Gene Association: DHFR

L-Valine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

L-valine is the L-enantiomer of valine. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a valine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-valinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-valinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-valine. It is a tautomer of a L-valine zwitterion. Valine is a branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. L-Valine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Valine is an aliphatic and extremely hydrophobic essential amino acid in humans related to leucine, Valine is found in many proteins, mostly in the interior of globular proteins helping to determine three-dimensional structure. A glycogenic amino acid, valine maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm. Valine is obtained from soy, cheese, fish, meats and vegetables. Valine supplements are used for muscle growth, tissue repair, and energy. (NCI04) Valine (abbreviated as Val or V) is an -amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH(CH3)2. It is named after the plant valerian. L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. Along with leucine and isoleucine, valine is a branched-chain amino acid. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point. These three amino acids are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAA denotes valine, isoleucine and leucine which are branched chain essential amino acids. Despite their structural similarities, the branched amino acids have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates, leucine solely to fats and isoleucine to both. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist, and are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is the maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary restriction of BCAA and at least one form is correctable by supplementation with 10 mg of biotin daily. BCAA are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia or portacaval shunt; aromatic amino acids (AAA) tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, as well as methionine are increased in these conditions. Valine in particular, has been established as a useful supplemental therapy to the ailing liver. All the BCAA probably compete with AAA for absorption into the brain. Supplemental BCAA with vitamin B6 and zinc help normalize the BCAA:AAA ratio. In sickle-cell disease, valine substitutes for the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid in hemoglobin. Because valine is hydrophobic, the hemoglobin does not fold correctly. Valine is an essential amino acid, hence it must be ingested, usually as a component of proteins. A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and ... Valine (Val) or L-valine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Valine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Valine was first isolated from casein in 1901 by Hermann Emil Fischer. The name valine comes from valeric acid, which in turn is named after the plant valerian due to the presence of valine in the roots of the plant. Valine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. L-valine is a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). The BCAAs consist of leucine, valine and isoleucine (and occasionally threonine). BCAAs are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point at the beta-carbon position. BCAAs are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. Like other branched-chain amino acids, the catabolism of valine starts with the removal of the amino group by transamination, giving alpha-ketoisovalerate, an alpha-keto acid, which is converted to isobutyryl-CoA through oxidative decarboxylation by the branched-chain Œ±-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. This is further oxidised and rearranged to succinyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist, and are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is the maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary restriction of BCAA and at least one form is correctable by supplementation with 10 mg of biotin daily. BCAA are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia or portacaval shunt. Valine in particular, has been established as a useful supplemental therapy to the ailing liver. Valine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of valine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID: 25287287). Mice fed a valine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity and feeding of a valine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels (PMID: 24684822). In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of valine and the other branched-chain amino acids results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity (PMID: 29266268). In sickle-cell disease, valine substitutes for the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid in hemoglobin. Because valine ... L-valine, also known as (2s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid or L-(+)-alpha-aminoisovaleric acid, belongs to valine and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing valine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-valine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-valine can be found in watermelon, which makes L-valine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. L-valine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), breast milk, urine, and blood, as well as in human epidermis and fibroblasts tissues. L-valine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-valine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include streptomycin action pathway, tetracycline action pathway, methacycline action pathway, and kanamycin action pathway. L-valine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include methylmalonic aciduria due to cobalamin-related disorders, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III, isovaleric aciduria, and methylmalonic aciduria. Moreover, L-valine is found to be associated with schizophrenia, alzheimers disease, paraquat poisoning, and hypervalinemia. L-valine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Valine (abbreviated as Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isopropyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. In the genetic code it is encoded by all codons starting with GU, namely GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG (Applies to Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine)
This group of essential amino acids are identified as the branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs. Because this arrangement of carbon atoms cannot be made by humans, these amino acids are an essential element in the diet. The catabolism of all three compounds initiates in muscle and yields NADH and FADH2 which can be utilized for ATP generation. The catabolism of all three of these amino acids uses the same enzymes in the first two steps. The first step in each case is a transamination using a single BCAA aminotransferase, with a-ketoglutarate as amine acceptor. As a result, three different a-keto acids are produced and are oxidized using a common branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase, yielding the three different CoA derivatives. Subsequently the metabolic pathways diverge, producing many intermediates.
The principal product from valine is propionylCoA, the glucogenic precursor of succinyl-CoA. Isoleucine catabolism terminates with production of acetylCoA and propionylCoA; thus isoleucine is both glucogenic and ketogenic. Leucine gives rise to acetylCoA and acetoacetylCoA, and is thus classified as strictly ketogenic.
There are a number of genetic diseases associated with faulty catabolism of the BCAAs. The most common defect is in the branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase. Since there is only one dehydrogenase enzyme for all three amino acids, all three a-keto acids accumulate and are excreted in the urine. The disease is known as Maple syrup urine disease because of the characteristic odor of the urine in afflicted individuals. Mental retardation in these cases is extensive. Unfortunately, since these are essential amino acids, they cannot be heavily restricted in the diet; ultimately, the life of afflicted individuals is short and development is abnormal The main neurological pr... L-Valine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7004-03-7 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 72-18-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1]. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1].

Thymidine

C10H14N2O5 (242.0903)

Deoxythymidine, also known as 2-deoxy-5-methyluridine or 5-methyl-2-deoxyuridine, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxythymidine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Deoxythymidine can be synthesized from thymine. Deoxythymidine is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, tritiated thymidine, alpha-tritiated thymidine, and 5,6-dihydrothymidine. Deoxythymidine can be found in a number of food items such as butternut squash, mammee apple, catjang pea, and climbing bean, which makes deoxythymidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Deoxythymidine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including blood, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Deoxythymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, deoxythymidine is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism. Deoxythymidine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Moreover, deoxythymidine is found to be associated with canavan disease and degenerative disc disease. Thymidine (deoxythymidine; other names deoxyribosylthymine, thymine deoxyriboside) is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. In cell biology it is used to synchronize the cells in G1/early S phase . Thymidine, also known as deoxythymidine or deoxyribosylthymine or thymine deoxyriboside, is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. It consists of the nucleobase thymine attached to deoxyribose through a beta N- glycosidic bond. Thymidine also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxythymidine (or thymidine) is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. Therefore, thymidine is essential to all life. Indeed, thymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, thymidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, thymidine can be biosynthesized from 5-thymidylic acid through its interaction with the enzyme cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, thymidine can be converted into 5-thymidylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme thymidine kinase. Deoxythymidine can be phosphorylated with one, two or three phosphoric acid groups, creating dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate), dTDP, or dTTP (for the di- and tri- phosphates, respectively). dTMP can be incorporated into DNA via DNA polymerases. In cell biology, thymidine can be used to synchronize the cells in S phase. Derivatives of thymidine are used in a number of drugs, including Azidothymidine (AZT), which is used in the treatment of HIV infection. AZT inhibits the process of reverse transcription in the human immunodeficiency virus. Thymidine is a pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase. It has a role as a metabolite, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a thymine. It is an enantiomer of a telbivudine. Thymidine is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Thymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. In cell biology it is used to synchronize the cells in S phase. Thymidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Thymidine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Saussurea medusa, and other organisms with data available. Thymidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the pyrimidine base thymine attached to the sugar deoxyribose. As a constituent of DNA, thymidine pairs with adenine in the DNA double helix. (NCI04) Thymidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nucleoside in which THYMINE is linked to DEOXYRIBOSE. A pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase. KEIO_ID T014; [MS2] KO009272 KEIO_ID T014 Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3]. Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3].

Isofraxidin

C11H10O5 (222.0528)

Isofraxidin, also known as 6,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin or 7-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-2h-1-benzopyran-2-one, is a member of the class of compounds known as 7-hydroxycoumarins. 7-hydroxycoumarins are coumarins that contain one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the C7 position the coumarin skeleton. Isofraxidin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Isofraxidin can be found in muskmelon, tarragon, and watermelon, which makes isofraxidin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isofraxidin is a chemical compound found in a variety of plants including Eleutherococcus senticosus . Isofraxidin, a coumarin component from Acanthopanax senticosus, inhibits MMP-7 expression and cell invasion of human hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatoma cells[1]. Isofraxidin attenuates the expression of iNOS and COX-2, Isofraxidinalso inhibits TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex formation[2]. Isofraxidin, a coumarin component from Acanthopanax senticosus, inhibits MMP-7 expression and cell invasion of human hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatoma cells[1]. Isofraxidin attenuates the expression of iNOS and COX-2, Isofraxidinalso inhibits TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex formation[2].

Adenine

C5H5N5 (135.0545)

Adenine is the parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a purine nucleobase and a member of 6-aminopurines. It derives from a hydride of a 9H-purine. A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. Adenine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenine is a natural product found in Fritillaria cirrhosa, Annona purpurea, and other organisms with data available. Adenine is a purine nucleobase with an amine group attached to the carbon at position 6. Adenine is the precursor for adenosine and deoxyadenosine nucleosides. Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (A3372, A3373). Adenine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES. See also: adenine; dextrose, unspecified form (component of) ... View More ... Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339). Widespread throughout animal and plant tissue, purine components of DNA, RNA, and coenzymes. Vitamin The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6. Adenine (/ˈædɪnɪn/) (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleobase. It is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acids of DNA, the other three being guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine derivatives have various roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and Coenzyme A. It also has functions in protein synthesis and as a chemical component of DNA and RNA.[2] The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. The adjacent image shows pure adenine, as an independent molecule. When connected into DNA, a covalent bond is formed between deoxyribose sugar and the bottom left nitrogen (thereby removing the existing hydrogen atom). The remaining structure is called an adenine residue, as part of a larger molecule. Adenosine is adenine reacted with ribose, as used in RNA and ATP; Deoxyadenosine is adenine attached to deoxyribose, as used to form DNA. Adenine forms several tautomers, compounds that can be rapidly interconverted and are often considered equivalent. However, in isolated conditions, i.e. in an inert gas matrix and in the gas phase, mainly the 9H-adenine tautomer is found.[3][4] Purine metabolism involves the formation of adenine and guanine. Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP), which in turn is synthesized from a pre-existing ribose phosphate through a complex pathway using atoms from the amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartic acid, as well as the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3].

L-Tryptophan

C11H12N2O2 (204.0899)

Tryptophan (Trp) or L-tryptophan is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-tryptophan is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aromatic amino acid. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. The minimum daily requirement for adults is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. There is 400 mg of tryptophan in a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low-fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg of tryptophan per pound (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Tryptophan is particularly plentiful in chocolate, oats, dried dates, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, eggs, fish, poultry, sesame, chickpeas, almonds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, buckwheat, spirulina, and peanuts. Tryptophan is the precursor of both serotonin and melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in animals, which regulates sleep and wakefulness. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor, and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan into serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin, and glutathione. Niacin (also known as vitamin B3) is an important metabolite of tryptophan. It is synthesized via kynurenine and quinolinic acids, which are products of tryptophan degradation. There are a number of conditions or diseases that are characterized by tryptophan deficiencies. For instance, fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, which reduces levels of tryptophan in the blood and leads to depression. High corn diets or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Hartnups disease is a disorder in which tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Symptoms of Hartnups disease include skin rashes, difficulty coordinating movements (cerebellar ataxia), and psychiatric symptoms such as depression or psychosis. Tryptophan supplements may be useful for treating Hartnups disease. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan breakdown products (such as kynurenine) correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension, and anxiety states. Tryptophan plays a role in "feast-induced" drowsiness. Ingestion of a meal rich in carbohydrates triggers the release of insulin. Insulin, in turn, stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) into muscle, increasing the ratio of tryptophan to BCAA in the bloodstream. The increased tryptophan ratio reduces competition at the large neutral amino acid transporter (which transports both BCAAs and tryptophan), resulting in greater uptake of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Once in the CSF, tryptophan is converted into serotonin and the resulting serotonin is further metabolized into melatonin by the pineal gland, which promotes sleep. Because tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) which is then converted into the neurotransmitter serotonin, it has been proposed th... L-tryptophan is a white powder with a flat taste. An essential amino acid; occurs in isomeric forms. (NTP, 1992) L-tryptophan is the L-enantiomer of tryptophan. It has a role as an antidepressant, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tryptophan and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-tryptophanium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tryptophanate. It is an enantiomer of a D-tryptophan. It is a tautomer of a L-tryptophan zwitterion. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor of indole alkaloids in plants. It is a precursor of serotonin (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to niacin, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. L-Tryptophan is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Tryptophan is the least plentiful of all 22 amino acids and an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Tryptophan is found in most proteins and a precursor of serotonin. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), converted in turn to serotonin, a neurotransmitter essential in regulating appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. Tryptophan is a natural sedative and present in dairy products, meats, brown rice, fish, and soybeans. (NCI04) Tryptophan is an essential amino acid which is the precursor of serotonin. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan to serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin and glutathione. Niacin is an important metabolite of tryptophan. High corn or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Inborn errors of tryptophan metabolism exist where a tumor (carcinoid) makes excess serotonin. Hartnups disease is a disease where tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Tryptophan supplements may be useful in each condition, in carcinoid replacing the over-metabolized nutrient and in Hartnups supplementing a malabsorbed nutrient. Some disorders of excess tryptophan in the blood may contribute to mental retardation. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan fragments correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension and anxiety states. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. Adults minimum daily requirement is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. This may be an underestimation, for there are 400 mg of tryptophan in just a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg per pound. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. See also: Serotonin; tryptophan (component of); Chamomile; ginger; melatonin; thiamine; tryptophan (component of) ... View More ... Constituent of many plants. Enzymatic hydrolysis production of most plant and animal proteins. Dietary supplement, nutrient D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank The L-enantiomer of tryptophan. Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_30eV_1-1_01_662.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_20eV_1-1_01_661.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_30eV_1-1_01_716.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_10eV_1-1_01_660.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_10eV_1-1_01_714.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_40eV_1-1_01_717.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_20eV_1-1_01_715.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_50eV_1-1_01_664.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_50eV_1-1_01_718.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_40eV_1-1_01_663.txt IPB_RECORD: 253; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID T003 DL-Tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1]. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].

Fusidic Acid

C31H48O6 (516.3451)

Fusidic acid is a steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. It has a role as a protein synthesis inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a 3alpha-hydroxy steroid, an 11alpha-hydroxy steroid, a sterol ester, a steroid acid, an alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and a steroid antibiotic. It is a conjugate acid of a fusidate. It derives from a hydride of a 5alpha-cholestane. An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis. It is often used topically in creams and eyedrops but is available in systemic formulations including tablets and injections. Fusidic acid is a natural product found in Epidermophyton floccosum, Stilbella aciculosa, and other organisms with data available. Fusidic Acid is a bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from the fungus Fusidium coccineum and used as a topical medication to treat skin infections. Fusidic acid acts as a bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor by preventing the turnover of elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. Fusidic acid is effective primarily on gram-positive bacteria. An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis. See also: Fusidate Sodium (active moiety of). Fusidic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.Fusidic acid works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, specifically by preventing the translocation of the elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. It also can inhibit chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzymes. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01X - Other antibacterials > J01XC - Steroid antibacterials D - Dermatologicals > D09 - Medicated dressings > D09A - Medicated dressings > D09AA - Medicated dressings with antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Fusidic acid (Fusidate) a bacteriostatic antibiotic produced from the Fusidium coccineum fungus, belongs to the class of steroids. Fusidic acid has no corticosteroid effects. Fusidic acid inhibits the growth of bacteria by preventing the release of translation elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome[1][2].

Niacinamide

C6H6N2O (122.048)

Nicotinamide is a white powder. (NTP, 1992) Nicotinamide is a pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. It has a role as an EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor, a metabolite, a cofactor, an antioxidant, a neuroprotective agent, an EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, a Sir2 inhibitor, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a human urinary metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a vitamin B3, a pyridinecarboxamide and a pyridine alkaloid. It is functionally related to a nicotinic acid. An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. Niacinamide is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Nicotinamide is a natural product found in Mus musculus, Euonymus grandiflorus, and other organisms with data available. Niacinamide is the active form of vitamin B3 and a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Niacinamide acts as a chemo- and radio-sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia. This agent also inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy. Nicotinamide is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Niacinamide or vitamin B3 is an important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. Niacinamide is used to increase the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells. Niacin (nicotinic acid) and niacinamide, while both labeled as vitamin B3 also have different applications. Niacinamide is useful in arthritis and early-onset type I diabetes while niacin is an effective reducer of high cholesterol levels. Niacinamide is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. See also: Adenosine; Niacinamide (component of); Dapsone; niacinamide (component of); Adenosine; Niacinamide; Titanium Dioxide (component of) ... View More ... Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide (NAM), is a form of vitamin B3 found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication. Niacinamide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nicotinamides. These are heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing a pyridine ring substituted at position 3 by a carboxamide group. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. The structure of nicotinamide consists of a pyridine ring to which a primary amide group is attached in the meta position. It is an amide of nicotinic acid. As an aromatic compound, it undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions and transformations of its two functional groups. Niacinamide and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be converted into nicotinic acid mononucleotide and phosphate by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. In humans, niacinamide is involved in the metabolic disorder called the nad+ signalling pathway (cancer). Niacinamide is an odorless tasting compound. Outside of the human body, niacinamide is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as common sages, cow milk, and cocoa beans and in a lower concentration in common pea. Niacinamide has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as yardlong beans, roselles, apples, oyster mushrooms, and swiss chards. Niacinamide occurs in trace amounts mainly in meat, fish, nuts, and mushrooms, as well as to a lesser extent in some vegetables. It is commonly added to cereals and other foods. Many multivitamins contain 20–30 mg of vitamin B3 and it is also available in higher doses. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, WikiPathways, PDB, Protein Data Bank, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. Widespread in plants, e.g. rice, yeast and fungi. Dietary supplement, may be used in infant formulas Nicotinamide. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=98-92-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 98-92-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 or niacin. Nicotinamide Hydrochloride inhibits SIRT2 activity (IC50: 2 μM). Nicotinamide also inhibits SIRT1. Nicotinamide increases cellular NAD+, ATP, ROS levels. Nicotinamide inhibits tumor growth and improves survival. Nicotinamide also has anti-HBV activity[1][2][3][4]. Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 or niacin. Nicotinamide Hydrochloride inhibits SIRT2 activity (IC50: 2 μM). Nicotinamide also inhibits SIRT1. Nicotinamide increases cellular NAD+, ATP, ROS levels. Nicotinamide inhibits tumor growth and improves survival. Nicotinamide also has anti-HBV activity[1][2][3][4]. Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 or niacin. Nicotinamide Hydrochloride inhibits SIRT2 activity (IC50: 2 μM). Nicotinamide also inhibits SIRT1. Nicotinamide increases cellular NAD+, ATP, ROS levels. Nicotinamide inhibits tumor growth and improves survival. Nicotinamide also has anti-HBV activity[1][2][3][4].

Guanosine

C10H13N5O5 (283.0917)

Guanosine (G), also known as 2-amino-inosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl sugar moiety. Guanosine consists of a guanine base attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine is a white, crystalline powder with no odor and mild saline taste. It is very soluble in acetic acid, and slightly soluble in water, but insoluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene, and chloroform. Guanosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. High levels of guanosine can be found in clovers, coffee plants, and the pollen of pines. It has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as leeks, garlic, chicory roots, green bell peppers, and black-eyed peas. Guanosine plays an important role in various biochemical processes including the synthesis of nucleic acids such as RNA and intracellular signal transduction (cGMP). The antiviral drug acyclovir, often used in herpes treatment, and the anti-HIV drug abacavir, are both structurally similar to guanosine. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). In humans, guanosine is involved in intracellular signalling through the adenosine receptors A1R and A2AR (PMID: 31847113). Evidence from rodent and cell models has shown a number of important neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of guanosine. In particular, it is effective in preventing deleterious consequences of seizures, spinal cord injury, pain, mood disorders and aging-related diseases, such as ischemia, Parkinson‚Äôs and Alzheimer‚Äôs diseases (PMID: 27699087). Studies with rodent models of Parkinson‚Äôs disease have shown that guanosine decreases neuronal apoptotic cell death and increases dopaminergic neurons at substantia nigra pars compacta, accompanied by an improvement of motor symptoms in Parkinson‚Äôs disease (i.e. a reduction of bradykinesia). Guanosine promotes neurite arborization, outgrowth, proliferation and differentiation. Systemic administration of guanosine for eight weeks (8 mg/kg) has been shown to stimulate neuroprogenitors proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) in a mouse model of Parkinsonism (PMID: 27699087). The effect of guanosine treatment is accompanied by an increased number of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)-positive cells which is an important regulator of neuroprogenitor/stem cell proliferation, survival and differentiation (PMID: 27699087). Guanosine prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell death in hippocampal slices subjected to the oxygen/glucose deprivation (PMID: 31847113). Guanosine is a purine nucleoside in which guanine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is a purines D-ribonucleoside and a member of guanosines. It is functionally related to a guanine. Guanosine is a nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become GMP (guanosine monophosphate), cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate), GDP (guanosine diphosphate) and GTP (guanosine triphosphate) which are factors in signal transduction pathways. Guanosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Guanosine is a natural product found in Ulva australis, Allium chinense, and other organisms with data available. Guanosine is a purine nucleoside formed from a beta-N9-glycosidic bond between guanine and a ribose ring and is essential for metabolism. Guanosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed) Guanosine is a nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become GMP (guanosine monophosphate), cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate), GDP (guanosine diphosphate) and GTP (guanosine triphosphate). ; The nucleoside guanosine exert important neuroprotective and neuromodulator roles in the central nervous system, which may be related to inhibition of the glutamatergic neurotransmission activity. Guanosine is the specific extracellular guanine-based purines effector and indicate that its conversion occurs not only in the central nervous system but also peripherally. (PMID: 16325434); Guanosine is a nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a ?-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine is found in many foods, some of which are elderberry, malus (crab apple), acerola, and arrowhead. A purine nucleoside in which guanine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS [Spectral] Guanosine (exact mass = 283.09167) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and Glutathione disulfide (exact mass = 612.15196) and AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Guanosine (exact mass = 283.09167) and Guanine (exact mass = 151.04941) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.125 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 317 KEIO_ID G015; [MS2] KO008966 Annotation level-2 KEIO_ID G015 Guanosine (DL-Guanosine) is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine possesses anti-HSV activity. Guanosine (DL-Guanosine) is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine possesses anti-HSV activity. Guanosine (DL-Guanosine) is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine possesses anti-HSV activity.

Apigenin

C15H10O5 (270.0528)

Apigenin is a trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells. It has a role as a metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is a conjugate acid of an apigenin-7-olate. Apigenin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Carex fraseriana, and other organisms with data available. Apigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. Apigenin inhibits the expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, is increased by differentiating agents via a protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), Ras, MEKK1, MEK3 cascade that increases AP1 factor level and AP1 factor binding to DNA elements in the hINV promoter. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter and the increase in hINV promoter activity. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311. Activation of hINV promoter activity by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigellocathecin-3-gallate, is also inhibited by apigenin, suggesting that the two chemopreventive agents can produce opposing actions in keratinocytes. (A7924). Apigenin, a flavone abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, exhibits antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic activities through poorly defined mechanisms. This flavonoid provides selective activity to promote caspase-dependent-apoptosis of leukemia cells and uncover an essential role of PKCdelta during the induction of apoptosis by apigenin. (A7925). Apigenin markedly induces the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and synergistically acts with exogenous soluble recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. On the other hand, apigenin-mediated induction of DR5 expression is not observed in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, apigenin does not sensitize normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. (A7926). 5,7,4-trihydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. See also: Chamomile (part of); Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of). Apigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. Apigenin inhibits the expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, is increased by differentiating agents via a protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), Ras, MEKK1, and MEK3 cascade that increases AP1 factor level and AP1 factor binding to DNA elements in the hINV promoter. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311. Activation of hINV promoter activity by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigellocathecin-3-gallate, is also inhibited by apigenin, suggesting that the two chemopreventive agents can produce opposing actions in keratinocytes (PMID: 16982614). Apigenin, a flavone abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, exhibits antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic activities through poorly defined mechanisms. This flavonoid provides selective activity to promote caspase-dependent-apoptosis of leukemia cells and uncover an essential role of PKCdelta during the induction of apoptosis by apigenin (PMID: 16844095). Apigenin markedly induces the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and synergistically acts with exogenous soluble recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. On the other hand, apigenin-mediated induction of DR5 expression is not observed in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, apigenin does not sensitize normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis (PMID: 16648565). Flavone found in a wide variety of foodstuffs; buckwheat, cabbage, celeriac, celery, lettuce, oregano, parsley, peppermint, perilla, pummelo juice, thyme, sweet potatoes, green tea and wild carrot [DFC] A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8558; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8556 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5097; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5094 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5096; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5093 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8561; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8559 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5082; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5079 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5104; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5099 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8572; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8570 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8556; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8554 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5085; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5082 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8554; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8550 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8540; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8539 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5090; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5089 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_10eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_40eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_20eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_30eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_50eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_40eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_20eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_10eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_50eV_000005.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 151 [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_30eV_000005.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 26 Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM. Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM.

L-Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.079)

Phenylalanine (Phe), also known as L-phenylalanine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-phenylalanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Phenylalanine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aromatic, non-polar amino acid. In humans, phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine. Like tyrosine, phenylalanine is also a precursor for catecholamines including tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Catecholamines are neurotransmitters that act as adrenalin-like substances. Interestingly, several psychotropic drugs (mescaline, morphine, codeine, and papaverine) also have phenylalanine as a constituent. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in the human brain and plasma. Normal metabolism of phenylalanine requires biopterin, iron, niacin, vitamin B6, copper, and vitamin C. An average adult ingests 5 g of phenylalanine per day and may optimally need up to 8 g daily. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in a number of high protein foods, such as meat, cottage cheese, and wheat germ. An additional dietary source of phenylalanine is artificial sweeteners containing aspartame (a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide). As a general rule, aspartame should be avoided by phenylketonurics and pregnant women. When present in sufficiently high levels, phenylalanine can act as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural cells and neural tissue. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of phenylalanine are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including Hartnup disorder, hyperphenylalaninemia due to guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase deficiency, phenylketonuria (PKU), tyrosinemia type 2 (or Richner-Hanhart syndrome), and tyrosinemia type III (TYRO3). Phenylketonurics have elevated serum plasma levels of phenylalanine up to 400 times normal. High plasma concentrations of phenylalanine influence the blood-brain barrier transport of large neutral amino acids. The high plasma phenylalanine concentrations increase phenylalanine entry into the brain and restrict the entry of other large neutral amino acids (PMID: 19191004). Phenylalanine has been found to interfere with different cerebral enzyme systems. Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) can lead to intellectual disability, seizures, behavioural problems, and mental disorders. It may also result in a musty smell and lighter skin. Classic PKU dramatically affects myelination and white matter tracts in untreated infants; this may be one major cause of neurological disorders associated with phenylketonuria. Mild phenylketonuria can act as an unsuspected cause of hyperactivity, learning problems, and other developmental problems in children. It has been recently suggested that PKU may resemble amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease, due to the formation of toxic amyloid-like assemblies of phenylalanine (PMID: 22706200). Phenylalanine also has some potential benefits. Phenylalanine can act as an effective pain reliever. Its use in premenstrual syndrome and Parkinsons may enhance the effects of acupuncture and electric transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS). Phenylalanine and tyrosine, like L-DOPA, produce a catecholamine-like effect. Phenylalanine is better absorbed than tyrosine and may cause fewer headaches. Low phenylalanine diets have been prescribed for certain cancers with mixed results. For instance, some tumours use more phen... L-phenylalanine is an odorless white crystalline powder. Slightly bitter taste. pH (1\\\\\\% aqueous solution) 5.4 to 6. (NTP, 1992) L-phenylalanine is the L-enantiomer of phenylalanine. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite and an EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a phenylalanine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-phenylalaninium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-phenylalaninate. It is an enantiomer of a D-phenylalanine. It is a tautomer of a L-phenylalanine zwitterion. Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of melanin, [dopamine], [noradrenalin] (norepinephrine), and [thyroxine]. L-Phenylalanine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid in humans (provided by food), Phenylalanine plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids and is important in the structure and function of many proteins and enzymes. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine, used in the biosynthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters. The L-form of Phenylalanine is incorporated into proteins, while the D-form acts as a painkiller. Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by Phenylalanine is used to quantify protein amounts. (NCI04) Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and the precursor for the amino acid tyrosine. Like tyrosine, it is the precursor of catecholamines in the body (tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine). The psychotropic drugs (mescaline, morphine, codeine, and papaverine) also have phenylalanine as a constituent. Phenylalanine is a precursor of the neurotransmitters called catecholamines, which are adrenalin-like substances. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in the human brain and plasma. Normal metabolism of phenylalanine requires biopterin, iron, niacin, vitamin B6, copper and vitamin C. An average adult ingests 5 g of phenylalanine per day and may optimally need up to 8 g daily. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in high protein foods, such as meat, cottage cheese and wheat germ. A new dietary source of phenylalanine is artificial sweeteners containing aspartame. Aspartame appears to be nutritious except in hot beverages; however, it should be avoided by phenylketonurics and pregnant women. Phenylketonurics, who have a genetic error of phenylalanine metabolism, have elevated serum plasma levels of phenylalanine up to 400 times normal. Mild phenylketonuria can be an unsuspected cause of hyperactivity, learning problems, and other developmental problems in children. Phenylalanine can be an effective pain reliever. Its use in premenstrual syndrome and Parkinsons may enhance the effects of acupuncture and electric transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS). Phenylalanine and tyrosine, like L-dopa, produce a catecholamine effect. Phenylalanine is better absorbed than tyrosine and may cause fewer headaches. Low phenylalanine diets have been prescribed for certain cancers with mixed results. Some tumors use more phenylalanine (particularly melatonin-producing tumors called melanoma). One strategy is to exclude this amino acid from the diet, i.e., a Phenylketonuria (PKU) diet (compliance is a difficult issue; it is hard to quantify and is under-researched). The other strategy is just to increase phenylalanines competing amino acids, i.e., tryptophan, valine, isoleucine and leucine, but not tyrosine. An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE. See also: Plovamer (monomer of); Plovamer Acetate (monomer of) ... View More ... L-phenylalanine, also known as phe or f, belongs to phenylalanine and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-phenylalanine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-phenylalanine can be found in watermelon, which makes L-phenylalanine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. L-phenylalanine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including sweat, blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as throughout all human tissues. L-phenylalanine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-phenylalanine is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism and transcription/Translation. L-phenylalanine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia type 2 (or richner-hanhart syndrome), and tyrosinemia type 3 (TYRO3). Moreover, L-phenylalanine is found to be associated with viral infection, dengue fever, hypothyroidism, and myocardial infarction. L-phenylalanine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Phenylalanine (Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula C 9H 11NO 2. It can be viewed as a benzyl group substituted for the methyl group of alanine, or a phenyl group in place of a terminal hydrogen of alanine. This essential amino acid is classified as neutral, and nonpolar because of the inert and hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. The L-isomer is used to biochemically form proteins, coded for by DNA. The codons for L-phenylalanine are UUU and UUC. Phenylalanine is a precursor for tyrosine; the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline); and the skin pigment melanin . Hepatic. L-phenylalanine that is not metabolized in the liver is distributed via the systemic circulation to the various tissues of the body, where it undergoes metabolic reactions similar to those that take place in the liver (DrugBank). If PKU is diagnosed early, an affected newborn can grow up with normal brain development, but only by managing and controlling phenylalanine levels through diet, or a combination of diet and medication. The diet requires severely restricting or eliminating foods high in phenylalanine, such as meat, chicken, fish, eggs, nuts, cheese, legumes, milk and other dairy products. Starchy foods, such as potatoes, bread, pasta, and corn, must be monitored. Optimal health ranges (or "target ranges") of serum phenylalanine are between 120 and 360 µmol/L, and aimed to be achieved during at least the first 10 years of life. Recently it has been found that a chiral isomer of L-phenylalanine (called D-phenylalanine) actually arrests the fibril formation by L-phenylalanine and gives rise to flakes. These flakes do not propagate further and prevent amyloid formation by L-phenylalanine. D-phenylalanine may qualify as a therapeutic molecule in phenylketonuria (A8161) (T3DB). L-Phenylalanine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=63-91-2 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 63-91-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].

Cytidine

C9H13N3O5 (243.0855)

Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brains extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547). Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis; as precursor of the cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathway. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transports of cytidine into the brains extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide, which is involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. Cytidine is a white crystalline powder. (NTP, 1992) Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a cytosine. Cytidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Cytidine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Castanopsis fissa, and other organisms with data available. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside comprised of a cytosine bound to ribose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a precursor for uridine. Both cytidine and uridine are utilized in RNA synthesis. Cytidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE. A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3]. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3]. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3].

Glycyrrhetinic acid

C30H46O4 (470.3396)

Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an oxo group at position 11 and a carboxy group at position 30. It has a role as an immunomodulator and a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a cyclic terpene ketone and a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a glycyrrhetinate. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane. Enoxolone (glycyrrhetic acid) has been investigated for the basic science of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (AME). Enoxolone is a natural product found in Glycyrrhiza, Echinopora lamellosa, and other organisms with data available. Enoxolone is a pentacyclic triterpenoid aglycone metabolite of glycyrrhizin, which is a product of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), with potential expectorant, and gastrokinetic activities. After administration, enoxolone inhibits the metabolism of prostaglandins by both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] and prostaglandin reductase 2. Therefore, this agent potentiates the activity of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha, which inhibits gastric secretion while stimulating pancreatic secretion and the secretion of intestinal and respiratory mucus, leading to increased intestinal motility and antitussive effects. Additionally, this agent inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the conversion of cortisol to cortisone in the kidneys. An oleanolic acid from GLYCYRRHIZA that has some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation. See also: Glycyrrhizin (is active moiety of); Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of). Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was first obtained from the herb liquorice. It is used in flavouring and it masks the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer and also has expectorant (antitussive) properties (PMID:32106571). In glycyrrhetinic acid the functional group (R) is a hydroxyl group. Research in 2005 demonstrated that with a proper functional group a very effective glycyrrhetinic artificial sweetener can be obtained. When R is an anionic NHCO(CH2)CO2K side chain, the sweetening effect is found to 1200 times that of sugar (human sensory panel data). A shorter or longer spacer reduces the sweetening effect. One explanation is that the taste bud cell receptor has 1.3 nanometers (13 angstroms) available for docking with the sweetener molecule. In addition the sweetener molecule requires three proton donor positions of which two reside at the extremities to be able to interact efficiently with the receptor cavity. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties.

Bruceine

C20H26O9 (410.1577)

Bruceine D is a quassinoid that is 13,20-epoxypicras-3-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 11, 12, 14 and 15 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 16. Isolated from the ethanol extract of the stem of Brucea mollis, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. It has a role as a metabolite, an antineoplastic agent and a plant metabolite. It is a delta-lactone, a pentol, a quassinoid, an organic heteropentacyclic compound and a secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone. It derives from a hydride of a picrasane. Brucein D is a natural product found in Brucea javanica, Brucea mollis, and Samadera indica with data available. A quassinoid that is 13,20-epoxypicras-3-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 11, 12, 14 and 15 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 16. Isolated from the ethanol extract of the stem of Brucea mollis, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. Bruceine D is a Notch inhibitor with anti-cancer activity and induces apoptosis in several human cancer cells. Bruceine D is an effective botanical insect antifeedant with outstanding systemic properties, causing potent pest growth inhibitory activity[1][2]. Bruceine D has strong anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius with an EC50 value of 0.57 mg/L[3]. Bruceine D is a Notch inhibitor with anti-cancer activity and induces apoptosis in several human cancer cells. Bruceine D is an effective botanical insect antifeedant with outstanding systemic properties, causing potent pest growth inhibitory activity[1][2]. Bruceine D has strong anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius with an EC50 value of 0.57 mg/L[3].

Eurycomalactone

C19H24O6 (348.1573)

Eurycomalactone is a steroid lactone. Eurycomalactone is a natural product found in Eurycoma longifolia with data available. Eurycomalactone is an active quassinoid could be isolated from Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Eurycomalactone is a potent NF-κB inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.5 μM. Eurycomalactone inhibits protein synthesis and depletes cyclin D1. Eurycomalactone enhances radiosensitivity through arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase and delayed DNA double-strand break repair. Eurycomalactone inhibits the activation of AKT/NF-κB signaling, induces apoptosis and enhances chemosensitivity to Cisplatin (HY-17394)[1][2][3].

Psoralen

C11H6O3 (186.0317)

Psoralen is the simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia. It has a role as a plant metabolite. 8-methoxsalen and 5-methoxsalen are furocoumarins referred to collectively as psoralens that have photosensitizing activity and are used orally and topically in conjunction with ultraviolet irradiation for the therapy of psoriasis and vitiligo. Psoralens have been linked to a low rate of transient serum enzyme elevations during therapy and to rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury. Psoralen is a natural product found in Cullen cinereum, Ficus erecta var. beecheyana, and other organisms with data available. Psoralen is a furocoumarin that intercalates with DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division. Psoralen is used in Photochemotherapy with high-intensity long-wavelength UVA irradiation. Psoralens are tricyclic furocumarins and have a strong tendency to intercalate with DNA base pairs. Irradiation of nucleic acids in the presence of psoralen with long wave UV (~360 nm) results in the 2+2 cyclo- addition of either of its two photoreactive sites with 5,6-carbon bonds of pyrimidines resulting in crosslinking double-stranded nucleic acids. Psoralen is found in carrot. Psoralen is found in common vegetables, e.g. parsnip, celery especially if diseased or `spoiled Psoralen is a significant mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research.Psoralen has been shown to exhibit anti-proliferative, anti-allergenic and anti-histamine functions (A7781, A7782, A7782).Psoralen belongs to the family of Furanocoumarins. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a furan ring fused to a coumarin moeity. A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking. See also: Angelica keiskei top (part of); Cullen corylifolium fruit (part of). Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia. The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics Found in common vegetables, e.g. parsnip, celery especies if diseased or `spoiled D003879 - Dermatologic Agents INTERNAL_ID 18; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 18 Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1]. Psoralen. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=66-97-7 (retrieved 2024-10-18) (CAS RN: 66-97-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Yatansin

C26H32O11 (520.1945)

Brusatol is a triterpenoid. Brusatol is a natural product found in Brucea javanica and Brucea mollis with data available. Brusatol (NSC?172924) is a unique inhibitor of the Nrf2 pathway that sensitizes a broad spectrum of cancer cells to Cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents. Brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism. Brusatol can be developed into an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent[1]. Brusatol increases cellular apoptosis[2]. Brusatol (NSC?172924) is a unique inhibitor of the Nrf2 pathway that sensitizes a broad spectrum of cancer cells to Cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents. Brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism. Brusatol can be developed into an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent[1]. Brusatol increases cellular apoptosis[2].

Bruceantin

C28H36O11 (548.2258)

Bruceantin is a triterpenoid. Bruceantin is a natural product found in Brucea javanica and Brucea antidysenterica with data available. Bruceantin is a triterpene quassinoid antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the plant Brucea antidysenterica. Bruceantin inhibits the peptidyl transferase elongation reaction, resulting in decreased protein and DNA synthesis. Bruceantin also has antiamoebic and antimalarial activity. (NCI04) C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C1974 - Quassinoid Agent C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor C1907 - Drug, Natural Product Bruceantin (NSC165563) can be extracted from B. javanica and has inhibitory effects on B16 melanoma, colon cancer 38, L1210 and leukemia P388. Bruceantin (NSC165563) can be extracted from B. javanica and has inhibitory effects on B16 melanoma, colon cancer 38, L1210 and leukemia P388.

Cirsilineol

C18H16O7 (344.0896)

Cirsilineol, also known as 4,5-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxy-flavone or anisomelin, is a member of the class of compounds known as 7-o-methylated flavonoids. 7-o-methylated flavonoids are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C7 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, cirsilineol is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Cirsilineol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cirsilineol can be found in a number of food items such as common thyme, tarragon, common sage, and hyssop, which makes cirsilineol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cirsilineol is a bioactive flavone isolated from Artemisia and from Teucrium gnaphalodes . Cirsilineol is a trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is a trimethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a flavone. Cirsilineol is a natural product found in Thymus herba-barona, Salvia tomentosa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Tangerine peel (part of).

Furanodiene

C15H20O (216.1514)

Furanodiene is a germacrane sesquiterpenoid. Furanodiene is a natural product found in Curcuma amada, Lactarius chrysorrheus, and other organisms with data available. Furanodiene is a constituent of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) Constituent of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary)

Folic acid

C19H19N7O6 (441.1397)

Folic acid appears as odorless orange-yellow needles or platelets. Darkens and chars from approximately 482 °F. Folic acid is an N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. It has a role as a human metabolite, a nutrient and a mouse metabolite. It is a member of folic acids and a N-acyl-amino acid. It is functionally related to a pteroic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a folate(2-). Folic acid, also known as folate or Vitamin B9, is a member of the B vitamin family and an essential cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis. More specifically, folic acid is required by the body for the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and methionine before incorporation into DNA or protein. Folic acid is particularly important during phases of rapid cell division, such as infancy, pregnancy, and erythropoiesis, and plays a protective factor in the development of cancer. As humans are unable to synthesize folic acid endogenously, diet and supplementation is necessary to prevent deficiencies. For example, folic acid is present in green vegetables, beans, avocado, and some fruits. In order to function within the body, folic acid must first be reduced by the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) into the cofactors dihydrofolate (DHF) and tetrahydrofolate (THF). This important pathway, which is required for de novo synthesis of nucleic acids and amino acids, is disrupted by anti-metabolite therapies such as [DB00563] as they function as DHFR inhibitors to prevent DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, and therefore prevent the formation of DHF and THF. When used in high doses such as for cancer therapy, or in low doses such as for Rheumatoid Arthritis or psoriasis, [DB00563] impedes the bodys ability to create folic acid. This results in a deficiency of coenzymes and a resultant buildup of toxic substances that are responsible for numerous adverse side effects. As a result, supplementation with 1-5mg of folic acid is recommended to prevent deficiency and a number of side effects associated with MTX therapy including mouth ulcers and gastrointestinal irritation. [DB00650] (also known as folinic acid) supplementation is typically used for high-dose MTX regimens for the treatment of cancer. Levoleucovorin and leucovorin are analogs of tetrahydrofolate (THF) and are able to bypass DHFR reduction to act as a cellular replacement for the co-factor THF. There are also several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that are associated with reduced serum and red blood cell folate, including [DB00564] (CBZ), [DB00252] (PHT), or barbiturates. Folic acid is therefore often provided as supplementation to individuals using these medications, particularly to women of child-bearing age. Inadequate folate levels can result in a number of health concerns including cardiovascular disease, megaloblastic anemias, cognitive deficiencies, and neural tube defects (NTDs). Folic acid is typically supplemented during pregnancy to prevent the development of NTDs and in individuals with alcoholism to prevent the development of neurological disorders, for example. Folic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). CID 6037 is a natural product found in Beta vulgaris, Angelica sinensis, and other organisms with data available. Folic Acid is a collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production. (NCI05) A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treat... Folic acid or folate, is a vitamin that belongs to the class of compounds known as pterins. Chemically, folate consists of three distinct chemical moieties linked together. A pterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-pteridine) linked by a methylene bridge to a p-aminobenzoyl group that in turn is linked through an amide linkage to glutamic acid. It is a member of the vitamin B family and is primarily known as vitamin B9. Folate is required for the body to make DNA and RNA and metabolize amino acids necessary for cell division for the hematopoietic system. As humans cannot make folate, it is required in the diet, making it an essential nutrient (i.e. a vitamin). Folate occurs naturally in many foods including mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (poaceae). Folic acid, being biochemically inactive, is converted to tetrahydrofolic acid and methyltetrahydrofolate by the enzyme known as dihydrofolate reductase. Tetrahydrofolate and methyltetrahydrofolate are transported across cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis where they are needed to maintain normal erythropoiesis, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids, interconvert amino acids and generate formic acid. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in babies. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with NTDs (PMID: 28097362). Folic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (PMID: 22254078). An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03B - Vitamin b12 and folic acid > B03BB - Folic acid and derivatives COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D006397 - Hematinics D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents Dietary supplement Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Formula(Parent): C19H19N7O6; Bottle Name:Folic acid ,approx; PRIME Parent Name:Folic acid; PRIME in-house No.:V0080; SubCategory_DNP: Pteridines and analogues, Pteridine alkaloids Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.543 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 134 Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4]. Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4].

(6R)-Folinic acid

C20H23N7O7 (473.1659)

The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [HMDB] D020011 - Protective Agents > D000931 - Antidotes C2140 - Adjuvant > C2078 - Folic Acid Derivative Folinic acid (Leucovorin) is a biological folic acid and is generally administered along with Methotrexate (MTX) (HY-14519) as a rescue agent to decrease MTX-induced toxicity[1]. Folinic acid (Leucovorin) is a biological folic acid and is generally administered along with Methotrexate (MTX) (HY-14519) as a rescue agent to decrease MTX-induced toxicity[1].

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

Isoleucine (Ile) or L-isoleucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-isolecuine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Isoleucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Isoleucine is an essential amino acid in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it and that it must be obtained from the diet. In plants and microorganisms, isoleucine is synthesized starting from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate. Isoleucine is classified as a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). BCAAs include three amino acids: isoleucine, leucine and valine. They are alpha amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a beta branch point. Despite their structural similarities, BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. Isoleucine is catabolized via with alpha-ketoglutarate where upon it is oxidized and split into propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is converted into succinyl-CoA, a TCA cycle intermediate which can be converted into oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis (hence glucogenic). The acetyl-CoA can be fed into the TCA cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate or used in the synthesis of ketone bodies or fatty acids. The different metabolism of BCAAs accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine are required respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. BCAAs are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia. An inability to break down isoleucine, along with other amino acids, is associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) (PMID: 34125801). Isoleucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287). Mice fed an isoleucine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity, and feeding of an isoleucine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels (PMID: 24684822). L-isoleucine is the L-enantiomer of isoleucine. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an aspartate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, an isoleucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-isoleucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-isoleucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-isoleucine. It is a tautomer of a L-isoleucine zwitterion. An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of leucine. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-Isoleucine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Isoleucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (present in dietary proteins), Isoleucine has diverse physiological functions, such as assisting wound healing, detoxification of nitrogenous wastes, stimulating immune function, and promoting secretion of several hormones. Necessary for hemoglobin formation and regulating blood sugar and energy levels, isoleucine is concentrated in muscle tissues in humans. Isoleucine is found especially in meats, fish, cheese, eggs, and most seeds and nuts. (NCI04) L-Isoleucine is one of the essential amino acids that cannot be made by the body and is known for its ability to help endurance and assist in the repair and rebuilding of muscle. This amino acid is important to body builders as it helps boost energy and helps the body recover from training. L-Isoleucine is also classified as a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA). It helps promote muscle recovery after exercise. Isoleucine is actually broken down for energy within the muscle tissue. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-Isoleucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=73-32-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 73-32-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

Mimosine

C8H10N2O4 (198.0641)

Mimosine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca. [PubChem]Mimosine causes inhibition of DNA replication, changes in the progression of the cells in the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Mimosine appears to introduce breaks into DNA. Mimosine is an iron/zinc chelator. Iron depletion induces DNA double-strand breaks in treated cells, and activates a DNA damage response that results in focal phosphorylation of histones. This leads to inhibition of DNA replication and/or DNA elongation. Some studies indicate that mimosine prevents the initiation of DNA replication, whereas other studies indicate that mimosine disrupts elongation of the replication fork by impairing deoxyribonucleotide synthesis by inhibiting the activity of the iron-dependent enzyme ribonucleotide reductase and the transcription of the cytoplasmic serine hydroxymethyltransferase gene (SHMT). Inhibition of serine hydroxymethyltransferase is moderated by a zinc responsive unit located in front of the SHMT gene. L-mimosine is an L-alpha-amino acid that is propionic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a 3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl group at position 3 (the 2S-stereoisomer). It a non-protein plant amino acid isolated from Mimosa pudica. It has a role as an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid and a member of 4-pyridones. It is functionally related to a propionic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a L-mimosine(1-). It is a tautomer of a L-mimosine zwitterion. Mimosine is an antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca. 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca. An L-alpha-amino acid that is propionic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a 3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl group at position 3 (the 2S-stereoisomer). It a non-protein plant amino acid isolated from Mimosa pudica. Mimosine, a tyrosine analog , can act as an antioxidant by its potent iron-binding activity[1]. Mimosine is a known chelator of Fe(III)[2]. Mimosine induces apoptosis through metal ion chelation, mitochondrial activation and ROS production in human leukemic cells[3]. Anti-cancer, antiinflammation. Mimosine, a tyrosine analog , can act as an antioxidant by its potent iron-binding activity[1]. Mimosine is a known chelator of Fe(III)[2]. Mimosine induces apoptosis through metal ion chelation, mitochondrial activation and ROS production in human leukemic cells[3]. Anti-cancer, antiinflammation.

bruceosideA

C32H42O16 (682.2473)

Bruceoside A is a triterpenoid saponin. Bruceoside A is a natural product found in Brucea javanica with data available.

Deoxycytidine

C9H13N3O4 (227.0906)

Deoxycytidine, also known as dC, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxycytidine is also classified as a deoxyribonucleoside, a component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Deoxycytidine is similar to the ribonucleoside cytidine, but with one hydroxyl group removed from the 2 position. Deoxycytidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Degradation of DNA through apoptosis or cell death produces deoxycytidine. Within humans, deoxycytidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, deoxycytidine can be biosynthesized from dCMP through the action of the enzyme cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, deoxycytidine can be converted into dCMP; which is mediated by the enzyme uridine-cytidine kinase-like 1. Deoxycytidine can be phosphorylated at the C-5 position by the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase to produce deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), and to a lesser extent, deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP), and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP). Deoxycytidine can also be phosphorylated by thymidine kinase 2 (TK2). Deoxycytidine can potentially be used for the treatment of the metabolic disorder known as thymidine kinase 2 deficiency (TK2 deficiency). TK2 deficiency has three disease subtypes: i) infantile-onset myopathy with rapid progression to early death ii) childhood-onset myopathy, which resembles spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type III, begins between ages 1 and 12 years with progression to loss of ambulation within few years and iii) late-onset myopathy starting at age 12 year or later with moderate to severe myopathy manifesting as either isolated chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) or a generalized myopathy with CPEO plus facial and limb weakness, gradual progression, and, in some cases, respiratory failure and loss of ability to walk in adulthood (PMID: 28318037). In mouse models of TK2, dC was shown to delay disease onset, prolong life span and restore mtDNA copy number as well as respiratory chain enzyme activities (PMID: 28318037). One of the principal nucleosides of DNA composed of cytosine and deoxyribose. A nucleoside consists of only a pentose sugar linked to a purine or pyrimidine base, without a phosphate group. When N1 is linked to the C1 of deoxyribose, deoxynucleosides and nucleotides are formed from cytosine and deoxyribose; deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP). CTP is the source of the cytidine in RNA (ribonucleic acid) and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is the source of the deoxycytidine in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [HMDB]. Deoxycytidine is found in many foods, some of which are japanese pumpkin, turmeric, prairie turnip, and kai-lan. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. C26170 - Protective Agent > C2459 - Chemoprotective Agent COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID D055; [MS2] KO008940 Corona-virus KEIO_ID D055 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2'-Deoxycytidine, a deoxyribonucleoside, can inhibit biological effects of Bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu). 2'-Deoxycytidine is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids, that can be used for the research of cancer[1][2]. 2'-Deoxycytidine, a deoxyribonucleoside, could inhibit biological effects of Bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu).

2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid

C9H14N3O7P (307.0569)

Deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), also known as deoxycytidylic acid or deoxycytidylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a deoxynucleotide, and one of the four monomers that make up DNA. In a DNA double helix, it will base pair with deoxyguanosine monophosphate. dCMP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates. These are pyrimidine nucleotides with a monophosphate group linked to the ribose moiety lacking a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deficiency of the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (EC2.7.1.74) is associated with resistance to antiviral and anticancer chemotherapeutic agents, whereas increased enzyme activity is associated with increased activation of these compounds to cytotoxic nucleoside triphosphate derivatives. dCMP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, dCMP participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, dCMP can be converted to dCDP by the enzyme UMP-CMP kinase 2. In addition, dCMP can be converted into deoxycytidine, which is catalyzed by the enzyme cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In humans, dCMP is involved in the metabolic disorder called ump synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Outside of the human body, dCMP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as turnips, garlics, agaves, garden onions, and italian sweet red peppers. dCMP is a deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2-,3- or 5- positions. Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2-,3- or 5- positions. 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid is an endogenous metabolite. 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Deoxyuridine

C9H12N2O5 (228.0746)

Deoxyuridine, also known as dU, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. It is similar in chemical structure to uridine, but without the 2-hydroxyl group. Deoxyuridine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, deoxyuridine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, deoxyuridine can be biosynthesized from deoxycytidine through its interaction with the enzyme cytidine deaminase. In addition, deoxyuridine can be converted into uracil and deoxyribose 1-phosphate through its interaction with the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. Deoxyuridine is considered to be an antimetabolite that is converted into deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. In humans, deoxyuridine is involved in the metabolic disorder called UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Outside of the human body, deoxyuridine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as lichee, highbush blueberries, agaves, macadamia nut (M. tetraphylla), and red bell peppers. This could make deoxyuridine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Deoxyuridine is a naturally occurring nucleoside. It is similar in chemical structure to uridine, but without the 2-hydroxyl group. It is considered to be an antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. [HMDB]. Deoxyuridine is found in many foods, some of which are garden tomato (variety), hickory nut, banana, and hazelnut. Deoxyuridine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=951-78-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 951-78-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 2'-Deoxyuridine could increase chromosome breakage and results in a decreased thymidylate synthetase activity. A known use of 2'-Deoxyuridine is as a precursor in the synthesis of Edoxudine. 2'-Deoxyuridine could increase chromosome breakage and results in a decreased thymidylate synthetase activity. A known use of 2'-Deoxyuridine is as a precursor in the synthesis of Edoxudine. 2'-Deoxyuridine could increase chromosome breakage and results in a decreased thymidylate synthetase activity. A known use of 2'-Deoxyuridine is as a precursor in the synthesis of Edoxudine.

Desaminotyrosine

C9H10O3 (166.063)

Desaminotyrosine, also known as 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, is a normal constituent of human urine. It is a product of tyrosine metabolism; its concentration in urine increases in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Desaminotyrosine is a major phenolic acid breakdown product of proanthocyanidin metabolism (PMID:15315398). Urinary desaminotyrosine is produced by Clostridium sporogenes and C. botulinum (PMID:29168502). Desaminotyrosine is also found in Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Eubacterium, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus (PMID:29168502, 28393285, 19961416). Desaminotyrosine is a phenolic acid metabolite formed by the gut microflora detected after the consumption of whole grain. A normal constituent of human urine. A product of tyrosine metabolism; concentration in urine increases in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. (Dictionary of Organic Compounds) May also result from phenolic acid metabolism by colonic bacteria. (PMID 15315398) [HMDB]. Phloretic acid is found in many foods, some of which are arrowroot, olive, avocado, and peanut. Desaminotyrosine is a microbially associated metabolite protecting from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling. Desaminotyrosine is a microbially associated metabolite protecting from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling.

Dehydroepiandrosterone

C19H28O2 (288.2089)

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to, and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate- DEHAS) before secretion. DHEAS is the sulfated version of DHEA; - this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEAS with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEAS/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEAS. [HMDB]. Dehydroepiandrosterone is found in many foods, some of which are summer grape, quinoa, calabash, and chinese chives. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A14 - Anabolic agents for systemic use > A14A - Anabolic steroids > A14AA - Androstan derivatives G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3085 D007155 - Immunologic Factors

4-Aminobenzoic acid

C7H7NO2 (137.0477)

p-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as 4-aminobenzoic acid or PABA, is an organic compound with molecular formula C7H7NO2. PABA is a white crystalline substance that is only slightly soluble in water. It consists of a benzene ring substituted with an amino group and a carboxylic acid. PABA is an essential nutrient for some bacteria and is sometimes called vitamin Bx. However, PABA is not essential for humans and it varies in its activity from other B vitamins. PABA is sometimes marketed as an essential nutrient under the premise that it can stimulate intestinal bacteria. Certain bacteria in the human intestinal tract such as E. coli generate PABA from chorismate. Humans lack the enzymes to convert PABA into folate, and therefore require folate from dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables. Although some intestinal bacteria can synthesize folate from PABA and some E. coli can synthesize folate this requires six enzymatic activities in folate synthesis which are not all done in the same bacteria. PABA used to be a common sunscreen agent until it was found to also be a sensitizer. The potassium salt of PABA is used therapeutically in fibrotic skin disorders. PABA can also be found in Acetobacter (DOI: 10.3181/00379727-52-14147). CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1139; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2913; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2910 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1139; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2878; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2876 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1139; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3022; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3020 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1139; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2902; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2899 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1139; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3034; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3032 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1139; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3039; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3037 D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BA - Protectives against uv-radiation for topical use Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Listed in the EAFUS Food Additive Database (Jan. 2001) but with no reported use KEIO_ID A043 4-Aminobenzoic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria, plants and fungi. 4-Aminobenzoic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria, plants and fungi.

Tetrahydrobiopterin

C9H15N5O3 (241.1175)

Tetrahydrobiopterin (CAS: 17528-72-2), also known as BH4, is an essential cofactor in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and nitric oxide (PMID: 16946131). In fact, it is used by all three human nitric-oxide synthases (NOS) eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS as well as the enzyme glyceryl-ether monooxygenase. It is also essential in the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase; the conversion of tyrosine into L-dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and the conversion of tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan via tryptophan hydroxylase. Specifically, tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor for tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase, all of which are essential for the formation of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Tetrahydrobiopterin has been proposed to be involved in the promotion of neurotransmitter release in the brain and the regulation of human melanogenesis. A defect in BH4 production and/or a defect in the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) causes phenylketonuria type IV, as well as dopa-responsive dystonias. BH4 is also implicated in Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, and depression. Tetrahydrobiopterin is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher animals. On the other hand, most bacteria, fungi and plants do not synthesize tetrahydrobiopterin (Wikipedia). A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AX - Various alimentary tract and metabolism products C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Tetrahydrobiopterin ((Rac)-Sapropterin) is a cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases enzymes and also acts as an essential cofactor for all nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms.

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide

C4H6N4O (126.0542)

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide is an imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases. -- Pubchem. An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases. -- Pubchem [HMDB] KEIO_ID A136 5-Amino-3H-imidazole-4-Carboxamide (AICA) is an important precursor for the synthesis of purines in general and of the nucleobases adenine and guanine in particular.

5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid

C20H25N7O6 (459.1866)

5 methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) is the most biologically active form of the B-vitamin known as folic acid, also known generically as folate. 5-MTHF functions, in concert with vitamin B12, as a methyl-group donor involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. Methyl (CH3) group donation is vital to many bodily processes, including serotonin, melatonin, and DNA synthesis. Therapeutically, 5-MTHF is instrumental in reducing homocysteine levels, preventing neural tube defects, and improving vascular endothelial function. Research on folate supplementation suggests it plays a key role in preventing cervical dysplasia and protecting against neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Folic acid also shows promise as part of a nutritional protocol to treat vitiligo, and may reduce inflammation of the gingiva. Furthermore, certain neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric presentations may be secondary to folate deficiency. Such presentations include depression, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, dementia, forgetfulness, irritability, endogenous depression, organic psychosis, and schizophrenia-like syndromes. After ingestion, the process of conversion of folic acid to the metabolically active coenzyme forms is relatively complex. Synthesis of the active forms of folic acid requires several enzymes, adequate liver and intestinal function, and adequate supplies of riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), zinc, vitamin C, and serine. After formation of the coenzyme forms of the vitamin in the liver, these metabolically active compounds are secreted into the small intestine with bile (the folate enterohepatic cycle), where they are reabsorbed and distributed to tissues throughout the body. Human pharmacokinetic studies indicate folic acid has high bioavailability, with large oral doses of folic acid substantially raising plasma levels in healthy subjects in a time and dose dependent manner. Red blood cells (RBCs) appear to be the storage depot for folic acid, as RBC levels remain elevated for periods in excess of 40 days following discontinuation of supplementation. Folic acid is poorly transported to the brain and rapidly cleared from the central nervous system. The primary methods of elimination of absorbed folic acid are fecal (through bile) and urinary. Despite the biochemical complexity of this process, evidence suggests oral supplementation with folic acid increases the bodys pool of 5-MTHF in healthy individuals. However, enzyme defects, mal-absorption, digestive system pathology, and liver disease can result in impaired ability to activate folic acid. In fact, some individuals have a severe congenital deficiency of the enzyme Methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase (5-MTHFR), which is needed to convert folic acid to 5-MTHF. Milder forms of this enzyme defect likely interact with dietary folate status to determine risk for some disease conditions. In individuals with a genetic defect of this enzyme (whether mild or severe), supplementation with 5- MTHF might be preferable to folic acid supplementation. (PMID: 17176169). 5 methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) is the most biologically active form of the B-vitamin folic acid, also known generically as folate. 5-MTHF functions, in concert with vitamin B12, as a methyl-group donor involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. Methyl (CH3) group donation is vital to many bodily processes, including serotonin, melatonin, and DNA synthesis. Therapeutically, 5-MTHF is instrumental in reducing homocysteine levels, preventing neural tube defects, and improving vascular endothelial function. Research on folate supplementation suggests it plays a key role in preventing cervical dysplasia and protecting against neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Folic acid also shows promise as part of a nutritional protocol to treat vitiligo, and may reduce inflammation of the gingiva. Furthermore, certain neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric presentations may be secondary to folate deficiency. Such presentations include depression, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, dementia, forgetfulness, irritability, endogenous depression, organic psychosis, and schizophrenia-like syndromes. After ingestion, the process of conversion of folic acid to the metabolically active coenzyme forms is relatively complex. Synthesis of the active forms of folic acid requires several enzymes, adequate liver and intestinal function, and adequate supplies of riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), zinc, vitamin C, and serine. After formation of the coenzyme forms of the vitamin in the liver, these metabolically active compounds are secreted into the small intestine with bile (the folate enterohepatic cycle), where they are reabsorbed and distributed to tissues throughout the body. Human pharmacokinetic studies indicate folic acid has high bioavailability, with large oral doses of folic acid substantially raising plasma levels in healthy subjects in a time and dose dependent manner. Red blood cells (RBCs) appear to be the storage depot for folic acid, as RBC levels remain elevated for periods in excess of 40 days following discontinuation of supplementation. Folic acid is poorly transported to the brain and rapidly cleared from the central nervous system. The primary methods of elimination of absorbed folic acid are fecal (through bile) and urinary. Despite the biochemical complexity of this process, evidence suggests oral supplementation with folic acid increases the bodys pool of 5-MTHF in healthy individuals. However, enzyme defects, mal-absorption, digestive system pathology, and liver disease can result in impaired ability to activate folic acid. In fact, some individuals have a severe congenital deficiency of the enzyme Methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase (5-MTHFR), which is needed to convert folic acid to 5-MTHF. Milder forms of this enzyme defect likely interact with dietary folate status to determine risk for some disease conditions. In individuals with a genetic defect of this enzyme (whether mild or severe), supplementation with 5- MTHF might be preferable to folic acid supplementation. (PMID: 17176169) [HMDB] 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-Methyl THF) is a biologically active form of folic acid. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is a methylated derivate of tetrahydrofolate. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is the predominant natural dietary folate and the principal form of folate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid[1]. Levomefolic acid (5-MTHF) is an orally active, brain-penetrant natural active form of folic acid and is one of the most widely used folic acid food supplements[1][2].

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

C5H13O14P3 (389.9518)

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, also known as PRPP or PRib-PP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine monophosphate through its interaction with the enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. In addition, guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine monophosphate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. In humans, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is involved in adenosine deaminase deficiency. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is a pentosephosphate and it is the key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. It is formed from ribose 5-phosphate by the enzyme ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase. It plays a role in transferring phosphate groups in several reactions. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is a pentosephosphate. The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID P023 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

d-Threo biopterin

C9H11N5O3 (237.0862)

6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.

2-Amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-7,8-dihydro-3H-pteridin-4-one

C9H13N5O4 (255.0967)

7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].

AICA-riboside

C9H14N4O5 (258.0964)

AICA-riboside, also known as acadesine or AICAR, is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may have applications in treating other disorders such as diabetes. AICA-riboside is an adenosine regulating agent developed by PeriCor Therapeutics and licensed to Schering-Plough in 2007 for phase III studies. The drug is a potential first-in-class agent for prevention of reperfusion injury in CABG surgery. Schering began patient enrollment in phase III studies in May, 2009. The trial was terminated in late 2010 based on an interim futility analysis (Wikipedia). AICA-riboside is a minor constituent found in human milk (PMID: 7702711). C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents

N-Acetylserotonin

C12H14N2O2 (218.1055)

N-Acetylserotonin (NAS), also known as normelatonin, is a naturally occurring chemical precursor and intermediate in the endogenous production of melatonin from serotonin. It also has biological activity in its own right, including acting as a melatonin receptor agonist, an agonist of the TrkB, and having antioxidant effects. N-Acetylserotonin is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of melatonin and indoleamine in the pineal gland of mammalians. Serotonin-N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), which regulates the rate of melatonin biosynthesis in the pineal gland, catalyzes the acetylation of 5HT to N-acetylserotonin (NAS). A methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine is transferred to NAS by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), and finally NAS is converted to 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, or melatonin. In most mammalian species the content of NAS (and melatonin) in the pineal gland shows clear circadian changes with the highest level occurring during the dark period. This elevation of the contents of NAS (and melatonin) in the dark period is due to the increase of SNAT activity and the elevation of SNAT gene expression. Experimental studies show that N-acetylserotonin possess free radical scavenging activity. Acute administration of irreversible and reversible selective MAO-A inhibitors and high doses (or chronic administration of low doses) of relatively selective MAO-B inhibitors (but not of highly selective MAO-B inhibitors) suppressed MAO-A activity and stimulated N-acetylation of pineal serotonin into N-acetylserotonin, the immediate precursor of melatonin. N-acetylserotonin increase after MAO-A inhibitors might mediate their antidepressive and antihypertensive effects. N-Acetylserotonin is the product of the O-demethylation of melatonin mediated by cytochrome P-450 isoforms: Cytochrome p450, subfamily IIc, polypeptide 19 (CYP2C19, a clinically important enzyme that metabolizes a wide variety of drugs), with a minor contribution from Cytochrome p450, subfamily I, polypeptide (2CYP1A2, involved in O-deethylation of phenacetin). (PMID 15616152, 11103901, 10721079, 10591054). N-Acetylserotonin acts as a potent antioxidant, NAS effectiveness as an anti-oxidant has been found to be different depending on the experimental model used, it has been described as being between 5 and 20 times more effect than melatonin at protecting against oxidant damage. NAS has been shown to protect against lipid peroxidation in microsomes and mitochondria. NAS has also been reported to lower resting levels of ROS in peripheral blood lymphocytes and to exhibit anti-oxidant effects against t-butylated hydroperoxide- and diamide-induced ROS. N-acetyl serotonin, also known as N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine or N-(2-(5-hydroxy-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide, is a member of the class of compounds known as hydroxyindoles. Hydroxyindoles are organic compounds containing an indole moiety that carries a hydroxyl group. N-acetyl serotonin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-acetyl serotonin can be found in a number of food items such as tronchuda cabbage, winter savory, rambutan, and poppy, which makes N-acetyl serotonin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-acetyl serotonin can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human kidney and liver tissues. In humans, N-acetyl serotonin is involved in the tryptophan metabolism. Moreover, N-acetyl serotonin is found to be associated with schizophrenia. N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine is a Melatonin precursor, and that it can potently activate TrkB receptor.

Deoxyadenosine triphosphate

C10H16N5O12P3 (491.0008)

Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) is a purine nucleoside triphosphate used in cells for DNA synthesis. A nucleoside triphosphate is a molecule type that contains a nucleoside with three phosphates bound to it. dATP contains the sugar deoxyribose, a precursor to DNA synthesis whereby the two existing phosphate groups are cleaved with the remaining deoxyadenosine monophosphate being incorporated into DNA during replication. Due to its enzymatic incorporation into DNA, photoreactive dATP analogs such as N6-[4-azidobenzoyl–(2-aminoethyl)]-2′-deoxyadenosine-5′-triphosphate (AB-dATP) and N6-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-diazirin-3-yl]benzoyl-(2-aminoethyl)]-2′-deoxyadenosine-5′-triphosphate (DB-dATP) have been used for DNA photoaffinity labeling. When present in sufficiently high levels, dATP can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of deoxyadenosine triphosphate are associated with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism. ADA deficiency damages the immune system and causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). People with SCID lack virtually all immune protection from bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They are prone to repeated and persistent infections that can be very serious or life-threatening. These infections are often caused by "opportunistic" organisms that ordinarily do not cause illness in people with a normal immune system. The main symptoms of ADA deficiency are pneumonia, chronic diarrhea, and widespread skin rashes. The mechanism by which dATP functions as an immunotoxin is as follows: a buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. Animals obtain their energy by oxidation of foods, plants do so by trapping the sunlight using chlorophyll. However, before the energy can be used, it is first transformed into a form which the organism can handle easily. This special carrier of energy is the molecule adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar molecule, [[ribose] (the same sugar that forms the basis of DNA). Attached to one side of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base is adenine. The other side of the sugar is attached to a string of phosphate groups. These phosphates are the key to the activity of ATP. ATP consists of a base, in this case adenine (red), a ribose (magenta) and a phosphate chain (blue). ATP works by losing the endmost phosphate group when instructed to do so by an enzyme. This reaction releases a lot of energy, which the organism can then use to build proteins, contact muscles, etc. [HMDB]. dATP is found in many foods, some of which are pepper (c. chinense), squashberry, safflower, and brussel sprouts. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

D-Alanyl-D-alanine

C6H12N2O3 (160.0848)

The ATP-dependent carboxylate-amine/thiol ligase superfamily is known to contain enzymes catalyzing the formation of various types of peptide, one of which is d-alanyl-d-alanine.(PMID: 16030213). The glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin acts by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the cell wall precursor lipid II in the cytoplasmic membrane.(PMID: 17418637). D-alanine-D-alanine ligase from Thermotoga maritima ATCC 43589 (TmDdl) was a useful biocatalyst for synthesizing D-amino acid dipeptides.D-Alanine-D-alanine ligase (Ddl) catalyzes the biosynthesis of an essential bacterial peptidoglycan precursor D-alanyl-D-alanine and it represents an important target for development of new antibacterial drugs. (PMID: 17267218). D-Alanyl-D-alanine is a microbial metabolite. Alanyl-alanine, also known as ala-ala or A-a dipeptide, is a member of the class of compounds known as dipeptides. Dipeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Alanyl-alanine is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Alanyl-alanine can be found in chives, which makes alanyl-alanine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Alanyl-alanine can be found primarily in feces. Alanyl-alanine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D-Ala-D-Ala constitutes the terminus of the peptide part of the peptidoglycan monomer unit and is involved in the transpeptidation reaction as the substrate. D-Ala-D-Ala is catalyzed by D-Alanine-D-Alanine ligase. D-Ala-D-Ala is a bacterial endogenous metabolite[1][2].

dCTP

C9H16N3O13P3 (466.9896)

Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is a cytidine nucleotide triphosphate that is used whenever DNA is synthesized, such as in the polymerase chain reaction. e.g.: [HMDB]. dCTP is found in many foods, some of which are canola, cloud ear fungus, sesbania flower, and butternut. Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is a cytidine nucleotide triphosphate that is used whenever DNA is synthesized, such as in the polymerase chain reaction. e.g.:.

Dihydrofolic acid

C19H21N7O6 (443.1553)

Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division. It can be targeted with drug analogs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis. Dihydrofolic acid is also known by the name Dihydrofolate - more commonly Vitamin B9. [HMDB] Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division. It can be targeted with drug analogs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis. Dihydrofolic acid is also known by the name Dihydrofolate - more commonly Vitamin B9. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid.

Dihydroorotic acid

C5H6N2O4 (158.0328)

4,5-Dihydroorotic acid, also known as dihydroorotate or hydroorotate is a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that results from the base-catalysed cyclisation of N-alpha-carbethoxyasparagine. It is classified as a secondary amide, a monocarboxylic acid, a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid and a N-acylurea. 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is a derivative of orotic acid which serves as an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis. 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is synthesized by the enzyme known as Dihydroorotase (EC 3.5.2.3) which converts carbamoyl aspartic acid into 4,5-dihydroorotic acid as part of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway (PMID: 13163076). 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is also a substrate for the enzyme known as dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). In mammalian species, DHODH catalyzes the fourth step in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, which involves the ubiquinone-mediated oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate and the reduction of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to dihydroflavin mononucleotide (FMNH2). Inhibition of DHODH activity with teriflunomide (an immunomodulatory drug) or expression with RNA interference results in reduced ROS generation and consequent apoptosis of transformed skin and prostate epithelial cells. Mutations in the DHOD gene have been shown to cause Miller syndrome, also known as Genee-Wiedemann syndrome, Wildervanck-Smith syndrome or post-axial acrofacial dystosis (PMID: 19915526). 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is a substrate of the enzyme orotate reductase [EC 1.3.1.14], which is part of the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. (KEGG) Dihydroorotate is oxidized by Dihydroorotate dehydrogenases (DHODs) to orotate. These dehydrogenases use their FMN (flavin mononucleotide) prosthetic group to abstract a hydride equivalent from C6 to deprotonate C5 [HMDB] L-Dihydroorotic acid can reversibly hydrolyze to yield the acyclic L-ureidosuccinic acid by dihydrowhey enzyme[1].

Homocysteine

C4H9NO2S (135.0354)

A high level of blood serum homocysteine is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, one study which attempted to decrease the risk by lowering homocysteine was not fruitful. This study was conducted on nearly 5000 Norwegian heart attack survivors who already had severe, late-stage heart disease. No study has yet been conducted in a preventive capacity on subjects who are in a relatively good state of health.; Elevated levels of homocysteine have been linked to increased fractures in elderly persons. The high level of homocysteine will auto-oxidize and react with reactive oxygen intermediates and damage endothelial cells and has a higher risk to form a thrombus. Homocysteine does not affect bone density. Instead, it appears that homocysteine affects collagen by interfering with the cross-linking between the collagen fibers and the tissues they reinforce. Whereas the HOPE-2 trial showed a reduction in stroke incidence, in those with stroke there is a high rate of hip fractures in the affected side. A trial with 2 homocysteine-lowering vitamins (folate and B12) in people with prior stroke, there was an 80\\\\\\% reduction in fractures, mainly hip, after 2 years. Interestingly, also here, bone density (and the number of falls) were identical in the vitamin and the placebo groups.; Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Although its concentration in plasma is only about 10 micromolar (uM), even moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimers disease. Elevations in plasma homocysteine are commonly found as a result of vitamin deficiencies, polymorphisms of enzymes of methionine metabolism, and renal disease. Pyridoxal, folic acid, riboflavin, and Vitamin B(12) are all required for methionine metabolism, and deficiency of each of these vitamins result in elevated plasma homocysteine. A polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T), which is quite common in most populations with a homozygosity rate of 10-15 \\\\\\%, is associated with moderate hyperhomocysteinemia, especially in the context of marginal folate intake. Plasma homocysteine is inversely related to plasma creatinine in patients with renal disease. This is due to an impairment in homocysteine removal in renal disease. The role of these factors, and of modifiable lifestyle factors, in affecting methionine metabolism and in determining plasma homocysteine levels is discussed. Homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor modifiable by nutrition and possibly exercise. Homocysteine was first identified as an important biological compound in 1932 and linked with human disease in 1962 when elevated urinary homocysteine levels were found in children with mental retardation. This condition, called homocysteinuria, was later associated with premature occlusive CVD, even in children. These observations led to research investigating the relationship of elevated homocysteine levels and CVD in a wide variety of populations including middle age and elderly men and women with and without traditional risk factors for CVD. (PMID 17136938, 15630149); Homocysteine is an amino acid with the formula HSCH2CH2CH(NH2)CO2H. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene (-CH2-) group. It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal C? methyl group. Homocysteine can be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of B-vitamins.; Studies reported in 2006 have shown that giving vitamins [folic acid, B6 and B12] to reduce homocysteine levels may not quickly offer benefit, however a significant 25\\\\\\% reduction in stroke was found in the HOPE-2 study even in patients mostly with existing serious arterial decline although the overall death rate was not significantly changed by the intervention in the trial. Clearly, reducing homocysteine does not quickly repair existing... Homocysteine (CAS: 454-29-5) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Although its concentration in plasma is only about 10 micromolar (uM), even moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimers disease. Elevations in plasma homocysteine are commonly found as a result of vitamin deficiencies, polymorphisms of enzymes of methionine metabolism, and renal disease. It has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Pyridoxal, folic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin B(12) are all required for methionine metabolism, and deficiency of each of these vitamins result in elevated plasma homocysteine. A polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T), which is quite common in most populations with a homozygosity rate of 10-15 \\\\\\%, is associated with moderate hyperhomocysteinemia, especially in the context of marginal folate intake. Plasma homocysteine is inversely related to plasma creatinine in patients with renal disease. This is due to an impairment in homocysteine removal in renal disease. The role of these factors, and of modifiable lifestyle factors, in affecting methionine metabolism and in determining plasma homocysteine levels is discussed. Homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor modifiable by nutrition and possibly exercise. Homocysteine was first identified as an important biological compound in 1932 and linked with human disease in 1962 when elevated urinary homocysteine levels were found in children with mental retardation. This condition, called homocystinuria, was later associated with premature occlusive CVD, even in children. These observations led to research investigating the relationship of elevated homocysteine levels and CVD in a wide variety of populations including middle age and elderly men and women with and without traditional risk factors for CVD (PMID: 17136938 , 15630149). Moreover, homocysteine is found to be associated with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, cystathioninuria, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency, and sulfite oxidase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. [Spectral] L-Homocysteine (exact mass = 135.0354) and L-Valine (exact mass = 117.07898) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Homocysteine is biosynthesized naturally via a multi-step process.[9] First, methionine receives an adenosine group from ATP, a reaction catalyzed by S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase, to give S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e). SAM-e then transfers the methyl group to an acceptor molecule, (e.g., norepinephrine as an acceptor during epinephrine synthesis, DNA methyltransferase as an intermediate acceptor in the process of DNA methylation). The adenosine is then hydrolyzed to yield L-homocysteine. L-Homocysteine has two primary fates: conversion via tetrahydrofolate (THF) back into L-methionine or conversion to L-cysteine.[10] Biosynthesis of cysteine Mammals biosynthesize the amino acid cysteine via homocysteine. Cystathionine β-synthase catalyses the condensation of homocysteine and serine to give cystathionine. This reaction uses pyridoxine (vitamin B6) as a cofactor. Cystathionine γ-lyase then converts this double amino acid to cysteine, ammonia, and α-ketobutyrate. Bacteria and plants rely on a different pathway to produce cysteine, relying on O-acetylserine.[11] Methionine salvage Homocysteine can be recycled into methionine. This process uses N5-methyl tetrahydrofolate as the methyl donor and cobalamin (vitamin B12)-related enzymes. More detail on these enzymes can be found in the article for methionine synthase. Other reactions of biochemical significance Homocysteine can cyclize to give homocysteine thiolactone, a five-membered heterocycle. Because of this "self-looping" reaction, homocysteine-containing peptides tend to cleave themselves by reactions generating oxidative stress.[12] Homocysteine also acts as an allosteric antagonist at Dopamine D2 receptors.[13] It has been proposed that both homocysteine and its thiolactone may have played a significant role in the appearance of life on the early Earth.[14] L-Homocysteine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=454-28-4 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 6027-13-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Homocysteine is a weak neurotoxin, and can affect the production of kynurenic acid in the brain. DL-Homocysteine is a weak neurotoxin, and can affect the production of kynurenic acid in the brain. L-Homocysteine, a homocysteine metabolite, is a homocysteine that has L configuration. L-Homocysteine induces upregulation of cathepsin V that mediates vascular endothelial inflammation in hyperhomocysteinaemia[1][2].

Hypoxanthine

C5H4N4O (136.0385)

Hypoxanthine, also known as purine-6-ol or Hyp, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purines. Purines are a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Hypoxanthine is also classified as an oxopurine, Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Hypoxanthine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as radish (var.), mountain yams, welsh onions, greenthread tea, and common beets. Hypoxanthine is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids, where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. Biologically, hypoxanthine can be formed a number of ways. For instance, it is one of the products of the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine. However, more frequently xanthine is formed from oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase. The enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase converts hypoxanthine into IMP in the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine is also a spontaneous deamination product of adenine. Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid. In this process, hypoxanthine is first oxidized to xanthine, which is further oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Molecular oxygen, the oxidant in both reactions, is reduced to H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species. In humans, uric acid is the final product of purine degradation and is excreted in the urine. Within humans, hypoxanthine participates in a number of other enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from inosine through its interaction with the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Hypoxanthine is also involved in the metabolic disorder called the purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a disorder of the immune system (primary immunodeficiency) characterized by recurrent infections, neurologic symptoms, and autoimmune disorders. PNP deficiency causes a shortage of white blood cells, called T-cells, that help fight infection. Affected individuals develop neurologic symptoms, such as stiff or rigid muscles (spasticity), uncoordinated movements (ataxia), developmental delay, and intellectual disability. PNP deficiency is associated with an increased risk to develop autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune neutropenia, thyroiditis, and lupus. [Spectral] Hypoxanthine (exact mass = 136.03851) and Adenine (exact mass = 135.0545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Occurs widely in plant and animal tissue (CCD). Hypoxanthine is found in many foods, some of which are japanese chestnut, parsnip, okra, and horned melon. Hypoxanthine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=68-94-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 68-94-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.

L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 (155.0695)

Histidine (His), also known as L-histidine, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Histidine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Histidine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, positively charged or basic amino acid. Histidine is a unique amino acid with an imidazole functional group. The acid-base properties of the imidazole side chain are relevant to the catalytic mechanism of many enzymes such as proteases. In catalytic triads, the basic nitrogen of histidine abstracts a proton from serine, threonine, or cysteine to activate it as a nucleophile. In a histidine proton shuttle, histidine is used to quickly shuttle protons. It can do this by abstracting a proton with its basic nitrogen to make a positively charged intermediate and then use another molecule to extract the proton from its acidic nitrogen. Histidine forms complexes with many metal ions. The imidazole sidechain of the histidine residue commonly serves as a ligand in metalloproteins. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans and other mammals. It was initially thought that it was only essential for infants, but longer-term studies established that it is also essential for adults. Infants four to six months old require 33 mg/kg of histidine. It is not clear how adults make small amounts of histidine, and dietary sources probably account for most of the histidine in the body. Histidine is a precursor for histamine and carnosine biosynthesis. Inborn errors of histidine metabolism, including histidinemia, maple syrup urine disease, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I, exist and are marked by increased histidine levels in the blood. Elevated blood histidine is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, from mental and physical retardation to poor intellectual functioning, emotional instability, tremor, ataxia and psychosis. Histidine and other imidazole compounds have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory properties (PMID: 9605177 ). The efficacy of L-histidine in protecting inflamed tissue is attributed to the capacity of the imidazole ring to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cells during acute inflammatory response (PMID: 9605177 ). Histidine, when administered in therapeutic quantities is able to inhibit cytokines and growth factors involved in cell and tissue damage (US patent 6150392). Histidine in medical therapies has its most promising trials in rheumatoid arthritis where up to 4.5 g daily have been used effectively in severely affected patients. Arthritis patients have been found to have low serum histidine levels, apparently because of very rapid removal of histidine from their blood (PMID: 1079527 ). Other patients besides arthritis patients that have been found to be low in serum histidine are those with chronic renal failure. Urinary levels of histidine are reduced in pediatric patients with pneumonia (PMID: 2084459 ). Asthma patients exhibit increased serum levels of histidine over normal controls (PMID: 23517038 ). Serum histidine levels are lower and are negatively associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women (PMID: 23361591 ). Histidine supplementation has been shown to reduce insulin resistance, reduce BMI and fat mass and suppress inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women with metabolic syndrome. Histidine appears to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, possibly via the NF-κB pathway, in adipocytes (PMID: 23361591 ). Low plasma concentrations of histidine are associated with protein-energy... [Spectral] L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) and L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) and L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) and L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement, nutrient L-Histidine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=71-00-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 71-00-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.

L-Histidinol

C6H11N3O (141.0902)

L-Histidinol, a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, enhances the toxicity of a variety of anticancer drugs for many tumour cells of animal origin (PMID:8297120). L-Histidinol inhibits human myristoyl-CoA:protein-myristoyltransferase (hNMT), an essential eukaryotic enzyme that catalyzes the cotranslational transfer of myristate into the NH2-terminal glycine residue of a number of important proteins of diverse function (PMID:9778369). L-Histidinol, a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, enhances the toxicity of a variety of anticancer drugs for many tumor cells of animal origin. (PMID 8297120)

L-Homoserine

C4H9NO3 (119.0582)

L-homoserine, also known as 2-amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid or isothreonine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-homoserine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-homoserine can be found in common pea, which makes L-homoserine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. L-homoserine can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. L-homoserine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-homoserine is involved in the methionine metabolism. L-homoserine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include glycine n-methyltransferase deficiency, hypermethioninemia, cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency (MTHFRD). Homoserine (also called isothreonine) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2OH. L-Homoserine is not one of the common amino acids encoded by DNA. It differs from the proteinogenic amino acid serine by insertion of an additional -CH2- unit into the backbone. Homoserine, or its lactone form, is the product of a cyanogen bromide cleavage of a peptide by degradation of methionine . Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite. L-Homoserine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=672-15-1 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 672-15-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Homoserine is a non - protein amino acid, which is an important biosynthetic intermediate of threonine, methionine and lysine. L-Homoserine is a non - protein amino acid, which is an important biosynthetic intermediate of threonine, methionine and lysine.

L-Serine

C3H7NO3 (105.0426)

Serine (Ser) or L-serine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-serine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Serine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans, serine is a nonessential amino acid that can be easily derived from glycine. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. Like all the amino acid building blocks of protein and peptides, serine can become essential under certain conditions, and is thus important in maintaining health and preventing disease. L-Serine may be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake; biosynthesis from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate; from glycine; and by protein and phospholipid degradation. Little data is available on the relative contributions of each of these four sources of l-serine to serine homoeostasis. It is very likely that the predominant source of l-serine will be very different in different tissues and during different stages of human development. In the biosynthetic pathway, the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into phosphohydroxypyruvate, in a reaction catalyzed by 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3- PGDH; EC 1.1.1.95). Phosphohydroxypyruvate is metabolized to phosphoserine by phosphohydroxypyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.52) and, finally, phosphoserine is converted into l-serine by phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP; EC 3.1.3.3). In liver tissue, the serine biosynthetic pathway is regulated in response to dietary and hormonal changes. Of the three synthetic enzymes, the properties of 3-PGDH and PSP are the best documented. Hormonal factors such as glucagon and corticosteroids also influence 3-PGDH and PSP activities in interactions dependent upon the diet. L-serine is the predominant source of one-carbon groups for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and deoxythymidine monophosphate. It has long been recognized that, in cell cultures, L-serine is a conditional essential amino acid, because it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet the cellular demands for its utilization. In recent years, L-serine and the products of its metabolism have been recognized not only to be essential for cell proliferation, but also to be necessary for specific functions in the central nervous system. The findings of altered levels of serine and glycine in patients with psychiatric disorders and the severe neurological abnormalities in patients with defects of L-serine synthesis underscore the importance of L-serine in brain development and function. (PMID 12534373). [Spectral] L-Serine (exact mass = 105.04259) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) and 4-Aminobutanoate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dietary supplement. L-Serine is found in many foods, some of which are cold cut, mammee apple, coho salmon, and carrot. L-Serine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-45-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-45-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.

L-Methionine

C5H11NO2S (149.051)

Methionine (Met), also known as L-methionine, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Methionine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Methionine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. Methionine is an essential amino acid (there are 9 essential amino acids), meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. It is required for normal growth and development of humans, other mammals, and avian species. In addition to being a substrate for protein synthesis, methionine is an intermediate in transmethylation reactions, serving as the major methyl group donor in vivo, including the methyl groups for DNA and RNA intermediates. Methionine is a methyl acceptor for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthase), the only reaction that allows for the recycling of this form of folate, and is also a methyl acceptor for the catabolism of betaine. Methionine is the metabolic precursor for cysteine. Only the sulfur atom from methionine is transferred to cysteine; the carbon skeleton of cysteine is donated by serine (PMID: 16702340 ). There is a general consensus concerning normal sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirements. WHO recommendations amount to 13 mg/kg per 24 h in healthy adults. This amount is roughly doubled in artificial nutrition regimens. In disease or after trauma, requirements may be altered for methionine, cysteine, and taurine. Although in specific cases of congenital enzyme deficiency, prematurity, or diminished liver function, hypermethioninemia or hyperhomocysteinemia may occur, SAA supplementation can be considered safe in amounts exceeding 2-3 times the minimum recommended daily intake. Apart from some very specific indications (e.g. acetaminophen poisoning) the usefulness of SAA supplementation is not yet established (PMID: 16702341 ). Methionine is known to exacerbate psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenic patients, but there is no evidence of similar effects in healthy subjects. The role of methionine as a precursor of homocysteine is the most notable cause for concern. Acute doses of methionine can lead to acute increases in plasma homocysteine, which can be used as an index of the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. Sufficiently high doses of methionine can actually result in death. Longer-term studies in adults have indicated no adverse consequences of moderate fluctuations in dietary methionine intake, but intakes higher than 5 times the normal amount resulted in elevated homocysteine levels. These effects of methionine on homocysteine and vascular function are moderated by supplements of vitamins B-6, B-12, C, and folic acid (PMID: 16702346 ). When present in sufficiently high levels, methionine can act as an atherogen and a metabotoxin. An atherogen is a compound that when present at chronically high levels causes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of methionine are associated with at least ten inborn errors of metabolism, including cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency, homocystinuria, tyrosinemia, galactosemia, homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defects in cobalamin metabolism, methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency, and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency. Chronically elevated levels of methionine in infants can lead to intellectual disability and othe... [Spectral] L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) and Tyramine (exact mass = 137.08406) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. l-Methionine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=63-68-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 63-68-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant. L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant.

Muramic acid

C9H17NO7 (251.1005)

Muramic acid is an amino sugar acid. In terms of chemical composition, it is the ether of lactic acid and glucosamine. It occurs naturally as N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, whose primary function is a structural component of many typical bacterial cell walls. Muramic acid, also known as muramate or murexide, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group. Muramic acid is an amino sugar acid. It occurs naturally as N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, whose primary function is a structural component of many typical bacterial cell walls. In terms of chemical composition, it is the ether of lactic acid and glucosamine. Muramic acid is a marker of bacterial peptidoglycan, in environmental and clinical specimens. (PMID: 10778926) [HMDB] Muramic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1114-41-6 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 1114-41-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

6-Methyladenine

C6H7N5 (149.0701)

6-Methyladenine is a methylated adenine residue. The formation of internal 6-methyladenine (m6A) residues in eucaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) is a postsynthetic modification in which S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) serves as the methyl donor. 6-Methyladenine residues have also been localized to heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA), and for the most part these residues are conserved during mRNA processing. Although the biological significance of internal adenine methylation in eucaryotic mRNA remains unclear, a great deal of research has indicated that this modification may be required for mRNA transport to the cytoplasm, the selection of splice sites or other RNA processing reactions. The presence of m6A residues increases the in vitro translation efficiency of dihydrofolate reductase; an inhibition of m6A residues in dihydrofolate reductase transcripts significantly alters their rate of translation. m6A is found in many human fluids: oviductal fluid, blood plasma and urine. (PMID: 1551452, 8925412, 10481270, 16083005, 16684535, 3506820, 3728186) [HMDB] 6-Methyladenine is a methylated adenine residue. The formation of internal 6-methyladenine (m6A) residues in eucaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) is a postsynthetic modification in which S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) serves as the methyl donor. 6-Methyladenine residues have also been localized to heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA), and for the most part these residues are conserved during mRNA processing. Although the biological significance of internal adenine methylation in eucaryotic mRNA remains unclear, a great deal of research has indicated that this modification may be required for mRNA transport to the cytoplasm, the selection of splice sites or other RNA processing reactions. The presence of m6A residues increases the in vitro translation efficiency of dihydrofolate reductase; an inhibition of m6A residues in dihydrofolate reductase transcripts significantly alters their rate of translation. m6A is found in many human fluids: oviductal fluid, blood plasma and urine (PMID:1551452, 8925412, 10481270, 16083005, 16684535, 3506820, 3728186). D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators KEIO_ID M072

L-Ornithine

C5H12N2O2 (132.0899)

Ornithine, also known as (S)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid or ornithine, (L)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Ornithine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ornithine can be found in a number of food items such as pine nut, lingonberry, turnip, and cassava, which makes ornithine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ornithine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Ornithine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ornithine is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include arginine and proline metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, spermidine and spermine biosynthesis, and urea cycle. Ornithine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency), prolidase deficiency (PD), citrullinemia type I, and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (AGAT deficiency). Moreover, ornithine is found to be associated with cystinuria, alzheimers disease, leukemia, and uremia. Ornithine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Ornithine is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. it has been claimed that ornithine improves athletic performance, has anabolic effects, has wound-healing effects, and is immuno-enhancing. Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The radical is ornithyl . L-Ornithine is metabolised to L-arginine. L-arginine stimulates the pituitary release of growth hormone. Burns or other injuries affect the state of L-arginine in tissues throughout the body. As De novo synthesis of L-arginine during these conditions is usually not sufficient for normal immune function, nor for normal protein synthesis, L-ornithine may have immunomodulatory and wound-healing activities under these conditions (by virtue of its metabolism to L-arginine) (DrugBank). Chronically high levels of ornithine are associated with at least 9 inborn errors of metabolism including: Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Deficiency, Hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Hyperprolinemia Type II, Lysinuric Protein Intolerance, Ornithine Aminotransferase Deficiency, Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency and Prolinemia Type II (T3DB). Ornithine or L-ornithine, also known as (S)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-ornithine is soluble (in water) and a moderately basic compound. Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. It is considered to be a non-essential amino acid. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. L-Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea. Therefore, ornithine is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen. Outside the human body, L-ornithine is abundant in a number of food items such as wild rice, brazil nuts, common oregano, and common grapes. L-ornithine can be found throughout most human tissues; and in most biofluids, some of which include blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sweat, saliva, and feces. L-ornithine exists in all living species, from bacteria to plants to humans. L-Ornithine is also a precursor of citrulline and arginine. In order for ornithine that is produced in the cytosol to be converted to citrulline, it must first cross the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix where it is carbamylated by the enzyme known as ornithine transcarbamylase. This transfer is mediated by the mitochondrial ornithine transporter (SLC25A15; AF112968; ORNT1). Mutations in the mitochondrial ornithine transporter result in hyperammonemia, hyperornithinemia, homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, a disorder of the urea cycle (PMID: 16256388). The pathophysiology of the disease may involve diminished ornithine transport into mitochondria, resulting in ornithine accumulation in the cytoplasm and reduced ability to clear carbamoyl phosphate and ammonia loads (OMIM 838970). In humans, L-ornithine is involved in a number of other metabolic disorders, some of which include, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency), argininemia, and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT deficiency). Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Moreover, Ornithine is found to be associated with cystinuria, hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I, and lysinuric protein intolerance, which are inborn errors of metabolism. It has been claimed that ornithine improves athletic performance, has anabolic effects, has wound-healing effects, and is immuno-enhancing. L-Ornithine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=70-26-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 70-26-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2]. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2].

Orotic acid

C5H4N2O4 (156.0171)

Orotic acid is classified as a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid. That is it is a uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. It is also classified as a pyrimidinedione and a carboxylic acid. Orotic acid is a minor dietary constituent. Indeed, until it was realized that it could be synthesized by humans, orotic acid was known as vitamin B-13. The richest dietary sources of orotic acid are cows milk and other dairy products as well as root vegetables such as carrots and beets. Dietary intake probably contributes to a basal rate of orotic acid excretion in urine because fasting decreases excretion by ~50\\\\%. However, it is now apparent that most urinary orotic acid is synthesized in the body, where it arises as an intermediate in the pathway for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Orotic acid is converted to UMP by UMP synthase, a multifunctional protein with both orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase activity. The most frequently observed inborn error of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is a mutation of the multifunctional protein UMP synthase (UMP synthase deficiency or orotic aciduria). This disorder prevents the conversion of orotic acid to UMP, and thus to other pyrimidines. As a result, plasma orotic acid accumulates to high concentrations, and increased quantities appear in the urine. Indeed, urinary orotic acid is so markedly increased in individuals harboring a mutation in UMP synthase that orotic acid crystals can form in the urine. The urinary concentration of orotic acid in individuals suffering from orotic aciduria can be of the order of millimoles of orotic acid per millimole creatinine. By comparison, the urinary level in unaffected individuals is ~ 1 ¬umol/mmol creatinine (PMID: 17513443). Orotic aciduria is characterized by megaloblastic anemia and orotic acid crystalluria that is frequently associated with some degree of physical and mental retardation. These features respond to appropriate pyrimidine replacement therapy and most cases appear to have a good prognosis. When present in sufficiently high levels, orotic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of orotic acid are associated with at least seven inborn errors of metabolism, including argininemia, LPI syndrome (lysinuric protein intolerance), hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH), OTC deficiency, citrullinemia type I, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, and orotic aciduria. Orotic acid is broadly classified as an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. Orotic acid, also known as orotate or orotsaeure, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidinecarboxylic acids. Pyrimidinecarboxylic acids are pyrimidines with a structure containing a carboxyl group attached to the pyrimidine ring. Orotic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Orotic acid can be synthesized from uracil. Orotic acid can also be synthesized into dihydroorotic acid. Orotic acid can be found in a number of food items such as okra, atlantic herring, black chokeberry, and prunus (cherry, plum), which makes orotic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Orotic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including saliva, amniotic fluid, blood, and urine, as well as in human liver and pancreas tissues. Orotic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, orotic acid is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism. Orotic acid is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Moreover, orotic acid is found to be associated with hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria, orotic aciduria I, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, and n-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency. Orotic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. The compound is manufactured in the body via a mitochondrial enzyme, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase or a cytoplasmic enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis pathway. It is sometimes used as a mineral carrier in some dietary supplements (to increase their bioavailability), most commonly for lithium orotate . Chronically high levels of orotic acid are associated with at least 4 inborn errors of metabolism including: Argininemia, Citrullinemia Type I, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and Orotic Aciduria (T3DB). Orotic acid (6-Carboxyuracil), a precursor in biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and RNA, is released from the mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) for conversion to UMP by the cytoplasmic UMP synthase enzyme. Orotic acid is a marker for measurement in routine newborn screening for urea cycle disorders. Orotic acid can induce hepatic steatosis and hepatomegaly in rats[1][2][3].

Phosphonoacetate

C2H5O5P (139.9875)

Phosphonoacetate, also known as fosfonet or phosphonacetic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organic phosphonic acids. These are organic compounds containing phosphonic acid. Phosphonoacetate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AD - Phosphonic acid derivatives A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent. [HMDB] D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent KEIO_ID P082 Phosphonoacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite. Phosphonoacetic acid also has anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1].

Purine

C5H4N4 (120.0436)

Purine, also known as purine base or 1H-purine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purines and purine derivatives. These are aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a purine moiety, which is formed a pyrimidine-ring ring fused to an imidazole ring. Two of the bases in nucleic acids, adenine and guanine, are purines. Purines from food (or from tissue turnover) are metabolised by several enzymes, including xanthine oxidase, into uric acid. Purine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. High levels of uric acid can predispose to gout when the acid crystalises in joints; this phenomenon only happens in humans and some animal species (e.g. dogs) that lack an intrinsic uricase enzyme that can further degrade uric acid. In humans, purine is involved in thioguanine action pathway. Outside of the human body, purine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cocoa beans. Purine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as rapinis, plains prickly pears, blackcurrants, radish, and parsley. This could make purine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines, including substituted purines and their tautomers, are the most widely distributed kind of nitrogen-containing heterocycle in nature. Purine is found in many foods, some of which are triticale, chickpea, japanese persimmon, and wild carrot. KEIO_ID P049 Purine is an endogenous metabolite. Purine is an endogenous metabolite.

Sepiapterin

C9H11N5O3 (237.0862)

Sepiapterin, also known as 2-amino-6-lactoyl-7,8-dihydropteridin-4(3H)-one, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pterins and derivatives. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a pterin moiety, which consist of a pteridine ring bearing a ketone and an amine group to form 2-aminopteridin-4(3H)-one. Sepiapterin is also classified as a member of the pteridine class of organic chemicals. It is a yellow fluorescing pigment. Sepiapterin is an intermediate in the salvage pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)). More specifically, sepiapterin can be metabolized into tetrahydrobiopterin via the BH(4) salvage pathway. Tetrahydrobiopterin is an essential cofactor in humans for breakdown of phenylalanine and a catalyst of the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan to the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. A deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin can cause toxic buildup of phenylalanine (phenylketonuria) as well as deficiencies of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, leading to dystonia and other neurological illnesses. Sepiapterin accumulates in the brain of patients with sepiapterin reductase (SR) deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism. Sepiapterin reductase deficiency is a condition characterized by movement problems, most often a pattern of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions known as dystonia. Other movement problems can include muscle stiffness (spasticity), tremors, problems with coordination and balance (ataxia), and involuntary jerking movements (chorea). People with sepiapterin reductase deficiency can experience episodes called oculogyric crises. These episodes involve abnormal rotation of the eyeballs; extreme irritability and agitation; and pain, muscle spasms, and uncontrolled movements, especially of the head and neck. Movement abnormalities are often worse late in the day. Most affected individuals have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and crawling, and they typically are not able to walk unassisted. The problems with movement tend to worsen over time. Within humans, sepiapterin participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, sepiapterin can be converted into 7,8-dihydroneopterin; which is mediated by the enzyme sepiapterin reductase. In addition, sepiapterin can be converted into 7,8-dihydroneopterin through its interaction with the enzyme carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1. Sepiapterin is an intermediate in the salvage pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)). It is a yellow fluorescing pigment. Sepiapterin accumulates in the brain of patients with sepiapterin reductase (SR) deficiency. [HMDB] C307 - Biological Agent

Sulfadoxine

C12H14N4O4S (310.0736)

Sulfadoxine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections. [PubChem]Sulfadoxine is a sulfa drug, often used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat malaria. This medicine may also be used to prevent malaria in people who are living in, or will be traveling to, an area where there is a chance of getting malaria. Sulfadoxine targets Plasmodium dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase. Sulfa drugs or Sulfonamides are antimetabolites. They compete with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for incorporation into folic acid. The action of sulfonamides exploits the difference between mammal cells and other kinds of cells in their folic acid metabolism. All cells require folic acid for growth. Folic acid (as a vitamin) diffuses or is transported into human cells. However, folic acid cannot cross bacterial (and certain protozoan) cell walls by diffusion or active transport. For this reason bacteria must synthesize folic acid from p-aminobenzoic acid. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1010

Thymine

C5H6N2O2 (126.0429)

Thymine, also known as 5-methyluracil, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxypyrimidines. These are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to a pyrimidine ring. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Thymine was first isolated in 1893 by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann from calves thymus glands, hence its name. Thymine is one of the 4 nuelcoebases found in DNA and is essential to all life. Thymine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Thymine combined with deoxyribose creates the nucleoside deoxythymidine (also called thymidine) which when phosphorylated to dTDP can be incorporated into DNA via DNA polymerases. Thymidine can be phosphorylated with up to three phosphoric acid groups, producing dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate) dTDP and/or dTTP. In RNA thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. In DNA, thymine binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. Within humans, thymine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, thymine and deoxyribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from thymidine through its interaction with the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. In addition, thymine can be converted into dihydrothymine; which is mediated by the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]. One of the pyrimidine bases of living matter. Derivation: Hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid, from methylcyanoacetylurea by catalytic reduction. Use: Biochemical research. (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary) Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus KEIO_ID T015 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM. Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM. Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM.

Fluconazole

C13H12F2N6O (306.1041)

Fluconazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [PubChem]Fluconazole interacts with 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary to convert lanosterol to ergosterol. As ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of its synthesis results in increased cellular permeability causing leakage of cellular contents. Fluconazole may also inhibit endogenous respiration, interact with membrane phospholipids, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms, inhibit purine uptake, and impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J02 - Antimycotics for systemic use > J02A - Antimycotics for systemic use > J02AC - Triazole and tetrazole derivatives D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01A - Antifungals for topical use > D01AC - Imidazole and triazole derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D065088 - Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065689 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065688 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065088 - Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors > D058888 - 14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Furazolidone

C8H7N3O5 (225.0386)

Furazolidone is a nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone has been shown to exhibit antibiotic and anti-microbial functions (PMID 1476092, 6651278). Furazolidone is also used as a poultry food additive. It is marketed by Roberts Laboratories under the brand name Furoxone and by GlaxoSmithKline as Dependal-M. Furoxone has a broad antibacterial spectrum covering the majority of gastrointestinal tract pathogens including E. coli, staphylococci, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Aerobacter aerogenes, Vibrio cholerae and Giardia lamblia. Its bactericidal activity is based upon its interference with DNA replication and protein production. Furazolidone binds bacterial DNA which leads to the gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). Furazolidone and its related free radical products are believed to bind DNA and induce cross-links. Bacterial DNA is particularly susceptible to this drug leading to high levels of mutations (transitions and transversions) in the bacterial chromosome. Furazolidone belongs to the family of Nitrofurans. These are compounds containing a furan ring which bears a nitro group. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D023303 - Oxazolidinones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent Poultry food additive

Ampicillin

C16H19N3O4S (349.1096)

Ampicillin is found in common pea. It is also a potential contaminant of cows milk arising from its veterinary use. Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic. It has been used extensively to treat bacterial infections since 1961. It is considered part of the aminopenicillin family and is roughly equivalent to amoxicillin in terms of spectrum and level of activity J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic KEIO_ID A197

Dihydrobiopterin

C9H13N5O3 (239.1018)

Dihydrobiopterin, also known as BH2, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin, L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin, quinonoid dihydrobiopterin or q-BH2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. Dihydrobiopterin is also classified as a pteridine. Pteridines are aromatic compounds composed of fused pyrimidine and pyrazine rings. Dihydrobiopterin is produced during the synthesis of neurotransmitters L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is restored to the required cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin via the NADPH-dependant reduction of dihydrobiopterin reductase. Dihydrobiopterin can also be converted to tetrahydrobiopterin by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which is catalyzed by the flavoprotein "diaphorase" activity of NOS. This activity is located on the reductase (C-terminal) domain of NOS, whereas the high affinity tetrahydrobiopterin site involved in NOS activation is located on the oxygenase (N-terminal) domain (PMID: 8626754). Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) is another enzyme that plays a role in the production of dihydrobiopterin. SPR catalyzes the reduction of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the precursor for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is a cofactor critical for nitric oxide biosynthesis and alkylglycerol and aromatic amino acid metabolism (PMID: 25550200). Dihydrobiopterin is known to be synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. Dihydrobiopterin exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, dihydrobiopterin is involved in several metabolic disorders including dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency. DHPR deficiency is a severe form of hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) due to impaired regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) leading to decreased levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin) and folate in cerebrospinal fluid, and causing neurological symptoms such as psychomotor delay, hypotonia, seizures, abnormal movements, hypersalivation, and swallowing difficulties. Dihydrobiopterin is also associated with another metabolic disorder known as sepiapterin reductase deficiency (SRD). Sepiapterin reductase catalyzes the (NADP-dependent) reduction of carbonyl derivatives, including pteridines, and plays an important role in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Low dihydrofolate reductase activity in the brain leads to the accumulation of dihydrobiopterin, which in turn, inhibits tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases. This uncouples neuronal nitric oxide synthase, leading to neurotransmitter deficiencies and neuronal cell death. SRD is characterized by low cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter levels and the presence of elevated cerebrospinal fluid dihydrobiopterin. SRD is characterized by motor delay, axial hypotonia, language delay, diurnal fluctuation of symptoms, dystonia, weakness, oculogyric crises, dysarthria, parkinsonian signs and hyperreflexia. Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is a natural occurring cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase and is involved in the synthesis of tyrosine and the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is also essential for nitric oxide synthase catalyzed oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide. [HMDB] 7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin.

Sulfamethoxazole

C10H11N3O3S (253.0521)

Sulfamethoxazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)Sulfonamides inhibit the enzymatic conversion of pteridine and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to dihydropteroic acid by competing with PABA for binding to dihydrofolate synthetase, an intermediate of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) synthesis. THF is required for the synthesis of purines and dTMP and inhibition of its synthesis inhibits bacterial growth. Pyrimethamine and trimethoprim inhibit dihydrofolate reductase, another step in THF synthesis, and therefore act synergistically with the sulfonamides. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 298 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1018 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Ciprofloxacin

C17H18FN3O3 (331.1332)

Ciprofloxacin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.The bactericidal action of ciprofloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, strand supercoiling repair, and recombination. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065609 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AE - Fluoroquinolones D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 276 KEIO_ID C133; [MS3] KO008906 KEIO_ID C133; [MS2] KO008905 KEIO_ID C133 Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity[1][2][3][4]. Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity[1][2][3][4].

Clindamycin

C18H33ClN2O5S (424.1799)

Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic that has largely replaced lincomycin due to an improved side effect profile. Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits. It may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration. Clindamycin, also known as cleocin or 7-CDL, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Clindamycin is a drug. Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic that has largely replaced lincomycin due to an improved side effect profile. Clindamycin is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, clindamycin is involved in clindamycin action pathway. Orally and parenterally administered clindamycin has been associated with severe colitis (pseudomembranous colitis) which may result in patient death. Use of the topical formulation of clindamycin results in absorption of the antibiotic from the skin surface. Clindamycin is a potentially toxic compound. Rapidly absorbed after oral administration with peak serum concentrations observed after about 45 minutes. Oral; topical; parenteral (intramuscular, intravenous). Systemic/vaginal clindamycin inhibits protein synthesis of bacteria by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits of the bacteria. Clindamycin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=18323-44-9 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 18323-44-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Norfloxacin

C16H18FN3O3 (319.1332)

Norfloxacin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone (fluoroquinolones) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase. [PubChem]The bactericidal action of Norfloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias. The fluorine atom at the 6 position increases potency against gram-negative organisms, and the piperazine moiety at the 7 position is responsible for anti-pseudomonal activity J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065609 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AE - Fluoroquinolones D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 232 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1032

Antipyrine

C11H12N2O (188.095)

An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29) N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02B - Other analgesics and antipyretics > N02BB - Pyrazolones S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02D - Other otologicals > S02DA - Analgesics and anesthetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents

Roxithromycin

C41H76N2O15 (836.5245)

Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is very similar in composition, chemical structure and mechanism of action to erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin. Roxithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Roxithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Roxithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophila. It can treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01F - Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins > J01FA - Macrolides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C261 - Macrolide Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S (250.0524)

Sulfadiazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the short-acting sulfonamides used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [PubChem]Sulfadiazine is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. This enzyme is needed for the proper processing of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is essential for folic acid synthesis. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides Antibacterial agent. It is used in some countries for control of bacterial disease in farmed fish. Not approved for aquacultural use in the USA D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 179 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1011

Sulfamethazine

C12H14N4O2S (278.0837)

Sulfamethazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides. [PubChem]Sulfonamides inhibit the enzymatic conversion of pteridine and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to dihydropteroic acid by competing with PABA for binding to dihydrofolate synthetase, an intermediate of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) synthesis. THF is required for the synthesis of purines and dTMP and inhibition of its synthesis inhibits bacterial growth. Pyrimethamine and trimethoprim inhibit dihydrofolate reductase, another step in THF synthesis, and therefore act synergistically with the sulfonamides. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides Widely-used, short acting sulfonamide. Potential food contaminant in animal products arising from its veterinary use C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1008

Sulfathiazole

C9H9N3O2S2 (255.0136)

Sulfathiazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.It is a short-acting sulfa drug. It used to be a common oral and topical antimicrobial until less toxic alternatives were discovered. It is still occasionally used, sometimes in combination with sulfabenzamide and sulfacetamide. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2323; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2321 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2327; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2325 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7417; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7415 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2326; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2324 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2315; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2312 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7355; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7354 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7401; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7397 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7346; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7344 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2323; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2320 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2314; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2312 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7406; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7404 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7390; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7388 D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013432 - Sulfathiazoles D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 185 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2360 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1023 KEIO_ID S079; [MS2] KO009251 KEIO_ID S079

Trimethoprim

C14H18N4O3 (290.1379)

A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to pyrimethamine. The interference with folic acid metabolism may cause a depression of hematopoiesis. It is potentiated by sulfonamides and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. Trimethoprim resistance has been reported. [PubChem] Trimethoprim. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=738-70-5 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 738-70-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Floxuridine

C9H11FN2O5 (246.0652)

An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection. Floxuridine is available as a sterile, nonpyrogenic, lyophilized powder for reconstitution. When administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. [PubChem] L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BC - Pyrimidine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Floxuridine (5-Fluorouracil 2'-deoxyriboside) is a?pyrimidine?analog?and known as an?oncology antimetabolite. Floxuridine inhibits Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase and induces DNA damage by activating the ATM and ATR checkpoint signaling pathways in vitro. Floxuridine is a extreamly potent inhibitor for S. aureus infection and induces cell apoptosis[1][2]. Floxuridine has antiviral effects against HSV and CMV[3].

Thymidine 5'-triphosphate

C10H17N2O14P3 (481.9893)

Thymidine-5-triphosphate, also known as ttp or deoxythymidine 5-triphosphoric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are pyrimidine nucleotides with a triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety lacking a hydroxyl group at position 2. Thymidine-5-triphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Thymidine-5-triphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as kohlrabi, garden tomato (variety), cardoon, and star anise, which makes thymidine-5-triphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Thymidine-5-triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, thymidine-5-triphosphate is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism. Thymidine-5-triphosphate is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) is one of the four nucleoside triphosphates that are used in the in vivo synthesis of DNA. Unlike the other deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, thymidine triphosphate does not always contain the "deoxy" prefix in its name. The corresponding ribonucleoside triphosphate is called uridine triphosphate. Thymidine 5-triphosphate, also known as TTP or DTHD5ppp, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. These are pyrimidine nucleotides with a triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety lacking a hydroxyl group at position 2. Thymidine 5-triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, Thymidine 5-triphosphate has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as elliotts blueberries, mamey sapotes, sesames, alliums, and sweet oranges.

2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt

C9H13N2O8P (308.041)

Deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), also known as deoxyuridylic acid or deoxyuridylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a deoxynucleotide. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates. These are pyrimidine nucleotides with a monophosphate group linked to the ribose moiety lacking a hydroxyl group at position 2. dUMP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, dUMP participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, dUMP can be biosynthesized from dCMP through its interaction with the enzyme deoxycytidylate deaminase. In addition, dUMP can be biosynthesized from deoxyuridine; which is mediated by the enzyme thymidine kinase, cytosolic. In humans, dUMP is involved in pyrimidine metabolism. A pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside 5-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase. Outside of the human body, dUMP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as breadnut tree seeds, sea-buckthornberries, sour cherries, black walnuts, and common oregano. dUMP is formed by the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides by ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase [EC 1.17.4.1]. dUMP by the action of by thymidylate synthetase [EC 2.1.1.45] produces dTMP (5,10-Methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate is a cofactor for the reaction). The nuclear form of uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG2), that its major role is to remove misincorporated dUMP residues (cells deficient in removal of misincorporated dUMP accumulate uracil residues). (PMID 11554311) [HMDB]. dUMP is found in many foods, some of which are ginger, evergreen huckleberry, vanilla, and common walnut. dUMP. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=964-26-1 (retrieved 2024-07-15) (CAS RN: 964-26-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Isoniazid

C6H7N3O (137.0589)

Isoniazid (also called isonicotinyl hydrazine or INH; sold as Laniazid, Nydrazid) is an organic compound that is the first-line antituberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. First discovered in 1912 as an inhibitor of the MAO enzyme, it was first used as an antidepressant, but discontinued due to side effects. In 1951, it was later discovered that isoniazid was effective against TB. Isoniazid is never used on its own to treat active tuberculosis because resistance quickly develops.; Isoniazid is a bactericidal agent active against organisms of the genus Mycobacterium, specifically M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. kansasii. It is a highly specific agent, ineffective against other microorganisms. Isoniazid is bactericidal to rapidly-dividing mycobacteria, but is bacteriostatic if the mycobacterium is slow-growing.; Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by bacterial catalase. It is activated by catalase-peroxidase enzyme KatG which couples the isonicotinic acyl with NADH to form isonicotinic acyl-NADH complex. This complex binds tightly to ketoenoylreductase known as InhA, thereby blocking the natural enoyl-AcpM substrate and the action of fatty acid synthase. This process inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid required for the mycobacterial cell wall. A range of radicals are produced by KatG activation of Isoniazid, including nitric oxide, that has also been shown to be important in the action of another antimycobacterial prodrug PA824. [HMDB] Isoniazid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [PubChem]Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by bacterial catalase. Specficially, activation is associated with reduction of the mycobacterial ferric KatG catalase-peroxidase by hydrazine and reaction with oxygen to form an oxyferrous enzyme complex. Once activated, isoniazid inhibits the synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. At therapeutic levels isoniazid is bacteriocidal against actively growing intracellular and extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. Specifically isoniazid inhibits InhA, the enoyl reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by forming a covalent adduct with the NAD cofactor. It is the INH-NAD adduct that acts as a slow, tight-binding competitive inhibitor of InhA. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis > J04AC - Hydrazides D000963 - Antimetabolites > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D054872 - Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites KEIO_ID I066

PUROMYCIN

C22H29N7O5 (471.223)

An aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents KEIO_ID P075; [MS2] KO009213 KEIO_ID P075

L-Cysteine

C3H7NO2S (121.0197)

Cysteine (Cys), also known as L-cysteine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-alanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Cysteine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar, sulfur-containing amino acid. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine can occasionally be considered as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid. Cysteine is unique amongst the twenty natural amino acids as it contains a thiol group. Thiol groups can undergo oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions; when cysteine is oxidized it can form cystine, which is two cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bond. This reaction is reversible since the reduction of this disulphide bond regenerates two cysteine molecules. The disulphide bonds of cystine are crucial to defining the structures of many proteins. Cysteine is often involved in electron-transfer reactions, and help the enzyme catalyze its reaction. Cysteine is also part of the antioxidant glutathione. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a form of cysteine where an acetyl group is attached to cysteines nitrogen atom and is sold as a dietary supplement. Cysteine is named after cystine, which comes from the Greek word kustis meaning bladder (cystine was first isolated from kidney stones). Oxidation of cysteine can produce a disulfide bond with another thiol and further oxidation can produce sulphfinic or sulfonic acids. The cysteine thiol group is also a nucleophile and can undergo addition and substitution reactions. Thiol groups become much more reactive when they are ionized, and cysteine residues in proteins have pKa values close to neutrality, so they are often in their reactive thiolate form in the cell. The thiol group also has a high affinity for heavy metals and proteins containing cysteine will bind metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium tightly. Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is important in energy metabolism. As cystine, it is a structural component of many tissues and hormones. Cysteine has clinical uses ranging from treating baldness to psoriasis to preventing smokers hack. In some cases, oral cysteine therapy has proved excellent for treatment of asthmatics, enabling them to stop theophylline and other medications. Cysteine also enhances the effect of topically applied silver, tin, and zinc salts in preventing dental cavities. In the future, cysteine may play a role in the treatment of cobalt toxicity, diabetes, psychosis, cancer, and seizures (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). Cysteine has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). [Spectral] L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) and Creatine (exact mass = 131.06948) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Detoxicant, dietary supplement, dough strengthener, yeast nutrient for leavened bakery products. Flavouring agent. Enzymic browning inhibitor. L-Cysteine is found in many foods, some of which are bilberry, mugwort, cowpea, and sweet bay. L-(+)-Cysteine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=52-90-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 52-90-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1]. L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1].

Methylmalonic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

Methylmalonic acid is a malonic acid derivative, which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. In particular, the coenzyme A-linked form of methylmalonic acid, methylmalonyl-CoA, is converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in a reaction that requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor. In this way, methylmalonic acid enters the Krebs cycle and is thus part of one of the anaplerotic reactions. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This inborn error of metabolism is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. Methylmalonic acid is also found to be associated with other inborn errors of metabolism, including cobalamin deficiency, cobalamin malabsorption, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and transcobalamin II deficiency. When present in sufficiently high levels, methylmalonic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of methylmalonic acid are associated with at least 5 inborn errors of metabolism, including Malonyl CoA decarboxylase deficiency, Malonic Aciduria, Methylmalonate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Methylmalonic Aciduria and Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related Disorders. Methylmalonic acid is an organic acid and abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. [HMDB] KEIO_ID M014 Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer. Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer.

Orotidylic acid

C10H13N2O11P (368.0257)

Orotidylic acid, also known as 5-(dihydrogen phosphate)orotidine or omp, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates. Pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates are pyrimidine ribobucleotides with monophosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Orotidylic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Orotidylic acid can be found in a number of food items such as coriander, summer savory, oriental wheat, and sourdough, which makes orotidylic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Orotidylic acid can be found primarily in prostate Tissue, as well as in human prostate tissue. Orotidylic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, orotidylic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include glycine and serine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism. Orotidylic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency (DHPD), 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, and non ketotic hyperglycinemia. Moreover, orotidylic acid is found to be associated with prostate cancer. Orotidylic acid (OMP), is a pyrimidine nucleotide which is the last intermediate in the biosynthesis of uridine monophosphate. Decarboxylation by Orotidylate decarboxylase affords Uridine 5-phosphate which is the route to Uridine and its derivatives de novo and consequently one of the most important processes in nucleic acid synthesis (Dictionary of Organic Compounds). In humans, the enzyme UMP synthase converts OMP into uridine 5- monophosphate. If UMP synthase is defective, orotic aciduria can result. (Wikipedia). KEIO_ID O015; [MS2] KO009132 KEIO_ID O015

Aminosalicylic Acid

C7H7NO3 (153.0426)

Aminosalicylic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitubercular agent often administered in association with isoniazid. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid. [PubChem]There are two mechanisms responsible for aminosalicylic acids bacteriostatic action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Firstly, aminosalicylic acid inhibits folic acid synthesis (without potentiation with antifolic compounds). The binding of para-aminobenzoic acid to pteridine synthetase acts as the first step in folic acid synthesis. Aminosalicylic acid binds pteridine synthetase with greater affinity than para-aminobenzoic acid, effectively inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid. As bacteria are unable to use external sources of folic acid, cell growth and multiplication slows. Secondly, aminosalicylic acid may inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall component, mycobactin, thus reducing iron uptake by M. tuberculosis. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis > J04AA - Aminosalicylic acid and derivatives D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank KEIO_ID A129 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Dapsone

C12H12N2O2S (248.0619)

A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium leprae. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the sulfonamides which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with pyrimethamine in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 857; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5725; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5723 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 857; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5706; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5704 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 857; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5675; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5671 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 857; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5709; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5707 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 857; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5694; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5692 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 857; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5720; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5718 J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04B - Drugs for treatment of lepra > J04BA - Drugs for treatment of lepra D - Dermatologicals > D10 - Anti-acne preparations > D10A - Anti-acne preparations for topical use D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007917 - Leprostatic Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C849 - Sulfone Anti-Infective Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3644 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024 KEIO_ID A220; [MS2] KO008829 KEIO_ID A220 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

dTDP

C10H16N2O11P2 (402.0229)

Is an intermediate in the Thymidylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.9; ATP:dTMP phosphotransferase) catalyzes the phosphorylation of dTMP (to form dTDP) in the dTTP synthesis pathway for DNA synthesis. (OMIM 188345 ) [HMDB]. dTDP is found in many foods, some of which are bog bilberry, poppy, garden tomato, and chanterelle. Is an intermediate in the Thymidylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.9; ATP:dTMP phosphotransferase) catalyzes the phosphorylation of dTMP (to form dTDP) in the dTTP synthesis pathway for DNA synthesis. (OMIM 188345 ) Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

C21H30N7O17P3 (745.0911)

NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+, and NADP+ is the oxidized form of NADPH. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled with a pyrophosphate linkage to 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. NADP serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage (Dorland, 27th ed). This extra phosphate is added by the enzyme NAD+ kinase and removed via NADP+ phosphatase. NADP is also known as TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide) and it is an important cofactor used in anabolic reactions in all forms of cellular life. Examples include the Calvin cycle, cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid elongation, and nucleic acid synthesis (Wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) [HMDB]. NADPH is found in many foods, some of which are american pokeweed, rice, ginseng, and ostrich fern. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Chloramphenicol

C11H12Cl2N2O5 (322.0123)

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106) G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AA - Antibiotics D - Dermatologicals > D10 - Anti-acne preparations > D10A - Anti-acne preparations for topical use > D10AF - Antiinfectives for treatment of acne D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01B - Amphenicols > J01BA - Amphenicols S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3070 C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor KEIO_ID C057; [MS3] KO008919 KEIO_ID C057; [MS2] KO008918 KEIO_ID C057

Nalidixic Acid

C12H12N2O3 (232.0848)

Nalidixic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA gyrase. [PubChem]Evidence exists for Nalidixic acid that its active metabolite, hydroxynalidixic acid, binds strongly, but reversibly, to DNA, interfering with synthesis of RNA and, consequently, with protein synthesis. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 840; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3554; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3553 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 840; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7969; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7967 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 840; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3567; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3565 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 840; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8010; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8008 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 840; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7993; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7988 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 840; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7958; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7956 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 840; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8025; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8023 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 840; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8010; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8009 J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C255 - Urinary Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents KEIO_ID N067; [MS2] KO009130 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID N067 Nalidixic acid, a quinolone antibiotic, is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nalidixic acid acts in a bacteriostatic manner in lower concentrations and is bactericidal in higher concentrations. Nalidixic acid inhibits a subunit of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and reversibly blocks DNA replication in susceptible bacteria[1]. Nalidixic acid, a quinolone antibiotic, is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nalidixic acid acts in a bacteriostatic manner in lower concentrations and is bactericidal in higher concentrations. Nalidixic acid inhibits a subunit of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and reversibly blocks DNA replication in susceptible bacteria[1].

SULFALLATE

C8H14ClNS2 (223.0256)

5-Fluorouridine

C9H11FN2O6 (262.0601)

5-Fluorouridine is a metabolite of fluorouracil. Fluorouracil (5-FU or f5U) (sold under the brand names Adrucil, Carac, Efudix, Efudex and Fluoroplex) is a drug that is a pyrimidine analog which is used in the treatment of cancer. It is a suicide inhibitor and works through irreversible inhibition of thymidylate synthase. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. It is typically administered with leucovorin. (Wikipedia) 5-Fluorouridine, a metabolite of 5-fluorouracil (HY-90006), is a potent ribozyme self-cleavage inhibitor. 5-Fluorouridine incorporates into both total and poly A RNA and has antiproliferative activity. 5-Fluorouridine induces apoptosis[1][2][3].

Sulfanilamide

C6H8N2O2S (172.0306)

Sulfanilamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a molecule containing the sulfonamide functional group attached to an aniline. [Wikipedia]Sulfanilamide is a competitive inhibitor of bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. This enzyme normally uses para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for synthesizing the necessary folic acid. The inhibited reaction is normally necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. Without it, bacteria cannot replicate. D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1022 KEIO_ID S016

Albendazole

C12H15N3O2S (265.0885)

Albendazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to mebendazole that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)Albendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. The loss of the cytoplasmic microtubules leads to impaired uptake of glucose by the larval and adult stages of the susceptible parasites, and depletes their glycogen stores. Degenerative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria of the germinal layer, and the subsequent release of lysosomes result in decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy required for the survival of the helminth. Due to diminished energy production, the parasite is immobilized and eventually dies. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P02 - Anthelmintics > P02C - Antinematodal agents > P02CA - Benzimidazole derivatives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3580 KEIO_ID A082; [MS3] KO008867 KEIO_ID A082; [MS2] KO008866 KEIO_ID A082 Albendazole (SKF-62979) is an orally active and broad-spectrum parasiticide with high effectiveness and low host toxicity, is used for the research of gastrointestinal parasites in humans and animals. Albendazole induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Albendazole also inhibits tubulin polymerization and HIF-1α, VEGF expression, has antioxidant activity, and inhibits the glycolytic process in cancer cells[1][2][3][4][5].

Thioguanine

C5H5N5S (167.0266)

Thioguanine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia. [PubChem]Thioguanine competes with hypoxanthine and guanine for the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) and is itself converted to 6-thioguanilyic acid (TGMP), which reaches high intracellular concentrations at therapeutic doses. TGMP interferes with the synthesis of guanine nucleotides by its inhibition of purine biosynthesis by pseudofeedback inhibition of glutamine-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase, the first enzyme unique to the de novo pathway of purine ribonucleotide synthesis. TGMP also inhibits the conversion of inosinic acid (IMP) to xanthylic acid (XMP) by competition for the enzyme IMP dehydrogenase. Thioguanine nucleotides are incorporated into both the DNA and the RNA by phosphodiester linkages, and some studies have shown that incorporation of such false bases contributes to the cytotoxicity of thioguanine. Its tumor inhibitory properties may be due to one or more of its effects on feedback inhibition of de novo purine synthesis; inhibition of purine nucleotide interconversions; or incorporation into the DNA and RNA. The overall result of its action is a sequential blockade of the utilization and synthesis of the purine nucleotides. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1594; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1590 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1575; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1574 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1573; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1568 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1582; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1581 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1583; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1581 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1576; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1575 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 855; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 852 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 853; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 850 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 852; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 850 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 872; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 869 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 865; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 862 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 640; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 863; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 861 L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BB - Purine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2254 - Amidophosphoribosyltransferase Inhibitor D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents 6-Thioguanine (Thioguanine; 2-Amino-6-purinethiol) is an anti-leukemia and immunosuppressant agent, acts as an inhibitor of SARS and MERS coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLpros) and also potently inhibits USP2 activity, with IC50s of 25 μM and 40 μM for Plpros and recombinant human USP2, respectively.

Amodiaquine

C20H22ClN3O (355.1451)

Amodiaquine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a 4-aminoquinoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties. [PubChem]The mechanism of plasmodicidal action of amodiaquine is not completely certain. Like other quinoline derivatives, it is thought to inhibit heme polymerase activity. This results in accumulation of free heme, which is toxic to the parasites. The drug binds the free heme preventing the parasite from converting it to a form less toxic. This drug-heme complex is toxic and disrupts membrane function. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BA - Aminoquinolines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent

Amoxicillin

C16H19N3O5S (365.1045)

Amoxicillin (International Nonproprietary Name), or amoxycillin (British Approved Name), is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, -lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is a broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration (PubChem). Amoxicillin is active against a wide range of Gram-positive and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms. It is susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria, and so may be given with clavulanic acid to increase its susceptibility. The incidence of beta-lactamase-producing resistant organisms, including E. coli, appears to be increasing. Amoxicillin binds to penicillin-binding protein 1A (PBP-1A) located inside the bacterial cell wall. Penicillins acylate the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain by opening the lactam ring. This inactivation of the enzyme prevents the formation of a cross-link of two linear peptidoglycan strands, inhibiting the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that amoxicillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Amoxicillin is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral administration, than other -lactam antibiotics. Amoxicillin in trihydrate form is available as capsules, chewable and dispersible tablets, syrup and pediatric suspension for oral use, and as the sodium salt for intravenous administration. It is one of the most common antibiotics prescribed for children, and the liquid forms are helpful in cases where the patient might find it difficult to take tablets or capsules. It has three ionizable groups. Amoxicillin as a once-daily dosing form (Moxatag) was approved by the American FDA in January 2008. Amoxicillin is one of the semi-synthetic penicillins discovered by Beecham scientists. The patent for amoxicillin has expired, thus amoxicillin is marketed under many trade names, including Actimoxi, Alphamox, AMK, Amoksibos, Amoxiclav Sandoz, Amoxidal, Amoxil, Amoxin, Amoksiklav, Amoxibiotic, Amoxicilina, Apo-Amoxi, Augmentin, Bactox, Betalaktam, Cilamox, Curam, Dedoxil, Dispermox, Duomox, E-Mox (250mg and 500 mg), Enhancin, Gimalxina, Geramox, Hiconcil, Isimoxin, Klavox, Lamoxy, Moxatag, Moxilen, Moxypen, Moxyvit, Nobactam, Novamoxin, Ospamox, Panklav, Pamoxicillin, Panamox, Polymox, Samthongcillin, Clamoxyl, Senox, Sinacilin, Trimox, Tolodina, Wymox, Yucla, Zerrsox, and Zimox. Amoxicillin is found in milk and milk products. It is a potential contaminant in cows milk arising from its veterinary use. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Ticarcillin

C15H16N2O6S2 (384.045)

Ticarcillin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to carbenicillin in action.Ticarcillins antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis when the bacteria tries to divide, causing death. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Tetracycline

C22H24N2O8 (444.1533)

Tetracycline is a broad spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria. It exerts a bacteriostatic effect on bacteria by binding reversible to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking incoming aminoacyl tRNA from binding to the ribosome acceptor site. It also binds to some extent to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and may alter the cytoplasmic membrane causing intracellular components to leak from bacterial cells. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations > A01AB - Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use > D06AA - Tetracycline and derivatives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01A - Tetracyclines > J01AA - Tetracyclines S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C1595 - Tetracycline Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic (-)-Tetracycline. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=60-54-8 (retrieved 2024-09-27) (CAS RN: 60-54-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Sulfisoxazole

C11H13N3O3S (267.0678)

Sulfisoxazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms. [PubChem]Sulfisoxazole is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. It inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by preventing the condensation of the pteridine with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a substrate of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3072; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3068 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6520; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6519 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3077; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3073 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6493; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6491 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6549; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6547 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3096; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3094 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3126; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3125 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6542; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6539 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6522; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6521 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6555; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6553 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3083; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3080 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 636; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3067; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3065 J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AB - Sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1013 Sulfisoxazole (Sulfafurazole) is an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 0.60 μM and 22 μM against endothelin receptor A and endothelin receptor B, respectively. Sulfisoxazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial agent with an oxazole substituent. Sulfisoxazole inhibits breast cancer exosome release by targeting endothelin receptor A[1][2].

Kanamycin

C18H36N4O11 (484.238)

Kanamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [PubChem]Aminoglycosides like kanamycin "irreversibly" bind to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA. Specifically Kanamycin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Linezolid

C16H20FN3O4 (337.1438)

Linezolid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic antibiotic, the first of the oxazolidinone class, used for the treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria including streptococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Linezolid is a synthetic antibacterial agent of the oxazolidinone class of antibiotics. It has in vitro activity against aerobic Gram positive bacteria, certain Gram negative bacteria and anaerobic microorganisms. It selectively inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding to sites on the bacterial ribosome and prevents the formation of a functional 70S-initiation complex. Specifically, linezolid binds to a site on the bacterial 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit and prevents the formation of a functional 70S initiation complex, which is an essential component of the bacterial translation process. The results of time-kill studies have shown linezolid to be bacteriostatic against enterococci and staphylococci. For streptococci, linezolid was found to be bactericidal for the majority of strains. Linezolid is also a reversible, nonselective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Therefore, linezolid has the potential for interaction with adrenergic and serotonergic agents. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D023303 - Oxazolidinones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Loxapine

C18H18ClN3O (327.1138)

Loxapine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [PubChem]Loxapine is a dopamine antagonist, and also a serotonin 5-HT2 blocker. The exact mode of action of Loxapine has not been established, however changes in the level of excitability of subcortical inhibitory areas have been observed in several animal species in association with such manifestations of tranquilization as calming effects and suppression of aggressive behavior. N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AH - Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent Loxapine is an orally active dopamine inhibitor, 5-HT receptor antagonist and also a dibenzoxazepine anti-psychotic agent[1][4].

Mefloquine

C17H16F6N2O (378.1167)

Mefloquine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (antimalarials). It is very effective against plasmodium falciparum with very few side effects. [PubChem]Mefloquine has been found to produce swelling of the Plasmodium falciparum food vacuoles. It may act by forming toxic complexes with free heme that damage membranes and interact with other plasmodial components. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BC - Methanolquinolines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials COVID info from clinicaltrials, clinicaltrial Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Quinine

C20H24N2O2 (324.1838)

Quinine is a cinchona alkaloid that is cinchonidine in which the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring is substituted by methoxy. It has a role as an antimalarial, a muscle relaxant and a non-narcotic analgesic. It is a conjugate base of a quinine(1+). It derives from a hydride of an (8S)-cinchonan. An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. Quinine is an Antimalarial. Quinine is a natural cinchona alkaloid that has been used for centuries in the prevention and therapy of malaria. Quinine is also used for idiopathic muscle cramps. Quinine therapy has been associated with rare instances of hypersensitivity reactions which can be accompanied by hepatitis and mild jaundice. Quinine is a natural product found in Cinchona calisaya, Cinchona officinalis, and other organisms with data available. Quinine is a quinidine alkaloid isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree. Quinine has many mechanisms of action, including reduction of oxygen intake and carbohydrate metabolism; disruption of DNA replication and transcription via DNA intercalation; and reduction of the excitability of muscle fibers via alteration of calcium distribution. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents. (NCI04) Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. See also: Quinine Sulfate (active moiety of); Quinine salicylate (active moiety of); Quinine arsenite (active moiety of) ... View More ... Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [PubChem]. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BC - Methanolquinolines A cinchona alkaloid that is cinchonidine in which the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring is substituted by methoxy. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics It is used in tonics and bitter drinks [Raw Data] CB141_Quinine_pos_10eV_CB000051.txt [Raw Data] CB141_Quinine_pos_20eV_CB000051.txt [Raw Data] CB141_Quinine_pos_40eV_CB000051.txt [Raw Data] CB141_Quinine_pos_50eV_CB000051.txt [Raw Data] CB141_Quinine_pos_30eV_CB000051.txt Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, acts as an anti-malaria agent. Quinine is a potassium channel inhibitor that inhibits WT mouse Slo3 (KCa5.1) channel currents evoked by voltage pulses to +100?mV with an IC50 of 169 μM[1][2]. Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, acts as an anti-malaria agent. Quinine is a potassium channel inhibitor that inhibits WT mouse Slo3 (KCa5.1) channel currents evoked by voltage pulses to +100?mV with an IC50 of 169 μM[1][2].

Methotrexate

C20H22N8O5 (454.1713)

Methotrexate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [PubChem]Methotrexate anti-tumor activity is a result of the inhibition of folic acid reductase, leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis and inhibition of cellular replication. The mechanism involved in its activity against rheumatoid arthritis is not known. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BA - Folic acid analogues L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L04 - Immunosuppressants > L04A - Immunosuppressants C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D000019 - Abortifacient Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2730 D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Corona-virus KEIO_ID M048 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Primaquine

C15H21N3O (259.1685)

An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404) P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BA - Aminoquinolines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent CONFIDENCE Parent Substance with Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 1600 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3009

Proguanil

C11H16ClN5 (253.1094)

Proguanil is a prophylactic antimalarial drug, which works by stopping the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, from reproducing once it is in the red blood cells. It does this by inhibiting the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the parasite. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BB - Biguanides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D001645 - Biguanides D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites

Uracil

C4H4N2O2 (112.0273)

Uracil, also known as U, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Uracil is a common naturally occurring pyrimidine found in RNA. It base pairs with adenine and is replaced by thymine in DNA. Uracil is one of the four nucleobases in RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. Methylation of uracil produces thymine. The name "uracil" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900, uracil was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein that was found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. Uracil exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Uracils use in the body is to help carry out the synthesis of many enzymes necessary for cell function through bonding with riboses and phosphates. Uracil serves as an allosteric regulator and a coenzyme for many important biochemical reactions. Uracil (via the nucleoside uridine) can be phosphorylated by various kinases to produce UMP, UDP and UTP. UDP and UTP regulate carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPSase II) activity in animals. Uracil is also involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and in the transport of sugars containing aldehydes. Within humans, uracil participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uracil and ribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine; which is mediated by the enzyme uridine phosphorylase 2. In addition, uracil can be converted into dihydrouracil through the action of the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]. Uracil is rarely found in DNA, and this may have been an evolutionary change to increase genetic stability. This is because cytosine can deaminate spontaneously to produce uracil through hydrolytic deamination. Therefore, if there were an organism that used uracil in its DNA, the deamination of cytosine (which undergoes base pairing with guanine) would lead to formation of uracil (which would base pair with adenine) during DNA synthesis. Uracil can be used for drug delivery and as a pharmaceutical. When elemental fluorine reacts with uracil, it produces 5-fluorouracil. 5-Fluorouracil is an anticancer drug (antimetabolite) that mimics uracil during the nucleic acid (i.e. RNA) synthesis and transcription process. Because 5-fluorouracil is similar in shape to, but does not undergo the same chemistry as, uracil, the drug inhibits RNA replication enzymes, thereby blocking RNA synthesis and stopping the growth of cancerous cells. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. Originally discovered in 1900, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein that was found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. It is a planar, unsaturated compound that has the ability to absorb light. Uracil. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=66-22-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 66-22-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA.

Fluorouracil

C4H3FN2O2 (130.0179)

Fluorouracil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been fully determined, but the main mechanism of fluorouracil is thought to be the binding of the deoxyribonucleotide of the drug (FdUMP) and the folate cofactor, N5–10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, to thymidylate synthase (TS) to form a covalently bound ternary complex. This results in the inhibition of the formation of thymidylate from uracil, which leads to the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and cell death. Fluorouracil can also be incorporated into RNA in place of uridine triphosphate (UTP), producing a fraudulent RNA and interfering with RNA processing and protein synthesis. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BC - Pyrimidine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2021 - Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2566 D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an analogue of uracil and a potent antitumor agent. 5-Fluorouracil affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used as a chemical sensitizer[1][2]. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibits HIV[3].

Cephalexin

C16H17N3O4S (347.094)

Cephalexin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [PubChem]Cephalexin, like the penicillins, is a beta-lactam antibiotic. By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, it inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cephalexin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DB - First-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1046

Cefoperazone

C25H27N9O8S2 (645.1424)

Cefoperazone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections.Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefoperazone binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Primidone

C12H14N2O2 (218.1055)

An antiepileptic agent related to the barbiturates; it is partly metabolized to phenobarbital in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. Adverse effects are reported to be more frequent than with phenobarbital. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p309) N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AA - Barbiturates and derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C67084 - Barbiturate D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 195; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 195 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4095 INTERNAL_ID 4095; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8502 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1516 KEIO_ID P061

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O (165.0651)

7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation and depurination observed in normal human biofluids; however, it has been found significantly higher in the urine of smokers than in nonsmokers. (PMID 16059882). 7-Methylguanine has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). 7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation and depurination observed in normal human biofluids; however, it has been found significantly higher in the urine of smokers than in nonsmokers. (PMID 16059882) [HMDB] KEIO_ID M043

Cyromazine

C6H10N6 (166.0967)

Ectoparasiticide. Insect growth regulator. Specific activity against dipterous larvae. Cyromazine is a fda approved for use in livestoc CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8456 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3021 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2625 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals Cyromazine, the cyclopropyl derivative of melamine, is an insect growth regulator used as an insecticide and acaricide that acts by affecting the nervous system in the larval stages of certain insects.

AICAR

C9H15N4O8P (338.0627)

Aicar, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide, is a member of the class of compounds known as 1-ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. 1-ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides are organic compounds containing the imidazole ring linked to a ribose ring through a 1-2 bond. Aicar is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Aicar can be found in a number of food items such as safflower, greenthread tea, common pea, and wild leek, which makes aicar a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Aicar can be found primarily in saliva, as well as in human skeletal muscle tissue. Aicar exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, aicar is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include azathioprine action pathway, mercaptopurine action pathway, purine metabolism, and thioguanine action pathway. Aicar is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, xanthinuria type II, and gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome. AICAR also known as ZMP is an analog of AMP that is capable of stimulating AMP-dependent protein kinase activity(AMPK). AICAR is an intermediate in the generation of inosine monophosphate. AICAR is being clinically used to treat and protect against cardiac ischemic injury. AICAR can enter cardiac cells to inhibit adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase. It enhances the rate of nucleotide re-synthesis increasing adenosine generation from adenosine monophosphate only during conditions of myocardial ischemia. AICAR increases glucose uptake by inducing translocation of GLUT4 and/or by activating the p38 MAPK pathway. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents Corona-virus KEIO_ID A133 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Pentamidine

C19H24N4O2 (340.1899)

Pentamidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [PubChem]The mode of action of pentamidine is not fully understood. It is thought that the drug interferes with nuclear metabolism producing inhibition of the synthesis of DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and proteins. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent

Fexofenadine

C32H39NO4 (501.2879)

Fexofenadine is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second-generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first generation histamine receptor antagonists; Fexofenadine hydrochloride (brand names include Allegra and Telfast) is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first-generation histamine-receptor antagonists. R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Fexofenadine (MDL-16455) is an orally active and nonsedative H1 receptor antagonist. Fexofenadine can be used in allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticarial research[1][2][3].

Pyrimethamine

C12H13ClN4 (248.0829)

Pyrimethamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the folic acid antagonists that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis. [PubChem]Pyrimethamine inhibits the dihydrofolate reductase of plasmodia and thereby blocks the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, which are essential for DNA synthesis and cell multiplication. This leads to failure of nuclear division at the time of schizont formation in erythrocytes and liver. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1363; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7091; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7088 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1363; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7117; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7114 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1363; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7128; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7126 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1363; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7117; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7115 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1363; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7093; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7091 P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BD - Diaminopyrimidines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists

Dantron

C14H8O4 (240.0423)

Danthron is an orange crystalline powder. Almost odorless and tasteless. (NTP, 1992) Chrysazin is a dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite. Withdrawn from the Canadian, US, and UK markets in 1998 due to genotoxicity. Danthron is a natural product found in Didemnum albopunctatum, Asphodelus tenuifolius, and other organisms with data available. Danthron is a reddish, synthetic anthraquinone derivative. Danthron has been widely used as a laxative, but is no longer used to treat constipation and is currently used as an antioxidant in synthetic lubricants, in the synthesis of experimental antitumor agents, as a fungicide and as an intermediate for making dyes. This substance is a suspected mutagen and is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05) A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AB - Contact laxatives A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8. Dantron is found in green vegetables. Dantron occurs in roots of Rheum palmatum (Turkey rhubarb Occurs in roots of Rheum palmatum (Turkey rhubarb). Dantron is found in green vegetables. D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_20eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_40eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_30eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_10eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_50eV_000028.txt Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.

Diflubenzuron

C14H9ClF2N2O2 (310.0321)

Insecticide, interfering with chitin deposition by oral absorption. Diflubenzuron is used on soya beans, citrus, tea, vegetables and mushrooms. Also used as an insecticide in feed for poultry and pigs and as a controlled release bolus in cattl D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Same as: D07829

Artemisinin

C15H22O5 (282.1467)

D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents (+)-artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. It has a role as an antimalarial and a plant metabolite. It is a sesquiterpene lactone and an organic peroxide. Artemisinin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Schizophrenia, Malaria, Falciparum, and Plasmodium Falciparum. Artemisinin is a natural product found in Microliabum polymnioides, Artemisia tenuisecta, and other organisms with data available. A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BE - Artemisinin and derivatives, plain C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Sesquiterpenoids CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 9 INTERNAL_ID 9; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.152 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.156 [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_30eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_20eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_10eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_40eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_50eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants[1]. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects[2]. Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants[1]. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects[2]. Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants[1]. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects[2].

Vancomycin

C66H75Cl2N9O24 (1447.4302)

Vancomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [PubChem]The bactericidal action of vancomycin results primarily from inhibition of cell-wall biosynthesis. Specifically, vancomycin prevents incorporation of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)- and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)-peptide subunits from being incorporated into the peptidoglycan matrix; which forms the major structural component of Gram-positive cell walls. The large hydrophilic molecule is able to form hydrogen bond interactions with the terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine moieties of the NAM/NAG-peptides. Normally this is a five-point interaction. This binding of vancomycin to the D-Ala-D-Ala prevents the incorporation of the NAM/NAG-peptide subunits into the peptidoglycan matrix. In addition, vancomycin alters bacterial-cell-membrane permeability and RNA synthesis. There is no cross-resistance between vancomycin and other antibiotics. Vancomycin is not active in vitro against gram-negative bacilli, mycobacteria, or fungi. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01X - Other antibacterials > J01XA - Glycopeptide antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C61101 - Glycopeptide Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents Vancomycin is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections.

aphidicolin

C20H34O4 (338.2457)

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Spectinomycin

C14H24N2O7 (332.1583)

Spectinomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea. Spectinomycin is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is bactericidal in its action. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID S044; [MS2] KO009242 KEIO_ID S044

2,6-Dimethoxyphenol

C8H10O3 (154.063)

2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, also known as syringol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol is a bacon, balsamic, and medicine tasting compound. Isolated from maople syrup. Flavouring ingredient.

quinolone

C9H7NO (145.0528)

KEIO_ID Q001 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 52 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2491

Acetohydroxamic Acid

C2H5NO2 (75.032)

Acetohydroxamic Acid, a synthetic drug derived from hydroxylamine and ethyl acetate, is similar in structure to urea. In the urine, it acts as an antagonist of the bacterial enzyme urease. Acetohydroxamic Acid has no direct antimicrobial action and does not acidify urine directly. It is used, in addition to antibiotics or medical procedures, to treat chronic urea-splitting urinary infections. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Glycine

C2H5NO2 (75.032)

Glycine (Gly), is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Glycine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glycine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid and is the simplest of all amino acids. In humans, glycine is a nonessential amino acid, although experimental animals show reduced growth on low-glycine diets. The average adult human ingests 3 to 5 grams of glycine daily. Glycine is a colorless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid. Glycine was discovered in 1820 by the French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid. The name comes from the Greek word glucus or "sweet tasting". Glycine is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate. In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). In addition to being synthesized from serine, glycine can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys. Glycine is degraded via three pathways. The predominant pathway in animals and plants is the reverse of the glycine synthase pathway. In this context, the enzyme system involved glycine metabolism is called the glycine cleavage system. The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the oxidative conversion of glycine into carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the remaining one-carbon unit transferred to folate as methylenetetrahydrofolate. It is the main catabolic pathway for glycine and it also contributes to one-carbon metabolism. Patients with a deficiency of this enzyme system have increased glycine in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with an increased CSF:plasma glycine ratio (PMID: 16151895). Glycine levels are effectively measured in plasma in both normal patients and those with inborn errors of glycine metabolism (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). Nonketotic hyperglycinaemia (OMIM: 606899) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by deficient enzyme activity of the glycine cleavage enzyme system (EC 2.1.1.10). The glycine cleavage enzyme system comprises four proteins: P-, T-, H- and L-proteins (EC 1.4.4.2, EC 2.1.2.10, and EC 1.8.1.4 for P-, T-, and L-proteins). Mutations have been described in the GLDC (OMIM: 238300), AMT (OMIM: 238310), and GCSH (OMIM: 238330) genes encoding the P-, T-, and H-proteins respectively. Glycine is involved in the bodys production of DNA, hemoglobin, and collagen, and in the release of energy. The principal function of glycine is as a precursor to proteins. Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine, a notable exception being collagen, which contains about 35\\\\\\% glycine. In higher eukaryotes, delta-aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins (needed for hemoglobin and cytochromes), is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA by the enzyme ALA synthase. Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines, which are key constituents of DNA and RNA. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). Glycine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-40-6 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 56-40-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is orally active. Glycine can be used to study cell protection, cancer, neurological diseases, and angiogenesis[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.

Cyclohexylamine

C6H13N (99.1048)

Cyclohexylamine is a food contaminant arising from its use as a boiler water additive Cyclohexylamine, also called hexahydroaniline, 1-aminocyclohexane, or aminohexahydrobenzene, is an organic chemical, an amine derived from cyclohexane. It is a clear to yellowish liquid with fishy odor, with melting point of 17.7 °C and boiling point 134.5 °C, miscible with water. Like other amines, it is of mildly alkaline nature, compared to strong bases such as NaOH, but it is a stronger base than its aromatic sister compound aniline, which differs only in that its ring is aromatic. It is flammable, with flash point at 28.6 °C. Explosive mixtures with air can be formed above 26 °C. It is toxic by both ingestion and inhalation; the inhalation itself may be fatal. It readily absorbs through skin, which it irritates. It is corrosive. Cyclohexylamine is listed as an extremely hazardous substance as defined by Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Food contaminant arising from its use as a boiler water additive CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2441 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8266 KEIO_ID C114

4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine

C6H7ClN2 (142.0298)

4-Fluoro-L-phenylalanine

C9H10FNO2 (183.0696)

Azithromycin

C38H72N2O12 (748.5085)

Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. It has a role as an antibacterial drug, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. ["Azithromycin is an antibacterial prescription medicine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of certain bacterial infections, such as:","Various bacterial respiratory diseases, including community-acquired pneumonia, acute sinus and ear infections, acute worsening of chronic bronchitis, and throat and tonsil infections","Pelvic inflammatory disease","Genital ulcer disease and infections of the urethra and cervix","Infections of the skin","Community-acquired pneumonia, a bacterial respiratory disease, can be an opportunistic infection (OI) of HIV."] Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic with a long half-life and a high degree of tissue penetration. It was initially approved by the FDA in 1991. It is primarily used for the treatment of respiratory, enteric and genitourinary infections and may be used instead of other macrolides for some sexually transmitted and enteric infections. It is structurally related to erythromycin. Azithromycin [9-deoxo-9a-aza-9a-methyl-9a-homoerythromycin] is a part of the azalide subclass of macrolides, and contains a 15-membered ring, with a methyl-substituted nitrogen instead of a carbonyl group at the 9a position on the aglycone ring, which allows for the prevention of its metabolism. This differentiates azithromycin from other types of macrolides. In March 2020, a small study was funded by the French government to investigate the treatment of COVID-19 with a combination of azithromycin and the anti-malaria drug [hydroxychloroquine]. The results were positive, all patients taking the combination were virologically cured within 6 days of treatment, however, larger studies are required. Azithromycin anhydrous is a Macrolide Antimicrobial. Azithromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic which is commonly used for a wide variety of mild-to-moderate bacterial infections. Azithromycin has been linked to rare instances of acute liver injury. Azithromycin Anhydrous is the anhydrous form of azithromycin, an orally bioavailable azalide derived from erythromycin, and a member of a subclass of macrolide antibiotics, with anti-bacterial activity. Upon oral administration, azithromycin reversibly binds to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome of susceptible microorganisms, thereby inhibiting the translocation step of protein synthesis by preventing the assembly of the 50S ribosomal subunit. This inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, inhibits cell growth and causes cell death. Azithromycin is an azalide, derived from erythromycin, and a member of a subclass of macrolide antibiotics with bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic activities. Azithromycin reversibly binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the 70S ribosome of sensitive microorganisms, thereby inhibiting the translocation step of protein synthesis, wherein a newly synthesized peptidyl tRNA molecule moves from the acceptor site on the ribosome to the peptidyl (donor) site, and consequently inhibiting RNA-dependent protein synthesis leading to cell growth inhibition and cell death. A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, most often bacteria causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted infectious diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half-life, which enables once-daily dosing, and shorter administration durations is a property distinct from other macrolides. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is sold under the brand names Zithromax ("Zmax") and Sumamed, and is one of the worlds best-selling antibiotics. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01F - Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins > J01FA - Macrolides S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics COVID info from DrugBank, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C261 - Macrolide Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1052

Indole

C8H7N (117.0578)

Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. The participation of the nitrogen lone electron pair in the aromatic ring means that indole is not a base, and it does not behave like a simple amine. Indole is a microbial metabolite and it can be produced by bacteria as a degradation product of the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal smell. At very low concentrations, however, indole has a flowery smell and is a constituent of many flower scents (such as orange blossoms) and perfumes. As a volatile organic compound, indole has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Natural jasmine oil, used in the perfume industry, contains around 2.5\\\\\% of indole. Indole also occurs in coal tar. Indole has been found to be produced in a number of bacterial genera including Alcaligenes, Aspergillus, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 23194589, 2310183, 9680309). Indole plays a role in bacterial biofilm formation, bacterial motility, bacterial virulence, plasmid stability, and antibiotic resistance. It also functions as an intercellular signalling molecule (PMID: 26115989). Recently, it was determined that the bacterial membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase (HK) known as CpxA acts as a bacterial indole sensor to facilitate signalling (PMID: 31164470). It has been found that decreased indole concentrations in the gut promote bacterial pathogenesis, while increased levels of indole in the gut decrease bacterial virulence gene expression (PMID: 31164470). As a result, enteric pathogens sense a gradient of indole concentrations in the gut to migrate to different niches and successfully establish an infection. Constituent of several flower oils, especies of Jasminum and Citrus subspecies (Oleaceae) production of bacterial dec. of proteins. Flavouring ingredientand is also present in crispbread, Swiss cheese, Camembert cheese, wine, cocoa, black and green tea, rum, roasted filbert, rice bran, clary sage, raw shrimp and other foodstuffs Indole. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=120-72-9 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 120-72-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.

Cysteic acid

C3H7NO5S (169.0045)

Cysteic acid is a crystalline amino acid formed in the oxidation of cysteine; it is a precursor of taurine. A crystalline amino acid formed in the oxidation of cysteine; it is a precursor of taurine. [HMDB]

Inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP)

C10H13N4O8P (348.0471)

Inosinic acid, also known as inosine monophosphate, IMP, 5-inosinate or 5-IMP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. IMP is also classified as a nucleotide (a nucleoside monophosphate). Inosinic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. IMP is widely used as a flavor enhancer. In the food industry it is known as E number reference E630. Inosinic acid can be converted into various salts including disodium inosinate (E631), dipotassium inosinate (E632), and calcium inosinate (E633). These three inosinate compounds are used as flavor enhancers for the basic taste umami. These inosinate salts are mostly used in soups, sauces, and seasonings for the intensification and balance of the flavor of meat. Inosinic acid is typically obtained from chicken byproducts or other meat industry waste. Inosinic acid or IMP is important in metabolism. It is the ribonucleotide of hypoxanthine and the first nucleotide formed during the synthesis of purine nucleotides. It can also be formed by the deamination of adenosine monophosphate by AMP deaminase. GMP is formed by the inosinate oxidation to xanthylate (XMP). Within humans, inosinic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, inosinic acid can be converted into phosphoribosyl formamidocarboxamide; which is catalyzed by the bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein. In addition, inosinic acid can be converted into xanthylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1. Origin: Microbe; Formula(Parent): C10H13N4O8P; Bottle Name:Inosine-5-monophosphate; PRIME Parent Name:Inosine-5-monophosphate; PRIME in-house No.:0258, Purines A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.056 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.057 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Inosinic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Chloroquine

C18H26ClN3 (319.1815)

Chloroquine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [PubChem]The mechanism of plasmodicidal action of chloroquine is not completely certain. Like other quinoline derivatives, it is thought to inhibit heme polymerase activity. This results in accumulation of free heme, which is toxic to the parasites. nside red blood cells, the malarial parasite must degrade hemoglobin to acquire essential amino acids, which the parasite requires to construct its own protein and for energy metabolism. Digestion is carried out in a vacuole of the parasite cell.During this process, the parasite produces the toxic and soluble molecule heme. The heme moiety consists of a porphyrin ring called Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). To avoid destruction by this molecule, the parasite biocrystallizes heme to form hemozoin, a non-toxic molecule. Hemozoin collects in the digestive vacuole as insoluble crystals.Chloroquine enters the red blood cell, inhabiting parasite cell, and digestive vacuole by simple diffusion. Chloroquine then becomes protonated (to CQ2+), as the digestive vacuole is known to be acidic (pH 4.7); chloroquine then cannot leave by diffusion. Chloroquine caps hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme, thus leading to heme buildup. Chloroquine binds to heme (or FP) to form what is known as the FP-Chloroquine complex; this complex is highly toxic to the cell and disrupts membrane function. Action of the toxic FP-Chloroquine and FP results in cell lysis and ultimately parasite cell autodigestion. In essence, the parasite cell drowns in its own metabolic products. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BA - Aminoquinolines COVID info from Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, DrugBank, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

4-Fluoraniline

C6H6FN (111.0484)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8054 KEIO_ID F048

QUINOXALINE

C8H6N2 (130.0531)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8085

Benzimidazole

C7H6N2 (118.0531)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3587; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3586 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2303; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2299 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2278; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2277 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3578; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3577 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3557; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3556 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2260; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2259 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2273; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2271 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2284; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2282 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3585; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3584 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3606; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3604 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3575; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3574 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1348; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2284; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2282 D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8120 KEIO_ID B007

N-METHYLANILINE

C7H9N (107.0735)

N-methylaniline, also known as methylphenylamine or N-methylbenzenamine, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylalkylamines. Phenylalkylamines are organic amines where the amine group is secondary and linked on one end to a phenyl group and on the other end, to an alkyl group. N-methylaniline is soluble (in water) and a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). N-methylaniline can be found in a number of food items such as carrot, wild carrot, orange bell pepper, and red bell pepper, which makes N-methylaniline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-Methylaniline (NMA) is an aniline derivative. It is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5NH(CH3). The substance exists as a colorless or slightly yellow viscous liquid and turns brown when exposed to air. The chemical is insoluble in water. It is used as a latent and coupling solvent and is also used as an intermediate for dyes, agrochemicals and other organic products manufacturing. NMA is toxic and exposure can cause damage to the central nervous system and can also cause liver and kidney failure . CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8126 KEIO_ID M066

Pyridine

C5H5N (79.0422)

Pyridine is a clear liquid with an odor that is sour, putrid, and fish-like. It is a relatively simple heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that is structurally related to benzene, with one CH group in the six-membered ring replaced by a nitrogen atom. Pyridine is obtained from crude coal tar or is synthesized from acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and ammonia. Pyridine is often used as a denaturant for antifreeze mixtures, for ethyl alcohol, for fungicides, and as a dyeing aid for textiles. It is a harmful substance if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. In particular, it is known to reduce male fertility and is considered carcinogenic. Common symptoms of acute exposure to pyridine include: headache, coughing, asthmatic breathing, laryngitis, nausea and vomiting. -- Wikipedia. Flavouring ingredient. Pyridine is found in many foods, some of which are kohlrabi, red bell pepper, green bell pepper, and papaya. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8135 KEIO_ID P041

pyrazole

C3H4N2 (68.0374)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8154 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID P095 1H-pyrazole is an endogenous metabolite.

Piperidine

C5H11N (85.0891)

Piperidine (Azinane after the Hantzsch Widman nomenclature) is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH. This heterocyclic amine consists of a six-membered ring containing five methylene units and one nitrogen atom. It is a colorless fuming liquid with an odor described as ammoniacal, pepper-like; the name comes from the genus name Piper, which is the Latin word for pepper. Piperidine is found in barley, black pepper (Piper nigrum). Piperidine has been found to be a microbial metabolite. Piperidine is a flavouring agent and it is also widely used as a building block and chemical reagent in the synthesis of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals. Piperidine is a widely used secondary amine. It is used to convert ketones to enamines. Enamines derived from piperidine can be used in the Stork enamine alkylation reaction. Piperidine is used as a solvent and as a base. The same is true for certain derivatives: N-formylpiperidine is a polar aprotic solvent with better hydrocarbon solubility than other amide solvents, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine is highly sterically hindered base, useful because of its low nucleophilicity and high solubility in organic solvents. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers Present in black pepper (Piper nigrum). Flavouring agent D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8371 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators KEIO_ID P034

Lumazine

C6H4N4O2 (164.0334)

Lumazine, also known as pteridine-2,4-dione or 2,4(3h,8h)-pteridinedione, belongs to pteridines and derivatives class of compounds. Those are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a pteridine moiety, which consists of a pyrimidine fused to a pyrazine ring to form pyrimido(4,5-b)pyrazine. Lumazine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lumazine can be found in soy bean, which makes lumazine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. KEIO_ID L024 Pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione is an endogenous metabolite.

N,N-Dimethylformamide

C3H7NO (73.0528)

Dimethylformamide is a polar (hydrophilic) Aprotic solvent with a high boiling point. It facilitates reactions that follow polar mechanisms, such as SN2 reactions. Dimethylformamide can be synthesized from methyl formate and dimethyl amine or reaction of dimethyl amine and carbon monoxide. Dimethylformamide is not stable in the presence of strong bases like sodium hydroxide or strong acids such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid and is hydrolyzed back into formic acid and dimethylamine, especially at elevated temperatures.; Dimethylformamide is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NC(O)H. Commonly abbreviated DMF (though this acronym is sometimes used for dimethylfuran), this colourless liquid is miscible with water and the majority of organic liquids. DMF is a common solvent for chemical reactions. Pure dimethylformamide is odorless whereas technical grade or degraded dimethylformamide often has a fishy smell due to impurity of dimethylamine. Its name is derived from the fact that it is a derivative of formamide, the amide of formic acid.; N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a clear liquid that has been widely used in industries as a solvent, an additive, or an intermediate because of its extensive miscibility with water and most common organic solvents. Its health effects include hepatotoxicity and male reproductoxicity, possibly linked with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations including mtDNA common deletion (delta-mtDNA4977) and mtDNA copy number; during the biotransformation of DMF in the body, free radicals are formed, including hydroxyl radicals.; The world-wide consumption of DMF in 2001 was approximately 285,000 metric tonnes and most of that was used as an industrial solvent. Overexposure to DMF could result in hepatotoxicity, alcohol intolerance, possible embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in humans and animals, and decline of human sperm motility. Based on its wide application and a wide range of toxic effects, DMF has been selected as one of the four priority compounds for human field studies by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) of the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). The current permissible exposure limit for DMF in the working environment is 10 ppm in both USA and Taiwan. The concentrations of two major DMF metabolites in urine, N-methylformamide (U-NMF) of 15 mg/L and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl) cysteine (U-AMCC) of 40 mg/L, were recommended as the biological exposure indices (BEIs) by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for DMF exposure in workplace. (PMID: 17254560). N,N-Dimethylformamide is found in papaya. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a clear liquid that has been widely used in industries as a solvent, an additive, or an intermediate because of its extensive miscibility with water and most common organic solvents. Its health effects include hepatotoxicity and male reproductoxicity, possibly linked with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations including mtDNA common deletion (delta-mtDNA4977) and mtDNA copy number; during the biotransformation of DMF in the body, free radicals are formed, including hydroxyl radicals. The world-wide consumption of DMF in 2001 was approximately 285,000 metric tonnes and most of that was used as an industrial solvent. Overexposure to DMF could result in hepatotoxicity, alcohol intolerance, possible embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in humans and animals, and decline of human sperm motility. Based on its wide application and a wide range of toxic effects, DMF has been selected as one of the four priority compounds for human field studies by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) of the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). The current permissible exposure limit for DMF in the working environment is 10 ppm in both USA and Taiwan. The concentrations of two major DMF metabolites in urine, N-methylformamide (U-NMF) of 15 mg/L and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl) cysteine (U-AMCC) of 40 mg/L, were recommended as the biological exposure indices (BEIs) by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for DMF exposure in workplace. (PMID: 17254560). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

Raltitrexed

C21H22N4O6S (458.126)

Raltitrexed is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a chemotherapy drug manufactured AstraZeneca Company, is an antimetabolite used in chemotherapy. It is an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase.Raltitrexed is an antineoplastic Agents and folic acid antagonists. Raltitrexed inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS) leading to DNA fragmentation and cell death. It is transported into cells via a reduced folate carrier. Inside the cell Raltitrexed is extensively polyglutamated, which enhances thymidylate synthase inhibitory power and duration. Inhibition of this enzyme results in decreased synthesis of thymidine triphosphate which is required for DNA synthesis. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BA - Folic acid analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2021 - Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D01064

Octanol

C8H18O (130.1358)

1-Octanol, also known as octan-1-ol, is the organic compound with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)7OH. It is a fatty alcohol. Many other isomers are also known generically as octanols. Octanol is mainly produced industrially by the oligomerization of ethylene using triethylaluminium followed by oxidation of the alkylaluminium products. This route is known as the Ziegler alcohol synthesis. Octanol also occurs naturally in the form of esters in some essential oils. Octanol and water are immiscible. The distribution of a compound between water and octanol is used to calculate the partition coefficient (logP) of that molecule. Water/octanol partitioning is a good approximation of the partitioning between the cytosol and lipid membranes of living systems. Octanol is a colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. It is also one of many compounds derived from tobacco and tobacco smoke and shown to increase the permeability of the membranes of human lung fibroblasts (PMID 7466833). Occurs in the form of esters in some essential oils. Flavouring agent. 1-Octanol is found in many foods, some of which are common wheat, lime, tea, and corn. D012997 - Solvents 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2]. 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2].

Ceftazidime

C22H22N6O7S2 (546.0991)

Ceftazidime is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. [PubChem]The bactericidal activity of ceftazidime results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams

Oxamniquine

C14H21N3O3 (279.1583)

An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martidale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121) P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P02 - Anthelmintics > P02B - Antitrematodals > P02BA - Quinoline derivatives and related substances D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent

Blasticidin S

C17H26N8O5 (422.2026)

Contact fungicide used against rice blast disease in Japan Blasticidin S is an antibiotic used to select transformed cells in genetic engineering. In short, DNA of interest is fused to DNA encoding a resistance gene, and then is transformed into cells. After allowing time for recovery and for cells to begin transcribing and translating their new DNA, blasticidin is added. Now only the cells that have the new DNA can grow D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents KEIO_ID B019; [MS3] KO008877 KEIO_ID B019; [MS2] KO008876 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID B019

Carbazole

C12H9N (167.0735)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1 D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens KEIO_ID C040

Ganciclovir

C9H13N5O4 (255.0967)

Ganciclovir is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [PubChem]Ganciclovirs antiviral activity inhibits virus replication. This inhibitory action is highly selective as the drug must be converted to the active form by a virus-encoded cellular enzyme, thymidine kinase (TK). TK catalyzes phosphorylation of ganciclovir to the monophosphate, which is then subsequently converted into the diphosphate by cellular guanylate kinase and into the triphosphate by a number of cellular enzymes. In vitro, ganciclovir triphosphate stops replication of herpes viral DNA. When used as a substrate for viral DNA polymerase, ganciclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits dATP leading to the formation of faulty DNA. This is where ganciclovir triphosphate is incorporated into the DNA strand replacing many of the adenosine bases. This results in the prevention of DNA synthesis, as phosphodiester bridges can longer to be built, destabilizing the strand. Ganciclovir inhibits viral DNA polymerases more effectively than it does cellular polymerase, and chain elongation resumes when ganciclovir is removed. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AB - Nucleosides and nucleotides excl. reverse transcriptase inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AD - Antivirals D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent KEIO_ID G088; [MS2] KO008989 KEIO_ID G088 Ganciclovir (BW 759), a nucleoside analogue, is an orally active antiviral agent with activity against CMV. Ganciclovir also has activity in vitro against members of the herpes group and some other DNA viruses. Ganciclovir inhibits the in vitro replication of human herpes viruses (HSV 1 and 2, CMV) and adenovirus serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 19, 22 and 28. Ganciclovir has an IC50 of 5.2 μM for feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) and can diffuse into the brain[1][2][3].

M-toluic Acid

C8H8O2 (136.0524)

M-toluic Acid, also known as beta-Bethylbenzoic acid or m-Toluate, is classified as a member of the Benzoic acids. Benzoic acids are organic Compounds containing a benzene ring which bears at least one carboxyl group. M-toluic Acid is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 802; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4069; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4066 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 802; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3095; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3093 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 802; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3109; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3105 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 802; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3097; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3094 KEIO_ID M018

Mercaptopurine

C5H4N4S (152.0157)

Mercaptopurine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. [PubChem]Mercaptopurine competes with hypoxanthine and guanine for the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) and is itself converted to thioinosinic acid (TIMP). This intracellular nucleotide inhibits several reactions involving inosinic acid (IMP), including the conversion of IMP to xanthylic acid (XMP) and the conversion of IMP to adenylic acid (AMP) via adenylosuccinate (SAMP). In addition, 6-methylthioinosinate (MTIMP) is formed by the methylation of TIMP. Both TIMP and MTIMP have been reported to inhibit glutamine-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase, the first enzyme unique to the de novo pathway for purine ribonucleotide synthesis. Experiments indicate that radiolabeled mercaptopurine may be recovered from the DNA in the form of deoxythioguanosine. Some mercaptopurine is converted to nucleotide derivatives of 6-thioguanine (6-TG) by the sequential actions of inosinate (IMP) dehydrogenase and xanthylate (XMP) aminase, converting TIMP to thioguanylic acid (TGMP). L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BB - Purine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Methionine sulfoximine

C5H12N2O3S (180.0569)

Methionine sulfoximine is found in flours treated with NCl3 as a produced of NCl3 action on wheat protein

Succinimide

C4H5NO2 (99.032)

Succinimide is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)2(CO)2NH. This white solid is used in a variety of organic syntheses, as well as in some industrial silver plating processes. The compound is classified as a cyclic imide. It may be prepared by thermal decomposition of ammonium succinate.[4] Succinimide, also known as butanimide, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrrolidine-2-ones. These are pyrrolidines that bear a C=O group at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring. Succinimide has been identified in urine (PMID: 22409530). Succinimides refers to compounds that contain the succinimide group. These compounds have some notable uses. Several succinimides are used as anticonvulsant drugs, including ethosuximide, phensuximide, and methsuximide.[5] Succinimides are also used to form covalent bonds between proteins or peptides and plastics, which is useful in a variety of assay techniques. Succinimide. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=123-56-8 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 123-56-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Streptomycin

C21H39N7O12 (581.2657)

Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms and disrupting the initiation and elongation steps in protein synthesis. It is bactericidal due to effects that are not fully understood. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials > J01GA - Streptomycins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID S031

Sisomicin

C19H37N5O7 (447.2693)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID S047; [MS3] KO009246 KEIO_ID S047; [MS2] KO009245 KEIO_ID S047

Amikacin

C22H43N5O13 (585.2857)

Amikacin is a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from kanamycin A. Similar to other aminoglycosides, amikacin disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome of susceptible organisms. Binding interferes with mRNA binding and tRNA acceptor sites leading to the production of non-functional or toxic peptides. Other mechanisms not fully understood may confer the bactericidal effects of amikacin. Amikacin is also nephrotoxic and ototoxic. D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID A239

Buformin

C6H15N5 (157.1327)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A10 - Drugs used in diabetes > A10B - Blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. insulins > A10BA - Biguanides C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29711 - Anti-diabetic Agent > C98234 - Biguanide Antidiabetic Agent D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D001645 - Biguanides KEIO_ID B010

Hydroxyurea

CH4N2O2 (76.0273)

Hydroxyurea is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [PubChem]Hydroxyurea is converted to a free radical nitroxide (NO) in vivo, and transported by diffusion into cells where it quenches the tyrosyl free radical at the active site of the M2 protein subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, inactivating the enzyme. The entire replicase complex, including ribonucleotide reductase, is inactivated and DNA synthesis is selectively inhibited, producing cell death in S phase and synchronization of the fraction of cells that survive. Repair of DNA damaged by chemicals or irradiation is also inhibited by hydroxyurea, offering potential synergy between hydroxyurea and radiation or alkylating agents. Hydroxyurea also increases the level of fetal hemoglobin, leading to a reduction in the incidence of vasoocclusive crises in sickle cell anemia. Levels of fetal hemoglobin increase in response to activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) by hydroxyurea-derived NO. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2150 - Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitor D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000986 - Antisickling Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents KEIO_ID H104

Isonicotinamide

C6H6N2O (122.048)

KEIO_ID I051

Neomycin

C23H46N6O13 (614.3123)

A component of neomycin that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). Neomycin is a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosome of susceptible organisms. Binding interferes with mRNA binding and acceptor tRNA sites and results in the production of non-functional or toxic peptides. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations > A01AB - Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CA - Antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D09 - Medicated dressings > D09A - Medicated dressings > D09AA - Medicated dressings with antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AB - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID N022

Paromomycin

C23H45N5O14 (615.2963)

Paromomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various streptomyces. [PubChem]Paromomycin inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 16S ribosomal RNA. Bacterial proteins are synthesized by ribosomal RNA complexes which are composed of 2 subunits, a large subunit (50s) and small (30s) subunit, which forms a 70s ribosomal subunit. tRNA binds to the top of this ribosomal structure. Paramomycin binds to the A site, which causes defective polypeptide chains to be produced. Continuous production of defective proteins eventually leads to bacterial death. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID P126

Quinoline

C9H7N (129.0578)

Quinoline is an alkaloid from various plant species including Mentha species. Also present in cocoa, black tea and scotch whiskey. Quinoline is a flavouring ingredient Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It has the formula C9H7N and is a colourless hygroscopic liquid with a strong odour. Aged samples, if exposed to light, become yellow and later brown. Quinoline is only slightly soluble in cold water but dissolves readily in hot water and most organic solvents. Quinoline is found in alcoholic beverages. Quinoline is mainly used as a building block to other specialty chemicals. Approximately 4 tonnes are produced annually according to a report published in 2005.[citation needed] Its principal use is as a precursor to 8-hydroxyquinoline, which is a versatile chelating agent and precursor to pesticides. Its 2- and 4-methyl derivatives are precursors to cyanine dyes. Oxidation of quinoline affords quinolinic acid (pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), a precursor to the herbicide sold under the name "Assert" Alkaloid from various plant subspecies including Mentha subspeciesand is also present in cocoa, black tea and scotch whiskey. Flavouring ingredient CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2526 KEIO_ID Q008

Semicarbazide

CH5N3O (75.0433)

D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens KEIO_ID S034

TRIETHYLENETETRAMINE

C6H18N4 (146.1531)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AX - Various alimentary tract and metabolism products D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents KEIO_ID T021

NADP+

[C21H29N7O17P3]+ (744.0833)

[Spectral] NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) and NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

L-Homocysteic acid

C4H9NO5S (183.0201)

L-homocysteic acid is a homocysteic acid with L-configuration. It has a role as a NMDA receptor agonist. It is an enantiomer of a D-homocysteic acid. L-Homocysteic acid is a sulfur-containing glutamic acid analog and a potent NMDA receptor agonist. It is related to homocysteine, a by-product of methionine metabolism. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Short-term incubation of lymphocytes with homocysteine or its oxidation product homocysteinic acid increased the formation of reactive oxygen species and cell necrosis [HMDB]

(R)-Glabridin

C20H20O4 (324.1362)

(R)-Glabridin is found in herbs and spices. (R)-Glabridin is isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice). Isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice). (R)-Glabridin is found in tea and herbs and spices. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant > C306 - Bioflavonoid Glabridin is a natural isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, binds to and activates PPARγ, with an EC50 of 6115 nM. Glabridin exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-nephritic, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and radical scavenging activities[1][2]. Glabridin is a natural isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, binds to and activates PPARγ, with an EC50 of 6115 nM. Glabridin exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-nephritic, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and radical scavenging activities[1][2]. Glabridin is a natural isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, binds to and activates PPARγ, with an EC50 of 6115 nM. Glabridin exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-nephritic, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and radical scavenging activities[1][2].

Nitidine

C21H18NO4+ (348.1236)

Benzoin

C14H12O2 (212.0837)

(±)-Benzoin is a flavouring ingredient.Benzoin is an organic compound with the formula PhCH(OH)C(O)Ph. It is a hydroxy ketone attached to two phenyl groups. It appears as off-white crystals, with a light camphor-like odor. Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation. It is chiral and it exists as a pair of enantiomers: (R)-benzoin and (S)-benzoin. (Wikipedia C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent Flavouring ingredient Benzoin is a kind of alsamic resin isolated from the styracaceae family. Benzoin can be used as a colour additive used for marking plants[1].

NIFURTIMOX

C10H13N3O5S (287.0576)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01C - Agents against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis > P01CC - Nitrofuran derivatives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent

Chorismate

C10H10O6 (226.0477)

Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. It is a precursor for the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine,indole, indole derivatives and tryptophan,2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) used for enterobactin biosynthesis,the plant hormone salicylic acid and many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Chorismate is found in many foods, some of which are pigeon pea, ucuhuba, beech nut, and fireweed. Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. It is a precursor for the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine,indole, indole derivatives and tryptophan,2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) used for enterobactin biosynthesis,the plant hormone salicylic acid and many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites. -- Wikipedia. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 114

Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine

C5H14NO6P (215.0559)

Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine is a membrane breakdown product resulting from the cleavage of the lipid group from glycerophosphoethanlomine fatty acids (i.e. phosphatidylethanolamine). It acts as a growth stimulant for hepatocytes. A membrane breakdown product resulting from the cleavage of the lipid group from glycerophosphoethanlomine fatty acids (i.e. phosphatidylethanolamine). It acts as a growth stimulant for hepatocytes. [HMDB]

Pterin

C6H5N5O (163.0494)

Pterin is a chemical compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring; Pterin is a heterocyclic compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring (a pteridine ring system); the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. Several tautomers of pterin exist and are shown below. As a group, pterins are compounds that are derivatives of 2-amino-4-oxopteridine, with additional functional groups attached to the pyrazine ring.; the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. Several tautomers of pterin exist and are shown below. Pterin belongs to the pteridine family of heterocycles. -- Wikipedia. Pterin is found in soy bean. Pterin is a chemical compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring; the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. Several tautomers of pterin exist and are shown below. Pterin belongs to the pteridine family of heterocycles. -- Wikipedia.

Pyrimidine

C4H4N2 (80.0374)

Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. Pyrimidines are heterocyclic, six-membered, nitrogen-containing carbon ring structures, with uracil, cytosine and thymine being the basal structures of ribose-containing nucleosides (uridine, cytidine and thymidine respectively), or deoxyribose-containing deoxynucleosides, and their corresponding ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Pyrimidines serve essential functions in human metabolism as ribonucleotide bases in RNA (uracil and cytosine), and as deoxyribonucleotide bases in DNA (cytosine and thymine), and are linked by phosphodiester bridges to purine nucleotides in double-stranded DNA, in both the nucleus and the mitochondria. Pyrimidine activated sugars are also involved in polysaccharide and phospholipid synthesis, glucuronidation in detoxification processes, glycosylation of proteins and lipids and in the recently identified novel endothelium-derived vasoactive dinucleotides. Pyrimidines are synthesized de novo from simple precursors. Synthesis occurs in six steps, with cellular compartmentalization of specific steps in the cytosol or mitochondria, enabling changes in metabolic rate with need. Pyrimidine synthesis differs from purine synthesis, in that the single pyrimidine ring is assembled first and is then linked to ribose phosphate to form UMP. The enzymes that catalyse UMP synthesis, CAD [carbamoylphosphate synthetase II (CPSII), aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCasea) and dihydroorotase (DHOase)], dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and uridine monophosphate synthase (UMPS), are encoded by only three genes - CAD, DHODH and UMPS (chromosomal locations 2p21, 16q22 and 3q13, respectively). (PMID:16098809). Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. Pyrimidines are heterocyclic, six-membered, nitrogen-containing carbon ring structures, with uracil, cytosine and thymine being the basal structures of ribose-containing nucleosides (uridine, cytidine and thymidine respectively), or deoxyribose-containing deoxynucleosides, and their corresponding ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Pyrimidines serve essential functions in human metabolism as ribonucleotide bases in RNA (uracil and cytosine), and as deoxyribonucleotide bases in DNA (cytosine and thymine), and are linked by phosphodiester bridges to purine nucleotides in double-stranded DNA, in both the nucleus and the mitochondria. Pyrimidine activated sugars are also involved in polysaccharide and phospholipid synthesis, glucuronidation in detoxification processes, glycosylation of proteins and lipids and in the recently identified novel endothelium-derived vasoactive dinucleotides. Pyrimidine is an endogenous metabolite.

dUDP

C9H14N2O11P2 (388.0073)

dUDP is a derivative of nucleic acid UTP, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). Additionally, the diphosphate of the name indicates that one of the phosphoryl groups of UTP has been removed, most likely by hydrolysis . [HMDB]. dUDP is found in many foods, some of which are yardlong bean, jackfruit, parsley, and red beetroot. dUDP is a derivative of nucleic acid UTP, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). Additionally, the diphosphate of the name indicates that one of the phosphoryl groups of UTP has been removed, most likely by hydrolysis (Wikipedia).

Lanosterol

C30H50O (426.3861)

Lanosterol, also known as lanosterin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as triterpenoids. These are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Thus, lanosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Lanosterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Lanosterol is biochemically synthesized starting from acetyl-CoA by the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. The critical step is the enzymatic conversion of the acyclic terpene squalene to the polycylic lanosterol via 2,3-squalene oxide. Constituent of wool fat used e.g. as chewing-gum softenerand is) also from yeast COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Indanone

C9H8O (132.0575)

Indanone is part of the Steroid hormone biosynthesis, and Arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. It is a substrate for: Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1, and Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3. D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants > D014528 - Uricosuric Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D045283 - Natriuretic Agents D045283 - Natriuretic Agents > D004232 - Diuretics

Isopropyl alcohol

C3H8O (60.0575)

Isopropyl alcohol, also known as isopropanol or 1-methylethanol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols are compounds containing a secondary alcohol functional group, with the general structure HOC(R)(R) (R,R=alkyl, aryl). It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Isopropyl alcohol exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Isopropyl alcohol is an alcohol, bitter, and musty tasting compound. Isopropyl alcohol has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as papaya, roselles, apples, sweet cherries, and allium (onion). Isopropyl alcohol is an isomer of 1-propanol and is considered as a potentially toxic compound. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. Present in fruit aromas, e.g. papaya (Carica papaya). It is used as an extraction solvent in food preparation D - Dermatologicals > D08 - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08A - Antiseptics and disinfectants D012997 - Solvents

Tetrahydrofolic acid

C19H23N7O6 (445.171)

Tetrahydrofolate is a soluble coenzyme (vitamin B9) that is synthesized de novo by plants and microorganisms, and absorbed from the diet by animals. It is composed of three distinct parts: a pterin ring, a p-ABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) and a polyglutamate chain with a number of residues varying between 1 and 8. Only the tetra-reduced form of the molecule serves as a coenzyme for C1 transfer reactions. In biological systems, the C1-units exist under various oxidation states and the different tetrahydrofolate derivatives constitute a family of related molecules named indistinctly under the generic term folate. (PMID 16042593). Folate is important for cells and tissues that rapidly divide. Cancer cells divide rapidly, and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer. Methotrexate is a drug often used to treat cancer because it inhibits the production of the active form, tetrahydrofolate. Unfortunately, methotrexate can be toxic, producing side effects such as inflammation in the digestive tract that make it difficult to eat normally. -- Wikipedia; Signs of folic acid deficiency are often subtle. Diarrhea, loss of appetite, and weight loss can occur. Additional signs are weakness, sore tongue, headaches, heart palpitations, irritability, and behavioral disorders. Women with folate deficiency who become pregnant are more likely to give birth to low birth weight and premature infants, and infants with neural tube defects. In adults, anemia is a sign of advanced folate deficiency. In infants and children, folate deficiency can slow growth rate. Some of these symptoms can also result from a variety of medical conditions other than folate deficiency. It is important to have a physician evaluate these symptoms so that appropriate medical care can be given. -- Wikipedia; Folinic acid is a form of folate that can help rescue or reverse the toxic effects of methotrexate. Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy. There have been cases of severe adverse effects of accidental substitution of folic acid for folinic acid in patients receiving methotrexate cancer chemotherapy. It is important for anyone receiving methotrexate to follow medical advice on the use of folic or folinic acid supplements. -- Wikipedia. Low concentrations of folate, vitamin B12, or vitamin B6 may increase the level of homocysteine, an amino acid normally found in blood. There is evidence that an elevated homocysteine level is an independent risk factor for heart disease and stroke. The evidence suggests that high levels of homocysteine may damage coronary arteries or make it easier for blood clotting cells called platelets to clump together and form a clot. However, there is currently no evidence available to suggest that lowering homocysteine with vitamins will reduce your risk of heart disease. Clinical intervention trials are needed to determine whether supplementation with folic acid, vitamin B12 or vitamin B6 can lower your risk of developing coronary heart disease. -- Wikipedia. Tetrahydrofolate is a soluble coenzyme (vitamin B9) that is synthesized de novo by plants and microorganisms, and absorbed from the diet by animals. It is composed of three distinct parts: a pterin ring, a p-ABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) and a polyglutamate chain with a number of residues varying between 1 and 8. Only the tetra-reduced form of the molecule serves as a coenzyme for C1 transfer reactions. In biological systems, the C1-units exist under various oxidation states and the different tetrahydrofolate derivatives constitute a family of related molecules named indistinctly under the generic term folate. (PMID 16042593)

5,10-Methylene-THF

C20H23N7O6 (457.171)

5,10-Methylene-THF is an intermediate in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and one carbon metabolism. 5,10-CH2-THF can also be used as a coenzyme in the biosynthesis of thymidine. More specifically it is the C1-donor in the reactions catalyzed by thymidylate synthase and thymidylate synthase (FAD). It also acts as a coenzyme in the synthesis of serine from glycine via the enzyme serine hydroxymethyl transferase. 5,10-Methylene-THF is a substrate for Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. This enzyme converts 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. This reaction is required for the multistep process that converts the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. The body uses methionine to make proteins and other important compounds. 5,10-CH2-THF is a substrate for many enzymes including Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase (mitochondrial), Aminomethyltransferase (mitochondrial), Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (mitochondrial), Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase (cytoplasmic), Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (cytosolic) and Thymidylate synthase. 5,10-Methylene-THF is an intermediate in the metabolism of Methane and the metabolism of Nitrogen. It is a substrate for Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase (mitochondrial), Aminomethyltransferase (mitochondrial), Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (mitochondrial), Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase (cytoplasmic), Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (cytosolic) and Thymidylate synthase. [HMDB] COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Hydroxylamine

H3NO (33.0215)

Hydroxylamine is a reactive chemical with formula NH2OH. It can be considered a hybrid of ammonia and water due to parallels it shares with each. At room temperature pure NH2OH is ordinarily a white, unstable crystalline, hygroscopic compound; Hydroxylamine is a reactive chemical with formula NH2OH. It can be considered a hybrid of ammonia and water due to parallels it shares with each. At room temperature pure NH2OH is ordinarily a white, unstable crystalline, hygroscopic compound; however it is almost always encountered as an aqueous solution.; NH2OH is an intermediate in biological nitrification. The oxidation of NH3 is mediated by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO).; however it is almost always encountered as an aqueous solution.; A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide.; Hydroxylamine may explode on heating. It is an irritant to the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and other mucous membranes. It may be absorbed through the skin, is harmful if swallowed, and is a possible mutagen.; NH2OH is an intermediate in the biological nitrification. The oxidation of NH3 is mediated by HAO (hydroxylamine oxidoreductase). Hydroxylamine is found in gram bean and mung bean. Hydroxylamine is a reactive chemical with formula NH2OH. It can be considered a hybrid of ammonia and water due to parallels it shares with each. At room temperature pure NH2OH is ordinarily a white, unstable crystalline, hygroscopic compound; however it is almost always encountered as an aqueous solution. A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide. Hydroxylamine may explode on heating. It is an irritant to the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and other mucous membranes. It may be absorbed through the skin, is harmful if swallowed, and is a possible mutagen. NH2OH is an intermediate in the biological nitrification. The oxidation of NH3 is mediated by HAO (hydroxylamine oxidoreductase).

Hydrogen

H2 (2.0156)

Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. With an atomic weight of 1.00794, hydrogen is the lightest element. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope Deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope Tritium. Hydrogen is the most abundant of the chemical elements, constituting roughly 75\\% of the universes elemental mass. Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds. It plays a particularly important role in acid-base chemistry, in which many reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. Oxidation of hydrogen, in the sense of removing its electron, formally gives H+, containing no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors. A bare proton H+ cannot exist in solution because of its strong tendency to attach itself to atoms or molecules with electrons. However, the term proton is used loosely to refer to positively charged or cationic hydrogen, denoted H+. H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water. Hydrogen has been found to be a metabolite of Citrobacter, Cyanobacteria, Enterobacter, Halobacterium and Rhodobacteraceae (PMID: 28042989; PMID: 16371161) (https://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol51B_1985_2_Art16.pdf) (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222428793_High_Hydrogen_Yield_from_a_Two-step_Process_of_Dark-_and_Photo-fermentation_of_Sucrose) (Tao, Y; Chen, Y; Wu, Y; He, Y; Zhou, Z (2007). "High hydrogen yield from a two-step process of dark- and photo-fermentation of sucrose". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 32 (2): 200-206). It is used as a packaging gas [DFC]

dGTP

C10H16N5O13P3 (506.9957)

Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) is a nucleoside triphosphate, and a nucleotide precursor used in cells for DNA synthesis. dGTP is used in the polymerase chain reaction technique, in sequencing, and in cloning. It is also the competitor of inhibition onset by acyclovir in the treatment of HSV virus. Under normal physiologic conditions, deoxyguanosine (dGuo) undergoes phosphorolysis by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP, EC 2.4.2.1, an enzyme involved in the recycling of nucleosides and deoxynucleosides in cellular remodeling). However, when PNP is inhibited, deoxycytidine kinase (dCK, EC 2.7.1.74) shunts unmetabolized dGuo into deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), which accumulates and blocks DNA synthesis. Deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase results in defective T-cell immunity. A correlation between the degree of T cell inhibition and the level of dCK activity has been observed. (PMID:11287638, 402573). Under normal physiologic conditions, deoxyguanosine (dGuo) undergoes phosphorolysis by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP, EC 2.4.2.1, an enzyme involved in the recycling of nucleosides and deoxynucleosides in cellular remodeling). However, when PNP is inhibited, deoxycytidine kinase (dCK, EC 2.7.1.74) shunts unmetabolized dGuo into deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), which accumulates and blocks DNA synthesis. Deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase results in defective T-cell immunity. A correlation between the degree of T cell inhibition and the level of dCK activity is observed. (PMID: 11287638, 402573) [HMDB]. dGTP is found in many foods, some of which are jews ear, evergreen huckleberry, cumin, and red algae. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Formiminoglutamic acid

C6H10N2O4 (174.0641)

Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy. [HMDB] Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy.

CDP-glucose

C15H25N3O16P2 (565.071)

CDP-glucose is a substrate for Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphatase. [HMDB] CDP-glucose is a substrate for Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphatase.

coenzyme F420

C29H36N5O18P (773.1793)

Cephalosporin C

C16H21N3O8S (415.1049)

Cephalosporin C is an antibiotic of the cephalosporin class. It was isolated from fungi of the genus Acremonium and first characterized in 1961. Although not a very active antibiotic itself, synthetic analogs of cephalosporin C, such as cefalotin, became some of the first marketed cephalosporin antibiotic drugs. (Wikipedia) D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams

7,8-Dihydropteroic acid

C14H14N6O3 (314.1127)

In the mammalian host, dihydrofolate biosynthesis occurs via the reduction of folic acid, whereas in plasmodia (e.g. Plasmodium berghei, a malaria parasite) the biosynthesis of 7,8-dihydropteroate, an intermediate product in dihydrofolate synthesis, occurs via the enzymic catalysis of the reaction of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine pyrophosphate with p-aminobenzoate. Malaria parasites synthesize their folate cofactors de novo and the antimalarial action of sulfonamides is due to their inhibiting the plasmodial dihydropteroate synthesis. The enzymes 6-hydroxymethylpterin pyrophosphokinase (EC 2.7.6.3, HPPK) and dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15, DHPS) catalyze sequential steps in folate biosynthesis. They are present in microorganisms but absent in mammals and therefore are especially suitable targets for antimicrobials. Sulfa drugs (sulfonamides and sulfones) currently are used as antimicrobials targeting DHPS, although resistance to these drugs is increasing. An NADPH-coupled microplate photometric assay could be used for rapid screening of chemical libraries for novel inhibitors of folate biosynthesis as the first step in developing new antimicrobial drugs targeting the folate biosynthetic pathway; in the microplate, the product of the DHPS reaction, 7,8-dihydropteroic acid, is reduced to tetrahydropteroate by excess dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) using the cofactor NADPH (PMID: 17134675, 4354403, 3546688). 7,8-dihydropteroic acid, also known as dihydropteroinsaeure or h2pte, belongs to pterins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a pterin moiety, which consist of a pteridine ring bearing a ketone and an amine group to form 2-aminopteridin-4(3H)-one. 7,8-dihydropteroic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7,8-dihydropteroic acid can be synthesized from pteroic acid. 7,8-dihydropteroic acid can also be synthesized into 2-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteroic acid. 7,8-dihydropteroic acid can be found in a number of food items such as rice, towel gourd, cauliflower, and silver linden, which makes 7,8-dihydropteroic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 7,8-dihydropteroic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 7,8-dihydropteroic acid is involved in the pterine biosynthesis.

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydromethanopterin

C30H45N6O16P (776.263)

This compound belongs to the family of Alkyl Glycosides. These are lipids containing a glycosyl moiety (one or several units) linked to the hydroxyl group of a fatty alcohol.

Queuine

C12H15N5O3 (277.1175)

Queuine is a highly modified derivative of guanine found in the first position of the anticodon of the transfer RNAs for asp, asn, his and tyr. The original transcripts of these tRNAs contain guanine in this position. All organisms with the exception of yeast and mycoplasma contain queuine. Bacteria synthesize queuine but it cannot be synthesized by higher mammals. Significant amounts of free queuine are present in common plant and animal food products. (PMID 9016755) [HMDB] Queuine is a highly modified derivative of guanine found in the first position of the anticodon of the transfer RNAs for asp, asn, his and tyr. The original transcripts of these tRNAs contain guanine in this position. All organisms with the exception of yeast and mycoplasma contain queuine. Bacteria synthesize queuine but it cannot be synthesized by higher mammals. Significant amounts of free queuine are present in common plant and animal food products. (PMID 9016755).

digallate

C14H10O9 (322.0325)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

Deoxycytosine

C4H7N3 (97.064)

Pentostatin

C11H16N4O4 (268.1171)

Pentostatin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The drug is effective in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly hairy-cell leukemia. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity. [PubChem]Pentostatin is a potent transition state inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA), the greatest activity of which is found in cells of the lymphoid system. T-cells have higher ADA activity than B-cells, and T-cell malignancies have higher activity than B-cell malignancies. The cytotoxicity that results from prevention of catabolism of adenosine or deoxyadenosine is thought to be due to elevated intracellular levels of dATP, which can block DNA synthesis through inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. Intracellular activation results in incorporation into DNA as a false purine base. An additional cytotoxic effect is related to its incorporation into RNA. Cytotoxicity is cell cycle phase-specific (S-phase). D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D000903 - Antibiotics, Antineoplastic > D005573 - Formycins L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D058892 - Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2157 - Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitor

Protochlorophyllide

C35H32MgN4O5 (612.2223)

Protochlorophyllide is found in fruits. Protochlorophyllide is isolated from the seed husks of Cucurbita pepo Chlorophyll itself is bound to proteins and can transfer the absorbed energy in the required direction. Protochlorophyllide, differently, mostly occurs in the free form and under light conditions acts as photosensitizer, forming highly toxic free radicals. Hence plants need an efficient mechanism of regulating the amount of chlorophyll precursor. In angiosperms, this is done at the step of D-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), one of the intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis pathway. Plants that are fed by ALA accumulate high and toxic levels of protochlorophyllide, so do the mutants with the damaged regulatory system. Despite of numerous past attempts to find the mutant that overacumulates protochlorophyllide under usual conditions, only one such gene (flu) is currently (2009) known. Flu (first described in ) is a nuclear - encoded, chloroplast - located protein that appears containing only protein - protein interaction sites. It is currently not know which other proteins interact through this linker. The regulatory protein is a transmembrane protein that is located in the thylakoid membrane. Later it was discovered that Tigrina mutants in barley, known long time ago, are also mutated in the same gene It is not obvious why no mutants of any other gene were observed; maybe mutations in other proteins, involved into the regulatory chain, are fatal. Flu is a single gene, not a member of the gene family. Protochlorophyllide , more accurate monovinyl protochlorophyllide, is an immediate precursor of chlorophyll a that lacks the phytol side chain of chlorophyll. Unlike chlorophyll, protochlorophyllide is highly fluorescent; mutants that accumulate it glow in red if irradiated by the blue lightIn Angiosperms, the last step, conversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyll, is light - dependent and such plants are pale (etiolated) if grown in the darkness. Gymnosperms, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria additionally have another, light - independent enzyme and grow green in the darkness as well. The enzyme that converts protochlorophyllide to chlorophyll is protochlorophyllide reductase , EC 1.3.1.33. There are two structurally unrelated proteins with this activity: the light - dependent and the dark - operative. The light dependent reductase needs light to operate. The dark - operative version is a completely different protein, consisting of three subunits that exhibit significant sequence similarity to the three subunits of nitrogenase, which catalyzes the formation of ammonia from dinitrogen. This enzyme might be evolutionary older but (being similar to nitrogenase) is highly sensitive to free oxygen and does not work if its concentration exceeds about 3 \\%. Hence the alternative, light dependent version needed to evolve

Trypanothione disulfide

C27H47N9O10S2 (721.2887)

This compound belongs to the family of Cyclic Peptides. These are compounds containing a cyclic moiety bearing a peptide backbone

10-Formyldihydrofolate

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502)

10-Formyldihydrofolate is a folate compound that has not been found as a component of intracellular folates in normal tissues but has been identified in the cytosol of methotrexate (MTX)-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells and normal human myeloid precursor cells. The origin of 10-formyldihydrofolate remains an enigma. Its appearance only in the extracts from MTX-treated cells is not consistent with a simple oxidation of lO-formyl-H4folate during the extraction procedure. This, however, does not exclude the occurrence of spontaneous oxidation of 10-formyl-H4folate within the intact cells prior to the folate extraction. (PMID: 3366769) [HMDB] 10-formyldihydrofolate is a folate compound that has not been found as a component of intracellular folates in normal tissues but has been identified in the cytosol of methotrexate (MTX)-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells and normal human myeloid precursor cells. The origin of 10-formyldihydrofolate remains an enigma. Its appearance only in the extracts from MTX-treated cells is not consistent with a simple oxidation of lO-formyl-H4folate during the extraction procedure. This, however, does not exclude the occurrence of spontaneous oxidation of 10-formyl-H4folate within the intact cells prior to the folate extraction. (PMID: 3366769).

5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide

C8H14N3O7P (295.0569)

5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), is an intermediate of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is also the precursor to 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP), the first product of pyrimidine biosynthesis. This reaction is mediated by the enzyme HMP-P kinase (ThiD). HMP is a precursor of thiamine phosphate (TMP), and subsequently to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an essential cofactor in all living systems that plays a central role in metabolism. (PMID: 15326535). 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide is a substrate for a number of proteins including: Scaffold attachment factor B2, Multifunctional protein ADE2, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C, Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1, Vinexin, Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, Antileukoproteinase 1 and Scaffold attachment factor B. 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), is an intermediate of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is also the precursor to 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP), the first product of pyrimidine biosynthesis. This reaction is mediated by the enzyme HMP-P kinase (ThiD). HMP is a precursor of thiamine phosphate (TMP), and subsequently to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an essential cofactor in all living systems that plays a central role in metabolism. (PMID: 15326535) COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Ethyl acetoacetate

C6H10O3 (130.063)

Ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) is found in coffee and coffee products as well as in strawberry and yellow passion fruit juice. Ethyl acetoacetate is a flavouring agent. The organic compound ethyl acetoacetate is the ethyl ester of acetoacetic acid. It is mainly used as a chemical intermediate in the production of a wide variety of compounds, such as amino acids, analgesics, antibiotics, antimalarial agents, antipyrine, aminopyrine, and vitamin B1, as well as in the manufacture of dyes, inks, lacquers, perfumes, plastics, and yellow paint pigments (Wikipedia). The organic compound ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) is the ethyl ester of acetoacetic acid. It is mainly used as a chemical intermediate in the production of a wide variety of compounds, such as amino acids, analgesics, antibiotics, antimalarial agents, antipyrine and aminopyrine, and vitamin B1; as well as the manufacture of dyes, inks, lacquers, perfumes, plastics, and yellow paint pigments. Alone, it is used as a flavoring for food.

Dyspropterin

C9H11N5O3 (237.0862)

Dyspropterin, an intermediate formed from dihydroneopterin triphosphate in the biosynthetic pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin. [HMDB] Dyspropterin, an intermediate formed from dihydroneopterin triphosphate in the biosynthetic pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin.

Glycineamideribotide

C7H15N2O8P (286.0566)

Glycinamidoribotide conversion to N-formylglycinamide ribonucleotide is the third reaction of the de novo purine biosynthesis, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (EC 2.1.2.2), with concomitant conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. (PMID: 9143358). Glycineamideribotide formation is stimulated by Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) via activation of Glc-6-P-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49). (PMID: 4366083) [HMDB] Glycinamidoribotide conversion to N-formylglycinamide ribonucleotide is the third reaction of the de novo purine biosynthesis, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (EC 2.1.2.2), with concomitant conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. (PMID: 9143358). Glycineamideribotide formation is stimulated by Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) via activation of Glc-6-P-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49). (PMID: 4366083).

5-Hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylate

C10H16N3O8P (337.0675)

5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide

C8H15N2O9P (314.0515)

5-phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycinamide, also known as N-formyl-gar or N-formylglycinamide ribonucleotide, is a member of the class of compounds known as glycinamide ribonucleotides. Glycinamide ribonucleotides are compounds in which the amide N atom of glycineamide is linked to the C-1 of a ribosyl (or deoxyribosyl) moiety. Nucleotides have a phosphate group linked to the C5 carbon of the ribose (or deoxyribose) moiety. 5-phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycinamide is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycinamide can be found in a number of food items such as rosemary, mexican groundcherry, common wheat, and bitter gourd, which makes 5-phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycinamide a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 5-phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycinamide exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 5-phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycinamide is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include azathioprine action pathway, mercaptopurine action pathway, purine metabolism, and thioguanine action pathway. 5-phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycinamide is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, aICA-Ribosiduria, molybdenum cofactor deficiency, and xanthinuria type I. 5-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide, also known as FGAR or N-formyl-GAR, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycinamide ribonucleotides. Glycinamide ribonucleotides are compounds in which the amide N atom of glycineamide is linked to the C-1 of a ribosyl (or deoxyribosyl) moiety. FGAR is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). FGAR is a substrate for phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase. It is involved in aminoimidazole ribonucleotide biosynthesis and plays a vital role in purine metabolism as well as in the conversion of glutamine to glutamate.

Inosine, 1,6-dihydro-

C10H14N4O5 (270.0964)

Coenzyme B

C11H22NO7PS (343.0855)

GLUFOSINATE

C5H12NO4P (181.0504)

D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals

Dihydroneopterin triphosphate

C9H16N5O13P3 (494.9957)

The biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) from dihydroneopterin triphosphate (NH2P3) was studied in human liver extract. The phosphate-eliminating enzyme (PEE) was purified approximately 750-fold. The conversion of NH2P3 to BH4 was catalyzed by this enzyme in the presence of partially purified sepiapterin reductase, Mg2+, and NADPH. The PEE is heat stable when heated at 80°C for 5 min. It has a molecular weight of 63 000 daltons. One possible intermediate 6-(1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl)5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin(2-oxo-tetrahydropte rin) was formed upon incubation of BH4 in the presence of sepiapterin reductase and NADP+ at pH 9.0. The reduction of this compound with NaBD4 yielded monodeutero-, threo-, and erythro-BH4; the deuterium was incorporated at the 2 position. This and the UV spectra were consistent with a 2-oxo-tetrahydropterin structure. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzed the reduction of BH2 into BH4 and was found to be specific for the pro-R-NADPH side. The sepiapterin reductase catalyzed the transfer of the pro-S hydrogen of NADPH during the reduction of sepiapterin into BH2. In the presence of crude liver extracts, the conversion of NH2P3 into BH4 requires NADPH. Two deuterium atoms were incorporated from (4S-2H)NADHP in the 1 and 2 position of the BH4 side chain. The incorporation of one hydrogen from the solvent was found at position C(6). These results are consistent with the occurrence of an intramolecular redox exchange between the pteridine nucleus and the side chain and formation of 6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin(tetrahydro-1-2-dioxopterin) as an intermediate (PMID: 3930838). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Dihydropteridine

C6H6N4 (134.0592)

Dihydropteridine is a generic compound; the product of the reduction of 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydropteridine, which is catalyzed by 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase (EC 1.5.1.34). (KEGG) This compound is recognised as a cause of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) deficiency, leading to hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and impaired biogenic amine deficiency. (PMID: 14705166). A generic compound; the product of the reduction of 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydropteridine, which is catalyzed by 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase (EC 1.5.1.34). (KEGG) This compound is recognised as a cause of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) deficiency, leading to hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and impaired biogenic amine deficiency. (PMID: 14705166) [HMDB]

Tetrahydropteridine

C6H8N4 (136.0749)

Tetrahydrobiopterin serves well-characterized cofactor functions for hydroxylating aromatic amino acids and ether lipids and for formation of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. Formation of NO involves two cycles of oxidation of Tetrahydrobiopterin to its radical with subsequent rehydroxylation into Tetrahydrobiopterin, one for reduction of the heme-bound arginine-Fe(II)O2 complex of NO synthase (NOS), the other for reduction of the N-hydroxy-L-arginine-Fe(II)O2 complex. Tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent glyceryl ether monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.5) is found not only in liver and the gastrointestinal tract but also in brain and other organs (this enzyme plays an essential role in conjugation with the cleavage enzyme in the regulation of cellular levels of -alkyl moieties in glycerolipids). Tetrahydrobiopterin is essential for the enzymatic reaction of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.2) for the first step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. Limited Tetrahydrobiopterin availability not only decreases formation of NO but also causes NOS-derived superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production leading to formation of peroxynitrite as well as S-nitrosoglutathione. As a consequence of its oxygen-activating potential, Tetrahydrobiopterin is also subject to autoxidation in a free radical chain reaction in leading to formation of superoxide and finally to hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, Tetrahydrobiopterin, like other H4-pterins, can scavenge reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite. Thus, Tetrahydrobiopterin may have opposing effects in various biological systems depending on whether its cofactor roles outweigh its chemical reactivity or vice versa. Sepiapterin reductase (EC 1.1.1.153) catalyzes the reduction of tetrahydro-sepiapterin to tetrahydrobiopterin -the terminal step in this biosynthetic pathway for tetrahydrobiopterin. This reaction is N-acetyl-serotonin-sensitive and can completely inhibit tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. (PMID: 3881214, 17303893, 3756924, 15223071) [HMDB] Tetrahydrobiopterin serves well-characterized cofactor functions for hydroxylating aromatic amino acids and ether lipids and for formation of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. Formation of NO involves two cycles of oxidation of Tetrahydrobiopterin to its radical with subsequent rehydroxylation into Tetrahydrobiopterin, one for reduction of the heme-bound arginine-Fe(II)O2 complex of NO synthase (NOS), the other for reduction of the N-hydroxy-L-arginine-Fe(II)O2 complex. Tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent glyceryl ether monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.5) is found not only in liver and the gastrointestinal tract but also in brain and other organs (this enzyme plays an essential role in conjugation with the cleavage enzyme in the regulation of cellular levels of -alkyl moieties in glycerolipids). Tetrahydrobiopterin is essential for the enzymatic reaction of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.2) for the first step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines such as norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. Limited Tetrahydrobiopterin availability not only decreases formation of NO but also causes NOS-derived superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production leading to formation of peroxynitrite as well as S-nitrosoglutathione. As a consequence of its oxygen-activating potential, Tetrahydrobiopterin is also subject to autoxidation in a free radical chain reaction in leading to formation of superoxide and finally to hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, Tetrahydrobiopterin, like other H4-pterins, can scavenge reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite. Thus, Tetrahydrobiopterin may have opposing effects in various biological systems depending on whether its cofactor roles outweigh its chemical reactivity or vice versa. Sepiapterin reductase (EC 1.1.1.153) catalyzes the reduction of tetrahydro-sepiapterin to tetrahydrobiopterin -the terminal step in this biosynthetic pathway for tetrahydrobiopterin. This reaction is N-acetyl-serotonin-sensitive and can completely inhibit tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. (PMID: 3881214, 17303893, 3756924, 15223071).

Glutathionylspermidine

C17H34N6O5S (434.2311)

The spermidine amide of glutathione.

7,8-Dihydromethanopterin

C30H43N6O16P (774.2473)

Biphenyl

C12H10 (154.0782)

Fungistat, especies for citrus fruits. It is used as food preservative and flavouring agent. Detected in bilberry, wine grape, carrot, peas, rum, potato, bell pepper, tomato, butter, milk, smoked fatty fish, cocoa, coffee, roast peanuts, olive, buckwheat and tamarind. Generally, the fruit packaging is impregnated with biphenyl, which evaporates into the air space surrounding the fruit. Some biphenyl is absorbed by the fruit skins. Biphenyl is found in many foods, some of which are lovage, carrot, alcoholic beverages, and nuts. Biphenyl is found in alcoholic beverages. Fungistat, especially for citrus fruits. Biphenyl is used as food preservative and flavouring agent. Biphenyl is detected in bilberry, wine grape, carrot, peas, rum, potato, bell pepper, tomato, butter, milk, smoked fatty fish, cocoa, coffee, roast peanuts, olive, buckwheat and tamarind. Generally, the fruit packaging is impregnated with biphenyl, which evaporates into the air space surrounding the fruit. Some biphenyl is absorbed by the fruit skin D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides

Carbapenem-3-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO3 (153.0426)

A carbapenemcarboxylic acid that is the 3-carboxy derivative of 2,3-didehydro-1-carbapenam. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams

Atovaquone

C22H19ClO3 (366.1023)

Atovaquone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols. [PubChem]Atovaquone is a hydroxy- 1, 4- naphthoquinone, an analog of ubiquinone, with antipneumocystis activity. The mechanism of action against Pneumocystis carinii has not been fully elucidated. In Plasmodium species, the site of action appears to be the cytochrome bc1 complex (Complex III). Several metabolic enzymes are linked to the mitochondrial electron transport chain via ubiquinone. Inhibition of electron transport by atovaquone will result in indirect inhibition of these enzymes. The ultimate metabolic effects of such blockade may include inhibition of nucleic acid and ATP synthesis. Atovaquone also has been shown to have good in vitro activity against Toxoplasma gondii. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Aztreonam

C13H17N5O8S2 (435.0519)

Aztreonam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms. [PubChem]The bactericidal action of aztreonam results from the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis due to a high affinity of aztreonam for penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3). By binding to PBP3, aztreonam inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins. It is possible that aztreonam interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DF - Monobactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Carbenicillin

C17H18N2O6S (378.0886)

Carbenicillin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function. [PubChem]Free carbenicillin is the predominant pharmacologically active fraction of the salt. Carbenicillin exerts its antibacterial activity by interference with final cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Penicillins acylate the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain by opening the lactam ring. This inactivation of the enzyme prevents the formation of a cross-link of two linear peptidoglycan strands, inhibiting the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that carbenicillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Cefotaxime

C16H17N5O7S2 (455.0569)

Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In most cases, it is considered to be equivalent to ceftriaxone in terms of safety and efficacy. Cefotaxime sodium is marketed under various trade names including Claforan (Sanofi-Aventis). J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

mafenide

C7H10N2O2S (186.0463)

D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D002257 - Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents

Mechlorethamine

C5H11Cl2N (155.0269)

Mechlorethamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a vesicant and necrotizing irritant destructive to mucous membranes. It was formerly used as a war gas. The hydrochloride is used as an antineoplastic in Hodgkins disease and lymphomas. It causes severe gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage. [PubChem]Alkylating agents work by three different mechanisms: 1) attachment of alkyl groups to DNA bases, resulting in the DNA being fragmented by repair enzymes in their attempts to replace the alkylated bases, preventing DNA synthesis and RNA transcription from the affected DNA, 2) DNA damage via the formation of cross-links (bonds between atoms in the DNA) which prevents DNA from being separated for synthesis or transcription, and 3) the induction of mispairing of the nucleotides leading to mutations. Mechlorethamine is cell cycle phase-nonspecific. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D002619 - Chemical Warfare Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents D009676 - Noxae > D007509 - Irritants

Meticillin

C17H20N2O6S (380.1042)

Meticillin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the penicillins which is resistant to penicillinase but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection. [PubChem]Like other beta-lactam antibiotics, meticillin acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. It does this by binding to and competitively inhibiting the transpeptidase enzyme used by bacteria to cross-link the peptide (D-alanyl-alanine) used in peptidogylcan synthesis. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CF - Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Pteridine

C6H4N4 (132.0436)

Halofantrine

C26H30Cl2F3NO (499.1656)

Halofantrine is a drug used to treat malaria. It belongs to the phenanthrene class of compounds that includes quinine and lumefantrine. It appears to inhibit polymerisation of heme molecules (by the parasite enzyme heme polymerase), resulting in the parasite being poisoned by its own waste. Halofantrine has been shown to preferentially block open and inactivated HERG channels leading to some degree of cardiotoxicity. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent

Gentamicin

C21H43N5O7 (477.3162)

A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (genetic translation). [PubChem] D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Gatifloxacin

C19H22FN3O4 (375.1594)

Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Bristol-Myers Squibb introduced Gatifloxacin in 1999 under the proprietary name Tequin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, having licensed the medication from Kyorin Pharmaceutical Company of Japan. Allergan produces an eye-drop formulation called Zymar. Gatifloxacin is available as tablets and in various aqueous solutions for intravenous therapy. [Wikipedia] J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AE - Fluoroquinolones D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic D019999 - Pharmaceutical Solutions > D009883 - Ophthalmic Solutions D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Biguanide

C2H7N5 (101.0701)

D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D001645 - Biguanides

Chlorphenesin

C9H11ClO3 (202.0397)

Chlorphenesin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its mode of action is unknown. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203)The mechanism of action of chlorphenesin is not well defined, and its effects are measured mainly by subjective responses. It is known that chlorphenesin acts in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than directly on skeletal muscle. D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01A - Antifungals for topical use D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents

Amanitin

C39H54N10O14S (918.3542)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D000546 - Amanitins

Microlenin

C29H34O7 (494.2304)

Molephantinin

C20H24O6 (360.1573)

Yatein

C22H24O7 (400.1522)

Dihydroanhydropodorhizol is a member of the class of butan-4-olides carrying 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl and (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a lignan, a butan-4-olide, a member of methoxybenzenes and a member of benzodioxoles. Yatein is a natural product found in Austrocedrus chilensis, Podolepis canescens, and other organisms with data available. A member of the class of butan-4-olides carrying 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl and (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.

Maytansine

C34H46ClN3O10 (691.2872)

D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product C1907 - Drug, Natural Product Same as: D04864 Maytansine is a highly potent microtubule-targeted compound that induces mitotic arrest and kills tumor cells at subnanomolar concentrations[1].

Imide

C14H12BrNO2 (305.0051)

Trimetrexate

C19H23N5O3 (369.1801)

A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. [PubChem] P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D06238

Thiolactomycin

C11H14O2S (210.0714)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents

4-amino-4-deoxychorismate

C10H11NO5 (225.0637)

4-amino-4-deoxychorismate, also known as adc, belongs to dicarboxylic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate can be found in a number of food items such as chives, narrowleaf cattail, green vegetables, and chicory leaves, which makes 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).

C-1027

C43H42ClN3O13 (843.2406)

An enediyne antibiotic that has formula C43H42ClN3O13. It is a natural product found in Streptomyces globisporus and exhibits antimicrobial and antineoplastic properties. A natural product found in Streptomyces globisporus and Streptomyces globisporus. D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Clindamycin phosphate

C18H34ClN2O8PS (504.1462)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D055231 - Lincosamides C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C82922 - Lincosamide Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Same as: D01073

CB3717

C24H23N5O6 (477.1648)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

oritavancin

C86H97Cl3N10O26 (1790.5641)

A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01X - Other antibacterials > J01XA - Glycopeptide antibacterials C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C61101 - Glycopeptide Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents

Ascomycin

C43H69NO12 (791.482)

Ascomycin is a macrolide that is produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and exhibits strong immunosuppressant properties. It has a role as an immunosuppressive agent, an antifungal agent and a bacterial metabolite. It is a macrolide, an ether, a lactol and a secondary alcohol. Ascomycin is a natural product found in Streptomyces clavuligerus, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, and Streptomyces ascomycinicus with data available. A macrolide that is produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and exhibits strong immunosuppressant properties. D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents Ascomycin (Immunomycin; FR-900520; FK520) is an ethyl analog of Tacrolimus (FK506) with strong immunosuppressant properties. Ascomycin is also a macrocyclic polyketide antibiotic with multiple biological activities such as anti-malarial, anti-fungal and anti-spasmodic. Ascomycin prevents graft rejection and has potential for varying skin ailments research[1][2].

Sulfametopyrazine

C11H12N4O3S (280.063)

Sulfametopyrazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria. [PubChem]Sulfametopyrazine is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a substrate of the enzyme is prevented from binding. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01ED - Long-acting sulfonamides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides Same as: D01216

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol

C15H16O3 (244.1099)

REACTIVE BLUE 2

C29H20ClN7O11S3 (773.0071)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D004396 - Coloring Agents

2,4-DINITROANILINE

C6H5N3O4 (183.028)

Cis-stilbene oxide

C14H12O (196.0888)

Cis-stilbene oxide is part of the Bile secretion pathway. It is a substrate for: Epoxide hydrolase 1.

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorocyclohexanol

C6H7Cl5O (269.894)

Mannopine

C11H22N2O8 (310.1376)

A hexitol derivative that is D-mannitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is replaced by the alpha-amino group of L-glutamine. It is produced in crown gall tumours induced in a wide range of dicotyledenous plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Didemnin B

C57H89N7O15 (1111.6416)

C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic A natural product found particularly in Lyngbya majuscula and Trididemnum solidum. D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Didemnin B is a depsipeptide extracted from the marine tunicate Trididemnin cyanophorum. Didemnin B can be used for the research of cancer[1].

Guanidine

CH5N3 (59.0483)

Guanidine apparently acts by enhancing the release of acetylcholine following a nerve impulse. It also appears to slow the rates of depolarization and repolarization of muscle cell membranes.; Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. It is found in urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. The molecule was first synthesized in 1861 by the oxidative degradation of an aromatic natural product, guanine, isolated from Peruvian guano. Despite the provocative simplicity of the molecule, the crystal structure was first described 148 years later.; Guanidine is a polyamine that can function as a strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. With a pKa of 12.5, guanidine is protonated, with a charge of +1 in physiological conditions. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed). Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. -- Wikipedia; Guanidines are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=N-R5. The central bond within this group is that of an imine; the other recognizable motif within this group is an aminal. Examples of guanidines are arginine, triazabicyclodecene and saxitoxin. other derivatives could include guanidine hydroxide, the active ingredient in some non-lye relaxers. Guanidinium salts are well known for their denaturing action on proteins. Guanidinium chloride is one of the most effective denaturants. In 6 M GndHCl all proteins with an ordered structure lose their structure, and most of them become randomly coiled, that is, they do not contain any residual structure. Guanidine is a polyamine that can function as a strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. With a pKa of 12.5, guanidine is protonated, with a charge of +1 in physiological conditions. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Guanidine is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed). Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. -- Wikipedia.

Hygromycin A

C23H29NO12 (511.169)

A natural product found in Streptomyces species.

G-418

C20H40N4O10 (496.2744)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins

Racemethionine

C5H11NO2S (149.051)

Racemethionine, also known as DL-methionine or hmet, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methionine and derivatives. Methionine and derivatives are compounds containing methionine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of methionine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Methionine is an alpha-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. Racemethionine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Racemethionine is a mild, acidic, and sulfurous tasting compound. Racemethionine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as wheats, oats, and ryes and in a lower concentration in spinachs, white cabbages, and green zucchinis. Racemethionine is used as a flavouring ingredient and dietary supplement. V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AB - Antidotes C26170 - Protective Agent > C2081 - Hepatoprotective Agent Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement DL-Methionine is an essential amino acid containing sulfur with oxidative stress defense effects. DL-Methionine can be used for animal natural feed. DL-Methionine also kills H. rostochiensis on potato plants[1][2][3]. DL-Methionine is an essential amino acid containing sulfur with oxidative stress defense effects. DL-Methionine can be used for animal natural feed. DL-Methionine also kills H. rostochiensis on potato plants[1][2][3].

D-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 (155.0695)

DL-Cysteine

C3H7NO2S (121.0197)

Glufosinate

C5H12NO4P (181.0504)

D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals

DL-Benzoin

C14H12O2 (212.0837)

C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent Benzoin is a kind of alsamic resin isolated from the styracaceae family. Benzoin can be used as a colour additive used for marking plants[1].

METHIONINE SULFOXIMINE

C5H12N2O3S (180.0569)

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine . KEIO_ID M114

pentamidine

C19H24N4O2 (340.1899)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_50eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_40eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_30eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_20eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_10eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt KEIO_ID P209; [MS2] KO009179 KEIO_ID P209; [MS3] KO009180 KEIO_ID P209

furazolidone

C8H7N3O5 (225.0386)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D023303 - Oxazolidinones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent

Isofraxidin

C11H10O5 (222.0528)

Isofraxidin is a hydroxycoumarin. Isofraxidin is a natural product found in Artemisia alba, Artemisia assoana, and other organisms with data available. Isofraxidin, a coumarin component from Acanthopanax senticosus, inhibits MMP-7 expression and cell invasion of human hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatoma cells[1]. Isofraxidin attenuates the expression of iNOS and COX-2, Isofraxidinalso inhibits TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex formation[2]. Isofraxidin, a coumarin component from Acanthopanax senticosus, inhibits MMP-7 expression and cell invasion of human hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatoma cells[1]. Isofraxidin attenuates the expression of iNOS and COX-2, Isofraxidinalso inhibits TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex formation[2].

Folinic acid

C20H23N7O7 (473.1659)

(6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid is the pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolate(2-). Levoleucovorin is the enantiomerically active form of Folinic Acid (also known as 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid or leucovorin). Commercially available leucovorin is composed of a 1:1 racemic mixture of the dextrorotary and levorotary isomers, while levoleucovorin contains only the pharmacologically active levo-isomer. In vitro, the levo-isomer has been shown to be rapidly converted to the biologically available methyl-tetrahydrofolate form while the dextro form is slowly excreted by the kidneys. Despite this difference in activity, the two commercially available forms have been shown to be pharmacokinetically identical and may be used interchangeably with limited differences in efficacy or side effects (Kovoor et al, 2009). As folate analogs, levoleucovorin and leucovorin are both used to counteract the toxic effects of folic acid antagonists, such as methotrexate, which act by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). They are indicated for use as rescue therapy following use of high-dose methotrexate in the treatment of osteosarcoma or for diminishing the toxicity associated with inadvertent overdosage of folic acid antagonists. Levoleucovorin, as the product Fusilev (FDA), has an additional indication for use in combination chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil in the palliative treatment of patients with advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. Folic acid is an essential B vitamin required by the body for the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and methionine before incorporation into DNA or protein. However, in order to function in this role, it must first be reduced by the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) into the cofactors dihydrofolate (DHF) and tetrahydrofolate (THF). This important pathway, which is required for de novo synthesis of nucleic acids and amino acids, is disrupted when high-dose methotrexate is used for cancer therapy. As methotrexate functions as a DHFR inhibitor to prevent DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, it also prevents the formation of DHF and THF. This results in a deficiency of coenzymes and a resultant buildup of toxic substances that are responsible for numerous adverse side effects of methotrexate therapy. As levoleucovorin and leucovorin are analogs of tetrahydrofolate (THF), they are able to bypass DHFR reduction and act as a cellular replacement for the co-factor THF, thereby preventing these toxic side effects. Levoleucovorin is a Folate Analog. Levoleucovorin is a natural product found in Homo sapiens with data available. Levoleucovorin is the active l-isomer of the racemic mixture of the 5-formyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid. Metabolically active, l-leucovorin, also known levoleucovorin, does not require bioactivation by dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme inhibited by folic acid antagonists. This agent may enhance the effects of fluoropyrimidines by stabilizing their binding to the enzyme thymidylate synthase. (NCI04) 5-Formyltetrahydrofolic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN. See also: Levoleucovorin Calcium (active moiety of); Levoleucovorin disodium (active moiety of). Folinic acid (CAS: 58-05-9), also known as leucovorin, is a medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate (a chemotherapy agent and immune system suppressant) and pyrimethamine (Wikipedia). Folinic acid is the active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000931 - Antidotes C2140 - Adjuvant > C2078 - Folic Acid Derivative Folinic acid (Leucovorin) is a biological folic acid and is generally administered along with Methotrexate (MTX) (HY-14519) as a rescue agent to decrease MTX-induced toxicity[1]. Folinic acid (Leucovorin) is a biological folic acid and is generally administered along with Methotrexate (MTX) (HY-14519) as a rescue agent to decrease MTX-induced toxicity[1].

Biopterin

C9H11N5O3 (237.0862)

Biopterin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Parkinsons disease, in which the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons degenerate, are lower than those from age-matched older controls. In hereditary progressive dystonia/DOPA-responsive dystonia, which is a dopamine deficiency caused by mutations in GTP cyclohydrolase I without neuronal cell death (Segawas disease), biopterin in cerebrospinal fluid decrease in parallel owing to the decreased activity in GTP cyclohydrolase I (EC 3.5.4.16, is an enzyme that is part of the folate and biopterin biosynthesis pathways. It is responsible for the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to form 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-triphosphate. (Pteridines (1999), 10(1), 5-13.) Lowered levels of urinary biopterin concomitant with elevated serum phenylalanine concentration occur in a variant type of hyperphenylalaninemia caused by a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the obligatory cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. The most frequent form of this cofactor deficiency is due to lack of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) activity, the second enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for BH4. (PMID 8178819) The hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylating system consists of 3 essential components, phenylalanine hydroxylase, dihydropteridine reductase, and the nonprotein coenzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin. The reductase and the pterin coenzyme are also essential components of the tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylating systems. There are 3 distinct forms of phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia, each caused by lack of 1 of these essential components. The variant forms of the disease that are caused by the lack of dihydropteridine reductase or tetrahydrobiopterin are characterized by severe neurol. deterioration, impaired functioning of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases, and the resultant deficiency of tyrosine- and tryptophan-derived monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. (PMID 3930837) [HMDB] Biopterin, also known as tetrahydrobiopterin or BH4, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. Biopterin or tetrahydrobiopterin is also classified as a pterin derivative that consists of pterin group bearing an amino, an oxo and a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl substituent at positions 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Biopterin compounds found within the animals include BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin), the free radical BH3, and BH2 (also a free radical, called Dihydrobiopterin). BH2 is produced in the synthesis of L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is restored to the required cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin by the enzyme dihydrobiopterin reductase. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline). It is also a cofactor for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the nitric oxide syntheses. Tetrahydrobiopterin is biosynthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by three chemical reactions mediated by the enzymes GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), and sepiapterin reductase (SR). Biopterin synthesis disorders are a cause of hyperphenylalaninemia. There are 3 distinct forms of phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia, each caused by lack of aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes. The variant forms of hyperphenylalaninemia that are caused by the lack of dihydropteridine reductase or tetrahydrobiopterin are characterized by severe neurological deterioration, impaired functioning of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases, and the resultant deficiency of tyrosine- and tryptophan-derived monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. (PMID 3930837). 6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.

7,8-Dihydroneopterin

C9H13N5O4 (255.0967)

7,8-Dihydroneopterin, also known as dihydroneopterin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Within humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 7,8-dihydroneopterin can be biosynthesized from sepiapterin; which is catalyzed by the enzyme sepiapterin reductase or carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1. In humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin is involved in the metabolic disorder called hyperphenylalaninemia due to 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin is produced by human monocyte-derived macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. Increased amounts of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in human body fluids are found in many disorders, including viral infections and autoimmune diseases (PMID: 12804528). 7,8-dihydroneopterin, also known as npr, belongs to biopterins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 7,8-dihydroneopterin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7,8-dihydroneopterin can be found in a number of food items such as prickly pear, star anise, cocoa bean, and black salsify, which makes 7,8-dihydroneopterin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 7,8-dihydroneopterin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin is involved in the pterine biosynthesis. 7,8-dihydroneopterin is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency, sepiapterin reductase deficiency, dopa-responsive dystonia, and hyperphenylalaniemia due to guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase deficiency. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].

sn-glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine

C5H14NO6P (215.0559)

Sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine is a substrate for: Lysoplasmalogenase. Glycerophosphoethanolamine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1190-00-7 (retrieved 2024-07-25) (CAS RN: 1190-00-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

2-Oxazolidinone, 3-[[(5-nitro-2-furanyl)methylene]amino]-

C8H7N3O5 (225.0386)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D023303 - Oxazolidinones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent

alpha-amanitin

C39H54N10O14S (918.3542)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D000546 - Amanitins

Arabinofuranosylcytosine

C9H13N3O5 (243.0855)

Isolated from the mushroom Xerocomus nigromaculatus of unknown palatability This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). Arabinofuranosylcytosine is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically Arabinofuranosylcytosine is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources. Arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), also known as cytarabine, is a chemotherapeutic agent that is widely used in the treatment of various types of cancer, particularly hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The biological functions of Ara-C are primarily related to its antineoplastic properties, which are derived from its mechanism of action within the cell. Here is a detailed description of its biological functions: 1. **Inhibition of DNA Synthesis**: Ara-C functions as a nucleoside analog, which means it resembles the natural building blocks of DNA. Once inside the cell, Ara-C is converted to its active metabolite, araCTP (arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate). AraCTP competes with the natural deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) for incorporation into the growing DNA chain during the S phase of the cell cycle. Because Ara-C lacks a 3'-hydroxyl group, its incorporation into DNA leads to chain termination, effectively stopping DNA synthesis. 2. **Cell Cycle Specificity**: Ara-C is most effective against cells that are actively dividing. Since it targets cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, it is particularly harmful to rapidly dividing cancer cells, which often spend a significant portion of their cycle in this phase. 3. **Inhibition of DNA Repair**: Beyond its direct effect on DNA synthesis, Ara-C can also interfere with DNA repair mechanisms. This is because the incorporation of Ara-C into DNA can cause mispairing and induce DNA damage, which the cell may be unable to repair properly. 4. **Cell Death Induction**: The inhibition of DNA synthesis and the induction of DNA damage can lead to cell death through apoptosis or necrosis. Cells that cannot replicate their DNA or repair the damage caused by Ara-C activation are programmed to die, which is a desirable outcome in the context of cancer treatment. 5. **Immune System Modulation**: In some cases, Ara-C can also modulate the immune system, although this is not its primary function. It can affect the function and proliferation of immune cells, which can have implications for both its therapeutic effects and side effects. 6. **Enzymatic Conversion**: Ara-C must be activated within the cell by the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), which phosphorylates it to Ara-CMP (monophosphate), then to Ara-CDP (diphosphate), and finally to Ara-CTP. The efficiency of this conversion can vary between different types of cancer cells and normal cells, contributing to the selectivity of Ara-C's action. 7. **Cross-Linking Potential**: Although less common, Ara-C can also form cross-links with DNA, further complicating DNA structure and function, which can contribute to its cytotoxic effects. The biological functions of Ara-C are complex and can vary depending on the dose, the specific cancer type, and the individual patient's metabolism. Its use is carefully monitored in clinical settings due to its potential for significant side effects, including myelosuppression (decreased production of blood cells), gastrointestinal toxicity, and central nervous system toxicity.

ascomycin

C43H69NO12 (791.482)

DL-Homocysteic acid

C4H9NO5S (183.0201)

Histidinol

C6H11N3O (141.0902)

Isofuranodiene

C15H20O (216.1514)

Maitansine

C34H46ClN3O10 (691.2872)

Stilbene oxide

C14H12O (196.0888)

L-Cysteic acid

C3H7NO5S (169.0045)

Cysteinesulfonic acid, also known as (2r)-2-amino-3-sulfopropanoic acid or 3-sulfoalanine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Cysteinesulfonic acid is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cysteinesulfonic acid can be found in a number of food items such as roman camomile, pili nut, chicory, and garden tomato, which makes cysteinesulfonic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

NADP+

C21H29N7O17P3+ (744.0833)

Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5->5)-dinucleotides (5->5)-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5->5)-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent . COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

tetrahydrofolate

C19H23N7O6 (445.171)

Tetrahydrofolic acid, also known as (6s)-tetrahydrofolate or (6s)-thfa, belongs to glutamic acid and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Tetrahydrofolic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Tetrahydrofolic acid can be found in a number of food items such as malabar plum, parsnip, white lupine, and alpine sweetvetch, which makes tetrahydrofolic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Tetrahydrofolic acid may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite. Tetrahydrofolic acid is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. Tetrahydrofolate is transported across cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis where it is needed to maintain normal erythropoiesis, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids, interconvert amino acids, methylate tRNA, and generate and use formate (DrugBank). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Tryptophan

C11H12N2O2 (204.0899)

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1]. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].

Valine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1]. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1].

hypoxanthine

C5H4N4O (136.0385)

C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C62554 - Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.

Isoleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.079)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].

fexofenadine

C32H39NO4 (501.2879)

R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3019 D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Fexofenadine (MDL-16455) is an orally active and nonsedative H1 receptor antagonist. Fexofenadine can be used in allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticarial research[1][2][3].

Glabridin

C20H20O4 (324.1362)

Glabridin is a member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is (R)-isoflavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and a 2,2-dimethyl-2H-pyran group across positions 7 and 8 respectively. It has a role as an antiplasmodial drug. It derives from a hydride of a (R)-isoflavan. Glabridin is a natural product found in Ornithopus sativus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of). C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant > C306 - Bioflavonoid Glabridin is a natural isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, binds to and activates PPARγ, with an EC50 of 6115 nM. Glabridin exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-nephritic, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and radical scavenging activities[1][2]. Glabridin is a natural isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, binds to and activates PPARγ, with an EC50 of 6115 nM. Glabridin exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-nephritic, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and radical scavenging activities[1][2]. Glabridin is a natural isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, binds to and activates PPARγ, with an EC50 of 6115 nM. Glabridin exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-nephritic, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and radical scavenging activities[1][2].

Roxithromycin

C41H76N2O15 (836.5245)

Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin A. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01F - Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins > J01FA - Macrolides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents A minor geometrical isomer of roxithromycin. Roxithromycin is semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin A. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is an erythromycin derivative, a macrolide and a semisynthetic derivative. It is functionally related to an erythromycin A. Roxithromycin is a semi-synthethic macrolide antibiotic that is structurally and pharmacologically similar to [erythromycin], [azithromycin], or [clarithromycin]. It was shown to be more effective against certain Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophila. Roxithromycin exerts its antibacterial action by binding to the bacterial ribosome and interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. It is marketed in Australia as a treatment for respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin that includes an N-oxime side chain on the lactone ring, with antibacterial and anti-malarial activities. Roxithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, which inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and leads to inhibition of bacterial cell growth and replication. Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections. C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C261 - Macrolide Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 409; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8421; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8419 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 409; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8435; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8434 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 409; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8464; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8462 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 409; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8460; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8458 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 409; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8482; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8478 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 409; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8375; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8373 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2185 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4097

Methylmalonic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group. Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer. Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer.

N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE

C3H7NO (73.0528)

hydroxyurea

CH4N2O2 (76.0273)

C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2150 - Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitor D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000986 - Antisickling Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Maitansine

C34H46ClN3O10 (691.2872)

Maytansine is an organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an antimicrobial agent, an antineoplastic agent, a tubulin modulator and an antimitotic. It is an epoxide, a carbamate ester, an organochlorine compound, an alpha-amino acid ester, an organic heterotetracyclic compound and a maytansinoid. Maytansine is a natural product found in Putterlickia verrucosa and Gymnosporia diversifolia with data available. Maytansine is an ansamycin antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata. Maytansine binds to tubulin at the rhizoxin binding site, thereby inhibiting microtubule assembly, inducing microtubule disassembly, and disrupting mitosis. Maytansine exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumor cell lines and may inhibit tumor growth in vivo. (NCI04) An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs. An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents C1907 - Drug, Natural Product Same as: D04864 Maytansine is a highly potent microtubule-targeted compound that induces mitotic arrest and kills tumor cells at subnanomolar concentrations[1].

sulfamethazine

C12H14N4O2S (278.0837)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1309; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8847; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8846 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1309; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8855; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8853 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1309; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8878; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8876 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1309; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8904; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8903 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1309; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8916; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8915 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1309; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8901; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8900 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4099 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8503 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 181 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1008

sulfamethoxazole

C10H11N3O3S (253.0521)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu); Flow Injection CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2343 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8563 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1018

ciprofloxacin

C17H18FN3O3 (331.1332)

A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065609 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AE - Fluoroquinolones D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1026 Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity[1][2][3][4]. Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity[1][2][3][4].

Cefoperazone

C25H27N9O8S2 (645.1424)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1050

Azithromycin

C38H72N2O12 (748.5085)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1052 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 190 J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01F - Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins > J01FA - Macrolides S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics COVID info from DrugBank, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C261 - Macrolide Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Rulide

C41H76N2O15 (836.5245)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01F - Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins > J01FA - Macrolides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C261 - Macrolide Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2185 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 192 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 192; CONFIDENCE standard compound

DIFLUBENZURON

C14H9ClF2N2O2 (310.0321)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Same as: D07829 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 492; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5071; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5069 INTERNAL_ID 492; CONFIDENCE standard compound; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5071; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5069 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 492; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5087; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5086 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 492; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5048; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5047 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 492; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5086; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5085 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 492; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5077; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5076 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 492; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5076; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5075 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3388 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2332 INTERNAL_ID 2332; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8458

fluconazole

C13H12F2N6O (306.1041)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J02 - Antimycotics for systemic use > J02A - Antimycotics for systemic use > J02AC - Triazole and tetrazole derivatives D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01A - Antifungals for topical use > D01AC - Imidazole and triazole derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D065088 - Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065689 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065688 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065088 - Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors > D058888 - 14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3238; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3236 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3247; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3245 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3228; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3225 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3241; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3237 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3236; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3231 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3230; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3229 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6761; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6759 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6801; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6798 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6803; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6800 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6824; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6823 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6831; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6829 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 542; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6836; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6832 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2352 CONFIDENCE Parent Substance (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2300 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8598 INTERNAL_ID 8598; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 328 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 328; CONFIDENCE standard compound

antipyrine

C11H12N2O (188.095)

A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at C-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2. N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02B - Other analgesics and antipyretics > N02BB - Pyrazolones S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02D - Other otologicals > S02DA - Analgesics and anesthetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2273 INTERNAL_ID 2273; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4068 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 338

Amoxicillin

C16H19N3O5S (365.1045)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Constituent of Panax notoginseng (sanchi). Notoginsenoside J is found in tea. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; LSQZJLSUYDQPKJ-NJBDSQKTSA-N_Amoxicillin_STSL_0201_Amoxicillin Trihydrate_2000fmol_180831_S2_L02M02_41; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3083

Ceftazidime

C22H22N6O7S2 (546.0991)

A cephalosporin bearing pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and {[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3238

Linezolid

C16H20FN3O4 (337.1438)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D023303 - Oxazolidinones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3291

Ampicillin

C16H19N3O4S (349.1096)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.412 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.411 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3661 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3661; CONFIDENCE standard compound

pyrimethamine

C12H13ClN4 (248.0829)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BD - Diaminopyrimidines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists [Raw Data] CB119_Pyrimethamine_pos_50eV_CB000043.txt [Raw Data] CB119_Pyrimethamine_pos_40eV_CB000043.txt [Raw Data] CB119_Pyrimethamine_pos_30eV_CB000043.txt [Raw Data] CB119_Pyrimethamine_pos_20eV_CB000043.txt [Raw Data] CB119_Pyrimethamine_pos_10eV_CB000043.txt

oxamniquine

C14H21N3O3 (279.1583)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P02 - Anthelmintics > P02B - Antitrematodals > P02BA - Quinoline derivatives and related substances D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent [Raw Data] CB143_Oxamniquine_pos_50eV_CB000053.txt [Raw Data] CB143_Oxamniquine_pos_40eV_CB000053.txt [Raw Data] CB143_Oxamniquine_pos_30eV_CB000053.txt [Raw Data] CB143_Oxamniquine_pos_20eV_CB000053.txt [Raw Data] CB143_Oxamniquine_pos_10eV_CB000053.txt

PRIMAQUINE

C15H21N3O (259.1685)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BA - Aminoquinolines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent [Raw Data] CB203_Primaquine_pos_50eV_CB000073.txt [Raw Data] CB203_Primaquine_pos_40eV_CB000073.txt [Raw Data] CB203_Primaquine_pos_30eV_CB000073.txt [Raw Data] CB203_Primaquine_pos_20eV_CB000073.txt [Raw Data] CB203_Primaquine_pos_10eV_CB000073.txt

Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.079)

An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. Annotation level-2 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS IPB_RECORD: 2701; CONFIDENCE confident structure L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].

Tryptophan

C11H12N2O2 (204.0899)

An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. Annotation level-2 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 57 COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 5 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society IPB_RECORD: 2721; CONFIDENCE confident structure H-D-Trp-OH is a D-stereoisomer of tryptophan and occasionally found in naturally produced peptides such as the marine venom peptide. H-D-Trp-OH is a D-stereoisomer of tryptophan and occasionally found in naturally produced peptides such as the marine venom peptide. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1]. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].

mercaptopurine

C5H4N4S (152.0157)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BB - Purine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2786 KEIO_ID M054

kanamycin

C18H36N4O11 (484.238)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Origin: Microbe, Glycosides, Aminoglycosides KEIO_ID K002; [MS2] KO009014 KEIO_ID K002

chloramphenicol

C11H12Cl2N2O5 (322.0123)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AA - Antibiotics D - Dermatologicals > D10 - Anti-acne preparations > D10A - Anti-acne preparations for topical use > D10AF - Antiinfectives for treatment of acne An organochlorine compound that is dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions. D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01B - Amphenicols > J01BA - Amphenicols S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 662; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3461; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3459 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 662; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3476; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3473 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 662; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3449; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3445 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 662; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3469; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3467 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 662; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3457; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3455 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 662; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3458; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3457 Origin: Microbe, Propylene glycols, Nitrobenzenes CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2306 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8318 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.577 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.575 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.573 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4073

Trimethioprim

C14H18N4O3 (290.1379)

Trimethoprim. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=738-70-5 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 738-70-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Methotrexate

C20H22N8O5 (454.1713)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BA - Folic acid analogues L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L04 - Immunosuppressants > L04A - Immunosuppressants C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D000019 - Abortifacient Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Spectinomycin

C14H24N2O7 (332.1583)

A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.046 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.045

streptomycin

C21H39N7O12 (581.2657)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials > J01GA - Streptomycins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Tetracycline

C22H24N2O8 (444.1533)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations > A01AB - Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use > D06AA - Tetracycline and derivatives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01A - Tetracyclines > J01AA - Tetracyclines S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C1595 - Tetracycline Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu)

Isofraxidin

C11H10O5 (222.0528)

Annotation level-1 Isofraxidin, a coumarin component from Acanthopanax senticosus, inhibits MMP-7 expression and cell invasion of human hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatoma cells[1]. Isofraxidin attenuates the expression of iNOS and COX-2, Isofraxidinalso inhibits TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex formation[2]. Isofraxidin, a coumarin component from Acanthopanax senticosus, inhibits MMP-7 expression and cell invasion of human hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatoma cells[1]. Isofraxidin attenuates the expression of iNOS and COX-2, Isofraxidinalso inhibits TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex formation[2].

Quinine

C20H24N2O2 (324.1838)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 270; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5966; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5964 P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BC - Methanolquinolines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 270; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5977; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5975 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 270; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5998; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5996 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 270; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5996; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5994 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 270; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6003; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6001 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 270; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6016; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6013 Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, Cinchona alkaloids, Indole alkaloids relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.728 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.722 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.721 Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, acts as an anti-malaria agent. Quinine is a potassium channel inhibitor that inhibits WT mouse Slo3 (KCa5.1) channel currents evoked by voltage pulses to +100?mV with an IC50 of 169 μM[1][2]. Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, acts as an anti-malaria agent. Quinine is a potassium channel inhibitor that inhibits WT mouse Slo3 (KCa5.1) channel currents evoked by voltage pulses to +100?mV with an IC50 of 169 μM[1][2].

Psoralen

C11H6O3 (186.0317)

D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.856 D003879 - Dermatologic Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.851 Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1]. Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1].

Thymidine

C10H14N2O5 (242.0903)

relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.220 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.211 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.213 Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3]. Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3].

Histidinol

C6H11N3O (141.0902)

relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.044 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.042 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.041 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.040

2-Deoxycytidine

C9H13N3O4 (227.0906)

C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite A pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having cytosine as the nucleobase. C26170 - Protective Agent > C2459 - Chemoprotective Agent COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 2'-Deoxycytidine, a deoxyribonucleoside, can inhibit biological effects of Bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu). 2'-Deoxycytidine is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids, that can be used for the research of cancer[1][2]. 2'-Deoxycytidine, a deoxyribonucleoside, could inhibit biological effects of Bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu).

primidone

C12H14N2O2 (218.1055)

N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AA - Barbiturates and derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C67084 - Barbiturate D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants

Gatifloxacin

C19H22FN3O4 (375.1594)

A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AE - Fluoroquinolones D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic D019999 - Pharmaceutical Solutions > D009883 - Ophthalmic Solutions D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

sulfisoxazole

C11H13N3O3S (267.0678)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AB - Sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides Sulfisoxazole (Sulfafurazole) is an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 0.60 μM and 22 μM against endothelin receptor A and endothelin receptor B, respectively. Sulfisoxazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial agent with an oxazole substituent. Sulfisoxazole inhibits breast cancer exosome release by targeting endothelin receptor A[1][2].

Nalidixic acid

C12H12N2O3 (232.0848)

A monocarboxylic acid comprising 1,8-naphthyridin-4-one substituted by carboxylic acid, ethyl and methyl groups at positions 3, 1, and 7, respectively. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C255 - Urinary Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Nalidixic acid, a quinolone antibiotic, is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nalidixic acid acts in a bacteriostatic manner in lower concentrations and is bactericidal in higher concentrations. Nalidixic acid inhibits a subunit of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and reversibly blocks DNA replication in susceptible bacteria[1]. Nalidixic acid, a quinolone antibiotic, is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nalidixic acid acts in a bacteriostatic manner in lower concentrations and is bactericidal in higher concentrations. Nalidixic acid inhibits a subunit of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and reversibly blocks DNA replication in susceptible bacteria[1].

ATOVAQUONE

C22H19ClO3 (366.1023)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

sulfathiazole

C9H9N3O2S2 (255.0136)

D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013432 - Sulfathiazoles D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides

Purine

C5H4N4 (120.0436)

Purine is an endogenous metabolite. Purine is an endogenous metabolite.

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N_STSL_0101_Isoleucine_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_58; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8 COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

Adenine

C5H5N5 (135.0545)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2357 INTERNAL_ID 2357; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; GFFGJBXGBJISGV_STSL_0142_Adenine_0125fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_16; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3].

hypoxanthine

C5H4N4O (136.0385)

C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C62554 - Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor A purine nucleobase that consists of purine bearing an oxo substituent at position 6. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; FDGQSTZJBFJUBT_STSL_0163_Hypoxanthine_0125fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_115; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.

Aica ribonucleotide

C9H15N4O8P (338.0627)

A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5 position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

L-Histidinol

C6H11N3O (141.0902)

An amino alcohol that is propanol substituted by 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2 (the 2S stereoisomer).

N-Acetylserotonin

C12H14N2O2 (218.1055)

An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid. N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine is a Melatonin precursor, and that it can potently activate TrkB receptor.

Glycine

C2H5NO2 (75.032)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018684 - Glycine Agents Flavouring ingredient for beverages, baked goods, puddings and candies Alkaloid found on the leaf surfaces of Brassica oleracea cv. botrytis (cauliflower) [DFC]. Cabbage identification factor 2 is found in brassicas. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is orally active. Glycine can be used to study cell protection, cancer, neurological diseases, and angiogenesis[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.

Uracil

C4H4N2O2 (112.0273)

A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ISAKRJDGNUQOIC_STSL_0177_Uracil_8000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_198; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA.

Folic acid

C19H19N7O6 (441.1397)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2727; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2725 B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03B - Vitamin b12 and folic acid > B03BB - Folic acid and derivatives COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D006397 - Hematinics D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2742; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2740 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2705; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2702 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2726; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2724 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2724; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2722 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2722; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2720 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5826; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5821 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5819; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5814 Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4]. Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4].

Indole

C8H7N (117.0578)

Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.

4-Aminobenzoic acid

C7H7NO2 (137.0477)

D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BA - Protectives against uv-radiation for topical use An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group. 4-Aminobenzoic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria, plants and fungi. 4-Aminobenzoic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria, plants and fungi.

Orotic acid

C5H4N2O4 (156.0171)

A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. Orotic acid (6-Carboxyuracil), a precursor in biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and RNA, is released from the mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) for conversion to UMP by the cytoplasmic UMP synthase enzyme. Orotic acid is a marker for measurement in routine newborn screening for urea cycle disorders. Orotic acid can induce hepatic steatosis and hepatomegaly in rats[1][2][3].

Piperidine

C5H11N (85.0891)

An azacycloalkane that is cyclohexane in which one of the carbons is replaced by a nitrogen. It is a metabolite of cadaverine, a polyamine found in the human intestine. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators

thymine

C5H6N2O2 (126.0429)

A pyrimidine nucleobase that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a methyl group. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; RWQNBRDOKXIBIV_STSL_0176_Thymine_2000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_138; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM. Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM. Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM.

Phenazone

C11H12N2O (188.095)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 347; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6322; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6320 N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02B - Other analgesics and antipyretics > N02BB - Pyrazolones S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02D - Other otologicals > S02DA - Analgesics and anesthetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 347; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6343; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6341 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 347; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6369; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6367 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 347; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6347; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6344 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 347; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6363; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6361 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 347; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6409; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6408 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 347; HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) INTERNAL_ID 347; CONFIDENCE standard compound; HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu); Flow Injection CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu); CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) Flow Injection; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2652 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8546

L-Homocysteic acid

C4H9NO5S (183.0201)

L-Homocysteine

C4H9NO2S (135.0354)

A homocysteine that has L configuration. L-Homocysteine, a homocysteine metabolite, is a homocysteine that has L configuration. L-Homocysteine induces upregulation of cathepsin V that mediates vascular endothelial inflammation in hyperhomocysteinaemia[1][2].

biopterin

C9H11N5O3 (237.0862)

A pterin derivative that consists of pterin bearing amino, oxo and 1,2-dihydroxypropyl substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6 respectively. The parent of the class of biopterins; the L-erythro isomer occurs widely in nature. 6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.

CYROMAZINE

C6H10N6 (166.0967)

D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3021 Cyromazine, the cyclopropyl derivative of melamine, is an insect growth regulator used as an insecticide and acaricide that acts by affecting the nervous system in the larval stages of certain insects.

dihydrobiopterin

C9H13N5O3 (239.1018)

7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin.

Inosinic acid

C10H13N4O8P (348.0471)

COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Inosinic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

NADPH

C21H30N7O17P3 (745.0911)

The reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Sepiapterin

C9H11N5O3 (237.0862)

C307 - Biological Agent

hydroorotic acid

C5H6N2O4 (158.0328)

Pterin

C6H5N5O (163.0494)

isopropanol

C3H8O (60.0575)

D - Dermatologicals > D08 - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08A - Antiseptics and disinfectants D012997 - Solvents

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O (165.0651)

PYRIDINE

C5H5N (79.0422)

guanidine

CH5N3 (59.0483)

Desaminotyrosine

C9H10O3 (166.063)

Desaminotyrosine is a microbially associated metabolite protecting from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling. Desaminotyrosine is a microbially associated metabolite protecting from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling.

hydroxylamine

H3NO (33.0215)

The simplest hydroxylamine, consisting of ammonia bearing a hydroxy substituent. It is an intermediate in the biological nitrification by microbes like bacteria.

PYRIMIDINE

C4H4N2 (80.0374)

The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions. Pyrimidine is an endogenous metabolite.

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide

C4H6N4O (126.0542)

An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4. 5-Amino-3H-imidazole-4-Carboxamide (AICA) is an important precursor for the synthesis of purines in general and of the nucleobases adenine and guanine in particular.

acetohydroxamic acid

C2H5NO2 (75.032)

A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

loxapine

C18H18ClN3O (327.1138)

N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AH - Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent Loxapine is an orally active dopamine inhibitor, 5-HT receptor antagonist and also a dibenzoxazepine anti-psychotic agent[1][4].

Lumazine

C6H4N4O2 (164.0334)

Pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione is an endogenous metabolite.

Muramic acid

C9H17NO7 (251.1005)

N-METHYLANILINE

C7H9N (107.0735)

Phosphonoacetic acid

C2H5O5P (139.9875)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AD - Phosphonic acid derivatives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Phosphonoacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite. Phosphonoacetic acid also has anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1].

Raltitrexed

C21H22N4O6S (458.126)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BA - Folic acid analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2021 - Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

2-Deoxyuridine 5-monophosphate

C9H13N2O8P (308.041)

2-deoxyuridine

C9H12N2O5 (228.0746)

A pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having uracil as the nucleobase. D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2'-Deoxyuridine could increase chromosome breakage and results in a decreased thymidylate synthetase activity. A known use of 2'-Deoxyuridine is as a precursor in the synthesis of Edoxudine. 2'-Deoxyuridine could increase chromosome breakage and results in a decreased thymidylate synthetase activity. A known use of 2'-Deoxyuridine is as a precursor in the synthesis of Edoxudine. 2'-Deoxyuridine could increase chromosome breakage and results in a decreased thymidylate synthetase activity. A known use of 2'-Deoxyuridine is as a precursor in the synthesis of Edoxudine.

Octanol

C8H18O (130.1358)

D012997 - Solvents 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2]. 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2].

Amikacin

C22H43N5O13 (585.2857)

D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

chloroquine

C18H26ClN3 (319.1815)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BA - Aminoquinolines COVID info from Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, DrugBank, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

dapsone

C12H12N2O2S (248.0619)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04B - Drugs for treatment of lepra > J04BA - Drugs for treatment of lepra D - Dermatologicals > D10 - Anti-acne preparations > D10A - Anti-acne preparations for topical use D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007917 - Leprostatic Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C849 - Sulfone Anti-Infective Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

cefotaxime

C16H17N5O7S2 (455.0569)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

mefloquine

C17H16F6N2O (378.1167)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BC - Methanolquinolines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents COVID info from clinicaltrials, clinicaltrial Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent

thioguanine

C5H5N5S (167.0266)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BB - Purine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2254 - Amidophosphoribosyltransferase Inhibitor D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents 6-Thioguanine (Thioguanine; 2-Amino-6-purinethiol) is an anti-leukemia and immunosuppressant agent, acts as an inhibitor of SARS and MERS coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLpros) and also potently inhibits USP2 activity, with IC50s of 25 μM and 40 μM for Plpros and recombinant human USP2, respectively.

4-Aminosalicylic acid

C7H7NO3 (153.0426)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis > J04AA - Aminosalicylic acid and derivatives D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; WUBBRNOQWQTFEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0188_4-Aminosalicylic Acid_0125fmol_180831_S2_L02M02_81; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I.

PENTOSTATIN

C11H16N4O4 (268.1171)

A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2 is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D000903 - Antibiotics, Antineoplastic > D005573 - Formycins L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D058892 - Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2157 - Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitor

sulfanilamide

C6H8N2O2S (172.0306)

D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 576; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3370; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3366 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 576; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3389; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3387 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 576; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3366; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3363 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 576; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3385; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3381 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 576; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3372; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3369 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 576; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3376; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3373 CONFIDENCE standard compound; UCHEM_ID 4195

polyornithine

C5H12N2O2 (132.0899)

An optically active form of ornithine having L-configuration. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2]. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2].

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

C5H13O14P3 (389.9518)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

2-Deoxyadenosine 5-triphosphate

C10H16N5O12P3 (491.0008)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Cephalosporin C

C16H21N3O8S (415.1049)

A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams

Cephalexin

C16H17N3O4S (347.094)

A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DB - First-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Vancomycin

C66H75Cl2N9O24 (1447.4302)

A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01X - Other antibacterials > J01XA - Glycopeptide antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C61101 - Glycopeptide Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents Vancomycin is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections.

gentamicin

C21H43N5O7 (477.3162)

D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Dihydroneopterin triphosphate

C9H16N5O13P3 (494.9957)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

FA 4:1;O2

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer. Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer.

FOH 8:0

C8H18O (130.1358)

D012997 - Solvents 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2]. 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2].

Lanosterin

C30H50O (426.3861)

A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is lanosta-8,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at the 3beta position. It is the compound from which all steroids are derived. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

5-Fluorouridine

C9H11FN2O6 (262.0601)

5-Fluorouridine, a metabolite of 5-fluorouracil (HY-90006), is a potent ribozyme self-cleavage inhibitor. 5-Fluorouridine incorporates into both total and poly A RNA and has antiproliferative activity. 5-Fluorouridine induces apoptosis[1][2][3].

1-[4-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione

C10H14N2O5 (242.0903)

1-(2-Deoxy-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)thymine is a thymidine analog. Analogs of this series have insertional activity towards replicated DNA. They can be used to label cells and track DNA synthesis[1].

10-Propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid

C24H23N5O6 (477.1648)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Stilbene oxide

C14H12O (196.0888)

Floxuridine

C9H11FN2O5 (246.0652)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BC - Pyrimidine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Floxuridine (5-Fluorouracil 2'-deoxyriboside) is a?pyrimidine?analog?and known as an?oncology antimetabolite. Floxuridine inhibits Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase and induces DNA damage by activating the ATM and ATR checkpoint signaling pathways in vitro. Floxuridine is a extreamly potent inhibitor for S. aureus infection and induces cell apoptosis[1][2]. Floxuridine has antiviral effects against HSV and CMV[3].

4-FLUOROANILINE

C6H6FN (111.0484)

trimetrexate

C19H23N5O3 (369.1801)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D06238

Sulfamethopyrazine

C11H12N4O3S (280.063)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01ED - Long-acting sulfonamides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides Same as: D01216

Aldrich

C8H10O3 (154.063)

digallate

C14H10O9 (322.0325)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

Pelmin

C6H6N2O (122.048)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, WikiPathways, PDB, Protein Data Bank, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 or niacin. Nicotinamide Hydrochloride inhibits SIRT2 activity (IC50: 2 μM). Nicotinamide also inhibits SIRT1. Nicotinamide increases cellular NAD+, ATP, ROS levels. Nicotinamide inhibits tumor growth and improves survival. Nicotinamide also has anti-HBV activity[1][2][3][4]. Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 or niacin. Nicotinamide Hydrochloride inhibits SIRT2 activity (IC50: 2 μM). Nicotinamide also inhibits SIRT1. Nicotinamide increases cellular NAD+, ATP, ROS levels. Nicotinamide inhibits tumor growth and improves survival. Nicotinamide also has anti-HBV activity[1][2][3][4]. Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 or niacin. Nicotinamide Hydrochloride inhibits SIRT2 activity (IC50: 2 μM). Nicotinamide also inhibits SIRT1. Nicotinamide increases cellular NAD+, ATP, ROS levels. Nicotinamide inhibits tumor growth and improves survival. Nicotinamide also has anti-HBV activity[1][2][3][4].

Furanodiene

C15H20O (216.1514)

Cypentil

C5H11N (85.0891)

D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators

Pirod

C4H4N2O2 (112.0273)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA.

indol

C8H7N (117.0578)

Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.

Adenin

C5H5N5 (135.0545)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3].

Ficusin

C11H6O3 (186.0317)

D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1]. Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1].

Lanster

C30H50O (426.3861)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Leucol

C9H7N (129.0578)

Xenene

C12H10 (154.0782)

D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides

Phytodolor

C11H10O5 (222.0528)

Isofraxidin, a coumarin component from Acanthopanax senticosus, inhibits MMP-7 expression and cell invasion of human hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatoma cells[1]. Isofraxidin attenuates the expression of iNOS and COX-2, Isofraxidinalso inhibits TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex formation[2]. Isofraxidin, a coumarin component from Acanthopanax senticosus, inhibits MMP-7 expression and cell invasion of human hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatoma cells[1]. Isofraxidin attenuates the expression of iNOS and COX-2, Isofraxidinalso inhibits TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex formation[2].

Guanidin

CH5N3 (59.0483)

AIDS-113822

C9H12N2O5 (228.0746)

D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2'-Deoxyuridine could increase chromosome breakage and results in a decreased thymidylate synthetase activity. A known use of 2'-Deoxyuridine is as a precursor in the synthesis of Edoxudine. 2'-Deoxyuridine could increase chromosome breakage and results in a decreased thymidylate synthetase activity. A known use of 2'-Deoxyuridine is as a precursor in the synthesis of Edoxudine. 2'-Deoxyuridine could increase chromosome breakage and results in a decreased thymidylate synthetase activity. A known use of 2'-Deoxyuridine is as a precursor in the synthesis of Edoxudine.

Thymin

C5H6N2O2 (126.0429)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM. Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM. Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM.

Isohol

C3H8O (60.0575)

D - Dermatologicals > D08 - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08A - Antiseptics and disinfectants D012997 - Solvents

U-4224

C3H7NO (73.0528)

Azine

C5H5N (79.0422)

LS-473

C6H13N (99.1048)

Sapropterin

C9H15N5O3 (241.1175)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AX - Various alimentary tract and metabolism products A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1R,2S-enantiomer). C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Sapropterin is converted from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate by 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase and sepiapterin reductase. It is essential in the formation of neurotransmitters and for nitric oxide synthase (PMID 16946131). [HMDB] Tetrahydrobiopterin ((Rac)-Sapropterin) is a cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases enzymes and also acts as an essential cofactor for all nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms.

fexofenadine

C32H39NO4 (501.2879)

R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Fexofenadine is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second-generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first generation histamine receptor antagonists; Fexofenadine hydrochloride (brand names include Allegra and Telfast) is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first-generation histamine-receptor antagonists. [HMDB] Fexofenadine (MDL-16455) is an orally active and nonsedative H1 receptor antagonist. Fexofenadine can be used in allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticarial research[1][2][3].

Cirsilineol

C18H16O7 (344.0896)

Cirsilineol is a trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is a trimethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a flavone. Cirsilineol is a natural product found in Thymus herba-barona, Salvia tomentosa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Tangerine peel (part of). A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4 respectively.

Biphenyl

C12H10 (154.0782)

D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides

1-octanol

C8H18O (130.1358)

D012997 - Solvents 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2]. 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2].

CYCLOHEXYLAMINE

C6H13N (99.1048)

A primary aliphatic amine consisting of cyclohexane carrying an amino substituent.

Framycetin

C23H46N6O13 (614.3123)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations > A01AB - Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CA - Antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D09 - Medicated dressings > D09A - Medicated dressings > D09AA - Medicated dressings with antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B. R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AB - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Hydrogen

H2 (2.0156)

ganciclovir

C9H13N5O4 (255.0967)

An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a [(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)oxy]methyl group at position 9. Ganciclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat or prevent AIDS-related cytomegalovirus infections. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AB - Nucleosides and nucleotides excl. reverse transcriptase inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AD - Antivirals D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Ganciclovir (BW 759), a nucleoside analogue, is an orally active antiviral agent with activity against CMV. Ganciclovir also has activity in vitro against members of the herpes group and some other DNA viruses. Ganciclovir inhibits the in vitro replication of human herpes viruses (HSV 1 and 2, CMV) and adenovirus serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 19, 22 and 28. Ganciclovir has an IC50 of 5.2 μM for feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) and can diffuse into the brain[1][2][3].

isoniazid

C6H7N3O (137.0589)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis > J04AC - Hydrazides D000963 - Antimetabolites > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D054872 - Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites

Fluorouracil

C4H3FN2O2 (130.0179)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BC - Pyrimidine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2021 - Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an analogue of uracil and a potent antitumor agent. 5-Fluorouracil affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used as a chemical sensitizer[1][2]. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibits HIV[3].

norfloxacin

C16H18FN3O3 (319.1332)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065609 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AE - Fluoroquinolones D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic

leucoline

C9H7N (129.0578)

BENZIMIDAZOLE

C7H6N2 (118.0531)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics

CARBAZOLE

C12H9N (167.0735)

D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

Trientine

C6H18N4 (146.1531)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AX - Various alimentary tract and metabolism products D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents

sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S (250.0524)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides

pyrazole

C3H4N2 (68.0374)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors 1H-pyrazole is an endogenous metabolite.

ethyl acetoacetate

C6H10O3 (130.063)

An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.

Racemethionine

C5H11NO2S (149.051)

V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AB - Antidotes C26170 - Protective Agent > C2081 - Hepatoprotective Agent DL-Methionine is an essential amino acid containing sulfur with oxidative stress defense effects. DL-Methionine can be used for animal natural feed. DL-Methionine also kills H. rostochiensis on potato plants[1][2][3]. DL-Methionine is an essential amino acid containing sulfur with oxidative stress defense effects. DL-Methionine can be used for animal natural feed. DL-Methionine also kills H. rostochiensis on potato plants[1][2][3].

amodiaquine

C20H22ClN3O (355.1451)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BA - Aminoquinolines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent

Carbenicillin

C17H18N2O6S (378.0886)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.

Chlormethine

C5H11Cl2N (155.0269)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D002619 - Chemical Warfare Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents D009676 - Noxae > D007509 - Irritants

methicillin

C17H20N2O6S (380.1042)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CF - Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic A penicillin compound having a (6R)-2,6-dimethoxybenzamido substituent.

SULFADOXINE

C12H14N4O4S (310.0736)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides

chlorphenesin

C9H11ClO3 (202.0397)

D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01A - Antifungals for topical use D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents

Ticarcillin

C15H16N2O6S2 (384.045)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

SUCCINIMIDE

C4H5NO2 (99.032)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals

Halofantrine

C26H30Cl2F3NO (499.1656)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent

Paromomycin

C23H45N5O14 (615.2963)

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Semicarbazide

CH5N3O (75.0433)

D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid

C20H25N7O6 (459.1866)

5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-Methyl THF) is a biologically active form of folic acid. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is a methylated derivate of tetrahydrofolate. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is the predominant natural dietary folate and the principal form of folate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid[1]. Levomefolic acid (5-MTHF) is an orally active, brain-penetrant natural active form of folic acid and is one of the most widely used folic acid food supplements[1][2].

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

C21H29N7O17P3+ (744.0833)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

alpha-Amatoxin

C39H54N10O14S (918.3542)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D000546 - Amanitins

QUINOXALINE

C8H6N2 (130.0531)

1-Indanone

C9H8O (132.0575)

D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants > D014528 - Uricosuric Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D045283 - Natriuretic Agents D045283 - Natriuretic Agents > D004232 - Diuretics

M-toluic Acid

C8H8O2 (136.0524)

A methylbenzoic acid carrying a methyl substituent at position 3.

mafenide

C7H10N2O2S (186.0463)

D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D002257 - Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents

DL-Cysteine

C3H7NO2S (121.0197)

Proguanil

C11H16ClN5 (253.1094)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BB - Biguanides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D001645 - Biguanides D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites

Dihydrofolic acid

C19H21N7O6 (443.1553)

A folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division and is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid.

2-Deoxyguanosine-5-triphosphate

C10H16N5O13P3 (506.9957)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

THYMIDINE-5-triphosphATE

C10H17N2O14P3 (481.9893)

A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5-position.

Isonicotinamide

C6H6N2O (122.048)

D-Alanyl-D-alanine

C6H12N2O3 (160.0848)

A dipeptide comprising D-alanine with a D-alanyl residue attached to the alpha-nitrogen. It is a component of bacterial peptidoglycan and forms an important target for development of antibacterial drugs . D-Ala-D-Ala constitutes the terminus of the peptide part of the peptidoglycan monomer unit and is involved in the transpeptidation reaction as the substrate. D-Ala-D-Ala is catalyzed by D-Alanine-D-Alanine ligase. D-Ala-D-Ala is a bacterial endogenous metabolite[1][2].

6-Methyladenine

C6H7N5 (149.0701)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents A methyladenine that is 9H-purin-6-amine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen. D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators

Deoxycytidine 5-monophosphate

C9H14N3O7P (307.0569)

A pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside 5-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase. 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid is an endogenous metabolite. 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Orotidine-5-monophosphate

C10H13N2O11P (368.0257)

Digallic acid

C14H10O9 (322.0325)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

furoic acid

C3H7NO5S (169.0045)

The L-enantiomer of cysteic acid.

Buformin

C6H15N5 (157.1327)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A10 - Drugs used in diabetes > A10B - Blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. insulins > A10BA - Biguanides C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29711 - Anti-diabetic Agent > C98234 - Biguanide Antidiabetic Agent D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D001645 - Biguanides

Chorismic acid

C10H10O6 (226.0477)

The (3R,4R)-stereoisomer of 5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid.

7,8-Dihydroneopterin

C9H13N5O4 (255.0967)

A neopterin where positions C-7 and C-8 have been hydrogenated. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].

2-Deoxycytidine 5-triphosphate

C9H16N3O13P3 (466.9896)

Formiminoglutamic acid

C6H10N2O4 (174.0641)

The N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid

Deoxyuridine-5-diphosphate

C9H14N2O11P2 (388.0073)

Thymidine-5-diphosphate

C10H16N2O11P2 (402.0229)

A thymidine phosphate having a diphosphate group at the 5-position. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

(6S)-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolate

C19H23N7O6 (445.171)

Biguanide

C2H7N5 (101.0701)

D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D001645 - Biguanides

Queuine

C12H15N5O3 (277.1175)

dihydropteroate

C14H14N6O3 (314.1127)

A pteroic acid derivative arising from formal hydrogenation of the 7,8-double bond of pteroic acid.

5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide

C8H14N3O7P (295.0569)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

PTERIDINE

C6H4N4 (132.0436)

Dyspropterin

C9H11N5O3 (237.0862)

A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one substituted by a 2-oxopropanoyl group at position 6.

10-Formyldihydrofolate

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502)

CDP-glucose

C15H25N3O16P2 (565.071)

5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine

C6H8N4 (136.0749)

6,7-dihydropteridine

C6H6N4 (134.0592)

Trypanothione

C27H47N9O10S2 (721.2887)

5-Hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylic acid

C10H16N3O8P (337.0675)

Pentitol, 1-(4-((1-(2-amino-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-7-methyl-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)ethyl)amino)phenyl)-1-deoxy-5-O-(5-O-((1,3-dicarboxypropoxy)hydroxyphosphinyl)-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl)-, (16alpha)-

C30H45N6O16P (776.263)

Lariam

C17H16F6N2O (378.1167)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BC - Methanolquinolines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Tomudex

C21H22N4O6S (458.126)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BA - Folic acid analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2021 - Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D01064

p-Fluoroaniline

C6H6FN (111.0484)

syringol

C8H10O3 (154.063)

A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6.

p-Fluorophenylalanine

C9H10FNO2 (183.0696)

Homocysteic acid

C4H9NO5S (183.0201)

4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate

C10H11NO5 (225.0637)

A dicarboxylic acid comprising chorismic acid having its 4-hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.

Glycerophosphorylethanolamine

C5H14NO6P (215.0559)

AICAR

C9H14N4O5 (258.0964)