or cape, belongs to coumaric acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are aromatic compounds containing Aromatic compounds containing a cinnamic acid moiety (or a derivative thereof) hydroxylated at the C2 (ortho-), C3 (meta-), or C4 (para-) carbon atom of the benzene ring. Caffeic acid ester is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Caffeic acid ester can be found in corn, flaxseed, oat, and peach, which makes caffeic acid ester a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a NF-κB inhibitor. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a NF-κB inhibitor.

Phaseollin

C20H18O4 (322.1205)

Isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) and Vigna unguiculata. Phaseollin is found in many foods, some of which are yellow wax bean, soy bean, pulses, and cowpea. Phaseollin is found in common bean. Phaseollin is isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) and Vigna unguiculata.

Maytansine

C34H46ClN3O10 (691.2872)

D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product C1907 - Drug, Natural Product Same as: D04864 Maytansine is a highly potent microtubule-targeted compound that induces mitotic arrest and kills tumor cells at subnanomolar concentrations[1].

Idazoxan

C11H12N2O2 (204.0899)

C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists

Guazatine

C18H41N7 (355.3423)

cefsulodin

C22H20N4O8S2 (532.0723)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Same as: D07653

Calcimycin

C29H37N3O6 (523.2682)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D007476 - Ionophores > D061207 - Calcium Ionophores D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Calcimycin (A-23187) is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin induces Ca2+-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin induces apoptosis[1][2][3][4].

Asperlicin

C31H29N5O4 (535.2219)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists

3-Amino-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid

C7H9NO2 (139.0633)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

FA 18:1;O

C18H34O3 (298.2508)

Chloroform

CHCl3 (117.9144)

Chloroform is found in spearmint. Indirect food additive arising from adhesives and polymers Chloroform is a common solvent in the laboratory because it is relatively unreactive, miscible with most organic liquids, and conveniently volatile. Chloroform is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry and for producing dyes and pesticides. Chloroform is an effective solvent for alkaloids in their base form and thus plant material is commonly extracted with chloroform for pharmaceutical processing. For example, it is commercially used to extract morphine from poppies and scopolamine from Datura plants. Chloroform containing deuterium (heavy hydrogen), CDCl3, is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. It can be used to bond pieces of acrylic glass (also known under the trade names Perspex and Plexiglas). Chloroform is a solvent of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol 25:24:1 is used to dissolve non-nucleic acid biomolecules in DNA and RNA extractions. Chloroform is the organic compound with formula CHCl3. It does not undergo combustion in air, although it will burn when mixed with more flammable substances. It is a member of a group of compounds known as trihalomethanes. Chloroform has myriad uses as a reagent and a solvent. It is also considered an environmental hazard. Several million tons are produced annually. The output of this process is a mixture of the four chloromethanes: chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform (trichloromethane), and carbon tetrachloride, which are then separated by distillation. The total global flux of chloroform through the environment is approximately 660000 tonnes per year, and about 90\\% of emissions are natural in origin. Many kinds of seaweed produce chloroform, and fungi are believed to produce chloroform in soil. Abiotic process is also believed to contribute to natural chloroform productions in soils although the mechanism is still unclear. Chloroform volatilizes readily from soil and surface water and undergoes degradation in air to produce phosgene, dichloromethane, formyl chloride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen chloride. Its half-life in air ranges from 55 to 620 days. Biodegradation in water and soil is slow. Chloroform does not significantly bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons Indirect food additive arising from adhesives and polymers D012997 - Solvents ATC code: N01AB02

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene

C10H12 (132.0939)

Hydroxychlor

C14H11Cl3O2 (315.9825)

Monohydroxymethoxychlor olefin

C15H12Cl2O2 (294.0214)

p,p-Methoxychlor olefin

C16H14Cl2O2 (308.0371)

Monohydroxymethoxychlor

C15H13Cl3O2 (329.9981)

Glyoxal

C2H2O2 (58.0055)

Glyoxal, also known as 1,2-ethanedione or oxalaldehyde, is a member of the class of compounds known as short-chain aldehydes. Short-chain aldehydes are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 2 and 5 carbon atoms. Glyoxal is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Glyoxal can be found in garden tomato (variety), ginger, and sesame, which makes glyoxal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glyoxal is an organic compound with the chemical formula OCHCHO. It is a yellow-colored Liquid that evaporates to give a green-colored gas. Glyoxal is the smallest dialdehyde (two aldehyde groups). Its structure is more complicated than typically represented because the molecule hydrates and oligomerizes. It is produced industrially as a precursor to many products .

3-Methylcholanthrene

C21H16 (268.1252)

1-Methyl-2-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine

C2H5N5O3 (147.0392)

D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens > D009604 - Nitrosoguanidines

N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea

C2H5N3O2 (103.0382)

C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents

Methylurea

C2H6N2O (74.048)

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone

C10H13N3O2 (207.1008)

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (also known as NNK) is a potent tobacco-specific nitrosamine derived from nicotine. It plays a key role in human tobacco-related cancers (PMID:24830349). NNK is found in cured tobacco and is also produced during its burning or combustion in cigarettes. NNK is abundantly present in cigarette smoke (20-280 ng/cigarette). Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) do not convert nicotine to NNK due to their lower operating temperatures. NNK is a procarcinogen. This means it must be activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP2A6 and CYP2B6) to become a carcinogen (PMID:24830349). NNK can also be activated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1). All activation processes lead to the formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol from NNK, which is called NNAL (PMID:24830349). NNAL can be detoxified via glucuronidation via glucuronidases. Once NNK is activated to NNAL, this compound initiates a cascade of signalling pathways (for example ERK1/2, NFκB, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, FasL, K-ras), resulting in uncontrolled cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. NNK is known as a mutagen and can cause point mutations that affect cell growth proliferation and differentiation. NNK also targets the SULT1A1, TGF-beta, and angiotensin II genes. NNK plays a key role in gene silencing, gene modification, and carcinogenesis. NNK has been implicated in tumour promotion by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and β-adrenergic receptors (β-AdrRs), leading to downstream activation of parallel signal transduction pathways that facilitate tumour progression (PMID:24830349). Antioxidants such as EGCG (from green tea) inhibit lung tumorigenesis by NNK. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent tobacco-specific nitrosamine in animals. It has been suggested to play a role in human tobacco-related cancers. P450 1A2 catalyzed the formation of keto alcohol and 4-oxo-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (keto aldehyde) from NNK, with the keto alcohol being the major metabolite. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC0 is an effective inhibitor of the carcinogenicity or toxicity of chemicals that are activated by P450 1A2.( PMID: 8625495) [HMDB] D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

Homotrypanothione

C28H51N9O10S2 (737.32)

Aplysiatoxin

C32H47BrO10 (670.2352)

The parent member of the class of aplysiatoxins. It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, as well as algae and molluscs. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008235 - Lyngbya Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins

Aplidine

C57H87N7O15 (1109.626)

A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 (?KD=80?nM)[1]. Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC90 of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research[1][2].

Dinophysistoxin 1

C45H70O13 (818.4816)

Dinophysistoxin 1 is found in mollusks. Dinophysistoxin 1 is a metabolite of Dinophysis fortii. Dinophysistoxin 1 is found in scallops and mussels. Component toxin in diarrhetic shellfish poisonin D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins

4-Hydroxy-2-butenoic acid gamma-lactone

C4H4O2 (84.0211)

4-Hydroxy-2-butenoic acid gamma-lactone is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]") D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D019440 - Anti-Obesity Agents > D001067 - Appetite Depressants 2(5H)-Furanone is an endogenous metabolite.

Cholesterol sulfate

C27H46O4S (466.3117)

Cholesterol sulfate, or cholest-5-en-3beta-ol sulfate, is an endogenous steroid and the C3beta sulfate ester of cholesterol. It is formed from cholesterol by steroid sulfotransferases (SSTs) such as SULT2B1b (also known as cholesterol sulfotransferase) and is converted back into cholesterol by steroid sulfatase (STS). Accumulation of cholesterol sulfate in the skin is implicated in the pathophysiology of X-linked ichthyosis, a congenital disorder in which STS is non-functional and the body cannot convert cholesterol sulfate back into cholesterol. Cholesterol sulfate is quantitatively the most important known sterol sulfate in human plasma, where it is present in a concentration that overlaps that of the other abundant circulating steroid sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate (PMID 12730293). Cholesterol sulfate has a stabilizing function on the membrane, supports platelet adhesion and is involved in signal transduction (PMID 12730293). It plays a role in protecting erythrocytes from osmotic lysis and regulating sperm capacitation. Cholesterol sulfate can regulate the activity of serine proteases, e.g., those involved in blood clotting, fibrinolysis, and epidermal cell adhesion (PMID 12730293). As a result of its ability to regulate the activity of selective protein kinase C isoforms and modulate the specificity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, cholesterol sulfate is involved in signal transduction (PMID 12730293). Cholesterol sulfate functions in keratinocyte differentiation, inducing genes that encode for key components involved in development of the barrier (PMID 12730293). Cholesterol sulfate is a sterol sulfate in human plasma. It is a component of cell membrane and has a regulatory function. It has a stabilizing function on the membrane, supports platelet adhesion and involves in signal transduction. (PMID 12730293) [HMDB] D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Maltose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

D-Maltose, also known as maltose, maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an alpha (1‚Üí4) bond. Its name comes from malt, combined with the suffix -ose which is used in names of sugars. Maltose is a key structural motif of starch. When alpha-amylase breaks down starch, it removes two glucose units at a time, producing maltose. Maltose can be further broken down to glucose by the maltase enzyme, which catalyses the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond. D-maltose exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, D-maltose participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, maltose can be converted into glucose; which is mediated by the enzyme maltase-glucoamylase. In addition, maltose can be converted into glucose through its interaction with the enzyme glycogen debranching enzyme. Maltose is found in high concentrations in oriental wheats and in a lower concentrations in sweet potato, grape wines, yellow pond-lilies, sunflowers, and spinach. Maltose is a component of malt, a substance which is obtained in the process of allowing grain to soften in water and germinate. It is also present in highly variable quantities in partially hydrolysed starch products like maltodextrin, corn syrup and acid-thinned starch. Maltose has a sweet taste but is only about 30‚Äì60\\\\% as sweet as sucrose, depending on the concentration. Sweetening agent, dietary supplement. Occurs in some plants as hydrolytic dec. production of starch. Production in high yield (80\\\\%) by the action of diastase (a- and b-amylase) on starch, a process used in brewing D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.

DL-Glutamine

C5H10N2O3 (146.0691)

DL-Glutamine is used for biochemical research and drug synthesis.

Maltose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents A maltose that has beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.050 D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.

vinblastin

C46H58N4O9 (810.4204)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01C - Plant alkaloids and other natural products > L01CA - Vinca alkaloids and analogues D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D014748 - Vinca Alkaloids

Melibiose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

A glycosylglucose formed by an alpha-(1->6)-linkage between D-galactose and D-glucose. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.051 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.050 COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-Melibiose is a disaccharide which is composed of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. D-Melibiose is a disaccharide which is composed of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions. Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions.

metaraminol

C9H13NO2 (167.0946)

C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents KEIO_ID M167

pentamidine

C19H24N4O2 (340.1899)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_50eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_40eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_30eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_20eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_10eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt KEIO_ID P209; [MS2] KO009179 KEIO_ID P209; [MS3] KO009180 KEIO_ID P209

terbutaline

C12H19NO3 (225.1365)

R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03C - Adrenergics for systemic use > R03CC - Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03A - Adrenergics, inhalants > R03AC - Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29712 - Anti-asthmatic Agent > C319 - Bronchodilator C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D015149 - Tocolytic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1101 KEIO_ID T126; [MS3] KO009270 KEIO_ID T126; [MS2] KO009267 KEIO_ID T126 Terbutaline is an orally active β2-adrenergic receptor agonist and an active metabolite of bambuterol[1]. Terbutaline can be used in asthma symptom research[2]. Terbutaline is an orally active β2-adrenergic receptor agonist and an active metabolite of bambuterol[1]. Terbutaline can be used in asthma symptom research[2].

Demethoxycurcumin

C20H18O5 (338.1154)

Demethoxycurcumin is a beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior. It has a role as a metabolite, an antineoplastic agent and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a polyphenol, a beta-diketone, an enone and a diarylheptanoid. Demethoxycurcumin is a natural product found in Curcuma amada, Curcuma aeruginosa, and other organisms with data available. Isolated from Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Curcuma xanthorrhiza (Java turmeric). Demethoxycurcumin is found in many foods, some of which are beverages, herbs and spices, turmeric, and root vegetables. Demethoxycurcumin is found in beverages. Demethoxycurcumin is isolated from Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Curcuma xanthorrhiza (Java turmeric). A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior. Demethoxycurcumin is the main active component of curcumin and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and toxic effects on cancer cells. Demethoxycurcumin is the main active component of curcumin and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and toxic effects on cancer cells.

13-Methylmyristic acid

C15H30O2 (242.2246)

Isopentadecanoic acid is a branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising tetradecanoic (myristic) acid substituted at position 13 by a methyl group. It is a long-chain fatty acid, a branched-chain saturated fatty acid and a methyl-branched fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of an isopentadecanoate. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid is a natural product found in Streptomyces manipurensis, Myrmekioderma rea, and other organisms with data available. 13-Methyltetradecanoic Acid is a branched-chain saturated fatty acid that is comprised of tetradecanoic acid with a methyl group on the carbon in the thirteenth position. 13-Methylmyristic acid (CAS# 2485-71-4), also known as 13-methyltetradecanoic acid, iso-pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyltetradecanoic acid, 13-MTD, or 13-MTDA, is an iso-fatty acid. It is used to study the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis via the AKT and MAPK pathways. 13-MTDA is used for the biosynthesis of methyl-branched polyhydroxyalkanoates A branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising tetradecanoic (myristic) acid substituted at position 13 by a methyl group. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD), a saturated branched-chain fatty acid with potent anticancer effects. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid induces apoptosis in many types of human cancer cells[1][2]. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD), a saturated branched-chain fatty acid with potent anticancer effects. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid induces apoptosis in many types of human cancer cells[1][2].

Ribitol

C5H12O5 (152.0685)

Xylitol is a pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. It has a role as a sweetening agent, an allergen, a hapten, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. Xylitol is a naturally occurring five-carbon sugar alcohol found in most plant material, including many fruits and vegetables. Xylitol-rich plant materials include birch and beechwood. It is widely used as a sugar substitute and in "sugar-free" food products. The effects of xylitol on dental caries have been widely studied, and xylitol is added to some chewing gums and other oral care products to prevent tooth decay and dry mouth. Xylitol is a non-fermentable sugar alcohol by most plaque bacteria, indicating that it cannot be fermented into cariogenic acid end-products. It works by inhibiting the growth of the microorganisms present in plaque and saliva after it accummulates intracellularly into the microorganism. The recommended dose of xylitol for dental caries prevention is 6–10 g/day, and most adults can tolerate 40 g/day without adverse events. Ribitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Xylitol is a natural product found in Rubus parvifolius with data available. Xylitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from XYLOSE by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and used as a noncariogenic sweetener. A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from ribose by reduction of the carbonyl group. It occurs naturally in the plant Adonis vernalis. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.

Ribitol

C5H12O5 (152.0685)

Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808). Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418). Ribitol is a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes (pentitol, sugar alcohol, polyol). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion. (PMID 15234337) D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.

3b,12a-Dihydroxy-5a-cholanoic acid

C24H40O4 (392.2926)

3b,12a-Dihydroxy-5a-cholanoic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. A bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C66913 - Cholagogues or Choleretic Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D - Dermatologicals Deoxycholic acid (cholanoic acid), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5[1][2]. Deoxycholic acid (cholanoic acid), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5[1][2].

2,4-Diaminobutyric acid

C4H10N2O2 (118.0742)

2,4-Diaminobutyric acid, also known as 2,4-diaminobutanoate or Dbu, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk. This could make 2,4-diaminobutyric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is a non-physiological, cationic amino acid analogue that is transported into cells by System A with potent antitumoral activity in vitro against human glioma cells, the result of the pronounced concentrated uptake of DAB in glioma cells to the extent that a cellular lysis could occur due to osmotic reasons. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is a non-physiological, cationic amino acid analogue that is transported into cells by System A with potent antitumoral activity in vitro against human glioma cells, the result of the pronounced concentrated uptake of DAB in glioma cells to the extent that a cellular lysis could occur due to osmotic reasons. (PMID: 1561943) [HMDB] L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro.

S-methylcysteine

C4H9NO2S (135.0354)

Methylcysteine is one of the identified number of bioactive substances in garlic that are water soluble (PMID 16484549). It has been suggested that the use of these organosulfur agents derived from garlic could protect partially oxidized and glycated LDL or plasma against further oxidative and glycative deterioration, which might benefit patients with diabetic-related vascular diseases (PMID 15161248). It may also exert some chemopreventive effects on chemical carcinogenesis. However, it should be borne in mind that may also demonstrate promotion potential, depending on the organ examined (PMID 9591199). Methylcystein is a biomarker for the consumption of dried and cooked beans. S-n-methylcysteine, also known as (2r)-2-amino-3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoic acid or 3-(methylthio)-L-alanine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-cysteine-s-conjugates. L-cysteine-s-conjugates are compounds containing L-cysteine where the thio-group is conjugated. S-n-methylcysteine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). S-n-methylcysteine can be found in soft-necked garlic, which makes S-n-methylcysteine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. S-n-methylcysteine can be found primarily in blood and urine. S-Methyl-L-cysteine is a natural product that acts as a substrate in the catalytic antioxidant system mediated by methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA), with antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity activities.

scyllo-Inositol

C6H12O6 (180.0634)

scyllo-Inositol or scyllitol is an inositol isoform. Inositol is a derivative of cyclohexane with six hydroxyl groups, making it a polyol. It also is known as a sugar alcohol, having exactly the same molecular formula as glucose or other hexoses. Inositol exists in nine possible stereoisomers, including scyllo-inositol, myo-inositol (the most abundant), muco-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, L-chiro-inositol, neo-inositol, allo-inositol, epi-inositol, and cis-inositol. scyllo-Inositol was first isolated from the kidneys of fish in 1858 by Staedeler and Freierchs. scyllo-Inositol is a naturally occurring plant sugar alcohol found most abundantly in the coconut palm. It appears to accumulate in a number of human tissues and biofluids through dietary consumption. It has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379). Results reported by Viola et al (PMID: 15340856) suggest that high CSF concentrations of scyllo-inositol can be induced by chronic alcoholism. scyllo-Inositol when fed to transgenic mice that exhibit a memory disease very similar to human Alzheimers disease, can block the accumulation of soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain. scyllo-Inositol was found to reverse memory deficits in the mice, reduce the amount of Aβ plaque in the brains of the mice, and reversed other symptoms associated with the presence of Aβ in the brain (PMID: 16767098). Scyllitol is an isomer of cyclohexanehexol or inositol. It was first isolated from the kidneys of fish in 1858 by Staedeler and Freierchs. Scyllitol is a naturally occurring plant sugar alcohol found most abundantly in the coconut palm. It appears to accumulate in a number of human tissues and biofluids through dietary consumption. It has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379). Results reported by Viola et al (PMID: 15340856) suggest that high CSF concentrations of scyllo-inositol can be induced by chronic alcoholism. scyllo-Inositol (also called "scyllitol") when fed to transgenic mice that exhibit a memory disease very similar to human Alzheimers disease, can block the accumulation of soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain. Scyllitol was found to reverse memory deficits in the mice, reduce the amount of Aβ plaque in the brains of the mice, and reversed other symptoms associated with the presence of Aβ in the brain (PMID: 16767098). [HMDB] C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity. D-chiro-Inositol is used clinically for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus, which can reduce hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance[1][2][3]. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1]. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1].

muco-Inositol

C6H12O6 (180.0634)

muco-Inositol is an inositol isoform. Inositol is a derivative of cyclohexane with six hydroxyl groups, making it a polyol. It also is known as a sugar alcohol, having exactly the same molecular formula as glucose or other hexoses. Inositol exists in nine possible stereoisomers, including scyllo-inositol, myo-inositol (the most abundant), muco-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, L-chiro-inositol, neo-inositol, allo-inositol, epi-inositol, and cis-inositol. While classed as a sugar-alcohol for historical reasons, muco-inositol is more properly described as a sweet-alcohol due its perception as sweet. However, muco-inositol is perceived as both sweet and salty by humans. It is perceived as salty due to its pair of diaxial-trans-hydroxyl pairs. This pair of hydroxyl groups can form a dimer with the diaxial-trans-hydroxyl pair of the hydrated sodium-ion receptor. muco-Inositol is a critically important chemical in the gustatory (taste) process in mammals. It is coupled to a phospholipid of the outer lemma of the sensory neurons associated with the sodium ion sensitive channel (previously known as the "salty" channel) of gustation. muco-Inositol is typically phosphorylated (becoming muco-inositol phosphate) in the process of being attached to a lipid of the outer lemma of the sensory neurons of taste. The final chemical is phosphatidyl muco-inositol (PtdIns). PtdIns occurs in a specialized area of the cilia of the sensory neurons where it exists in a liquid crystalline form. C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity. D-chiro-Inositol is used clinically for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus, which can reduce hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance[1][2][3]. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1]. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1].

Chiro-inositol

C6H12O6 (180.0634)

Chiro-inositol, also known as (+)-inositol or (1r,2r,3s,4s,5s,6s)-cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol, is a member of the class of compounds known as cyclohexanols. Cyclohexanols are compounds containing an alcohol group attached to a cyclohexane ring. Chiro-inositol is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Chiro-inositol can be found in carob and soy bean, which makes chiro-inositol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Inositol or its phosphates and associated lipids are found in many foods, in particular fruit, especially cantaloupe and oranges. In plants, the hexaphosphate of inositol, phytic acid or its salts, the phytates, serve as phosphate stores in seed, for example in nuts and beans. Phytic acid also occurs in cereals with high bran content. Phytate is, however, not directly bioavailable to humans in the diet, since it is not digestible. Some food preparation techniques partly break down phytates to change this. However, inositol in the form of glycerophospholipids, as found in certain plant-derived substances such as lecithins is well-absorbed and relatively bioavailable . D-chiro-Inositol (also known as 1D-chiro-inositol, abbreviated DCI) is an inositol isoform. Inositol is a derivative of cyclohexane with six hydroxyl groups, making it a polyol. It also is known as a sugar alcohol, having exactly the same molecular formula as glucose or other hexoses. Inositol exists in nine possible stereoisomers, including scyllo-inositol, myo-inositol (the most abundant), muco-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, L-chiro-inositol, neo-inositol, allo-inositol, epi-inositol, and cis-inositol. myo-Inositol is converted into DCI by an insulin dependent NAD/NADH epimerase enzyme. It is known to be an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction. DCI accelerates the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, rate limiting enzymes of non-oxidative and oxidative glucose disposal. DCI may act to bypass defective normal epimerization of myo-inositol to DCI associated with insulin resistance and at least partially restore insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal. C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity. D-chiro-Inositol is used clinically for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus, which can reduce hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance[1][2][3]. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1]. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1].

O-Palmitoylcarnitine

C23H45NO4 (399.3348)

O-Palmitoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an palmitic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy.  This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. O-Palmitoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine O-Palmitoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular O-Palmitoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency (PMID: 9034211), sleep deprivation (PMID: 31419538), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 deficiency (PMID: 15653102), carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency (PMID: 12403251), type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 27694567, PMID: 24837145, PMID: 20111019), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (PMID: 27211699), obesity (PMID: 20111019), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PMID: 27006481), chronic heart failure (PMID: 22622056), cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease (PMID: 24308938), diastolic heart failure (PMID: 26010610, PMID: 27473038), and systolic heart failure (PMID: 27473038). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with intracerebral hemorrhage (PMID: 29265114), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A deficiency (PMID: 11568084), and psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). It is found to be increased in feces of patients with cirrhosis (PMID: 23384618). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane.  Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Damb... D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins

Xylitol

C5H12O5 (152.0685)

D-arabitol, also known as D-lyxitol or klinit, is a member of the class of compounds known as sugar alcohols. Sugar alcohols are hydrogenated forms of carbohydrate in which the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. D-arabitol is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). D-arabitol can be found in avocado, which makes D-arabitol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. D-arabitol can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine. Moreover, D-arabitol is found to be associated with invasive candidiasis and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency. Arabitol or arabinitol is a sugar alcohol. It can be formed by the reduction of either arabinose or lyxose. Some organic acid tests check for the presence of D-arabitol, which may indicate overgrowth of intestinal microbes such as Candida albicans or other yeast/fungus species . D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.

Monensin

C36H62O11 (670.4292)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D014475 - Uncoupling Agents D007476 - Ionophores > D061209 - Proton Ionophores D007476 - Ionophores > D061210 - Sodium Ionophores D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators

Epitetracycline

C22H24N2O8 (444.1533)

Sanclomycine, also known as achromycin or 4 epitetracycline, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetracyclines. These are polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups. Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on Sanclomycine. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). Epitetracycline is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically Epitetracycline is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents Epitetracycline hydrochloride. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=23313-80-6 (retrieved 2024-10-30) (CAS RN: 23313-80-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

D-Glucose, 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

The most abundant organic material found in plants forming the principal constituent of their cell walls giving them structural strength. Anticaking agent, binding agent and other uses in food. D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.

Racemetirosine

C10H13NO3 (195.0895)

C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor

Dihomo--linolenic acid

C20H34O2 (306.2559)

actinomycin D

C62H86N12O16 (1254.6284)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

alpha-amanitin

C39H54N10O14S (918.3542)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D000546 - Amanitins

Durabolin

C27H34O3 (406.2508)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones

Bryo 1

C47H68O17 (904.4456)

Cyclosporin A

C62H111N11O12 (1201.8413)

4-Aminohex-5-ynoic acid

C6H9NO2 (127.0633)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Jasmonic acid methyl ester

C13H20O3 (224.1412)

Maitansine

C34H46ClN3O10 (691.2872)

Methyl red

C15H15N3O2 (269.1164)

D004396 - Coloring Agents

mezerein

C38H38O10 (654.2465)

Tropine

C8H15NO (141.1154)

Pseudotropine, also known as tropine hydrochloride, (endo)-isomer or tropine, (exo)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as tropane alkaloids. Tropane alkaloids are organic compounds containing the nitrogenous bicyclic alkaloid parent N-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane. Pseudotropine is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Pseudotropine can be found in a number of food items such as winter savory, japanese chestnut, blackcurrant, and black walnut, which makes pseudotropine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Pseudotropine (3β-tropanol, ψ-tropine, 3-pseudotropanol or PTO) is a derivative of tropane and an isomer of tropine . Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2]. Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2].

S-N-Methylcysteine

C4H9NO2S (135.0354)

S-n-methylcysteine, also known as (2r)-2-amino-3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoic acid or 3-(methylthio)-L-alanine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-cysteine-s-conjugates. L-cysteine-s-conjugates are compounds containing L-cysteine where the thio-group is conjugated. S-n-methylcysteine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). S-n-methylcysteine can be found in soft-necked garlic, which makes S-n-methylcysteine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. S-n-methylcysteine can be found primarily in blood and urine. S-Methyl-L-cysteine is a natural product that acts as a substrate in the catalytic antioxidant system mediated by methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA), with antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity activities.

Estrogen

C18H20O2 (268.1463)

A steroid hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. (ChEBI). Estrogen is found in date and apricot. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CC - Estrogens, combinations with other drugs G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CB - Synthetic estrogens, plain L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02A - Hormones and related agents > L02AA - Estrogens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

Cystathione

C7H14N2O4S (222.0674)

Cystathione, also known as dl-cystathionine, belongs to cysteine and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Cystathione is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cystathione can be found in corn, which makes cystathione a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Cystathione may be a unique E.coli metabolite.

cholesterol sulfate

C27H46O4S (466.3117)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3. D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

FA 8:0

C8H16O2 (144.115)

Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes.

Deoxycholic Acid

C24H40O4 (392.2926)

C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C66913 - Cholagogues or Choleretic Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D - Dermatologicals Deoxycholic acid (cholanoic acid), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5[1][2]. Deoxycholic acid (cholanoic acid), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5[1][2].

Xanthine

C5H4N4O2 (152.0334)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3]. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3]. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3].

Raffinose

C18H32O16 (504.169)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1]. Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1].

Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].

Citrulline

C6H13N3O3 (175.0957)

COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Citrulline is an amino acid derived from ornithine in the catabolism of proline or glutamine and glutamate, or from l-arginine via arginine-citrulline pathway. L-Citrulline is an amino acid derived from ornithine in the catabolism of proline or glutamine and glutamate, or from l-arginine via arginine-citrulline pathway.

urea

CH4N2O (60.0324)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05B - I.v. solutions > B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02A - Emollients and protectives > D02AE - Carbamide products C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49187 - Osmotic Diuretic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.

Nicotine

C10H14N2 (162.1157)

N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BA - Drugs used in nicotine dependence D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D005731 - Ganglionic Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist > C73579 - Nicotinic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3008 D000077444 - Smoking Cessation Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Verapamil

C27H38N2O4 (454.2831)

C - Cardiovascular system > C08 - Calcium channel blockers > C08D - Selective calcium channel blockers with direct cardiac effects > C08DA - Phenylalkylamine derivatives C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent > C333 - Calcium Channel Blocker COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 674 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 674; CONFIDENCE standard compound D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Perillyl alcohol

C10H16O (152.1201)

Perillyl alcohol is a limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. Perillyl alcohol is a natural product found in Trachyspermum anethifolium, Geum heterocarpum, and other organisms with data available. Perillyl Alcohol is a naturally occurring monoterpene related to limonene with antineoplastic activity. Perillyl alcohol inhibits farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase, thereby preventing post-translational protein farnesylation and isoprenylation and activation of oncoproteins such as p21-ras, and arresting tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (NCI04) Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of lavendin, peppermint, spearmint, cherries, celery seeds, and several other plants. In animal studies it has been shown to regress pancreatic, mammary, and liver tumors, to exhibit possible application as a chemopreventative agent for colon, skin, and lung cancer, and as a chemotherapeutic agent for neuroblastoma, and prostate and colon cancer.(PMID: 9855569) [HMDB]. p-Mentha-1,8-dien-7-ol is found in many foods, some of which are caraway, ginger, german camomile, and sweet bay. Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of lavendin, peppermint, spearmint, cherries, celery seeds, and several other plants. In animal studies it has been shown to regress pancreatic, mammary, and liver tumors, to exhibit possible application as a chemopreventative agent for colon, skin, and lung cancer, and as a chemotherapeutic agent for neuroblastoma, and prostate and colon cancer.(PMID:9855569). A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2020 - Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors (S)-(?)-Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene found in lavender, inhibits farnesylation of Ras, upregulates the mannose-6-phosphate receptor and induces apoptosis. Anti-cancer activity[1]. (S)-(?)-Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene found in lavender, inhibits farnesylation of Ras, upregulates the mannose-6-phosphate receptor and induces apoptosis. Anti-cancer activity[1]. Perillyl alcohol, a monoterpene,?is active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells[1]. Perillyl alcohol, a monoterpene,?is active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells[1].

Monocrotaline

C16H23NO6 (325.1525)

Monocrotaline is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline is a natural product found in Crotalaria novae-hollandiae, Crotalaria recta, and other organisms with data available. A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment. Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Alkaloids derived from ornithine, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.154 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.142 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.145 Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 μM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8]. Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 μM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8].

Deguelin

C23H22O6 (394.1416)

Deguelin is a rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, an antineoplastic agent, a plant metabolite, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an antiviral agent, a mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent and an EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor. It is a member of rotenones, an aromatic ether, an organic heteropentacyclic compound and a diether. Deguelin is a natural product found in Tephrosia vogelii, Derris montana, and other organisms with data available. A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB.

Myricitrin

C21H20O12 (464.0955)

Myricitrin is a glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity. It has a role as an anti-allergic agent, an EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a pentahydroxyflavone, a glycosyloxyflavone, an alpha-L-rhamnoside and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a myricetin. It is a conjugate acid of a myricitrin(1-). Myricitrin is a natural product found in Syzygium levinei, Limonium aureum, and other organisms with data available. A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity. Myricitrin is a major antioxidant flavonoid[1]. Myricitrin is a major antioxidant flavonoid[1].

Caffeic_acid_phenethyl_ester

C17H16O4 (284.1049)

Phenethyl caffeate is an alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunomodulator, a metabolite, an antioxidant, a neuroprotective agent, an antiviral agent and an antibacterial agent. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a natural product found in Baccharis sarothroides, Populus deltoides, and other organisms with data available. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester is the phenethyl alcohol ester of caffeic acid and a bioactive component of honeybee hive propolis, with antineoplastic, cytoprotective and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) inhibits the activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B and may suppress p70S6K and Akt-driven signaling pathways. In addition, CAPE inhibits PDGF-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and subsequent induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a NF-κB inhibitor. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a NF-κB inhibitor.

D-Mannitol

C6H14O6 (182.079)

Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and occurs naturally, as a sugar or sugar alcohol, in fruits and vegetables. Mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, into interstitial fluid and plasma. As a result, cerebral edema, elevated intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid volume and pressure may be reduced. Mannitol may also be used for the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established; the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances; as an Antiglaucoma agent; and as a renal function diagnostic aid. On October 30, 2020, mannitol was approved by the FDA as add-on maintenance therapy for the control of pulmonary symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis in adult patients and is currently marketed for this indication under the name BRONCHITOL® by Chiesi USA Inc. Mannitol, a type of sugar alcohol, serves several important biological functions: Osmotic Diuretic: Mannitol is used medically as an osmotic diuretic to reduce intracranial and intraocular pressure. By increasing urine production, it helps to draw excess fluid from the brain and eyes, which is beneficial in conditions like cerebral edema and glaucoma. Sweetener and Sugar Substitute: In the food industry, mannitol is used as a sweetener and sugar substitute. It provides sweetness without contributing to tooth decay and is often used in products for diabetics because it has a minimal impact on blood sugar levels. Preservative: Mannitol’s hygroscopic properties make it useful as a preservative in various products, including pharmaceuticals and foods, to prevent moisture absorption and maintain product stability. Laxative: In high concentrations, mannitol can act as a laxative due to its osmotic effect in the intestine, drawing water into the bowel and stimulating bowel movements. Tissue Protectant: In cryopreservation, mannitol is used to protect tissues from damage caused by freezing and thawing processes. Cell Culture Medium Component: Mannitol is often included in cell culture media to maintain osmotic balance and provide a stable environment for cell growth. Pharmaceutical Excipient: It is used as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry, helping to enhance the stability and bioavailability of drugs. Mannitol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=69-65-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 69-65-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity.

3-Hydroxybenzoicacid

C7H6O3 (138.0317)

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Diosmin

C28H32O15 (608.1741)

Diosmin is a disaccharide derivative that consists of diosmetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a glycosyloxyflavone, a rutinoside, a disaccharide derivative, a monomethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavanone. It is functionally related to a diosmetin. Chronic venous insufficiency is a common condition the western population. Compression and pharmacotherapy are frequently used to manage chronic venous insufficiency, improving circulation and symptoms of venous disease. Diosmin is a bioflavonoid isolated from various plants or synthesized from [hesperidin]. It is used for the improvement of capillary fragility or venous insufficiency, including chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and hemorrhoids. Diosmin is widely available over-the-counter and demonstrates a favourable a favorable safety profile. Diosmin is a natural product found in Asyneuma argutum, Citrus hystrix, and other organisms with data available. A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls. See also: Agathosma betulina leaf (part of). C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05C - Capillary stabilizing agents > C05CA - Bioflavonoids C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant > C306 - Bioflavonoid Diosmin is a flavonoid found in a variety of citrus fruits and also an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Diosmin is a flavonoid found in a variety of citrus fruits and also an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).

Xylitol

C5H12O5 (152.0685)

A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS [Spectral] Ribitol (exact mass = 152.06847) and L-Citrulline (exact mass = 175.09569) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.

citrol

C10H18O (154.1358)

C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Geraniol, an olefinic terpene, was found to inhibit growth of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains[1]. Geraniol, an olefinic terpene, was found to inhibit growth of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains[1].

9,10-EPOXYSTEARIC ACID

C18H34O3 (298.2508)

aminophylline

C16H24N10O4 (420.1982)

R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03D - Other systemic drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03DA - Xanthines D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29712 - Anti-asthmatic Agent > C319 - Bronchodilator D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D058905 - Purinergic Agents > D058914 - Purinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D010726 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C744 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents Aminophylline is a competitive and non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. Aminophylline is a competitive adenosine receptor antagonist. Aminophylline has apulmonary vasodilator action as well as a bronchodilator action and has the potential for asthma research[1][2].

lupeol

C30H50O (426.3861)

D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1]. Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1].

Cynaropicrin

C19H22O6 (346.1416)

Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone. Cynaropicrin is a natural product found in Pleiotaxis rugosa, Pseudostifftia kingii, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cynara scolymus leaf (part of). D009676 - Noxae > D003603 - Cytotoxins Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone which can inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) release with IC50s of 8.24 and 3.18 μM for murine and human macrophage cells, respectively. Cynaropicrin also inhibits the increase of cartilage degradation factor (MMP13) and suppresses NF-κB signaling. Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone which can inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) release with IC50s of 8.24 and 3.18 μM for murine and human macrophage cells, respectively. Cynaropicrin also inhibits the increase of cartilage degradation factor (MMP13) and suppresses NF-κB signaling.

Amygdalin

C20H27NO11 (457.1584)

D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents (R)-amygdalin is an amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an apoptosis inducer and an antineoplastic agent. It is functionally related to a (R)-mandelonitrile. D-Amygdalin is a natural product found in Prunus spinosa, Gerbera jamesonii, and other organisms with data available. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glucoside isolated from almonds and seeds of other plants of the family Rosaceae. Amygdalin is converted by plant emulsin (a combination of a glucosidase and a nitrilase) or hydrochloric acid into benzaldehyde, D-glucose, and hydrocyanic acid. (NCI04) A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C29724 - Cyanoglycoside Agent An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product Origin: Plant; Formula(Parent): C20H27NO11; Bottle Name:Amygdalin; PRIME Parent Name:Amygdalin; PRIME in-house No.:V0293, Glycosides, Nitriles Annotation level-1 Neoamygdalin is a natural product found in Prunus virginiana, Prunus serotina, and other organisms with data available. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glucoside isolated from almonds and seeds of other plants of the family Rosaceae. Amygdalin is converted by plant emulsin (a combination of a glucosidase and a nitrilase) or hydrochloric acid into benzaldehyde, D-glucose, and hydrocyanic acid. (NCI04) A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae. Amygdalin is a plant glucoside isolated from the stones of rosaceous fruits, such as apricots, peaches, almond, cherries, and plums. Amygdalin is a plant glucoside isolated from the stones of rosaceous fruits, such as apricots, peaches, almond, cherries, and plums. Neoamygdalin is a compound identified in the different processed bitter almonds. Neoamygdalin has the potential for the research of cough and asthma[1].

Gamma-tocopherol/beta-tocopherol

C28H48O2 (416.3654)

beta-Tocopherol is an antioxidant which is synthesized by photosynthetic organisms and plays an important role in human and animal nutrition. beta-Tocopherols can be oxidized in dry CH2Cl2 or CH3CN by one electron to form cation radicals that deprotonate to form the neutral phenoxyl radicals, which are then immediately further oxidized by one electron to the phenoxonium cations (an ECE electrochemical mechanism, where E signifies an electron transfer and C represents a chemical step, with the electrochemical mechanism having been determined by in situ spectroscopic analysis). The phenoxonium cation of beta-tocopherol is stable for several minutes (PMID: 16771430). beta-Tocopherol has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). Beta-tocopherol is a tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 5 and 8. While it is found in low concentrations in many vegetable oils, only cottonseed oil contains significant amounts. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a food component. It is a vitamin E and a tocopherol. beta-Tocopherol is a natural product found in Trachycarpus fortunei, Crataegus monogyna, and other organisms with data available. A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites. A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 5 and 8. While it is found in low concentrations in many vegetable oils, only cottonseed oil contains significant amounts. (rel)-β-Tocopherol is a relative configuration of β-Tocopherol.(±)-β-Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble form of vitamin E with antioxidant activity. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1]. β-Tocopherol is an analogue of vitamin E, exhibits antioxidant properties. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1][2][3]. β-Tocopherol is an analogue of vitamin E, exhibits antioxidant properties. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1][2][3].

Phaseolin_(pterocarpan)

C20H18O4 (322.1205)

Phaseolin is a natural product found in Erythrina abyssinica, Erythrina suberosa, and other organisms with data available.

propranolol

C16H21NO2 (259.1572)

A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. C - Cardiovascular system > C07 - Beta blocking agents > C07A - Beta blocking agents > C07AA - Beta blocking agents, non-selective C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1248; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7445; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7444 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1248; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7453; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7452 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1248; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7471; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7467 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1248; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7471; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7469 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1248; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7478; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7476 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1248; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7485; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7484 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1108 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 61 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8556 Propranolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has high affinity for the β1AR and β2AR with Ki values of 1.8 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively[1]. Propranolol inhibits [3H]-DHA binding to rat brain membrane preparation with an IC50 of 12 nM[2]. Propranolol is used for the study of hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[3]. Propranolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has high affinity for the β1AR and β2AR with Ki values of 1.8 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively[1]. Propranolol inhibits [3H]-DHA binding to rat brain membrane preparation with an IC50 of 12 nM[2]. Propranolol is used for the study of hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[3]. Propranolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has high affinity for the β1AR and β2AR with Ki values of 1.8 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively[1]. Propranolol inhibits [3H]-DHA binding to rat brain membrane preparation with an IC50 of 12 nM[2]. Propranolol is used for the study of hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[3].

propylthiouracil

C7H10N2OS (170.0514)

H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H03 - Thyroid therapy > H03B - Antithyroid preparations > H03BA - Thiouracils D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D013956 - Antithyroid Agents C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C885 - Antithyroid Agent D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 324; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2811; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2809 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 324; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2808; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2807 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 324; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2807; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2805 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 324; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2876; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2874 INTERNAL_ID 324; CONFIDENCE standard compound; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2811; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2808 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 324; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2811; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2808 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2385 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1224 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1166 Propylthiouracil (6-n-Propylthiouracil), a thioamide antithyroid agent, is an orally active thyroperoxidase and type-1 deiodinase (DIO1) inhibitor. Propylthiouracil can be used for the Graves disease and hyperthyroidism research[1].

13-KODE

C18H30O3 (294.2195)

Bicalutamide

C18H14F4N2O4S (430.061)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02B - Hormone antagonists and related agents > L02BB - Anti-androgens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D000726 - Androgen Antagonists C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C146993 - Androgen Receptor Inhibitor C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C242 - Anti-Androgen COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 519; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4405; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4401 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 519; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4432; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4429 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 519; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4382; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4377 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 519; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4426; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4422 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 519; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4399; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4398 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 519; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4400; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4397 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2349 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8615 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2809

saccharin

C7H5NO3S (182.999)

D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS It is used as a food additive . CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2816

meperidine

C15H21NO2 (247.1572)

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AB - Phenylpiperidine derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3331 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3331; CONFIDENCE standard compound

Ampicillin

C16H19N3O4S (349.1096)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.412 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.411 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3661 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3661; CONFIDENCE standard compound

Melamine

C3H6N6 (126.0654)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3870 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) Melamine is a metabolite?of?cyromazine. Melamine is a intermediate for the synthesis of melamine resin and plastic materials[1].

Reserpine

C33H40N2O9 (608.2734)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3638; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3636 C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02A - Antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting > C02AA - Rauwolfia alkaloids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C1744 - Multidrug Resistance Modulator CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3640; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3636 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7960; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7956 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7956; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7955 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7956; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7953 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7990; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7988 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7985; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7982 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7983; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7980 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2263 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.022 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.021 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society IPB_RECORD: 2261; CONFIDENCE confident structure Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2).

Tyramine

C8H11NO (137.0841)

D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics A primary amino compound obtained by formal decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Annotation level-2 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society IPB_RECORD: 2741; CONFIDENCE confident structure Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Tyramine occurs naturally in the body, and it's found in certain foods[1]. Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Tyramine occurs naturally in the body, and it's found in certain foods[1].

Bergapten

C12H8O4 (216.0423)

D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05B - Antipsoriatics for systemic use > D05BA - Psoralens for systemic use D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.998 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.995 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society IPB_RECORD: 2841; CONFIDENCE confident structure Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms. Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.

kanamycin

C18H36N4O11 (484.238)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Origin: Microbe, Glycosides, Aminoglycosides KEIO_ID K002; [MS2] KO009014 KEIO_ID K002

Citrulline

C6H13N3O3 (175.0957)

The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.052 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.050 CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 29 L-Citrulline is an amino acid derived from ornithine in the catabolism of proline or glutamine and glutamate, or from l-arginine via arginine-citrulline pathway. L-Citrulline is an amino acid derived from ornithine in the catabolism of proline or glutamine and glutamate, or from l-arginine via arginine-citrulline pathway.

Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.047 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.045 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].

Trehalose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

Trehalose, also known as alpha,alpha-trehalose or D-(+)-trehalose, is a member of the class of compounds known as O-glycosyl compounds. O-glycosyl compounds are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a O-glycosidic bond. Trehalose is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Trehalose can be found in a number of food items such as european chestnut, chicory, wild celery, and shallot, which makes trehalose a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Trehalose can be found primarily in feces and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Trehalose exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, trehalose is involved in the trehalose degradation. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society D-(+)-Trehalose,which is widespread, can be used as a food ingredient and pharmaceutical excipient. D-(+)-Trehalose,which is widespread, can be used as a food ingredient and pharmaceutical excipient.

Testosterone

C19H28O2 (288.2089)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03B - Androgens > G03BA - 3-oxoandrosten (4) derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone An androstanoid having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4-C-5.. C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid Origin: Animal; SubCategory_DNP: The sterols, Androstanes CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2802 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4160 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8730 Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong.

Diethylstilbestrol

C18H20O2 (268.1463)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CC - Estrogens, combinations with other drugs G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CB - Synthetic estrogens, plain L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02A - Hormones and related agents > L02AA - Estrogens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4237 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4161

Atropine

C17H23NO3 (289.1678)

Atropine is a racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine. It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a mydriatic agent, a parasympatholytic, a bronchodilator agent, a plant metabolite, an antidote to sarin poisoning and a oneirogen. It contains a (S)-atropine and a (R)-atropine. Atropine is an alkaloid originally synthesized from Atropa belladonna. It is a racemic mixture of d-and l-hyoscyamine, of which only l-hyoscyamine is pharmacologically active. Atropine is generally available as a sulfate salt and can be administered by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraosseous, endotracheal and ophthalmic methods. Oral atropine is only available in combination products. Atropine is a competitive, reversible antagonist of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine and other choline esters. It has a variety of therapeutic applications, including pupil dilation and the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning and symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of reversible causes. Atropine is a relatively inexpensive drug and is included in the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines. Atropine is an Anticholinergic and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. The mechanism of action of atropine is as a Cholinergic Antagonist and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. Atropine is a natural product found in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Anthocercis ilicifolia, and other organisms with data available. Atropine Sulfate is the sulfate salt of atropine, a naturally-occurring alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Atropine is a synthetically-derived form of the endogenous alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility. An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain > A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines A racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine . It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FA - Anticholinergics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Annotation level-1 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.421 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.416 Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2].

Enoxolone

C30H46O4 (470.3396)

Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an oxo group at position 11 and a carboxy group at position 30. It has a role as an immunomodulator and a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a cyclic terpene ketone and a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a glycyrrhetinate. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane. Enoxolone (glycyrrhetic acid) has been investigated for the basic science of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (AME). Enoxolone is a natural product found in Glycyrrhiza, Echinopora lamellosa, and other organisms with data available. Enoxolone is a pentacyclic triterpenoid aglycone metabolite of glycyrrhizin, which is a product of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), with potential expectorant, and gastrokinetic activities. After administration, enoxolone inhibits the metabolism of prostaglandins by both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] and prostaglandin reductase 2. Therefore, this agent potentiates the activity of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha, which inhibits gastric secretion while stimulating pancreatic secretion and the secretion of intestinal and respiratory mucus, leading to increased intestinal motility and antitussive effects. Additionally, this agent inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the conversion of cortisol to cortisone in the kidneys. An oleanolic acid from GLYCYRRHIZA that has some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation. See also: Glycyrrhizin (is active moiety of); Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an oxo group at position 11 and a carboxy group at position 30. D - Dermatologicals > D03 - Preparations for treatment of wounds and ulcers > D03A - Cicatrizants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C54678 - Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Inhibitor D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.588 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.587 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.585 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties.

Psoralen

C11H6O3 (186.0317)

D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.856 D003879 - Dermatologic Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.851 Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1]. Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1].

Verapamil

C27H38N2O4 (454.2831)

C - Cardiovascular system > C08 - Calcium channel blockers > C08D - Selective calcium channel blockers with direct cardiac effects > C08DA - Phenylalkylamine derivatives C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent > C333 - Calcium Channel Blocker COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.907 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.908

Methoxsalen

C12H8O4 (216.0423)

D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05B - Antipsoriatics for systemic use > D05BA - Psoralens for systemic use D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05A - Antipsoriatics for topical use > D05AD - Psoralens for topical use D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.910 C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.909 Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor. Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor.

Thymidine

C10H14N2O5 (242.0903)

relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.220 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.211 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.213 Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3]. Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3].

Salicin

C13H18O7 (286.1052)

D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.253 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.247 Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor. Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor.

DL-Leucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.062 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.057 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.055

Nicotine

C10H14N2 (162.1157)

An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2. It has been isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BA - Drugs used in nicotine dependence D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D005731 - Ganglionic Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist > C73579 - Nicotinic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000077444 - Smoking Cessation Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2264 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053

Secoisolariciresinol

C20H26O6 (362.1729)

Annotation level-1 D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.816 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.813 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.806 Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.

Megestrol acetate

C24H32O4 (384.23)

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D019167 - Appetite Stimulants C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

piroxicam

C15H13N3O4S (331.0627)

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the exocyclic nitrogen of 2-aminopyridine. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the oxicam class, it is used to relieve pain and works by preventing the production of endogenous prostaglandins involved in the mediation of pain, stiffness, tenderness and swelling. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AC - Oxicams S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01B - Antiinflammatory agents > S01BC - Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Indometacin

C19H16ClNO4 (357.0768)

A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AB - Acetic acid derivatives and related substances S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01B - Antiinflammatory agents > S01BC - Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D015149 - Tocolytic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

flutamide

C11H11F3N2O3 (276.0722)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02B - Hormone antagonists and related agents > L02BB - Anti-androgens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D000726 - Androgen Antagonists C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C242 - Anti-Androgen D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

sulfisoxazole

C11H13N3O3S (267.0678)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AB - Sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides Sulfisoxazole (Sulfafurazole) is an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 0.60 μM and 22 μM against endothelin receptor A and endothelin receptor B, respectively. Sulfisoxazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial agent with an oxazole substituent. Sulfisoxazole inhibits breast cancer exosome release by targeting endothelin receptor A[1][2].

Methylthioadenosine

C11H15N5O3S (297.0896)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents Adenosine with the hydroxy group at C-5 substituted with a methylthio (methylsulfanyl) group. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-(Methylthio)adenosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2457-80-9 (retrieved 2024-11-05) (CAS RN: 2457-80-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Pyridoxine

C8H11NO3 (169.0739)

A hydroxymethylpyridine with hydroxymethyl groups at positions 4 and 5, a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, it is converted intoto pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

Galactitol

C6H14O6 (182.079)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose.

L-Cystathionine

C7H14N2O4S (222.0674)

A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from L-homocysteine and L-serine. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2]. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2].

N-acetylputrescine

C6H14N2O (130.1106)

An N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is the N-monoacetyl derivative of putrescine.

Xanthine

C5H4N4O2 (152.0334)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; LRFVTYWOQMYALW_STSL_0180_Xanthine_0500fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_265; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3]. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3]. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3].

Cadaverine

C5H14N2 (102.1157)

An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a straight-chain pentane core with amino substitutents at positions 1 and 5. A colourless syrupy liquid diamine with a distinctive unpleasant odour, it is a homologue of putresceine and is formed by the bacterial decarboxylation of lysine that occurs during protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. It is also found in plants such as soyabean. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent

Indole

C8H7N (117.0578)

Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.

Agmatine

C5H14N4 (130.1218)

Cystathionine

C7H14N2O4S (222.0674)

A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2]. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2].

Orotic acid

C5H4N2O4 (156.0171)

A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. Orotic acid (6-Carboxyuracil), a precursor in biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and RNA, is released from the mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) for conversion to UMP by the cytoplasmic UMP synthase enzyme. Orotic acid is a marker for measurement in routine newborn screening for urea cycle disorders. Orotic acid can induce hepatic steatosis and hepatomegaly in rats[1][2][3].

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine

C14H20N6O5S (384.1216)

An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine) is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine[1]. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC50 of 0.9 μM[2]. SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine) is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine[1]. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC50 of 0.9 μM[2].

pyridoxal phosphate

C8H10NO6P (247.0246)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Pyridoxal phosphate is the active form of vitamin B6, acts as an inhibitor of reverse transcriptases, and is used for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

glycocyamine

C3H7N3O2 (117.0538)

D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D000345 - Affinity Labels MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; BPMFZUMJYQTVII-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0241_Glycocyamine_1000fmol_190403_S2_LC02MS02_057; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I.

Methyl Jasmonate

C13H20O3 (224.1412)

D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators Methyl 2-(3-oxo-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)acetate is an endogenous metabolite. Methyl 2-(3-oxo-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)acetate is an endogenous metabolite.

inositol

C6H12O6 (180.0634)

C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity. D-chiro-Inositol is used clinically for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus, which can reduce hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance[1][2][3]. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1]. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1].

liothyronine

C15H12I3NO4 (650.7901)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1553 - Thyroid Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Liothyronine is an active form of thyroid hormone. Liothyronine is a potent thyroid hormone receptors TRα and TRβ agonist with Kis of 2.33 nM for hTRα and hTRβ, respectively[1][2][3].

urea

CH4N2O (60.0324)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05B - I.v. solutions > B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O). D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02A - Emollients and protectives > D02AE - Carbamide products C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49187 - Osmotic Diuretic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.

malonic acid

C3H4O4 (104.011)

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O (165.0651)

N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid

C7H11NO5 (189.0637)

An N-acyl-L-amino acid that is L-glutamic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, a glutamic acid, is a component of animal cell culturing media. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human[1]. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, a glutamic acid, is a component of animal cell culturing media. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human[1].

N1-acetylspermine

C12H28N4O (244.2263)

Spermine

C10H26N4 (202.2157)

A polyazaalkane that is tetradecane in which the carbons at positions 1, 5, 10 and 14 are replaced by nitrogens. Spermine has broad actions on cellular metabolism. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects.

chlorpheniramine

C16H19ClN2 (274.1237)

R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AB - Substituted alkylamines D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents

acetoin

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.

hydroxylamine

H3NO (33.0215)

The simplest hydroxylamine, consisting of ammonia bearing a hydroxy substituent. It is an intermediate in the biological nitrification by microbes like bacteria.

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

C8H6Cl2O3 (219.9694)

D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is a selective systemic herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds. 2,4-D acts as a plant hormone, causing uncontrolled growth in the meristematic tissues. 2,4-D inhibits DNA and protein synthesis and thereby prevents normal plant growth and development[1].

methadone

C21H27NO (309.2093)

N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BC - Drugs used in opioid dependence D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics

methoxamine

C11H17NO3 (211.1208)

C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents

MOXONIDINE

C9H12ClN5O (241.073)

C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02A - Antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting > C02AC - Imidazoline receptor agonists C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents

N8-Acetylspermidine

C9H21N3O (187.1685)

trifluoperazine

C21H24F3N3S (407.1643)

N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AB - Phenothiazines with piperazine structure D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent > C740 - Phenothiazine D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics

Dactinomycin

C62H86N12O16 (1254.6284)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01D - Cytotoxic antibiotics and related substances > L01DA - Actinomycines C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Hyoscyamine

C17H23NO3 (289.1678)

(S)-atropine is an atropine with a 2S-configuration. It is functionally related to a (S)-tropic acid. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-atropinium. Hyoscyamine is a tropane alkaloid and the levo-isomer of [atropine]. It is commonly extracted from plants in the Solanaceae or nightshade family. Research into the action of hyoscyamine in published literature dates back to 1826. Hyoscyamine is used for a wide variety of treatments and therapeutics due to its antimuscarinic properties. Although hyoscyamine is marketed in the United States, it is not FDA approved. Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. L-Hyoscyamine is a natural product found in Datura ferox, Crenidium spinescens, and other organisms with data available. Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility. The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain > A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents An atropine with a 2S-configuration. Annotation level-1 L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2].

procarbazine

C12H19N3O (221.1528)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01X - Other antineoplastic agents > L01XB - Methylhydrazines C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide

C9H6N2O3 (190.0378)

D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens

PALMITOYLCARNITINE

C23H45NO4 (399.3348)

D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins

Danthron

C14H8O4 (240.0423)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AB - Contact laxatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.

bis(3-aminopropyl)amine

C6H17N3 (131.1422)

Erythrit

C4H10O4 (122.0579)

D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents The meso-diastereomer of butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol. meso-Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in a variety of foods (e.g., pear, watermelon), is 60-80\\% as sweet as sucrose, and is an approved low-calorie sweetener food additive[1]. meso-Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in a variety of foods (e.g., pear, watermelon), is 60-80\% as sweet as sucrose, and is an approved low-calorie sweetener food additive[1].

phenobarbital

C12H12N2O3 (232.0848)

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AA - Barbiturates and derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C67084 - Barbiturate D065693 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers > D065695 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inducers D065693 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers > D065701 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants

Sulindac

C20H17FO3S (356.0882)

M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AB - Acetic acid derivatives and related substances D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C744 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor > C2127 - cGMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

ST 22:3;O3

C22H32O3 (344.2351)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10301; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10299 C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10334; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10329 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10348; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10343 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10391; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10386 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10401; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10399 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10415; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10413 G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03A - Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use > G03AC - Progestogens G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03D - Progestogens > G03DA - Pregnen (4) derivatives L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02A - Hormones and related agents > L02AB - Progestogens D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2395 INTERNAL_ID 2395; CONFIDENCE standard compound

Novobiocin

C31H36N2O11 (612.2319)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Origin: Microbe, Coumarins Novobiocin (Albamycin) is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1][2][3][4][6].

Nitrofurazone

C6H6N4O4 (198.0389)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01C - Agents against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis > P01CC - Nitrofuran derivatives B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CA - Antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D08 - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08A - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08AF - Nitrofuran derivatives D - Dermatologicals > D09 - Medicated dressings > D09A - Medicated dressings > D09AA - Medicated dressings with antiinfectives S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29698 - Antispasmodic Agent S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1286; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2678; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2674 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1286; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2695; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2692 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1286; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2685; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2682 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1286; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2680; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2676 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1286; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2704; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2701 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1286; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2698; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2695

polyornithine

C5H12N2O2 (132.0899)

An optically active form of ornithine having L-configuration. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2]. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2].

S-Methyl-L-cysteine

C4H9NO2S (135.0354)

S-Methyl-L-cysteine is a natural product that acts as a substrate in the catalytic antioxidant system mediated by methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA), with antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity activities.

octanoic acid

C8H16O2 (144.115)

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid. Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes.

5-Hete

C20H32O3 (320.2351)

A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds. A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.

Pseudotropine

C8H15NO (141.1154)

Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2]. Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2].

FA 13:3;O

C13H20O3 (224.1412)

D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators A jasmonate ester that is the methyl ester of jasmonic acid. Methyl 2-(3-oxo-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)acetate is an endogenous metabolite. Methyl 2-(3-oxo-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)acetate is an endogenous metabolite.

ST 26:3;O3

C26H40O3 (400.2977)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid

cholesteryl sulfate

C27H46O4S (466.3117)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

canthaxanthin

C40H52O2 (564.3967)

A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Cosmegen

C62H86N12O16 (1254.6284)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

methanethiol

CH4S (48.0034)

DL-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3 (132.0535)

Etoposide Impurity B

C29H32O13 (588.1843)

D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Plitidepsin

C57H87N7O15 (1109.626)

C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 (?KD=80?nM)[1]. Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC90 of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research[1][2].

1-Naphthylacetic acid

C12H10O2 (186.0681)

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (1-Naphthylacetic acid), a auxin, can promote plant growth. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid is also an inhibitor of PLA2, with an IC50 of 13.16 μM[1][2]. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (1-Naphthylacetic acid), a auxin, can promote plant growth. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid is also an inhibitor of PLA2, with an IC50 of 13.16 μM[1][2].

3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine

C10H14N4O2 (222.1117)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D010726 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Racemetirosine

C10H13NO3 (195.0895)

C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor

LS-691

C8H16O2 (144.115)

Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes.

Gossypose

C18H32O16 (504.169)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1]. Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1].

Demethoxycurcumin

C20H18O5 (338.1154)

Demethoxycurcumin is the main active component of curcumin and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and toxic effects on cancer cells. Demethoxycurcumin is the main active component of curcumin and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and toxic effects on cancer cells.

Teslen

C19H28O2 (288.2089)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03B - Androgens > G03BA - 3-oxoandrosten (4) derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid

Tyramin

C8H11NO (137.0841)

D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Tyramine occurs naturally in the body, and it's found in certain foods[1]. Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Tyramine occurs naturally in the body, and it's found in certain foods[1].

indol

C8H7N (117.0578)

Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.

Arbo 8

C20H26O6 (362.1729)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.

5-Mop

C12H8O4 (216.0423)

D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05B - Antipsoriatics for systemic use > D05BA - Psoralens for systemic use D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms. Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.

Ficusin

C11H6O3 (186.0317)

D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1]. Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1].

Uvadex

C12H8O4 (216.0423)

D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05B - Antipsoriatics for systemic use > D05BA - Psoralens for systemic use D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05A - Antipsoriatics for topical use > D05AD - Psoralens for topical use D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor. Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor.

Paradol

C17H26O3 (278.1882)

Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site. Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site.

13-Mtd

C15H30O2 (242.2246)

13-Methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD), a saturated branched-chain fatty acid with potent anticancer effects. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid induces apoptosis in many types of human cancer cells[1][2]. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD), a saturated branched-chain fatty acid with potent anticancer effects. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid induces apoptosis in many types of human cancer cells[1][2].

Escosyl

C15H16O9 (340.0794)

Esculin, a fluorescent coumarin glucoside, is an active ingredient of ash bark[1]. Esculin ameliorates cognitive impairment in experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN), and exerts anti?oxidative stress and anti?inflammatory effects, via the MAPK signaling pathway[2]. Esculin, a fluorescent coumarin glucoside, is an active ingredient of ash bark[1]. Esculin ameliorates cognitive impairment in experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN), and exerts anti?oxidative stress and anti?inflammatory effects, via the MAPK signaling pathway[2].

Hidermart

C30H46O4 (470.3396)

D - Dermatologicals > D03 - Preparations for treatment of wounds and ulcers > D03A - Cicatrizants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C54678 - Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Inhibitor D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties.

Anthracen

C14H10 (178.0782)

Spermin

C10H26N4 (202.2157)

Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects.

Altan

C14H8O4 (240.0423)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AB - Contact laxatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.

Ethanamine

C2H7N (45.0578)

Yakuchinone A

C20H24O3 (312.1725)

Yakuchinone A is a natural product isolated from the fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla, which can induce apoptosis and has anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities[1]. Yakuchinone A is a natural product isolated from the fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla, which can induce apoptosis and has anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities[1].

Nemerol

C15H21NO2 (247.1572)

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AB - Phenylpiperidine derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics

Thiomethane

CH4S (48.0034)

Xanthin

C5H4N4O2 (152.0334)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3]. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3]. Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation[1][2][3].

Putreszin

C4H12N2 (88.1)

Chamazulen

C14H16 (184.1252)

Pyridoxin

C8H11NO3 (169.0739)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

Tetranap

C10H12 (132.0939)

m-Hba

C7H6O3 (138.0317)

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

LS-473

C6H13N (99.1048)

Hyanit

CH4N2O (60.0324)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05B - I.v. solutions > B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02A - Emollients and protectives > D02AE - Carbamide products C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49187 - Osmotic Diuretic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.

H-Dab.HBr

C4H10N2O2 (118.0742)

A 2,4-diaminobutyric acid that has S-configuration. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, also known as L-2,4-diaminobutanoate or alpha,gamma-diaminobutyrate, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2,4-diaminobutyric acid can be synthesized from butyric acid. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, N(4)-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, (2S)-2-acetamido-4-aminobutanoic acid, and L-alpha-amino-gamma-oxalylaminobutyric acid. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, chia, atlantic herring, and chayote, which makes 2,4-diaminobutyric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid can be found primarily in blood and urine. Moreover, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid is found to be associated with alzheimers disease. L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro.

(1S,3R,4S,9R,13S,14R)-3-[(2S,5S)-5-(2-bromo-5-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methoxypentan-2-yl]-13-hydroxy-9-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4,14,16,16-tetramethyl-2,6,10,17-tetraoxatricyclo[11.3.1.11,5]octadecane-7,11-dione

C32H47BrO10 (670.2352)

D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008235 - Lyngbya Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins

Paucine

C13H18N2O3 (250.1317)

N-caffeoylputrescine is a N-substituted putrescine. It is a conjugate base of a N-caffeoylputrescinium(1+). N-Caffeoylputrescine is a natural product found in Iochroma cyaneum, Solanum tuberosum, and Selaginella moellendorffii with data available.

Yakuchinone A

C20H24O3 (312.1725)

1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3-heptanone is a ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 7. Isolated from in Alpinia oxyphylla, it exhibits antineoplastic and inhibitory activities against COX-1, COX-2 and NO synthase. It has a role as a metabolite, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, an EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor and an antineoplastic agent. It is a monomethoxybenzene, a member of phenols and a ketone. Yakuchinone-A is a natural product found in Alpinia oxyphylla with data available. A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 7. Isolated from in Alpinia oxyphylla, it exhibits antineoplastic and inhibitory activities against COX-1, COX-2 and NO synthase. Yakuchinone A is a natural product isolated from the fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla, which can induce apoptosis and has anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities[1]. Yakuchinone A is a natural product isolated from the fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla, which can induce apoptosis and has anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities[1].

Maltodextrin

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

Alpha-maltose is a maltose that has alpha-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre. alpha-Maltose is a natural product found in Cyperus esculentus, Phytelephas aequatorialis, and other organisms with data available. Maltodextrin is an oligosaccharide derived from starch that is used as a food additive and as a carbohydrate supplement. As a supplement, maltodextrin is used to provide and sustain energy levels during endurance-oriented workouts o sports, and to help build muscle mass and support weight gain. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map A maltose that has alpha-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre. Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.

cacodylic acid

C2H7AsO2 (137.9662)

D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals

CYCLOHEXYLAMINE

C6H13N (99.1048)

A primary aliphatic amine consisting of cyclohexane carrying an amino substituent.

ANTHRACENE

C14H10 (178.0782)

2(5H)-Furanone

C4H4O2 (84.0211)

D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D019440 - Anti-Obesity Agents > D001067 - Appetite Depressants 2(5H)-Furanone is an endogenous metabolite.

Ethylamine

C2H7N (45.0578)

A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.

p,p-DDE

C14H8Cl4 (315.938)

D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals

ethionamide

C8H10N2S (166.0565)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis > J04AD - Thiocarbamide derivatives D000963 - Antimetabolites > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D054872 - Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Ethionamide (2-ethylthioisonicotinamide) is a second-line anti-tuberculosis antibiotic.

sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S (250.0524)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides

Pyridaben

C19H25ClN2OS (364.1376)

methylthiouracil

C5H6N2OS (142.0201)

H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H03 - Thyroid therapy > H03B - Antithyroid preparations > H03BA - Thiouracils D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D013956 - Antithyroid Agents C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C885 - Antithyroid Agent Methylthiouracil is an antithyroid agent. Methylthiouracil suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2. Methylthiouracil is an antithyroid agent. Methylthiouracil suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2.

Alprostadil

C20H34O5 (354.2406)

Prostaglandin E1. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=745-65-3 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 745-65-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Prostaglandin E1 (Alprostadil) is a prostanoid receptor ligand, with Kis of 1.1 nM, 2.1 nM, 10 nM, 33 nM and 36 nM for mouse EP3, EP4, EP2, IP and EP1, respectively. Prostaglandin E1 induces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. Prostaglandin E1 can be used as a vasodilator for the research of peripheral vascular diseases[1][2][3].

Testosterone propionate

C22H32O3 (344.2351)

C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones

Testosterone Enanthate

C26H40O3 (400.2977)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid

nilutamide

C12H10F3N3O4 (317.0623)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02B - Hormone antagonists and related agents > L02BB - Anti-androgens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D000726 - Androgen Antagonists C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C146993 - Androgen Receptor Inhibitor C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C242 - Anti-Androgen D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

SULFADOXINE

C12H14N4O4S (310.0736)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides

anthralin

C14H10O3 (226.063)

D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05A - Antipsoriatics for topical use > D05AC - Antracen derivatives C78284 - Agent Affecting Integumentary System > C29708 - Anti-psoriatic Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents

Azlocillin

C20H23N5O6S (461.1369)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Haemophilus influenzae. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

EFLORNITHINE

C6H12F2N2O2 (182.0867)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01C - Agents against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor > C129824 - Antineoplastic Protein Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065108 - Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2088 - Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D - Dermatologicals

isoproterenol

C11H17NO3 (211.1208)

R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03C - Adrenergics for systemic use > R03CB - Non-selective beta-adrenoreceptor agonists R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03A - Adrenergics, inhalants > R03AB - Non-selective beta-adrenoreceptor agonists C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29712 - Anti-asthmatic Agent > C319 - Bronchodilator D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3 (432.8672)

A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis. H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H03 - Thyroid therapy > H03B - Antithyroid preparations D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones

Nandrolone phenpropionate

C27H34O3 (406.2508)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D045930 - Anabolic Agents C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone

BUTHIONINE SULFOXIMINE

C8H18N2O3S (222.1038)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

alpha-Amatoxin

C39H54N10O14S (918.3542)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D000546 - Amanitins

1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid

C4H7NO2 (101.0477)

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Dihydrofolic acid

C19H21N7O6 (443.1553)

A folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division and is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid.

pyridoxamine phosphate

C8H13N2O5P (248.0562)

A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.

Rotenolone

C23H22O7 (410.1365)

Pyridoxine phosphate

C8H12NO6P (249.0402)

N1-Acetylspermidine

C9H21N3O (187.1685)

1-Pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid

C5H7NO2 (113.0477)

The product resulting from formal oxidation of DL-proline by loss of hydrogen from the nitrogen and from the carbon alpha to the carboxylic acid, with the formation of a C=N bond.

sym-homospermidine

C8H21N3 (159.1735)

GUANOSINE-5,3-tetraphosphATE

C10H17N5O17P4 (602.957)

D-Arabino-2-deoxyhexose

C6H12O5 (164.0685)

hygrine

C8H15NO (141.1154)

A 1-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)acetone that has R configuration. It is a pyrrolidine alkaloid found in the coca plant, Erythroxylum coca.

(2S)-3-hydroxypropane-1,2-diyl didecanoate

C23H44O5 (400.3189)

(S)-1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate

C5H7NO2 (113.0477)

N1,N12-Diacetylspermine

C14H30N4O2 (286.2369)

S-Methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate

C6H13O7PS (260.012)

Teleocidin B-1

C28H41N3O2 (451.3199)

D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008235 - Lyngbya Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D009676 - Noxae > D007509 - Irritants

1-Methylpyrrolinium

C5H10N+ (84.0813)

An organic cation that is 1-pyrroline bearing an N-methyl substituent.

Trypanothione

C27H47N9O10S2 (721.2887)

CHLOROFORM

CHCl3 (117.9144)

N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. D012997 - Solvents ATC code: N01AB02

NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID

C6H9NO6 (191.043)

D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents

13(S)-HODE

C18H32O3 (296.2351)

An HODE (hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroxy group is at position 13 (with S-configuration).

IDAZOXAN

C11H12N2O2 (204.0899)

C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists

Oxalaldehyde

C2H2O2 (58.0055)

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine

C12H23N (181.183)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Methylnitronitrosoguanidine

C2H5N5O3 (147.0392)

D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens > D009604 - Nitrosoguanidines

nnk

C10H13N3O2 (207.1008)

D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

1-Methylurea

C2H6N2O (74.048)

Butyrylcarnitine

C11H21NO4 (231.1471)

Butyrylcarnitine is a metabolite in plasma, acts as a biomarker to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure, and is indicative of anomalous lipid and energy metabolism.

p-Fluorophenylalanine

C9H10FNO2 (183.0696)

gabaculine

C7H9NO2 (139.0633)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

3-methylcholanthrene

C21H16 (268.1252)

Prochloraz

C15H16Cl3N3O2 (375.0308)

D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides

Tetralin

C10H12 (132.0939)

Methylnitrosourea

C2H5N3O2 (103.0382)

C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents

p,P-hydroxy-DDT

C14H11Cl3O2 (315.9825)

Galangal acetate

C13H14O4 (234.0892)

An acetate ester that is chavicol acetate substituted by an acetoxy group at position 1.

6-O-alpha-D-Galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

5-Fluoro-2-deoxyuridine

C9H11FN2O5 (246.0652)