Isoimperatorin
Isoimperatorin is a member of the class of compounds known as psoralens. Psoralens are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Isoimperatorin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Isoimperatorin can be found in a number of food items such as parsley, lime, wild celery, and parsnip, which makes isoimperatorin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isoimperatorin is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5\\\\% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of -oximes has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally (T3DB). D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM. Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM.
Homoplantaginin
Homoplantaginin is a glycoside and a member of flavonoids. Homoplantaginin is a natural product found in Scoparia dulcis, Eriocaulon buergerianum, and other organisms with data available. Homoplantaginin is a flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia with antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Homoplantaginin could inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation. Homoplantaginin is a flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia with antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Homoplantaginin could inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation.
Adenine
Adenine is the parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a purine nucleobase and a member of 6-aminopurines. It derives from a hydride of a 9H-purine. A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. Adenine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenine is a natural product found in Fritillaria cirrhosa, Annona purpurea, and other organisms with data available. Adenine is a purine nucleobase with an amine group attached to the carbon at position 6. Adenine is the precursor for adenosine and deoxyadenosine nucleosides. Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (A3372, A3373). Adenine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES. See also: adenine; dextrose, unspecified form (component of) ... View More ... Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339). Widespread throughout animal and plant tissue, purine components of DNA, RNA, and coenzymes. Vitamin The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6. Adenine (/ˈædɪnɪn/) (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleobase. It is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acids of DNA, the other three being guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine derivatives have various roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and Coenzyme A. It also has functions in protein synthesis and as a chemical component of DNA and RNA.[2] The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. The adjacent image shows pure adenine, as an independent molecule. When connected into DNA, a covalent bond is formed between deoxyribose sugar and the bottom left nitrogen (thereby removing the existing hydrogen atom). The remaining structure is called an adenine residue, as part of a larger molecule. Adenosine is adenine reacted with ribose, as used in RNA and ATP; Deoxyadenosine is adenine attached to deoxyribose, as used to form DNA. Adenine forms several tautomers, compounds that can be rapidly interconverted and are often considered equivalent. However, in isolated conditions, i.e. in an inert gas matrix and in the gas phase, mainly the 9H-adenine tautomer is found.[3][4] Purine metabolism involves the formation of adenine and guanine. Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP), which in turn is synthesized from a pre-existing ribose phosphate through a complex pathway using atoms from the amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartic acid, as well as the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3].
Ginsenoside F1
Ginsenoside F1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an apoptosis inhibitor. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a ginsenoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a 6alpha-hydroxy steroid and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenoside F1 is a natural product found in Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, and Gynostemma yixingense with data available. Ginsenoside F1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside F1 is isolated from Panax species. Isolated from Panax subspecies Ginsenoside F1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside F1, an enzymatically modified derivative of Ginsenoside Rg1, demonstrates competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 activity and weaker inhibition of CYP2D6 activity. Ginsenoside F1, an enzymatically modified derivative of Ginsenoside Rg1, demonstrates competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 activity and weaker inhibition of CYP2D6 activity.
Maslinic acid
Maslinic acid is a compound derived from dry olive-pomace oil (an olive skin wax) which is a byproduct of olive oil extraction. It is a member of the group of triterpenes known as oleananes.; Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Maslinic acid exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. (PMID: 17292619) Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Maslinic acid exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. (PMID: 17292619). Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3 and a carboxy group at position 28 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). It is isolated from Olea europaea and Salvia canariensis and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antineoplastic activity. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antineoplastic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane. Maslinic acid is a natural product found in Chaenomeles speciosa, Salvia tomentosa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Centaurium erythraea whole (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3 and a carboxy group at position 28 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). It is isolated from Olea europaea and Salvia canariensis and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antineoplastic activity. Maslinic acid can inhibit the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB p65 and abolish the phosphorylation of IκB-α, which is required for p65 activation. Maslinic acid can inhibit the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB p65 and abolish the phosphorylation of IκB-α, which is required for p65 activation.
dehydrocorydalin
Dehydrocorydaline is an alkaloid. Dehydrocorydaline is a natural product found in Corydalis turtschaninovii, Corydalis nobilis, and other organisms with data available. Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) is an alkaloid that regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP[1]. Dehydrocorydaline elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities[2]. Dehydrocorydaline shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC50=38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability?>?90\\%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain[3]. Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) is an alkaloid that regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP[1]. Dehydrocorydaline elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities[2]. Dehydrocorydaline shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC50=38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability?>?90\%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain[3].
Senkyunolide
Senkyunolide is a member of 2-benzofurans. Senkyunolide A is a natural product found in Ligusticum striatum, Angelica sinensis, and other organisms with data available. See also: Celery (part of); Scutellaria baicalensis Root (part of); Angelica acutiloba Root (part of) ... View More ... Senkyunolide A, isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, has cytoprotective and antiproliferative activities. Anti-tumor activity[1][2]. Senkyunolide A, isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, has cytoprotective and antiproliferative activities. Anti-tumor activity[1][2].
Pseudoprotodioscin
Pseudoprotodioscin is a steroid saponin. Pseudoprotodioscin is a natural product found in Smilax menispermoidea, Trachycarpus fortunei, and other organisms with data available. Pseudoprotodioscin, a furostanoside, inhibits SREBP1/2 and microRNA 33a/b levels and reduces the gene expression regarding the synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides[1]. Pseudoprotodioscin, a furostanoside, inhibits SREBP1/2 and microRNA 33a/b levels and reduces the gene expression regarding the synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides[1]. Pseudoprotodioscin, a furostanoside, inhibits SREBP1/2 and microRNA 33a/b levels and reduces the gene expression regarding the synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides[1].
Arbutin
Hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside is a monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a hydroquinone. Extracted from the dried leaves of bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos and other plants commonly in the Ericaceae family, arbutin is a beta-D-glucopyranoside of [DB09526]. It is found in foods, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal dietary supplements. Most commonly, it is an active ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products as a skin-lightening agent for the prevention of melanin formation in various skin conditions that involve cutaneous hyperpigmentation or hyperactive melanocyte function. It has also been used as an anti-infective for the urinary system as well as a diuretic. Arbutin is available in both natural and synthetic forms; it can be synthesized from acetobromglucose and [DB09526]. Arbutin is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase (E.C.1.14.18.1) in melanocytes, and the inhibition of melanin synthesis at non-toxic concentrations was observed in vitro. Arbutin was shown to be less cytotoxic to melanocytes in culture compared to [DB09526]. Arbutin is a natural product found in Grevillea robusta, Halocarpus biformis, and other organisms with data available. See also: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf (part of); Arbutin; octinoxate (component of); Adenosine; arbutin (component of) ... View More ... Arbutin, also known as hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside or P-hydroxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenolic glycosides. Phenolic glycosides are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. Arbutin is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Arbutin can be found in a number of food items such as guava, lingonberry, irish moss, and rowal, which makes arbutin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Arbutin is a glycoside; a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos among many other medicinal plants, primarily in the Ericaceae family. Applied topically, it inhibits tyrosinase and thus prevents the formation of melanin. Arbutin is therefore used as a skin-lightening agent. Very tiny amounts of arbutin are found in wheat, pear skins, and some other foods. It is also found in Bergenia crassifolia. Arbutin was also produced by an in vitro culture of Schisandra chinensis . A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage. Arbutin is found in apple. Glucoside in pear leaves (Pyrus communis C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6126; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6123 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6107; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6104 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 811; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 808 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 806; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 804 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 813; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 811 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 832; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 828 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 817; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 816 Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents[1]. Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[2][3]. Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents[1]. Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[2][3].
Gynosaponin S
Gypenoside XVII is a ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a disaccharide derivative, a ginsenoside and a tetracyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Gypenoside XVII is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and other organisms with data available. Gynosaponin S is found in tea. Gynosaponin S is a constituent of Panax species. Constituent of Panax subspecies Gynosaponin S is found in tea. Gypenoside XVII, a novel phytoestrogen belonging to the gypenosides, can activate estrogen receptors. Gypenoside XVII, a novel phytoestrogen belonging to the gypenosides, can activate estrogen receptors.
Tabersonine
Tabersonine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with cytotoxic activity. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a metabolite. It is an alkaloid ester, a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, a methyl ester and an organic heteropentacyclic compound. It is a conjugate base of a tabersoninium(1+). Tabersonine is a natural product found in Voacanga schweinfurthii, Tabernaemontana citrifolia, and other organisms with data available. A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with cytotoxic activity. Annotation level-1 Tabersonine is an indole alkaloid mainly isolated from Catharanthus roseus. Tabersonine disrupts Aβ(1-42) aggregation and ameliorates Aβ aggregate-induced cytotoxicity. Tabersonine has anti-inflammatory activities and acts as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ALI/ARDS[1]. Tabersonine is an indole alkaloid mainly isolated from Catharanthus roseus. Tabersonine disrupts Aβ(1-42) aggregation and ameliorates Aβ aggregate-induced cytotoxicity. Tabersonine has anti-inflammatory activities and acts as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ALI/ARDS[1].
Mecheliolide
Micheliolide is a sesquiterpene lactone. Micheliolide is a natural product found in Costus and Magnolia champaca with data available. Micheliolide can attenuate high glucose-stimulated NF-κB activation, IκBα degradation, and the expression of MCP-1, TGF-β1, and FN in mouse mesangial cells. Micheliolide can attenuate high glucose-stimulated NF-κB activation, IκBα degradation, and the expression of MCP-1, TGF-β1, and FN in mouse mesangial cells.
Sudan_III
Sudan III is a bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections. It has a role as a fluorochrome, a histological dye and a carcinogenic agent. It is a member of azobenzenes, a bis(azo) compound and a member of naphthols. It is functionally related to a 2-naphthol. D004396 - Coloring Agents
Hocogenin
Hecogenin is a triterpenoid. Hecogenin is a natural product found in Yucca gloriosa, Allium rotundum, and other organisms with data available.
Obacunone
Constituent of Citrus subspecies, Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat) and Casimiroa edulis (Mexican apple). Obacunone is found in many foods, some of which are pomes, sweet orange, lemon, and fruits. Obacunone is found in fruits. Obacunone is a constituent of Citrus species, Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat) and Casimiroa edulis (Mexican apple) Obacunone is a limonoid. Obacunone is a natural product found in Limonia acidissima, Citrus latipes, and other organisms with data available. Obacunone, isolated from Citrus fruits, exhibits anti-tumor activity by the induction of apoptosis[1]. Obacunone, isolated from Citrus fruits, exhibits anti-tumor activity by the induction of apoptosis[1].
3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, also known as 3,4-dihydrocoumarin or 1,2-benzodihydropyrone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3,4-dihydrocoumarins. These are 3,4-dihydrogenated coumarins. Coumarin is a bicyclic compound that are 1-benzopyran carrying an oxo group at the 2-position. 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one is a sweet, almond, and cinnamon tasting compound. 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as green vegetables, pulses, sour cherries, and tarragons. A chromanone that is the 3,4-dihydro derivative of coumarin. 3,4-dihydrocoumarin is a white to pale yellow clear oily liquid with a sweet odor. Solidifies around room temperature. (NTP, 1992) 3,4-dihydrocoumarin is a chromanone that is the 3,4-dihydro derivative of coumarin. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a coumarin. 3,4-Dihydrocoumarin is a natural product found in Glebionis segetum, Prunus mahaleb, and other organisms with data available. Isolated from Melilotus officinalis (sweet clover). Flavouring ingredient. 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one is found in many foods, some of which are sour cherry, tarragon, green vegetables, and pulses. A chromanone that is the 3,4-dihydro derivative of coumarin. [Raw Data] CB236_3; 4-Dihydrocoumarin_pos_20eV_CB000080.txt [Raw Data] CB236_3; 4-Dihydrocoumarin_pos_30eV_CB000080.txt [Raw Data] CB236_3; 4-Dihydrocoumarin_pos_10eV_CB000080.txt Dihydrocoumarin is a compound found in Melilotus officinalis. Dihydrocoumarin is a yeast Sir2p inhibitor. Dihydrocoumarin also inhibits human SIRT1 and SIRT2 with IC50s of 208 μM and 295 μM, respectively[1]. Dihydrocoumarin is a compound found in Melilotus officinalis. Dihydrocoumarin is a yeast Sir2p inhibitor. Dihydrocoumarin also inhibits human SIRT1 and SIRT2 with IC50s of 208 μM and 295 μM, respectively[1]. Dihydrocoumarin is a compound found in Melilotus officinalis. Dihydrocoumarin is a yeast Sir2p inhibitor. Dihydrocoumarin also inhibits human SIRT1 and SIRT2 with IC50s of 208 μM and 295 μM, respectively[1].
L-Tryptophan betaine
Hypaphorine is an amino acid betaine obtaine by exhaustive methylation of the alpha-amino group of L-tryptophan with concomitant deprotonation of the carboxy group. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a xenobiotic and a fungal metabolite. It is an amino-acid betaine, a L-tryptophan derivative and an indole alkaloid. Hypaphorine is a natural product found in Erythrina suberosa, Erythrina subumbrans, and other organisms with data available. Lenticin or hypaphorine is a compound found in lentil extracts. It can also be detected in blood after an individual has consumed lentils and may therefore serve as a food biomarker. Lenticin is an indole alkaloid that is essentially an N-methylated form of tryptophan. It is known to be a sleep-inducing compound (PMID: 18571406). In plants it is an agonist of the plant hormone indole acetic acid. An amino acid betaine obtaine by exhaustive methylation of the alpha-amino group of L-tryptophan with concomitant deprotonation of the carboxy group. (+)-Hypaphorine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=487-58-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 487-58-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Hypaphorine is an indole alkaloid isolated from Caragana korshinskii, and with neurological and glucose-lowering effects in rodents[1]. Hypaphorine is an indole alkaloid isolated from Caragana korshinskii, and with neurological and glucose-lowering effects in rodents[1].
Dihydrodaidzein
Dihydrodaidzein is one of the most prominent dietary phytoestrogens. Dietary phytoestrogens have been implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases (PMID:12270199). Dihydrodaidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products. Dihydrodaidzein is a hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone carrying two hydroxy substituents located at positions 4 and 7. It has a role as a metabolite. A hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone carrying two hydroxy substituents located at positions 4 and 7. Dihydrodaidzein is one of the most prominent dietary phytoestrogens. S-Dihydrodaidzein is the (S)-enantiomer of dihydrodaidzein which is one of the most prominent dietary phytoestrogens[1][2].
(S)-[8]-Gingerol
(8)-Gingerol is a beta-hydroxy ketone, a member of phenols and a monomethoxybenzene. (8)-Gingerol is a natural product found in Zingiber officinale with data available. See also: Ginger (part of). (S)-[8]-Gingerol is found in ginger. (S)-[8]-Gingerol is a constituent of ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. Constituent of ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. (S)-[8]-Gingerol is found in herbs and spices and ginger. 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2]. 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2].
Nervonic acid
Nervonic acid is a long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is enriched in sphingomyelin. It consists of choline, sphingosine, phosphoric acid, and fatty acid. Nervonic acid may enhance the brain functions and prevent demyelination (Chemical Land21). Research shows that there is negative relationship between nervonic acid and obesity-related risk factors (PMID:16394593). Demyelination in adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is associated with an accumulation of very long chain saturated fatty acids stemming from a genetic defect in the peroxisomal beta oxidation system responsible for the chain shortening of these fatty acids. Sphingolipids from post mortem ALD brain have decreased levels of nervonic acid, 24:1(n-9), and increased levels of stearic acid, 18:0. (PMID:8072429). (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid is a tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15. It is a conjugate acid of a (15Z)-tetracosenoate. Nervonic acid is a natural product found in Tropaeolum speciosum, Calophyllum inophyllum, and other organisms with data available. Nervonic Acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid with a 24-carbon backbone and the sole double bond originating from the 9th carbon from the methyl end, with this bond in the cis- configuration. See also: Borage Seed Oil (part of). A tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15. Present in fish and rape seed oils Nervonic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid important in the biosynthesis of myelin. Nervonic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid important in the biosynthesis of myelin.
Pteryxin
Pteryxin is a member of coumarins. Pteryxin is a natural product found in Musineon divaricatum, Pteryxia terebinthina, and other organisms with data available. Origin: Plant, Coumarins Pteryxin, a coumarin in Peucedanum japonicum Thunb leaves, exerts antiobesity activity[1]. Pteryxin is a potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 12.96 μg/ml[2]. Pteryxin, a coumarin in Peucedanum japonicum Thunb leaves, exerts antiobesity activity[1]. Pteryxin is a potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 12.96 μg/ml[2].
Isofucosterol
Isofucosterol, also known as delta5-avenasterol, is a phytosterol. Phytosterols, or plant sterols, are compounds that occur naturally and bear a close structural resemblance to cholesterol but have different side-chain configurations. Phytosterols are relevant in pharmaceuticals (production of therapeutic steroids), nutrition (anti-cholesterol additives in functional foods, anti-cancer properties), and cosmetics (creams, lipstick). Phytosterols can be obtained from vegetable oils or from industrial wastes, which gives an added value to the latter. Considerable efforts have been recently dedicated to the development of efficient processes for phytosterol isolation from natural sources. The present work aims to summarize information on the applications of phytosterols and to review recent approaches, mainly from the industry, for the large-scale recovery of phytosterols (PMID: 17123816, 16481154). Isofucosterol is found to be associated with phytosterolemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Isofucosterol, also known as (24z)-stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol or delta5-avenasterol, belongs to stigmastanes and derivatives class of compounds. Those are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24. Thus, isofucosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Isofucosterol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Isofucosterol can be found in a number of food items such as globe artichoke, gooseberry, deerberry, and ucuhuba, which makes isofucosterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isofucosterol can be found primarily in blood. Moreover, isofucosterol is found to be associated with sitosterolemia. Isofucosterol is a 3beta-sterol consisting of stigmastan-3beta-ol with double bonds at positions 5 and 24(28). The double bond at postion 24(28) adopts a Z-configuration. It has a role as an animal metabolite, a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite and a marine metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid, a C29-steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Fucosterol is a natural product found in Echinometra lucunter, Ulva fasciata, and other organisms with data available. A 3beta-sterol consisting of stigmastan-3beta-ol with double bonds at positions 5 and 24(28). The double bond at postion 24(28) adopts a Z-configuration. Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research. Isofucosterol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=481-14-1 (retrieved 2024-10-08) (CAS RN: 481-14-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
tigogenin
Tigogenin is a widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs. It has a role as a gout suppressant and a plant metabolite. Tigogenin is a natural product found in Cordyline australis, Yucca gloriosa, and other organisms with data available. A widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs. Tigogenin, also known as sarsasapogenin, (3beta,5alpha,25s)-isomer or smilagenin, is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Thus, tigogenin is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Tigogenin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Tigogenin can be found in fenugreek, which makes tigogenin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Tigogenin, one of steroidal sapogenins, is widely used for synthesizing steroid agents. Tigogenin inhibits adipocytic differentiation and induces osteoblastic differentiation in mouse bone marrow stromal cells[1]. Tigogenin, one of steroidal sapogenins, is widely used for synthesizing steroid agents. Tigogenin inhibits adipocytic differentiation and induces osteoblastic differentiation in mouse bone marrow stromal cells[1].
Erythrodiol
Erythrodiol is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Erythrodiol exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. (PMID: 17292619, 15522132). Erythrodiol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is beta-amyrin in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group at position 28 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a plant metabolite found in olive oil as well as in Rhododendron ferrugineum and other Rhododendron species. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol and a diol. It is functionally related to a beta-amyrin. Erythrodiol is a natural product found in Salacia chinensis, Monteverdia ilicifolia, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Centaurium erythraea whole (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is beta-amyrin in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group at position 28 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a plant metabolite found in olive oil as well as in Rhododendron ferrugineum and other Rhododendron species. Found in grapes, olives, pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) and other plants Erythrodiol is an olive oil component. Erythrodiol promotes Cholesterol efflux (ChE) by selectively inhibiting the degradation of ABCA1 protein. Erythrodiol is a good candidate to be further explored for therapeutic or preventive application in the context of atherosclerosis[1]. Erythrodiol is an olive oil component. Erythrodiol promotes Cholesterol efflux (ChE) by selectively inhibiting the degradation of ABCA1 protein. Erythrodiol is a good candidate to be further explored for therapeutic or preventive application in the context of atherosclerosis[1].
(-)-Guttiferone E
Garcinol is a monoterpenoid. CID 5281560 is a natural product found in Garcinia assugu, Garcinia pedunculata, and other organisms with data available. (-)-Guttiferone E is found in fruits. (-)-Guttiferone E is a constituent of Garcinia indica (kokam). Camboginol isolated from Garcinia cambogia. Constituent of Garcinia indica (kokam). Camboginol isolated from Garcinia cambogia. (-)-Guttiferone E is found in fruits. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone harvested from Garcinia indica, exerts anti-cholinesterase properties towards acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50s of 0.66 μM and 7.39 μM, respectively[1]. Garcinol also inhibits histone acetyltransferases (HATs, IC50= 7 μM) and p300/CPB-associated factor (PCAF, IC50 = 5 μM). Garcinol has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity[2].
beta-Cryptoxanthin
beta-Cryptoxanthin has been isolated from abalone, fish eggs, and many higher plants. beta-Cryptoxanthin is a major source of vitamin A, often second only to beta-carotene, and is present in fruits such as oranges, tangerines, and papayas (PMID: 8554331). Frequent intake of tropical fruits that are rich in beta-cryptoxanthin is associated with higher plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations in Costa Rican adolescents. Papaya intake was the best food predictor of plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations. Subjects that frequently consumed (i.e. greater or equal to 3 times/day) tropical fruits with at least 50 micro g/100 g beta-cryptoxanthin (e.g. papaya, tangerine, orange, watermelon) had twofold the plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations of those with intakes of less than 4 times/week (PMID: 12368412). A modest increase in beta-cryptoxanthin intake, equivalent to one glass of freshly squeezed orange juice per day, is associated with a reduced risk of developing inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (PMID: 16087992). Higher prediagnostic serum levels of total carotenoids and beta-cryptoxanthin were associated with lower smoking-related lung cancer risk in middle-aged and older men in Shanghai, China (PMID: 11440962). Consistent with inhibition of the lung cancer cell growth, beta-cryptoxanthin induced the mRNA levels of retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-beta) in BEAS-2B cells, although this effect was less pronounced in A549 cells. Furthermore, beta-cryptoxanthin transactivated the RAR-mediated transcription activity of the retinoic acid response element. These findings suggest a mechanism of anti-proliferative action of beta-cryptoxanthin and indicate that beta-cryptoxanthin may be a promising chemopreventive agent against lung cancer (PMID: 16841329). Cryptoxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment. It has been isolated from a variety of sources including the petals and flowers of plants in the genus Physalis, orange rind, papaya, egg yolk, butter, apples, and bovine blood serum. In a pure form, cryptoxanthin is a red crystalline solid with a metallic lustre. It is freely soluble in chloroform, benzene, pyridine, and carbon disulfide. In the human body, cryptoxanthin is converted into vitamin A (retinol) and is therefore considered a provitamin A. As with other carotenoids, cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant and may help prevent free radical damage to cells and DNA, as well as stimulate the repair of oxidative damage to DNA. Structurally, cryptoxanthin is closely related to beta-carotene, with only the addition of a hydroxyl group. It is a member of the class of carotenoids known as xanthophylls. Beta-cryptoxanthin is a carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges. It has a role as a provitamin A, an antioxidant, a biomarker and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. beta-Cryptoxanthin is a natural product found in Hibiscus syriacus, Cladonia gracilis, and other organisms with data available. A mono-hydroxylated xanthophyll that is a provitamin A precursor. See also: Corn (part of). A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins Cryptoxanthin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=472-70-8 (retrieved 2024-10-31) (CAS RN: 472-70-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Myristoleate (14:1n5)
Myristoleic acid, also known as 9-tetradecenoate or myristoleate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Myristoleic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Myristoleic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Outside of the human body, myristoleic acid is found in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as milk (cow), butter, and margarine-like spreads, and in a lower concentration in creams, meat bouillons, and chocolates. Myristoleic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as anchovies, loganberries, sunflowers, yellow zucchinis, and dates. This could make myristoleic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Myristoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid that represents approximately 0.3-0.7\\\\% of the total fatty acid composition of adipose tissue triacylglycerol in humans (PMID: 10393134). It has been suggested that its effective cytotoxic (i.e. cell death inducer) activity could be used for the treatment of prostate cancer (PMID: 11304730). Myristoleic acid is a tetradecenoic acid in which the double bond is at the 9-10 position and has Z configuration. Myristoleic acid has been isolated from Serenoa repens and has cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, a plant metabolite and an EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor. It is a tetradecenoic acid and a long-chain fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a myristoleate. Myristoleic acid is a natural product found in Gladiolus italicus, Erucaria microcarpa, and other organisms with data available. Myristoleic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A tetradecenoic acid in which the double bond is at the 9-10 position and has Z configuration. Myristoleic acid has been isolated from Serenoa repens and has cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects. Occurs in natural fats, e.g. Cottonseed oil KEIO_ID M044 Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from Serenoa repens, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells[1]. Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from Serenoa repens, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells[1].
alpha-Carotene
alpha-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. alpha-Carotene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. alpha-Carotene is one of the primary isomers of carotene. Plasma levels of alpha-carotene are positively associated with the detection rate of AFB1-DNA adducts in a dose-dependent manner, whereas plasma lycopene level was inversely related to the presence of the adducts in urine (PMID: 9214602). (6R)-beta,epsilon-carotene is an alpha-carotene. It is an enantiomer of a (6S)-beta,epsilon-carotene. alpha-Carotene is a natural product found in Hibiscus syriacus, Scandix stellata, and other organisms with data available. Widespread carotenoid, e.g. in carrots and palm oil. Has vitamin A activity but less than that of b-Carotene A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Se-Methylselenocysteine
Se-Methylselenocysteine (SeMSC) is a naturally occurring seleno-amino acid that is synthesized by plants such as garlic, astragalus, onions, and broccoli. It cannot be synthesized by higher animals. Unlike selenomethionine, which is incorporated into proteins in place of methionine, SeMSC is not incorporated into any proteins, thereby being fully available for the synthesis of selenium-containing enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase. Selenomethionine is the major seleno-compound in cereal grains (wheat grain, maize, and rice), soybeans, and enriched yeast. Seleno-compounds present in plants may have a profound effect upon the health of animals and human subjects. It is now known that the total Se content cannot be used as an indication of its efficacy, but knowledge of individual selenocompounds is necessary to fully assess the significance. Thus, speciation of the seleno-compounds has moved to the forefront. Since animals and man are dependent upon plants for their nutritional requirements, this makes the types of seleno-compounds in plants even more critical. Se enters the food chain through incorporation into plant proteins, mostly as selenocysteine and selenomethionine at normal Se levels. There are two possible pathways for the catabolism of selenomethionine: (1) a transsulfuration pathway via selenocystathionine to produce selenocysteine, which in turn is degraded to H2Se by the enzyme beta-lyase and (2) a transamination-decarboxylation pathway. It was estimated that 90\\\\% of methionine is metabolized through this pathway and thus could be also the major route for selenomethionine catabolism (PMID: 14748935 , Br J Nutr. 2004 Jan;91(1):11-28.). Selenomethionine is an amino acid containing selenium. The L-isomer of selenomethionine, known as Se-met and Sem, is a common natural food source of selenium. In vivo, selenomethionine is randomly incorporated instead of methionine and is readily oxidized. Its antioxidant activity arises from its ability to deplete reactive species. Selenium and sulfur are chalcogen elements that share many chemical properties and the substitution of methionine to selenomethionine may have no effect on protein structure and function. However, the incorporation of selenomethionine into tissue proteins and keratin in horses causes alkali disease. Alkali disease is characterized by emaciation, loss of hair, deformation and shedding of hooves, loss of vitality, and erosion of the joints of long bones. Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine is an L-alpha-amino acid compound having methylselanylmethyl as the side-chain. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent. It is a Se-methylselenocysteine, a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid and a L-selenocysteine derivative. It is a conjugate base of a Se-methyl-L-selenocysteinium. It is a conjugate acid of a Se-methyl-L-selenocysteinate. It is an enantiomer of a Se-methyl-D-selenocysteine. It is a tautomer of a Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine zwitterion. Methylselenocysteine has been used in trials studying the prevention of Prostate Carcinoma and No Evidence of Disease. Se-Methylselenocysteine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Methylselenocysteine is a naturally occurring organoselenium compound found in many plants, including garlic, onions, and broccoli, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Se-Methyl-seleno-L-cysteine (MSC) is an amino acid analogue of cysteine in which a methylselenium moiety replaces the sulphur atom of cysteine. This agent acts as an antioxidant when incorporated into glutathione peroxidase and has been shown to exhibit potent chemopreventive activity in animal models. Se-Methylselenocysteine (SeMSC) is a naturally occurring seleno-amino acid that is synthesized by plants such as garlic, astragalus, onions and broccoli. Unlike selenomethionine, which is incorporated into proteins in place of methionine, SeMSC is not incorporated into any proteins, thereby being fully available for the synthesis of selenium-containing enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase. 3-(Methylseleno)alanine is found in many foods, some of which are common cabbage, white cabbage, lima bean, and cauliflower. D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Se-Methylselenocysteine, a precursor of Methylselenol, has potent cancer chemopreventive activity and anti-oxidant activity. Se-Methylselenocysteine is orally bioavailable, and induces apoptosis[1][2]. Se-Methylselenocysteine, a precursor of Methylselenol, has potent cancer chemopreventive activity and anti-oxidant activity. Se-Methylselenocysteine is orally bioavailable, and induces apoptosis[1][2].
Punicic_acid
(9Z,11E,13Z)-octadecatrienoic acid is a 9,11,13-octadecatrienoic acid having its double bonds in cis, trans and cis configurations, respectively. It has been isolated from pomegranate (Punica granatum). It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a plant metabolite. Punicic acid is a natural product found in Trichosanthes nervifolia, Punica granatum, and other organisms with data available. Punicic Acid is a polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acid with an 18-carbon backbone and exactly three double bonds, originating from the 5th, 7th and 9th positions from the methyl end, with these three bonds in the cis-, trans- and cis- configurations, respectively. See also: Pomegranate Seed Oil (has part). A 9,11,13-octadecatrienoic acid having its double bonds in cis, trans and cis configurations, respectively. It has been isolated from pomegranate (Punica granatum).
Narciclasine
Narciclasine is a member of phenanthridines. It has a role as a metabolite. Narciclasine is a natural product found in Lycoris sanguinea, Lycoris squamigera, and other organisms with data available. A natural product found in Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Narciclasine is a plant growth modulator. Narciclasine modulates the Rho/Rho kinase/LIM kinase/cofilin signaling pathway, greatly increasing GTPase RhoA activity as well as inducing actin stress fiber formation in a RhoA-dependent manner.
Biotin
Biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H) is one of the B vitamins.[1][2][3] It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids.[4] The name biotin, borrowed from the German Biotin, derives from the Ancient Greek word βίοτος (bíotos; 'life') and the suffix "-in" (a suffix used in chemistry usually to indicate 'forming').[5] Biotin appears as a white, needle-like crystalline solid.[6] Biotin is an organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins. It has a role as a prosthetic group, a coenzyme, a nutraceutical, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a cofactor and a fundamental metabolite. It is a member of biotins and a vitamin B7. It is a conjugate acid of a biotinate. A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. Biotin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Biotin is a natural product found in Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Aspergillus nidulans, and other organisms with data available. Biotin is hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. Biotin is an enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. Biotin is also known as vitamin H or B7 or coenzyme R. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. Biotin has been recognized as an essential nutrient. Our biotin requirement is fulfilled in part through diet, through endogenous reutilization of biotin and perhaps through capture of biotin generated in the intestinal flora. The utilization of biotin for covalent attachment to carboxylases and its reutilization through the release of carboxylase biotin after proteolytic degradation constitutes the biotin cycle. Biotin deficiency is associated with neurological manifestations, skin rash, hair loss and metabolic disturbances that are thought to relate to the various carboxylase deficiencies (metabolic ketoacidosis with lactic acidosis). It has also been suggested that biotin deficiency is associated with protein malnutrition, and that marginal biotin deficiency in pregnant women may be teratogenic. Biotin acts as a carboxyl carrier in carboxylation reactions. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC) and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a Lysine residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC) and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a Lys residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signaling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signaling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in ... Biotin is an enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. Biotin is also known as coenzyme R and vitamin H or B7. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. Biotin has been recognized as an essential nutrient. Humans fulfill their biotin requirement through their diet through endogenous reutilization of biotin and perhaps through the capture of biotin generated in the intestinal flora. The utilization of biotin for covalent attachment to carboxylases and its reutilization through the release of carboxylase biotin after proteolytic degradation constitutes the biotin cycle. Biotin deficiency is associated with neurological manifestations, skin rash, hair loss, and metabolic disturbances that are thought to relate to the various carboxylase deficiencies (metabolic ketoacidosis with lactic acidosis). It has also been suggested that biotin deficiency is associated with protein malnutrition, and that marginal biotin deficiency in pregnant women may be teratogenic. Biotin acts as a carboxyl carrier in carboxylation reactions. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC), and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a lysine residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signalling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signalling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in modulating these cell signals, greater than 2000 biotin-dependent genes have been identified in various human tissues. Many biotin-dependent gene products play roles in signal transduction and localize to the cell nucleus, consistent with a role for biotin in cell signalling. Posttranscriptional events related to ribosomal activity and protein folding may further contribute to the effects of biotin on gene expression. Finally, research has shown that biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthetase mediate covalent binding of biotin to histones (DNA-binding proteins), affecting chromatin structure; at least seven biotinylation sites have been identified in human histones. Biotinylation of histones appears to play a role in cell proliferation, gene silencing, and the cellular response to DNA repair. Roles for biotin in cell signalling and chromatin structure are consistent with the notion that biotin has a unique significance in cell biology (PMID: 15992684, 16011464). Present in many foods; particularly rich sources include yeast, eggs, liver, certain fish (e.g. mackerel, salmon, sardines), soybeans, cauliflower and cow peas. Dietary supplement. Isolated from various higher plant sources, e.g. sweet corn seedlings and radish leaves An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins. [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_50eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_30eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_40eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_20eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_10eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_neg_10eV_000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_neg_20eV_000006.txt Biosynthesis Biotin, synthesized in plants, is essential to plant growth and development.[22] Bacteria also synthesize biotin,[23] and it is thought that bacteria resident in the large intestine may synthesize biotin that is absorbed and utilized by the host organism.[18] Biosynthesis starts from two precursors, alanine and pimeloyl-CoA. These form 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA). KAPA is transported from plant peroxisomes to mitochondria where it is converted to 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid (DAPA) with the help of the enzyme, BioA. The enzyme dethiobiotin synthetase catalyzes the formation of the ureido ring via a DAPA carbamate activated with ATP, creating dethiobiotin with the help of the enzyme, BioD, which is then converted into biotin which is catalyzed by BioB.[24] The last step is catalyzed by biotin synthase, a radical SAM enzyme. The sulfur is donated by an unusual [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin.[25] Depending on the species of bacteria, Biotin can be synthesized via multiple pathways.[24] Biotin (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B vitamin and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids[1][2][3]. Biotin, vitamin B7 and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids[1][2][3]. Biotin (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B vitamin and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids[1][2][3].
Santonin
Alpha-santonin is a santonin that is 3a,5,5a,9b-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-b]furan-2,8(3H,4H)-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5a and 9. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a botanical anti-fungal agent and a santonin. Santonin is a natural product found in Artemisia spicigera, Artemisia diffusa, and other organisms with data available. Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.) See also: ... View More ... A santonin that is 3a,5,5a,9b-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-b]furan-2,8(3H,4H)-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5a and 9. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent ADP-ribose 1"-2" cyclic phosphate is a cyclic phosphate nucleotide that arises from tRNA processing. In eukaryotic cells, pre-tRNAs spliced by a pathway that produces a 3,5-phosphodiester, 2-phosphomonoester linkage contain a 2-phosphate group adjacent to the tRNA anticodon. This 2-phosphate is transferred to NAD to give adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose 1", 2"-cyclic phosphate (Appr>p), which is subsequently metabolized to ADP-ribose 1-phosphate (Appr-1p). The latter reaction is catalyzed by a cyclic phosphodiesterase (CPDase). (PMID: 9148938). One molecule of ADP-ribose 1",2"-cyclic phosphate (Appr>p) is formed during each of the approximately 500 000 tRNA splicing events. [HMDB] Constituent of Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry). Withaperuvin F is found in fruits. Alkaloid found on the leaf surfaces of Brassica oleracea cv. botrytis (cauliflower) [DFC]. Cabbage identification factor 1 is found in brassicas. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2267 INTERNAL_ID 2267; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.918 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.917 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.915 [Raw Data] CB081_Santonin_pos_30eV_CB000033.txt [Raw Data] CB081_Santonin_pos_10eV_CB000033.txt [Raw Data] CB081_Santonin_pos_40eV_CB000033.txt [Raw Data] CB081_Santonin_pos_20eV_CB000033.txt [Raw Data] CB081_Santonin_pos_50eV_CB000033.txt Santonin is an active principle of the plant Artemisia cina, which is formely used to treat worms[1]. Santonin is an active principle of the plant Artemisia cina, which is formely used to treat worms[1].
Coptisine
Coptisine is an alkaloid. It has a role as a metabolite. Coptisine is a natural product found in Fumaria capreolata, Fumaria muralis, and other organisms with data available. See also: Sanguinaria canadensis root (part of); Chelidonium majus flowering top (part of). A natural product found in Coptis japonica.
(+)-Fargesin
Fargesin is a lignan. Planinin is a natural product found in Piper mullesua and Magnolia coco with data available. Constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). (+)-Fargesin is found in alcoholic beverages and herbs and spices. (+)-Spinescin is found in herbs and spices. (+)-Spinescin is a constituent of sassafras root. Fargesin is a bioactive neolignan isolated from magnolia plants, with antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects[1][2][3]. Fargesin is a bioactive neolignan isolated from magnolia plants, with antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects[1][2][3].
Maltoheptaose
Maltoheptaose is a polysaccharide with 7 units of glucose and can be classified as a maltodextrin. Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that is used as a food additive. It is produced from starch by partial hydrolysis and is usually found as a creamy-white hygroscopic spray-dried powder. Maltodextrin is easily digestible, being absorbed as rapidly as glucose, and might be either moderately sweet or almost flavourless. It is commonly used for the production of natural sodas and candy such as SweeTarts. Maltodextrin consists of D-glucose units connected in chains of variable length. The glucose units are primarily linked with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Maltodextrin is typically composed of a mixture of chains that vary from three to nineteen glucose units long. Maltodextrins are classified by DE (dextrose equivalent) and have a DE between 3 to 20. The higher the DE value, the shorter the glucose chains, and the higher the sweetness and solubility. Above DE 20, the European Unions CN code calls it glucose syrup, at DE 10 or lower the customs CN code nomenclature classifies maltodextrins as dextrins (Wikipedia). Maltooligosaccharide mixtures are important food additives (sweeteners, gelling agents and viscosity modifiers) Celloheptaose is an oligosaccharide.
Santamarin
Santamarin, also known as (+)-santamarine or balchanin, belongs to eudesmanolides, secoeudesmanolides, and derivatives class of compounds. Those are terpenoids with a structure based on the eudesmanolide (a 3,5a,9-trimethyl-naphtho[1,2-b]furan-2-one derivative) or secoeudesmanolide (a 3,6-dimethyl-5-(pentan-2-yl)-1-benzofuran-2-one derivative) skeleton. Santamarin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Santamarin can be found in sweet bay, which makes santamarin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Santamarin is a sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. Santamarine is a natural product found in Centaurea uniflora, Eupatorium capillifolium, and other organisms with data available.
Canadine
(S)-canadine is the (S)-enantiomer of canadine. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an an (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine and a canadine. It is functionally related to a (S)-nandinine. It is an enantiomer of a (R)-canadine. (S)-Canadine is a natural product found in Hydrastis canadensis, Corydalis turtschaninovii, and other organisms with data available. The (S)-enantiomer of canadine. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.721 D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.718 Tetrahydroberberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis Corydalis, with uM-level affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors. Tetrahydroberberine is a different kind of living thing that can be extended and divided into parts. Tetrahydroberberine is a kind of effective D2 receptor antagonistic force. Tetrahydroberberine has the ability to strengthen the stomach and relieve the pressure on the stomach[1][2][3]. Tetrahydroberberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis Corydalis, with uM-level affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors.
Desglucocheirotoxin
Convallatoxin is a cardenolide glycoside that consists of strophanthidin having a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl (L-rhamnosyl) group attached at position 3. It has a role as a vasodilator agent and a metabolite. It is an alpha-L-rhamnoside, a 19-oxo steroid, a 14beta-hydroxy steroid, a 5beta-hydroxy steroid, a steroid lactone and a steroid aldehyde. It is functionally related to a strophanthidin. Convallatoxin is a natural product found in Crossosoma bigelovii, Convallaria keiskei, and other organisms with data available. Convallatoxin is a glycoside extracted from Convallaria majalis. Convallatoxin is also isolated from the trunk bark of Antiaris toxicaria (A15340). Convallatoxin is a constituent of Convallaria majalis. Convallaria majalis has been designated unsafe for inclusion in foods etc. by USA FDA Constituent of Convallaria majalis. Convallaria majalis has been designated unsafe for inclusion in foods etc. by USA FDA. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D013328 - Strophanthins D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents Convallatoxin is a cardiac glycoside isolated from Adonis amurensis Regel et Radde. Convallatoxin ameliorates colitic inflammation via activation of PPARγ and suppression of NF-κB. Convallatoxin is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and recognized Val982 as an important amino acid involved in its transport. Convallatoxin is an enhancer of ligand-induced MOR endocytosis with high potency and efficacy. Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties[1][2][3]. Convallatoxin is a cardiac glycoside isolated from Adonis amurensis Regel et Radde. Convallatoxin ameliorates colitic inflammation via activation of PPARγ and suppression of NF-κB. Convallatoxin is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and recognized Val982 as an important amino acid involved in its transport. Convallatoxin is an enhancer of ligand-induced MOR endocytosis with high potency and efficacy. Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties[1][2][3].
Asitrilobin B
Annonacin is a natural product found in Xylopia aromatica, Asimina triloba, and other organisms with data available. Asitrilobin B is found in fruits. Asitrilobin B is a constituent of the seeds of Asimina triloba (pawpaw). Constituent of the seeds of Asimina triloba (pawpaw). Asitrilobin B is found in fruits.
Tomentosin
Tomentosin is a sesquiterpene lactone. Tomentosin is a natural product found in Apalochlamys spectabilis, Leucophyta brownii, and other organisms with data available.
Cuminaldehyde
Cuminaldehyde is the biologically active constituent of Cuminum cyminum seed oil. C. cyminum seed-derived materials have an inhibitory effect in vitro against rat lens aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase. This inhibitory action cuminaldehyde suggest a potential utility as an antidiabetic therapeutic. (PMID:15796577). Cuminaldehyde is a volatile compound representative of cumin aroma present in trace amounts in the blood and milk of ewes fed with cumin seed. (PMID:8738023). The terpenoid cuminaldehyde, undergoes reduction biotransformation in mammals, but not oxidation. (PMID:2815827). Cuminaldehyde is a member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities. It has a role as an insecticide, a volatile oil component and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a cumene. 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde is a natural product found in Xylopia aromatica, Xylopia sericea, and other organisms with data available. See also: Paeonia lactiflora root (part of). A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities. Found in many essential oils, including eucalyptus, cumin and cassiaand is also present in grilled or roast beef and cognac. Flavouring agent Cuminaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=122-03-2 (retrieved 2024-07-11) (CAS RN: 122-03-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Cuminaldehyde is the major component of Cuminum cyminum, a natural aldehyde with inhibitory effect on alpha-synuclein fibrillation and cytotoxicity. Cuminaldehyde shows anticancer activity[1]. Cuminaldehyde is the major component of Cuminum cyminum, a natural aldehyde with inhibitory effect on alpha-synuclein fibrillation and cytotoxicity. Cuminaldehyde shows anticancer activity[1].
Paraxanthine
Paraxanthine, also known as p-xanthine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthines. These are purine derivatives with a ketone group conjugated at carbons 2 and 6 of the purine moiety. Paraxanthine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, paraxanthine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, paraxanthine and formaldehyde can be biosynthesized from caffeine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme cytochrome P450 1A2. In addition, paraxanthine and acetyl-CoA can be converted into 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil through its interaction with the enzyme arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2. In humans, paraxanthine is involved in caffeine metabolism. 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) is the preferential path of caffeine metabolism in humans. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, provides protection against Dopaminergic cell death via stimulation of Ryanodine Receptor Channels.
Cyproconazole
CONFIDENCE Parent Substance (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2100 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2568 D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides
Epoxiconazole
D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9422; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9420 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9436; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9433 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9461; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9459 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9474; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9472 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9445; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9444 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9488; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9486 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2574 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8407 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 95
Prometryn
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 861; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8564; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8559 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 861; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8550; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8549 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 861; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8580; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8577 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 861; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8544; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8542 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 861; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8540; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8538 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 861; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8686; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8681 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4037 D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341). Constituent of seedlings of Glycine max (soybean), Dolichos lablab (hyacinth bean), Canavalia gladiata (swordbean), Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Pisum sativum (pea), Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) and Vigna sesquipedalis (asparagus bean) after hydrolysis D(-)-2-Aminobutyric acid is a substrate of D-amino acid oxidase. D(-)-2-Aminobutyric acid is a substrate of D-amino acid oxidase.
1-Methyluric acid
1-Methyluric acid is one of the three main theophylline metabolites in man. 1-Methyluric acid is one of the purine components in urinary calculi. Methylated purines originate from the metabolism of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine). Methyluric acids are indistinguishable from uric acid by simple methods routinely used in clinical laboratories, requiring the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Purine derivatives in urinary calculi could be considered markers of abnormal purine metabolism. The content of a purine derivative in stone depends on its average urinary excretion in the general population, similarity to the chemical structure of uric acid, and content of the latter in stone. This suggests that purines in stones represent a solid solution with uric acid as solvent. It is also plausible that methylxanthines, ubiquitous components of the diet and drugs, are involved in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. Caffeine is metabolized via successive pathways mainly catalyzed by CYP1A2, xanthine oxidase or N-acetyltransferase-2 to give 14 different metabolites. CYP1A2 activity shows an inter-individual variability among the population. CYP1A2, an isoform of the CYP1A cytochrome P450 super-family, is involved in the metabolism of many drugs and plays a potentially important role in the induction of chemical carcinogenesis. (PMID: 11712316, 15833286, 3506820, 15013152, 4039734, 9890610) [HMDB] 1-Methyluric acid is one of the three main theophylline metabolites in man. 1-Methyluric acid is one of the purine components in urinary calculi. Methylated purines originate from the metabolism of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine). Methyluric acids can be distinguished from uric acid via simple methods routinely used in clinical laboratories, requiring the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Purine derivatives in urinary calculi could be considered markers of abnormal purine metabolism. The content of a purine derivative in stone depends on its average urinary excretion in the general population, similarity to the chemical structure of uric acid, and content of the latter in stone. This suggests that purines in stones represent a solid solution with uric acid as solvent. It is also plausible that methylxanthines, ubiquitous components of the diet and drugs, are involved in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. Caffeine is metabolized via successive pathways mainly catalyzed by CYP1A2, xanthine oxidase, or N-acetyltransferase-2 to give 14 different metabolites. CYP1A2 activity shows an inter-individual variability among the population. CYP1A2, an isoform of the CYP1A cytochrome P450 superfamily, is involved in the metabolism of many drugs and plays a potentially important role in the induction of chemical carcinogenesis (PMID:11712316, 15833286, 3506820, 15013152, 4039734, 9890610).
1-Methylxanthine
1-Methylxanthine is one of the major metabolites of caffeine in humans. The oxidation of 1-methylxanthine to 1-methyluric acid occurs so rapidly that the parent compound could not be detected in plasma, and only low concentrations could be detected in the brain (PMID: 28863020). 1-methylxanthine is the major metabolites of caffeine in the human. The oxidation of 1-methylxanthine to 1-methyluric acid occurred so rapidly that the parent compound could not be detected in plasma, and only low concentrations could be detected in brain. (PMID: 28863020 [HMDB] 1-Methylxanthine, a caffeine derivative, is an essential human urinary metabolite of caffeine and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP)[1]. 1-Methylxanthine enhances the radiosensitivity of tumor cells[2]. 1-Methylxanthine, a caffeine derivative, is an essential human urinary metabolite of caffeine and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP)[1]. 1-Methylxanthine enhances the radiosensitivity of tumor cells[2].
Desaminotyrosine
Desaminotyrosine, also known as 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, is a normal constituent of human urine. It is a product of tyrosine metabolism; its concentration in urine increases in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Desaminotyrosine is a major phenolic acid breakdown product of proanthocyanidin metabolism (PMID:15315398). Urinary desaminotyrosine is produced by Clostridium sporogenes and C. botulinum (PMID:29168502). Desaminotyrosine is also found in Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Eubacterium, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus (PMID:29168502, 28393285, 19961416). Desaminotyrosine is a phenolic acid metabolite formed by the gut microflora detected after the consumption of whole grain. A normal constituent of human urine. A product of tyrosine metabolism; concentration in urine increases in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. (Dictionary of Organic Compounds) May also result from phenolic acid metabolism by colonic bacteria. (PMID 15315398) [HMDB]. Phloretic acid is found in many foods, some of which are arrowroot, olive, avocado, and peanut. Desaminotyrosine is a microbially associated metabolite protecting from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling. Desaminotyrosine is a microbially associated metabolite protecting from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling.
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, also known as 2-amino-3-hydroxy-benzoate or 3-ohaa, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is a drug. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-3-hydroxykynurenine through the action of the enzyme kynureninase. In addition, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid can be converted into cinnavalininate through the action of the enzyme catalase. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan. In humans, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid has been detected, but not quantified in brassicas. This could make 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is new antioxidant isolated from methanol extract of tempeh. It is effective in preventing autoxidation of soybean oil and powder, while antioxidant 6,7,4-trihydroxyisoflavone is not. D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_pos_30eV_1-6_01_808.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_neg_40eV_1-6_01_832.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_pos_40eV_1-6_01_809.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_neg_20eV_1-6_01_830.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_neg_10eV_1-6_01_829.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_pos_10eV_1-6_01_806.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_pos_20eV_1-6_01_807.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_neg_30eV_1-6_01_831.txt D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Isolated from Brassica oleracea (cauliflower) 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is a tryptophan metabolite in the kynurenine pathway.
5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid
5 methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) is the most biologically active form of the B-vitamin known as folic acid, also known generically as folate. 5-MTHF functions, in concert with vitamin B12, as a methyl-group donor involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. Methyl (CH3) group donation is vital to many bodily processes, including serotonin, melatonin, and DNA synthesis. Therapeutically, 5-MTHF is instrumental in reducing homocysteine levels, preventing neural tube defects, and improving vascular endothelial function. Research on folate supplementation suggests it plays a key role in preventing cervical dysplasia and protecting against neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Folic acid also shows promise as part of a nutritional protocol to treat vitiligo, and may reduce inflammation of the gingiva. Furthermore, certain neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric presentations may be secondary to folate deficiency. Such presentations include depression, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, dementia, forgetfulness, irritability, endogenous depression, organic psychosis, and schizophrenia-like syndromes. After ingestion, the process of conversion of folic acid to the metabolically active coenzyme forms is relatively complex. Synthesis of the active forms of folic acid requires several enzymes, adequate liver and intestinal function, and adequate supplies of riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), zinc, vitamin C, and serine. After formation of the coenzyme forms of the vitamin in the liver, these metabolically active compounds are secreted into the small intestine with bile (the folate enterohepatic cycle), where they are reabsorbed and distributed to tissues throughout the body. Human pharmacokinetic studies indicate folic acid has high bioavailability, with large oral doses of folic acid substantially raising plasma levels in healthy subjects in a time and dose dependent manner. Red blood cells (RBCs) appear to be the storage depot for folic acid, as RBC levels remain elevated for periods in excess of 40 days following discontinuation of supplementation. Folic acid is poorly transported to the brain and rapidly cleared from the central nervous system. The primary methods of elimination of absorbed folic acid are fecal (through bile) and urinary. Despite the biochemical complexity of this process, evidence suggests oral supplementation with folic acid increases the bodys pool of 5-MTHF in healthy individuals. However, enzyme defects, mal-absorption, digestive system pathology, and liver disease can result in impaired ability to activate folic acid. In fact, some individuals have a severe congenital deficiency of the enzyme Methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase (5-MTHFR), which is needed to convert folic acid to 5-MTHF. Milder forms of this enzyme defect likely interact with dietary folate status to determine risk for some disease conditions. In individuals with a genetic defect of this enzyme (whether mild or severe), supplementation with 5- MTHF might be preferable to folic acid supplementation. (PMID: 17176169). 5 methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) is the most biologically active form of the B-vitamin folic acid, also known generically as folate. 5-MTHF functions, in concert with vitamin B12, as a methyl-group donor involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. Methyl (CH3) group donation is vital to many bodily processes, including serotonin, melatonin, and DNA synthesis. Therapeutically, 5-MTHF is instrumental in reducing homocysteine levels, preventing neural tube defects, and improving vascular endothelial function. Research on folate supplementation suggests it plays a key role in preventing cervical dysplasia and protecting against neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Folic acid also shows promise as part of a nutritional protocol to treat vitiligo, and may reduce inflammation of the gingiva. Furthermore, certain neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric presentations may be secondary to folate deficiency. Such presentations include depression, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, dementia, forgetfulness, irritability, endogenous depression, organic psychosis, and schizophrenia-like syndromes. After ingestion, the process of conversion of folic acid to the metabolically active coenzyme forms is relatively complex. Synthesis of the active forms of folic acid requires several enzymes, adequate liver and intestinal function, and adequate supplies of riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), zinc, vitamin C, and serine. After formation of the coenzyme forms of the vitamin in the liver, these metabolically active compounds are secreted into the small intestine with bile (the folate enterohepatic cycle), where they are reabsorbed and distributed to tissues throughout the body. Human pharmacokinetic studies indicate folic acid has high bioavailability, with large oral doses of folic acid substantially raising plasma levels in healthy subjects in a time and dose dependent manner. Red blood cells (RBCs) appear to be the storage depot for folic acid, as RBC levels remain elevated for periods in excess of 40 days following discontinuation of supplementation. Folic acid is poorly transported to the brain and rapidly cleared from the central nervous system. The primary methods of elimination of absorbed folic acid are fecal (through bile) and urinary. Despite the biochemical complexity of this process, evidence suggests oral supplementation with folic acid increases the bodys pool of 5-MTHF in healthy individuals. However, enzyme defects, mal-absorption, digestive system pathology, and liver disease can result in impaired ability to activate folic acid. In fact, some individuals have a severe congenital deficiency of the enzyme Methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase (5-MTHFR), which is needed to convert folic acid to 5-MTHF. Milder forms of this enzyme defect likely interact with dietary folate status to determine risk for some disease conditions. In individuals with a genetic defect of this enzyme (whether mild or severe), supplementation with 5- MTHF might be preferable to folic acid supplementation. (PMID: 17176169) [HMDB] 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-Methyl THF) is a biologically active form of folic acid. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is a methylated derivate of tetrahydrofolate. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is the predominant natural dietary folate and the principal form of folate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid[1]. Levomefolic acid (5-MTHF) is an orally active, brain-penetrant natural active form of folic acid and is one of the most widely used folic acid food supplements[1][2].
d-Threo biopterin
6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
2-Amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-7,8-dihydro-3H-pteridin-4-one
7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].
Debrisoquine
Debrisoquine is an adrenergic neuron-blocking drug. Genetic and environmental factors are determinants of the interindividual and interethnic variability in drug metabolism. Thus, interethnic differences in debrisoquine hydroxylation polymorphism (Cytochrome p450, subfamily IID, polypeptide 6, CYP2D6) might be partly responsible for the variation in haloperidol disposition between races. The influence of tobacco, ethanol, caffeine, gender, and oral contraceptive use on the debrisoquine metabolic ratio (MR) has been analyzed in panels of healthy volunteers. About 5-10\\% of European white population has a genetically determinant defect of the CYP2D6, one of the enzymes of cytochrome P-450. This defect leads to the impaired metabolism of many drugs including various psychopharmacological agents. The measurement of the hydroxylation of debrisoquine is a laboratory test which allows identifying such an individual. Patients who show an impaired hydroxylation of debrisoquine usually demonstrate severe side effects and poor outcome of psychopharmacotherapy. In practice, knowledge of a patients debrisoquine metabolic phenotype is an advantage when prescribing tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptics, as the drug concentration will be considerably higher in slow metabolisers than in the average patient. (PMID: 8839686, 1738265, 7878155) [HMDB] Debrisoquine is an adrenergic neuron-blocking drug. Genetic and environmental factors are determinants of the interindividual and interethnic variability in drug metabolism. Thus, interethnic differences in debrisoquine hydroxylation polymorphism (Cytochrome p450, subfamily IID, polypeptide 6, CYP2D6) might be partly responsible for the variation in haloperidol disposition between races. The influence of tobacco, ethanol, caffeine, gender, and oral contraceptive use on the debrisoquine metabolic ratio (MR) has been analyzed in panels of healthy volunteers. About 5-10\\% of European white population has a genetically determinant defect of the CYP2D6, one of the enzymes of cytochrome P-450. This defect leads to the impaired metabolism of many drugs including various psychopharmacological agents. The measurement of the hydroxylation of debrisoquine is a laboratory test which allows identifying such an individual. Patients who show an impaired hydroxylation of debrisoquine usually demonstrate severe side effects and poor outcome of psychopharmacotherapy. In practice, knowledge of a patients debrisoquine metabolic phenotype is an advantage when prescribing tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptics, as the drug concentration will be considerably higher in slow metabolisers than in the average patient. (PMID: 8839686, 1738265, 7878155). C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02C - Antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting > C02CC - Guanidine derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013565 - Sympatholytics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map ATC code: C02CC04 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
L-Glutamine
Glutamine (Gln), also known as L-glutamine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Structurally, glutamine is similar to the amino acid glutamic acid. However, instead of having a terminal carboxylic acid, it has an amide. Glutamine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glutamine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, polar amino acid. In humans glutamine is considered a non-essential amino acid. Enzymatically, glutamine is formed by replacing a side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group. More specifically, glutamine is synthesized by the enzyme glutamine synthetase from glutamate and ammonia. The most relevant glutamine-producing tissue are skeletal muscles, accounting for about 90\\\\\\% of all glutamine synthesized. Glutamine is also released, in small amounts, by the lungs and brain. In human blood, glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid. Dietary sources of glutamine include protein-rich foods such as beef, chicken, fish, dairy products, eggs, beans, beets, cabbage, spinach, carrots, parsley, vegetable juices, wheat, papaya, Brussels sprouts, celery and kale. Glutamine is one of the few amino acids that can directly cross the blood–brain barrier. Glutamine is often used as a supplement in weightlifting, bodybuilding, endurance and other sports, as well as by those who suffer from muscular cramps or pain, particularly elderly people. In 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved L-glutamine oral powder, marketed as Endari, to reduce severe complications of sickle cell disease in people aged five years and older with the disorder. Subjects who were treated with L-glutamine oral powder experienced fewer hospital visits for pain treated with a parenterally administered narcotic or ketorolac. The main use of glutamine within the diet of either group is as a means of replenishing the bodys stores of amino acids that have been used during exercise or everyday activities. Studies which have looked into problems with excessive consumption of glutamine thus far have proved inconclusive. However, normal supplementation is healthy mainly because glutamine is supposed to be supplemented after prolonged periods of exercise (for example, a workout or exercise in which amino acids are required for use) and replenishes amino acid stores. This is one of the main reasons glutamine is recommended during fasting or for people who suffer from physical trauma, immune deficiencies, or cancer. There is a significant body of evidence that links glutamine-enriched diets with positive intestinal effects. These include maintenance of gut barrier function, aiding intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as generally reducing septic morbidity and the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). The reason for such "cleansing" properties is thought to stem from the fact that the intestinal extraction rate of glutamine is higher than that for other amino acids, and is therefore thought to be the most viable option when attempting to alleviate conditions relating to the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions were discovered after comparing plasma concentration within the gut between glutamine-enriched and non glutamine-enriched diets. However, even though glutamine is thought to have "cleansing" properties and effects, it is unknown to what extent glutamine has clinical benefits, due to the varied concentrations of glutamine in varieties of food. It is also known that glutamine has positive effects in reducing healing time after operations. Hospital waiting times after abdominal s... L-glutamine, also known as L-2-aminoglutaramic acid or levoglutamide, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-glutamine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-glutamine can be found in a number of food items such as acorn, yautia, ohelo berry, and oregon yampah, which makes L-glutamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. L-glutamine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including blood, sweat, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as throughout most human tissues. L-glutamine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-glutamine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include amino sugar metabolism, the oncogenic action of 2-hydroxyglutarate, mercaptopurine metabolism pathway, and transcription/Translation. L-glutamine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the oncogenic action of d-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria, tay-sachs disease, xanthinuria type I, and adenosine deaminase deficiency. Moreover, L-glutamine is found to be associated with carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and alzheimers disease. L-glutamine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. L-glutamine is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2]. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2]. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2].
L-Cystathionine
Cystathionine is a dipeptide formed by serine and homocysteine. Cystathioninuria is a prominent manifestation of vitamin-B6 deficiency. The transsulfuration of methionine yields homocysteine, which combines with serine to form cystathionine, the proximate precursor of cysteine through the enzymatic activity of cystathionase. In conditions in which cystathionine gamma-synthase or cystathionase is deficient, for example, there is cystathioninuria. Although cystathionine has not been detected in normal human serum or plasma by most conventional methods, gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric methodology detected a mean concentration of cystathionine in normal human serum of 140 nM, with a range of 65 to 301 nM. Cystathionine concentrations in CSF have been 10, 1, and 0.5 uM, and "not detected". Only traces (i.e., <1 uM) of cystathionine are present in normal CSF.587. Gamma-cystathionase deficiency (also known as Cystathioninuria), which is an autosomal recessive disorder (NIH: 2428), provided the first instance in which, in a human, the major biochemical abnormality due to a defined enzyme defect was clearly shown to be alleviated by administration of large doses of pyridoxine. The response in gamma-cystathionase-deficient patients is not attributable to correction of a preexisting deficiency of this vitamin (OMMBID, Chap. 88). Isolated from Phallus impudicus (common stinkhorn) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 146 KEIO_ID C019; [MS2] KO008910 KEIO_ID C047 KEIO_ID C019 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 30 L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2]. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2].
L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid
L-3-Amino-isobutanoic acid is a component of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism. It can also be used in pyrimidine metabolism. L-3-Amino-isobutanoic acid is produced from S-methylmalonate semialdehyde by the enzyme 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. KEIO_ID D038 L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro.
DL-Homocystine
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine. Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98\\\\\% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966). Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706). High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596) Homocystine is the double-bonded form of homocysteine, but it occurs only transiently before being converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID H041 4,4'-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) is an endogenous metabolite. DL-Homocystine is the double-bonded form of homocysteine and homocysteine is recognized as an important substance in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. L-Homocystine is the oxidized member of the L-homocysteine. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor and endoplasmatic reticulum-stress inducer used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms.
L-Kynurenine
Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan used in the production of niacin. L-Kynurenine is a central compound of the tryptophan metabolism pathway since it can change into the neuroprotective agent kynurenic acid or to the neurotoxic agent quinolinic acid. The break-up of these endogenous compounds balance can be observable in many disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It can also occur in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Alzheimers disease; and in mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan used in the production of niacin. [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_10eV_1-2_01_666.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_30eV_1-2_01_668.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_40eV_1-2_01_669.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_20eV_1-2_01_667.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_50eV_1-2_01_670.txt L-Kynurenine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2922-83-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 2922-83-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. L-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan. L-Kynurenine is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist.
L-Lysine
Lysine (Lys), also known as L-lysine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Lysine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Lysine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, positively charged or basic amino acid. In humans, lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Lysine is high in foods such as wheat germ, cottage cheese and chicken. Of meat products, wild game and pork have the highest concentration of lysine. Fruits and vegetables contain little lysine, except avocados. Normal requirements for lysine have been found to be about 8 g per day or 12 mg/kg in adults. Children and infants need more, 44 mg/kg per day for an eleven to-twelve-year old, and 97 mg/kg per day for three-to six-month old. In organisms that synthesise lysine, it has two main biosynthetic pathways, the diaminopimelate and α-aminoadipate pathways, which employ distinct enzymes and substrates and are found in diverse organisms. Lysine catabolism occurs through one of several pathways, the most common of which is the saccharopine pathway. Lysine plays several roles in humans, most importantly proteinogenesis, but also in the crosslinking of collagen polypeptides, uptake of essential mineral nutrients, and in the production of carnitine, which is key in fatty acid metabolism. Lysine is also often involved in histone modifications, and thus, impacts the epigenome. Lysine is highly concentrated in muscle compared to most other amino acids. Normal lysine metabolism is dependent upon many nutrients including niacin, vitamin B6, riboflavin, vitamin C, glutamic acid and iron. Excess arginine antagonizes lysine. Several inborn errors of lysine metabolism are known, such as cystinuria, hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I, lysinuric protein intolerance, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I. Most are marked by mental retardation with occasional diverse symptoms such as absence of secondary sex characteristics, undescended testes, abnormal facial structure, anemia, obesity, enlarged liver and spleen, and eye muscle imbalance. Lysine also may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of osteoporosis. Although high protein diets result in loss of large amounts of calcium in urine, so does lysine deficiency. Lysine may be an adjunct therapy because it reduces calcium losses in urine. Lysine deficiency also may result in immunodeficiency. Requirements for lysine are probably increased by stress. Lysine toxicity has not occurred with oral doses in humans. Lysine dosages are presently too small and may fail to reach the concentrations necessary to prove potential therapeutic applications. Lysine metabolites, amino caproic acid and carnitine have already shown their therapeutic potential. Thirty grams daily of amino caproic acid has been used as an initial daily dose in treating blood clotting disorders, indicating that the proper doses of lysine, its precursor, have yet to be used in medicine. Low lysine levels have been found in patients with Parkinsons, hypothyroidism, kidney disease, asthma and depression. The exact significance of these levels is unclear, yet lysine therapy can normalize the level and has been associated with improvement of some patients with these conditions. Abnormally elevated hydroxylysines have been found in virtually all chronic degenerative diseases and those treated with coumadin therapy. The levels of this stress marker may be improved by high doses of vitamin C. Lysine is particularly useful in therapy for marasmus (wasting) (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Lysine has also been sh... [Spectral] L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) and Carnosine (exact mass = 226.10659) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Found widely in protein hydrolysates, e.g. casein, egg albumen, fibrin, gelatin, beet molasses. Flavouring agent for a variety of foods L-Lysine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-87-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-87-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2]. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2].
Phosphonoacetate
Phosphonoacetate, also known as fosfonet or phosphonacetic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organic phosphonic acids. These are organic compounds containing phosphonic acid. Phosphonoacetate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AD - Phosphonic acid derivatives A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent. [HMDB] D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent KEIO_ID P082 Phosphonoacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite. Phosphonoacetic acid also has anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1].
Sepiapterin
Sepiapterin, also known as 2-amino-6-lactoyl-7,8-dihydropteridin-4(3H)-one, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pterins and derivatives. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a pterin moiety, which consist of a pteridine ring bearing a ketone and an amine group to form 2-aminopteridin-4(3H)-one. Sepiapterin is also classified as a member of the pteridine class of organic chemicals. It is a yellow fluorescing pigment. Sepiapterin is an intermediate in the salvage pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)). More specifically, sepiapterin can be metabolized into tetrahydrobiopterin via the BH(4) salvage pathway. Tetrahydrobiopterin is an essential cofactor in humans for breakdown of phenylalanine and a catalyst of the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan to the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. A deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin can cause toxic buildup of phenylalanine (phenylketonuria) as well as deficiencies of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, leading to dystonia and other neurological illnesses. Sepiapterin accumulates in the brain of patients with sepiapterin reductase (SR) deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism. Sepiapterin reductase deficiency is a condition characterized by movement problems, most often a pattern of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions known as dystonia. Other movement problems can include muscle stiffness (spasticity), tremors, problems with coordination and balance (ataxia), and involuntary jerking movements (chorea). People with sepiapterin reductase deficiency can experience episodes called oculogyric crises. These episodes involve abnormal rotation of the eyeballs; extreme irritability and agitation; and pain, muscle spasms, and uncontrolled movements, especially of the head and neck. Movement abnormalities are often worse late in the day. Most affected individuals have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and crawling, and they typically are not able to walk unassisted. The problems with movement tend to worsen over time. Within humans, sepiapterin participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, sepiapterin can be converted into 7,8-dihydroneopterin; which is mediated by the enzyme sepiapterin reductase. In addition, sepiapterin can be converted into 7,8-dihydroneopterin through its interaction with the enzyme carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1. Sepiapterin is an intermediate in the salvage pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)). It is a yellow fluorescing pigment. Sepiapterin accumulates in the brain of patients with sepiapterin reductase (SR) deficiency. [HMDB] C307 - Biological Agent
Urobilin
Dihydrobiopterin
Dihydrobiopterin, also known as BH2, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin, L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin, quinonoid dihydrobiopterin or q-BH2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. Dihydrobiopterin is also classified as a pteridine. Pteridines are aromatic compounds composed of fused pyrimidine and pyrazine rings. Dihydrobiopterin is produced during the synthesis of neurotransmitters L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is restored to the required cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin via the NADPH-dependant reduction of dihydrobiopterin reductase. Dihydrobiopterin can also be converted to tetrahydrobiopterin by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which is catalyzed by the flavoprotein "diaphorase" activity of NOS. This activity is located on the reductase (C-terminal) domain of NOS, whereas the high affinity tetrahydrobiopterin site involved in NOS activation is located on the oxygenase (N-terminal) domain (PMID: 8626754). Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) is another enzyme that plays a role in the production of dihydrobiopterin. SPR catalyzes the reduction of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the precursor for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is a cofactor critical for nitric oxide biosynthesis and alkylglycerol and aromatic amino acid metabolism (PMID: 25550200). Dihydrobiopterin is known to be synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. Dihydrobiopterin exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, dihydrobiopterin is involved in several metabolic disorders including dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency. DHPR deficiency is a severe form of hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) due to impaired regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) leading to decreased levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin) and folate in cerebrospinal fluid, and causing neurological symptoms such as psychomotor delay, hypotonia, seizures, abnormal movements, hypersalivation, and swallowing difficulties. Dihydrobiopterin is also associated with another metabolic disorder known as sepiapterin reductase deficiency (SRD). Sepiapterin reductase catalyzes the (NADP-dependent) reduction of carbonyl derivatives, including pteridines, and plays an important role in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Low dihydrofolate reductase activity in the brain leads to the accumulation of dihydrobiopterin, which in turn, inhibits tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases. This uncouples neuronal nitric oxide synthase, leading to neurotransmitter deficiencies and neuronal cell death. SRD is characterized by low cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter levels and the presence of elevated cerebrospinal fluid dihydrobiopterin. SRD is characterized by motor delay, axial hypotonia, language delay, diurnal fluctuation of symptoms, dystonia, weakness, oculogyric crises, dysarthria, parkinsonian signs and hyperreflexia. Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is a natural occurring cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase and is involved in the synthesis of tyrosine and the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is also essential for nitric oxide synthase catalyzed oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide. [HMDB] 7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin.
Selegiline
A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinsons disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p385) The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. [PubChem] INTERNAL_ID 948; CONFIDENCE standard compound; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5917; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5916 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 948; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5948; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5946 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 948; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5965; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5963 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 948; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5911; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5909 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 948; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5941; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5940 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 948; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5953; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5952 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 948; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5917; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5916 N - Nervous system > N04 - Anti-parkinson drugs > N04B - Dopaminergic agents > N04BD - Monoamine oxidase b inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents > D000978 - Antiparkinson Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3275 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2119 D020011 - Protective Agents
Mefenamic acid
Mefenamic acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [PubChem]Mefenamic acid binds the prostaglandin synthetase receptors COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting the action of prostaglandin synthetase. As these receptors have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity, the symptoms of pain are temporarily reduced. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10159; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10158 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10220; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10219 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10207; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10204 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10231; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10228 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10194; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10192 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10244; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10242 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5516; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5514 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5591; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5590 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5509; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5507 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5490; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5489 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5522; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5520 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5497; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5493 M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AG - Fenamates D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 208 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 208; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1151 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2351 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8570 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4094 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents KEIO_ID M089; [MS2] KO009073 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID M089
8-Anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate
8-Anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1-naphthalene sulfonic acids and derivatives. These are organic aromatic compounds that contain a naphthalene moiety that carries a sulfonic acid group (or a derivative thereof) at the 1-position. Naphthalene is a bicyclic compound that is made up of two fused benzene ring. KEIO_ID A177
Guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine diphosphate, also known as gdp or 5-diphosphate, guanosine, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. Purine ribonucleoside diphosphates are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Guanosine diphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Guanosine diphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as strawberry, onion-family vegetables, walnut, and scarlet bean, which makes guanosine diphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Guanosine diphosphate can be found primarily in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Guanosine diphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine diphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include betahistine h1-antihistamine action, fexofenadine h1-antihistamine action, clocinizine h1-antihistamine action, and bepotastine h1-antihistamine action. Guanosine diphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT), canavan disease, gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome, and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Moreover, guanosine diphosphate is found to be associated with epilepsy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, neuroinfection, and stroke. Guanosine diphosphate, abbreviated GDP, is a nucleoside diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine . Guanosine diphosphate, also known as 5-GDP or 5-diphosphate, guanosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Guanosine diphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine diphosphate is involved in intracellular signalling through adenosine receptor A2B and adenosine. Outside of the human body, Guanosine diphosphate has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as devilfish, java plums, green beans, almonds, and orange mints. Guanosine diphosphate is a purine ribonucleoside 5-diphosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at the 5 position of guanosine with pyrophosphoric acid. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Methylmalonic acid
Methylmalonic acid is a malonic acid derivative, which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. In particular, the coenzyme A-linked form of methylmalonic acid, methylmalonyl-CoA, is converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in a reaction that requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor. In this way, methylmalonic acid enters the Krebs cycle and is thus part of one of the anaplerotic reactions. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This inborn error of metabolism is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. Methylmalonic acid is also found to be associated with other inborn errors of metabolism, including cobalamin deficiency, cobalamin malabsorption, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and transcobalamin II deficiency. When present in sufficiently high levels, methylmalonic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of methylmalonic acid are associated with at least 5 inborn errors of metabolism, including Malonyl CoA decarboxylase deficiency, Malonic Aciduria, Methylmalonate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Methylmalonic Aciduria and Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related Disorders. Methylmalonic acid is an organic acid and abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. [HMDB] KEIO_ID M014 Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer. Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer.
Deoxyguanosine
Deoxyguanosine, also known as dG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Purine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a purine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2‚Äô. Deoxyguanosine is a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. Deoxyguanosine is one of the four deoxyribonucleosides that make up DNA. Deoxyguanosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Deoxyguanosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, deoxyguanosine can be biosynthesized from 2-deoxyguanosine 5-monophosphate through the enzyme known as cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, deoxyguanosine can be converted into 2-deoxyguanosine 5-monophosphate (dGMP); which is mediated by the enzyme deoxyguanosine kinase. Deoxyguanosine is involved in the rare, inherited metabolic disorder called the purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency (PNP deficiency). In particular PNP deficiency is characterized by elevated levels of dGTP (deoxyguanosine triphosphate). PNP accounts for approximately 4\\\\% of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (PMID: 1931007). PNP-deficient patients suffer from recurrent infections, usually beginning in the first year of life. Two thirds of patients have evidence of neurologic disorders with spasticity, developmental delay and mental retardation. Deoxyguanosine can be converted to 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) due to hydroxyl radical attack at the C8 of guanine. 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine is a sensitive marker of the DNA damage This damage, if left unrepaired, has been proposed to contribute to mutagenicity and cancer promotion. Isolated from plants, e.g. Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID D057; [MS2] KO008942 KEIO_ID D057 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2’-Deoxyguanosine (Deoxyguanosine) is a purine nucleoside with a variety of biological activities. 2’-Deoxyguanosine can induce DNA division in mouse thymus cells. 2’-Deoxyguanosine is a potent cell division inhibitor in plant cells[1][2][3]. 2'-Deoxyguanosine (Deoxyguanosine) is deoxyguanosine.
5-Methyldeoxycytidine
5-Methyldeoxycytidine is a dinucleotide. Methylation of cytosine-guanine dinucleotide sequences (CpG dinucleotides) catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase, particularly in the 5′-promoter regions of mammalian genes, forms 5-methyldeoxycytidine (5-mdc) whose levels may regulate gene expression. Levels of 5-mdc and the expression of nm23-H1 (an anti-metastatic gene identified in and human cancer lines) are highly correlated with human hepatoma cells with different invasion activities. DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. The levels of 5-mdc in the urine of patients with breast cancer is not significantly different than controls. (PMID: 17044778, 17264127, 16799933) [HMDB] 5-Methyldeoxycytidine is a dinucleotide. Methylation of cytosine-guanine dinucleotide sequences (CpG dinucleotides) catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase, particularly in the 5′-promoter regions of mammalian genes, forms 5-methyldeoxycytidine (5-mdc) whose levels may regulate gene expression. Levels of 5-mdc and the expression of nm23-H1 (an anti-metastatic gene identified in and human cancer lines) are highly correlated with human hepatoma cells with different invasion activities. DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. The levels of 5-mdc in the urine of patients with breast cancer is not significantly different than controls. (PMID: 17044778, 17264127, 16799933). 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine in single-stranded DNA can act in cis to signal de novo DNA methylation[1][2]. 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine in single-stranded DNA can act in cis to signal de novo DNA methylation[1][2].
Cefamandole
Cefamandole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. The clinically used form of cefamandole is the formate ester cefamandole nafate, a prodrug which is administered parenterally. Cefamandole is no longer available in the United States.Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefamandole binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cefamandole interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DC - Second-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Dexamethasone Acetate
C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant > C211 - Therapeutic Corticosteroid D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3264 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2835
Azocene
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 741; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9290; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9289 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 741; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9319; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9317 INTERNAL_ID 8442; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8442 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2582 D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides
Glimepiride
Glimepiride is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the first III generation sulphonyl urea it is a very potent sulphonyl urea with long duration of action.The mechanism of action of glimepiride in lowering blood glucose appears to be dependent on stimulating the release of insulin from functioning pancreatic beta cells, and increasing sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. Glimepiride likely binds to ATP-sensitive potassium channel receptors on the pancreatic cell surface, reducing potassium conductance and causing depolarization of the membrane. Membrane depolarization stimulates calcium ion influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels. This increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration induces the secretion of insulin. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A10 - Drugs used in diabetes > A10B - Blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. insulins > A10BB - Sulfonylureas C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29711 - Anti-diabetic Agent > C97936 - Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents
Hydroxyzine
A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [PubChem] CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8146; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8142 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8167; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8166 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8152; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8147 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8169; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8167 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8128; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8124 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8120; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8118 N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05B - Anxiolytics > N05BB - Diphenylmethane derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics Hydroxyzine, a benzodiazepine antihistamine agent, acts as an orally active histamine?H1-receptor and serotonin antagonist. Hydroxyzine has anxiolytic effect and can be used for the research of generalised anxiety disorder[1].
Iproniazid
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AF - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, non-selective D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
Cephapirin
Cephapirin is an injectable, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has a wide spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The bactericidal activity of cephapirin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cephapirin is more resistant to beta-lactamases than the penicillins, and therefore is effective against staphylococci, with the exception of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Cephapirin is FDA approved for use in food-producing animals, especially dairy cattle. Cephapirin is used for the treatment of mastitis in cows. Production for use in humans has been discontinued in the United States. It is marketed under the trade name Cefadyl. Active against gram-positive and -negative bacteria (vet. use). FDA approved for use in food producing animals, especies dairy cattle. It is used for the treatment of mastitis in cows J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DB - First-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
PROPAMOCARB
CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2945 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1075; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3982; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3980 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1075; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3982; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3981 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1075; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3972; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3970 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1075; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3970; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3968 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1075; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3995; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3993 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1075; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4002; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4000 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 648; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3996; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3993 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 648; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4000; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3998 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 648; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3978; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3976 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 648; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3986; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3985 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 648; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4015; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4014 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 648; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3969; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3968 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2779
Fexofenadine
Fexofenadine is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second-generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first generation histamine receptor antagonists; Fexofenadine hydrochloride (brand names include Allegra and Telfast) is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first-generation histamine-receptor antagonists. R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Fexofenadine (MDL-16455) is an orally active and nonsedative H1 receptor antagonist. Fexofenadine can be used in allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticarial research[1][2][3].
Trichlorfon
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P02 - Anthelmintics > P02B - Antitrematodals > P02BB - Organophosphorous compounds D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals
Dantron
Danthron is an orange crystalline powder. Almost odorless and tasteless. (NTP, 1992) Chrysazin is a dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite. Withdrawn from the Canadian, US, and UK markets in 1998 due to genotoxicity. Danthron is a natural product found in Didemnum albopunctatum, Asphodelus tenuifolius, and other organisms with data available. Danthron is a reddish, synthetic anthraquinone derivative. Danthron has been widely used as a laxative, but is no longer used to treat constipation and is currently used as an antioxidant in synthetic lubricants, in the synthesis of experimental antitumor agents, as a fungicide and as an intermediate for making dyes. This substance is a suspected mutagen and is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05) A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AB - Contact laxatives A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8. Dantron is found in green vegetables. Dantron occurs in roots of Rheum palmatum (Turkey rhubarb Occurs in roots of Rheum palmatum (Turkey rhubarb). Dantron is found in green vegetables. D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_20eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_40eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_30eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_10eV_000028.txt [Raw Data] CB120_Laxapur_neg_50eV_000028.txt Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. It is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus), as well as in other herbs and spices. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); NaToxAq - Natural Toxins and Drinking Water Quality - From Source to Tap (https://natoxaq.ku.dk) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2336 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2507
4-Hydroxytamoxifen
4-Hydroxytamoxifen (Afimoxifene) is a metabolite of Tamoxifen. Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator which is the active metabolite of tamoxifen. Afimoxifene is a transdermal gel formulation and is being developed by Ascend Therapeutics, Inc. under the trademark TamoGel. (Wikipedia) D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D020847 - Estrogen Receptor Modulators D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D004965 - Estrogen Antagonists C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C1821 - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C129818 - Antineoplastic Hormonal/Endocrine Agent > C481 - Antiestrogen C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1892 - Chemopreventive Agent
Fosinopril
Fosinopril is a phosphinic acid-containing ester prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is rapidly hydrolyzed to fosinoprilat, its principle active metabolite. Fosinoprilat inhibits ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Fosinopril may be used to treat mild to moderate hypertension, as an adjunct in the treatment of congestive heart failure, and to slow the rate of progression of renal disease in hypertensive individuals with diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria or overt nephropathy. C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3324
Hydrocodone
Hydrocodone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a narcotic analgesic related to codeine, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant. [PubChem]Hydrocodone acts as a weak agonist at OP1, OP2, and OP3 opiate receptors within the central nervous system (CNS). Hydrocodone primarily affects OP3 receptors, which are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as modulators, both positive and negative, of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. Binding of the opiate stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, and noradrenaline is inhibited. Opioids such as hydrocodone also inhibit the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon. Opioids close N-type voltage-operated calcium channels (OP2-receptor agonist) and open calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels (OP3 and OP1 receptor agonist). This results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05D - Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants > R05DA - Opium alkaloids and derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C66917 - Antitussive Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Metaxalone
Metaxalone (marketed by King Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Skelaxin) is a muscle relaxant used to relax muscles and relieve pain caused by strains, sprains, and other musculoskeletal conditions. Its exact mechanism of action is not known, but it may be due to general central nervous system depression. It is considered to be a moderately strong muscle relaxant, with relatively low incidence of side effects. Skelaxin comes in an 800 mg scored tablet. It previously came in both 400 mg and 800 mg tablets. The 400 mg tablet has been discontinued. Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and CNS side effects such as dizziness, headache, and irritability. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C29696 - Muscle Relaxant D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D023303 - Oxazolidinones CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3127
Oxybutynin
Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties, including frequent urination and inability to control urination, by decreasing muscle spasms of the bladder. It competitively antagonizes the M1, M2, and M3 subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BD - Drugs for urinary frequency and incontinence C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000892 - Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary > D008333 - Mandelic Acids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D000089162 - Genitourinary Agents > D064804 - Urological Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3025 Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic agent, which inhibits vascular Kv channels in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 11.51 μM[1]. Oxybutynin is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
Sufentanil
Sufentanil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [PubChem]Opiate receptors are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as both positive and negative regulators of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. Binding of the opiate stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline is inhibited. Opioids also inhibit the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin and glucagon. Sufentanils analgesic activity is, most likely, due to its conversion to morphine. Opioids open calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels (OP1 receptor agonist). This results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AH - Opioid anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Candesartan cilexetil
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent > C66930 - Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist D057911 - Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists > D047228 - Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Candesartan Cilexetil (TCV-116) is an angiotensin II receptor inhibitor. Candesartan Cilexetil ameliorates the pulmonary fibrosis and has antiviral and skin wound healing effect. Candesartan Cilexetil can be used for the research of high blood pressure[1][2][3][4][5][6].
Phenylacetone
Phenylacetone is a DEA Schedule II controlled substance. Substances in the DEA Schedule II have a high potential for abuse which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. It is a Immediate precursors substance. Phenylacetone is a propanone that is propan-2-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 1. It is a member of propanones and a methyl ketone. Phenylacetone. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=103-79-7 (retrieved 2024-10-28) (CAS RN: 103-79-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Sebacic acid
Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms. Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid. In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), also known as glutaric aciduria type II (GAII), a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion. Sebacic acid is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Sebacic acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition. Sebacic Acid was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. It is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins. It is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials (PMID: 10556649, 1738216, 8442769, 12706375). Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms. Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid. In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) or glutaric aciduria type II (GAII) are a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4109; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4104 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4132; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4130 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4118; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4114 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4132; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4129 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4099; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4095 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4127; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4123 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID S017 Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
12,13-DiHOME
12,13-DHOME (CAS: 263399-35-5), also known as 12,13-dihydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid or 12,13-DiHOME, is the epoxide hydrolase metabolite of the leukotoxin 12,13-EpOME. 12,13-EpOME acts as a protoxin, with the corresponding epoxide hydrolase 12,13-DHOME specifically exerting toxicity. Both the EpOME and the DHOME are shown to have neutrophil chemotactic activity. 12,13-DHOME suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst by a mechanism distinct from that of respiratory burst inhibitors such as cyclosporin H or lipoxin A4, which inhibit multiple aspects of neutrophil activation. 12,13-DHOME is a derivative of the linoleic acid diol that has been reported to be toxic in human tissue preparations. 12,13-DHOME is a naturally occurring proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma2 ligand, which stimulates adipocytes and inhibits osteoblast differentiation (PMID: 17435320, 12021203, 12127265). 12,13-DHOME is the epoxide hydrolase metabolite of the leukotoxin12,13-EpOME. 12,13-EpOMEs act as a protoxin, with the corresponding epoxide hydrolase 12,13-DiHOME specifically exerting toxicity. Both the EpOME and the DiHOME are shown to have neutrophil chemotactic activity. 12,13-DiHOME suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst by a mechanism distinct from that of respiratory burst inhibitors such as cyclosporin H or lipoxin A4,which inhibit multiple aspects of neutrophil activation. 12,13-DHOME is a derivative of linoleic acid diol that have been reported to be toxic in humans tissue preparations. 12,13-DHOME is a naturally occurring proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma2 ligand, which stimulates adipocytes and inhibits osteoblast differentiation. (PMID: 17435320, 12021203, 12127265) [HMDB]
Bovinic acid
Bovinic acid is a conjugated linoleic acid, present in human adipose tissue; the amount of bovinic acid in humans is significantly related to milk fat intake. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are a group of naturally occurring fatty acids present mainly in fats from ruminants. Milk contains over 20 isomers of CLA but the predominant one is cis-9,trans-11-CLA (bovinic acid). Biomedical studies with animal models have shown that this isomer has anticarcinogenic and anti-atherogenic activities. Bovinic acid is produced as an intermediate in the rumen biohydrogenation of linoleic acid but not of linolenic acid. However, it is only a transient intermediate, and the major source of milk fat CLA is from endogenous synthesis (PMID: 10393134, 15736916).
Primolut depot
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10390; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10389 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10271; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10269 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10375; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10374 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10383; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10381 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10318; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10317 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10339; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10337 D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D004965 - Estrogen Antagonists D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D011372 - Progestins C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone
Phenylacetylglycine
Phenylacetylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:. acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Phenylacetylglycine or PAG is a glycine conjugate of phenylacetic acid. Phenylacetic acid may arise from exposure to styrene (plastic) or through the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Phenylacetic acid is used in some perfumes, possessing a honey-like odour in low concentrations, and is also used in penicillin G production. PAG is a putative biomarker of phospholipidosis. Urinary PAG is elevated in animals exhibiting abnormal phospholipid accumulation in many tissues and may thus be useful as a surrogate biomarker for phospholipidosis. (PMID: 15764292) The presence of phenylacetylglycine in urine has been confirmed for dogs, rats and mice. However, the presence of this compound in human urine is controversial. GC-MS studies have not found this compound (PMID: 7492634) while NMR studies claimed to have identified it (PMID: 21167146). It appears that phenylacetylglycine may sometimes be mistaken for phenylacetylglutamine via NMR. Phenylacetylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: Phenylacetylglycine is a gut microbial metabolite that can activate β2AR. Phenylacetylglycine protects against cardiac injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion[1]. Phenylacetylglycine is a gut microbial metabolite that can activate β2AR. Phenylacetylglycine protects against cardiac injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion[1].
Phoxim
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals
Rhein
Rhein appears as yellow needles (from methanol) or yellow-brown powder. (NTP, 1992) Rhein is a dihydroxyanthraquinone. Rhein is an anthraquinone metabolite of rheinanthrone and senna glycoside is present in many medicinal plants including Rheum palmatum, Cassia tora, Polygonum multiflorum, and Aloe barbadensis. It is known to have hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and several other protective effects. Rhein is a natural product found in Cassia renigera, Rheum compactum, and other organisms with data available. Present in Rheum palmatum (Chinese rhubarb). Rhein is found in dock, green vegetables, and garden rhubarb. Rhein is found in dock. Rhein is present in Rheum palmatum (Chinese rhubarb D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID R037
3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol
3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol is one of the tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. The 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) is responsible for the interconversion of both the hormonally inactive cortisone and the active cortisol, which has implications in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, as reflected in the ratio of tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. (PMID: 16310418). The daily excretion of allotetrahydrocortisol is above normal in hyperthyroid patients; In contrast, in hyperthyroidism the excretion is diminished below normal levels to approximately half that of normal subjects. (PMID 13906284). A decreased activity of the enzyme 11beta-HSD produces a pattern of urinary steroid metabolites with an abnormal elevation of tetrahydrocortisol and allo-tetrahydrocortisol compared to tetrahydrocortisone; this pattern of steroid excretion is essential for the diagnosis of the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess type 1. (PMID: 8834992). 3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol is one of the tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. The 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) is responsible for the interconversion of both the hormonally inactive cortisone and the active cortisol, which has implications in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, as reflected in the ratio of tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. (PMID: 16310418) D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Tetrahydrocortisol is cortisol metabolite. The urinary Tetrahydrocortisol/Tetrahydrocortisone ratio decreases with increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) activity[1][2].
Dimethylglycine
Dimethylglycine (DMG) is an amino acid derivative found in the cells of all plants and animals and can be obtained in the diet in small amounts from grains and meat. The human body produces DMG when metabolizing choline into glycine. Dimethylglycine that is not metabolized in the liver is transported by the circulatory system to body tissue. Dimethylglycine was popular with Russian athletes and cosmonauts owing to its reputed ability to increase endurance and reduce fatigue. DMG is also a byproduct of homocysteine metabolism. Homocysteine and betaine are converted to methionine and N,N-dimethylglycine by betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. DMG in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of legumes. It is also a microbial metabolite (PMID: 25901889). Dimethylglycine (DMG) is an amino acid derivative found in the cells of all plants and animals and can be obtained in the diet in small amounts from grains and meat. The human body produces DMG when metabolizing choline into Glycine. Dimethylglycine that is not metabolized in the liver is transported by the circulatory system to body tissue. Dimethylglycine was popular with Russian athletes and cosmonauts owing to its reputed ability to increase endurance and reduce fatigue. DMG is also a byproduct of homocysteine metabolism. Homocysteine and betaine are converted to methionine and N, N-dimethylglycine by betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. [HMDB]. Dimethylglycine in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of legumes. N,N-Dimethylglycine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1118-68-9 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 1118-68-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). N-Methylsarcosine is an amino acid building block for protein, found in a small amount in the body.
Valerate
Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH. Like other low molecular weight carboxylic acids, it has a very unpleasant odor. Valeric acid is commonly found in human feces, with an average concentration of 2.4 umol/g feces (range of 0.6-3.8 umol/g) (PMID:6740214). Valeric acid is produced by the gut microbiota, typically Clostridia species and other gut bacterial species such as Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 (PMID:30052654) via the condensation of ethanol with propionic acid (PMID:18116989). Valeric acid is largely considered as a gut microbial metabolite. Recently, valeric acid has been found to exert strong gut protective effects. Studies involving mice that received high doses of radiation showed that valeric acid replenishment (via oral gavage) elevated the survival rate of irradiated mice, protected hematogenic organs (such as the thymus and spleen), improved gastrointestinal (GI) tract function and enhanced intestinal epithelial integrity (PMID:31931652 ). Valeric acid was also found to restore the enteric bacteria taxonomic proportions and reprogram the small intestinal protein profile to normal levels. Valeric acid, like butyric acid, also appears to be a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. High levels of HDAC proteins have been implicated in a variety of disease pathologies, from cancer and colitis to cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration (PMID:30052654). Valeric acid is also found in certain plants, specifically in the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name. Industrially valeric acid is primarily used is in the synthesis of its esters. Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavours. Hydrolysis of these valerate-containing food additives in the gut can also lead to the appearance of valerate in blood, urine and stool samples. Minor constituent of biological systems e.g. yeast fat, some plant oilsand is also present in blue cheeses, wines, apple, banana, morello cherry, cooked shrimp, scallop, roasted peanut, roasted filberts and other foodstuffs. Flavouring agent. Pentanoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are red raspberry, pepper (c. frutescens), tea, and fats and oils. KEIO_ID V002
Cetirizine
Cetirizine is a medication used for the treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and hives. It is a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist antihistamine and works by blocking H1 histamine receptors. It is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, and has the same basic side effects, including dry mouth. A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. Cetirizine hydrochloride is a medication used for the treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and hives. It is a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist antihistamine and works by blocking H1 histamine receptors. It is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, and has the same basic side effects, including dry mouth. R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AE - Piperazine derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01G - Decongestants and antiallergics C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Cetirizine, a second-generation antihistamine and the carboxylated metabolite of hydroxyzine, is a specific, orally active and long-acting histamine H1-receptor antagonist. Cetirizine marks antiallergic properties and inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis during the allergic response[1][2][3].
Nizatidine
Nizatidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. [PubChem]Nizatidine competes with histamine for binding at the H2-receptors on the gastric basolateral membrane of parietal cells. Competitive inhibition results in reduction of basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretions. The drug also decreases the gastric acid response to stimuli such as food, caffeine, insulin, betazole, or pentagastrin. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders > A02B - Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord) > A02BA - H2-receptor antagonists C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29702 - Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents Nizatidine is a potent and orally active histamine H2 receptor antagonist, can be used for the research of stomach?and?intestines ulcers. Nizatidine works by decreasing the secretion of gastric?acid the stomach makes and prevent ulcers from coming back after they have healed in animal models[1].
6beta-Hydroxytestosterone
Testosterone is reported to have an acute vasodilating action in vitro, an effect that may impart a favourable haemodynamic response in patients with chronic heart failure.
1-Methylhistamine
1-Methylhistamine, also known as H137, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-arylethylamines. These are primary amines that have the general formula RCCNH2, where R is an organic group. 1-Methylhistamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 1-methylhistamine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, S-adenosylhomocysteine and 1-methylhistamine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethionine and histamine; which is mediated by the enzyme histamine N-methyltransferase. In addition, 1-methylhistamine can be converted into methylimidazole acetaldehyde through its interaction with the enzyme amine oxidase [flavin-containing] a. In humans, 1-methylhistamine is involved in histidine metabolism. 1-Methylhistamine is a potentially toxic compound. 1-Methylhistamine is a histamine metabolite. It is a product of histamine 1-methyltransferase [EC 2.1.1.8] in the pathway histidine metabolism (KEGG). [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
2,4,6-Tribromophenol
2,4,6-Tribromophenol, also known as 2,4,6-TBP or bromol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-bromophenols. These are bromophenols carrying a iodine at the C4 position of the benzene ring. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol has been detected, but not quantified, in a few different foods, such as crustaceans, fishes, and mollusks. This could make 2,4,6-tribromophenol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A bromophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4 and 6 have been replaced by bromines. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol is a potentially toxic compound. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1310; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4940; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4936 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1310; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4952; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4950 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1310; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4925; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4923 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1310; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4953; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4951 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1310; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4957; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4955 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1310; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4956; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4953 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8167
Ribothymidine
Ribothymidine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids; methylated purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls.DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. When chemical bonds to DNA, the DNA becomes damaged and proper and complete replication cannot occur to make the normal intended cell. A DNA adduct is an abnormal piece of DNA covalently-bonded to a cancer-causing chemical. This has shown to be the start of a cancerous cell, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as bio-markers and as such are themselves measured to reflect quantitatively, for comparison, the amount of cancer in the subject. (PMID: 3506820, 17044778, 17264127, 16799933) [HMDB] Ribothymidine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids; methylated purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls.DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. When chemical bonds to DNA, the DNA becomes damaged and proper and complete replication cannot occur to make the normal intended cell. A DNA adduct is an abnormal piece of DNA covalently-bonded to a cancer-causing chemical. This has shown to be the start of a cancerous cell, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as bio-markers and as such are themselves measured to reflect quantitatively, for comparison, the amount of cancer in the subject. (PMID:3506820, 17044778, 17264127, 16799933). 5-Methyluridine is a is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids. 5-Methyluridine is a is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids.
Gamma-glutamylglutamine
N2-gamma-Glutamylglutamine, also known as gamma-L-Glu-L-Gln or L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dipeptides. These are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. N2-gamma-Glutamylglutamine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). N2-gamma-Glutamylglutamine is a dipeptide obtained from the condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of glutamic acid with the alpha-amino group of glutamine. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signalling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. gamma-Glutamylglutamine has been identified in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from hyperammonaemic patients. [HMDB] H-γ-Glu-Gln-OH is a hydrophilic peptide and can be conjugated to drugs. The carrier composed of H-γ-Glu-Gln-OH has the characteristics of high water solubility and drug-loading capacity, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, improved tumor targeting ability, and anti-tumor efficacy[1].
Tolterodine
Tolterodine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antimuscarinic drug that is used to treat urinary incontinence. Tolterodine acts on M2 and M3 subtypes of muscarinic receptors.Both tolterodine and its active metabolite, 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine, act as competitive antagonists at muscarinic receptors. This antagonism results in inhibition of bladder contraction, decrease in detrusor pressure, and an incomplete emptying of the bladder. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BD - Drugs for urinary frequency and incontinence C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D000089162 - Genitourinary Agents > D064804 - Urological Agents Tolterodine(PNU-200583) is a potent muscarinic receptor antagonists that show selectivity for the urinary bladder over salivary glands in vivo. IC50 Value: Target: mAChR in vitro: Carbachol-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig bladder were effectively inhibited by tolterodine (IC50 14 nM) and 5-HM (IC50 5.7 nM). The IC50 values were in the microM range and the antimuscarinic potency of tolterodine was 27, 200 and 370-485 times higher, respectively, than its potency in blocking histamine receptors, alpha-adrenoceptors and calcium channels. The active metabolite, 5-HM, was >900 times less potent at these sites than at bladder muscarinic receptors [1]. in vivo: Tolterodine was extensively metabolized in vivo [2]. In the passive-avoidance test, tolterodine at 1 or 3 mg/kg had no effect on memory; the latency to cross and percentage of animals crossing were comparable to controls. In contrast, scopolamine induced a memory deficit; the latency to cross was decreased, and the number of animals crossing was increased [3].
alpha-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
Alpha-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is a metabolite of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE may be obtained through environmental exposure. MTBE is rapidly eliminated from the body, mainly through expired air as the unchanged compound. MTBE is to some extent metabolised to t-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde and oxidised to 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and a-hydroxy isobuturic acid. Alpha-Hydroxyisobutyric acid has been used as an arial bactericide. [HMDB] alpha-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is a metabolite of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE may be obtained through environmental exposure. MTBE is rapidly eliminated from the body, mainly through expired air as the unchanged compound. MTBE is to some extent metabolized to t-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde and oxidized to 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid. alpha-Hydroxyisobutyric acid has been used as an aerial bactericide. 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an endogenous metabolite.
11Z-Eicosenoic acid（20:1）
11Z-Eicosenoic acid, also known as gondoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. 11Z-Eicosenoic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). More specifically, 11Z-Eicosenoic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in a variety of nuts and plant oils. It is not produced by humans and comes from the diet. It has been found in the red blood cell membrane with increased concentrations in children with regressive autism (PMID: 16581239 ). (11Z)-icos-11-enoic acid is an icosenoic acid having a cis- double bond at position 11. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a gondoate. cis-11-Eicosenoic acid is a natural product found in Delphinium fissum, Calophyllum inophyllum, and other organisms with data available. Gondoic Acid is a monounsaturated long-chain fatty acid with a 20-carbon backbone and the sole double bond originating from the 9th position from the methyl end, with the bond in the cis- configuration. See also: Cod Liver Oil (part of). Constituent of rape oil and fish oils as glycerideand is also in other plant oils, e.g. false flax (Camelina sativa), and swede (Brassica napobrassica) cis-11-Eicosenoic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=5561-99-9 (retrieved 2024-07-15) (CAS RN: 5561-99-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Gondoic acid (cis-11-Eicosenoic acid), a monounsaturated long-chain fatty acid, is contained in a variety of plant oils and nuts[1]. Gondoic acid (cis-11-Eicosenoic acid), a monounsaturated long-chain fatty acid, is contained in a variety of plant oils and nuts[1].
7alpha-Hydroxycholesterol
7alpha-Hydroxycholesterol is an oxysterol and can serve as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation (PMID: 17386651). Products of cholesterol oxidation accumulate within atherosclerotic plaque and have been proposed to contribute to inflammatory signalling in the diseased artery (PMID: 17364953). 7alpha-Hydroxycholesterol is a cholesterol oxide that has been described as a biomarker of oxidative stress in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes (PMID: 16634125). 7alpha-Hydroxycholesterol has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is an oxysterol and can serve as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation. (PMID: 17386651) Products of cholesterol oxidation accumulate within atherosclerotic plaque and have been proposed to contribute to inflammatory signalling in the diseased artery. (PMID: 17364953) 7α-Hydroxycholesterol is a cholesterol oxide and is formed by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation. 7α-Hydroxycholesterol can be used as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation[1][2].
3-HODE + 9-HODE
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) (CAS: 18104-45-5), also known as 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid or 13(S)-HODE, is the major lipoxygenation product synthesized in the body from linoleic acid. 13-HODE prevents cell adhesion to endothelial cells and can inhibit cancer metastasis. 13-HODE synthesis is enhanced by cyclic AMP. gamma-Linolenic acid, a desaturated metabolite of linoleic acid, causes substantial stimulation of 13-HODE synthesis. A fall in gamma-linolenic acid synthesis with age may be related to the age-related fall in 13-HODE formation (PMID: 9561154). 13-HODE is considered an intermediate in linoleic acid metabolism. It is generated from 13(S)-HPODE via the enzyme lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12). 13-HODE has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of systems. 13-HODE is found to be produced by prostate tumours and cell lines and researchers believe that there is a link between linoleic acid metabolism and the development or progression of prostate cancer (PMID: 9367845).
13-L-Hydroperoxylinoleic acid
(9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate, also known as 13s-hydroperoxy-9z,11e-octadecadienoic acid or 13(S)-hpode, belongs to lineolic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are derivatives of lineolic acid. Lineolic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 18 carbon long fatty acid, with two CC double bonds at the 9- and 12-positions. Thus, (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate is considered to be an octadecanoid lipid molecule (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate can be synthesized from octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate can also be synthesized into pinellic acid and 13(S)-HPODE methyl ester (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate can be found in a number of food items such as lingonberry, lemon thyme, watermelon, and agave, which makes (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate can be found primarily in blood. 13-L-Hydroperoxylinoleic acid (13(S)-HPODE) is one of the primary products of the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and arachidonic acid) from the 15-lipoxygenase pathway (EC 1.13.11.31). 13(S)-HPODE is a rather unstable metabolite and is rapidly metabolized to more stable secondary products such as diverse forms of hydroxy fatty acids (via reduction of the hydroperoxy group), alkoxy radicals (via homolytic cleavage of the peroxy group), forms of dihydro(pero)xy fatty acids (via lipoxygenase-catalysed double and triple oxygenation), or epoxy leukotrienes (via a hydrogen abstraction from a doubly allylic methylene group and a homolytic cleavage of the hydroperoxy group) (PMID: 9082450). D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides
15-KETE
15-OxoETE or 15-KETE is a keto-containing leukotriene derivative produced by oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl of 15-HETE. [HMDB] 15-OxoETE or 15-KETE is a keto-containing leukotriene derivative produced by oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl of 15-HETE.
5-KETE
5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), 5-lipoxygenase product is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and eosinophils. Its actions are mediated by the oxoeicosanoid (OXE) receptor, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family.(PMID:18292294) [HMDB] 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), 5-lipoxygenase product is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and eosinophils. Its actions are mediated by the oxoeicosanoid (OXE) receptor, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family.(PMID:18292294).
succinylcholine
M - Musculo-skeletal system > M03 - Muscle relaxants > M03A - Muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents > M03AB - Choline derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C29696 - Muscle Relaxant
2-Hydroxybutyric acid
2-Hydroxybutyric acid (CAS: 600-15-7), also known as alpha-hydroxybutyrate, is an organic acid derived from alpha-ketobutyrate. alpha-Ketobutyrate is produced by amino acid catabolism (threonine and methionine) and glutathione anabolism (cysteine formation pathway) and is metabolized into propionyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (PMID: 20526369). 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is formed as a byproduct from the formation of alpha-ketobutyrate via a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alphaHBDH). alpha-Hydroxybutyric acid is primarily produced in mammalian hepatic tissues that catabolize L-threonine or synthesize glutathione. Oxidative stress or detoxification of xenobiotics in the liver can dramatically increase the rate of hepatic glutathione synthesis. Under such metabolic stress conditions, supplies of L-cysteine for glutathione synthesis become limiting, so homocysteine is diverted from the transmethylation pathway (which forms methionine) into the transsulfuration pathway (which forms cystathionine). alpha-Ketobutyrate is released as a byproduct when cystathionine is cleaved into cysteine that is incorporated into glutathione. Chronic shifts in the rate of glutathione synthesis may be reflected by urinary excretion of 2-hydroxybutyrate. 2-Hydroxybutyrate is an early marker for both insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation that appears to arise due to increased lipid oxidation and oxidative stress (PMID: 20526369). 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is often found in the urine of patients suffering from lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid generally appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g. birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. More recently it has been noted that elevated levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma is a good marker for early-stage type II diabetes (PMID: 19166731). It was concluded from studies done in the mid-1970s that an increased NADH2/NAD ratio was the most important factor for the production of 2-hydroxybutyric acid (PMID: 168632). 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is an organic acid that is involved in propanoate metabolism. It is produced in mammalian tissues (principaly hepatic) that catabolize L-threonine or synthesize glutathione. Oxidative stress or detoxification demands can dramatically increase the rate of hepatic glutathione synthesis. Under such metabolic stress conditions, supplies of L-cysteine for glutathione synthesis become limiting, so homocysteine is diverted from the transmethylation pathway forming methionine into the transsulfuration pathway forming cystathionine. 2-Hydroxybutyrate is released as a by-product when cystathionine is cleaved to cysteine that is incorporated into glutathione. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is often found in the urine of patients suffering from lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid generally appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g., birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. More recently it has been noted that elevated levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma is a good marker for early stage type II diabetes (PMID: 19166731). It was concluded from studies done in the mid 1970s that an increased NADH2/NAD ratio was the most important factor for the production of 2-hydorxybutyric acid (PMID: 168632) [HMDB] 2-Hydroxybutyric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=565-70-8 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 600-15-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is the S-enantiomer of?2-Hydroxybutanoic acid. 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, a coproduct of protein metabolism, is an insulin resistance (IR) biomarker[1].
Peonidin-3-glucoside
Peonidin-3-glucoside has been proposed by Wu et al. [PMID: 12097661] to be a secondary metabolite of cyanidin-3-glucoside which may be methylated by liver enzymes during phase II metabolism. Peonidin 3-glucoside is isolated from grapes and many other plant spp. It is found in red wine, common wheat, and lowbush blueberry. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
delta-Tocotrienol
delta-Tocotrienol, also known as 8-methyltocotrienol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tocotrienols. These are vitamin E derivatives containing an unsaturated trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl chain attached to the carbon C6 atom of a benzopyran ring system. They differ from tocopherols that contain a saturated trimethyltridecyl chain. Thus, delta-tocotrienol is considered to be a quinone lipid molecule. delta-Tocotrienol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. delta-Tocotrienol is found in American cranberry and palm oil. It is a nutriceutical with anticancer properties and a positive influence on the blood lipid profile. Constituent of palm oil. Nutriceutical with anticancer props. and a positive influence on the blood lipid profile. d-Tocotrienol is found in many foods, some of which are fennel, caraway, coconut, and lichee. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
beta-Glycerophosphoric acid
beta-Glycerophosphoric acid, also known as BGA or glycerol 2-phosphate, is a component of glycerolipid metabolism. It is formed in minor quanitites because the alpha glycerophosphorate is preferentially formed in this manner. beta-Glycerophosphoric acid is used as a biological buffer (Sigma-Aldrich). Glycerol-2-phosphate is a component of glycerolipid metabolism. It is formed in minor quanitites, as the alpha glycerophosphorate is preferentially formed in this manner. Also used as a biological buffer (Sigma-Aldrich) [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Cromoglicic acid
Cromoglicic acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [PubChem]Cromoglicate inhibits degranulation of mast cells, subsequently preventing the release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), mediators of type I allergic reactions. Cromoglicate also may reduce the release of inflammatory leukotrienes. Cromoglicate may act by inhibiting calcium influx. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07E - Intestinal antiinflammatory agents > A07EB - Antiallergic agents, excl. corticosteroids R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03B - Other drugs for obstructive airway diseases, inhalants > R03BC - Antiallergic agents, excl. corticosteroids R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AC - Antiallergic agents, excl. corticosteroids D - Dermatologicals > D11 - Other dermatological preparations > D11A - Other dermatological preparations > D11AH - Agents for dermatitis, excluding corticosteroids C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29712 - Anti-asthmatic Agent > C29714 - Mast Cell Stabilizer S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01G - Decongestants and antiallergics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000082142 - Mast Cell Stabilizers D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents D007155 - Immunologic Factors
Methyllycaconitine
Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Terpenoid alkaloids, Diterpene alkaloid, Aconitum alkaloid D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.835 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.832 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.827
Ginkgolide A
Ginkgolide A is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide A is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist.
2-Amino-a-carboline
2-Amino-a-carboline is found in cooked foods as pyrolysis produced of tryptophan. Found in cooked foods as pyrol. production of tryptophan. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8
(S)-scoulerine
(s)-scoulerine, also known as discretamine or aequaline, belongs to protoberberine alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are alkaloids with a structure based on a protoberberine moiety, which consists of a 5,6-dihydrodibenzene moiety fused to a quinolizinium and forming 5,6-Dihydrodibenzo(a,g)quinolizinium skeleton (s)-scoulerine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-scoulerine can be found in a number of food items such as rice, lemon grass, chinese bayberry, and sea-buckthornberry, which makes (s)-scoulerine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
alpha-Tocopherol acetate
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D024505 - Tocopherols Vitamin E supplement and antioxidant for foodstuffs Vitamin E supplement and antioxidant for foodstuff D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Same as: D01735 D-α-Tocopherol acetate (D-Vitamin E acetate) can be hydrolyzed to d-alpha-tocopherol (VE) and absorbed in the small intestine[1]. D-α-Tocopherol acetate (D-Vitamin E acetate) can be hydrolyzed to d-alpha-tocopherol (VE) and absorbed in the small intestine[1].
5β-cholanoic acid
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids 5β-Cholanic acid can be used for 5β-Cholanic acid derivatives synthesis[1].
Tomatine
Tomatine is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane (steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton) found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine. A toxic dose of tomatine for an adult human would appear to require the consumption of at least 500 g of tomato leaves in one sitting (“Toxic Plants of North America” (Iowa State University Press, 2001)). Tomatine is known to have fungicidal and antimicrobial properties and is likely produced by tomato plants as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects (PMID: 19514731). Some microbes produce an enzyme called tomatinase which can degrade tomatine, rendering it ineffective as an antimicrobial (PMID: 18835993).Tomatine has historically been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution (PMID: 4362143). When lab animals ingest tomatine, essentially all of it passes through the animal unabsorbed. Tomatine apparently binds to cholesterol in the digestive tract, and the largely insoluble combination is excreted — ridding the body of both the alkaloid and cholesterol. Experiments with hamsters have shown that both tomatine-rich green tomatoes and purified tomatine can substantially lower the levels of undesirable LDL cholesterol while maintaining normal levels of HDL (PMID: 10942315). Experiments with high-tomatine green tomato extracts were recently shown to strongly inhibit the growth of a number of human cancer cell lines including breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29), gastric (AGS), and hepatoma (liver) (HepG2), as well as normal human liver cells (PMID: 19514731). Other studies have found that purified tomatine is an outstanding immunoadjuvant capable of stimulating potent antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses that contribute to protection against malaria, Francisella tularensis and regression of experimental tumors (PMID: 15193398). Tomatine is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane (steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton) found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine. A toxic dose of tomatine for an adult human would appear to require the consumption of at least 500 g of tomato leaves in one sitting (“Toxic Plants of North America” (Iowa State University Press, 2001)). Tomatine is known to have fungicidal and antimicrobial properties and is likely produced by tomato plants as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects (PMID: 19514731). Some microbes produce an enzyme called tomatinase which can degrade tomatine, rendering it ineffective as an antimicrobial (PMID: 18835993).Tomatine has historically been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution (PMID: 4362143). When lab animals ingest tomatine, essentially all of it passes through the animal unabsorbed. Tomatine apparently binds to cholesterol in the digestive tract, and the largely insoluble combination is excreted — ridding the body of both the alkaloid and cholesterol. Experiments with hamsters have shown that both tomatine-rich green tomatoes and purified tomatine can substantially lower the levels of undesirable LDL cholesterol while maintaining norma D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid, found in the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Tomatine elicits neurotoxicity in RIP1 kinase and caspase-independent manner. Tomatine promotes the upregulation of nuclear apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in neuroblastoma cells. Tomatine also inhibits 20S proteasome activity[1]. Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid, found in the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Tomatine elicits neurotoxicity in RIP1 kinase and caspase-independent manner. Tomatine promotes the upregulation of nuclear apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in neuroblastoma cells. Tomatine also inhibits 20S proteasome activity[1].
5alpha-Cholestane
5alpha-Cholestane is found in potato. Cholestane is a saturated 27-carbon steroid precursor which serves as the basis for many organic molecules. (Wikipedia). Cholestane is a saturated 27-carbon steroid precursor which serves as the basis for many organic molecules. 5alpha-Cholestane is found in potato.
Glycolaldehyde
Glycolaldehyde, also known as hydroxyacetaldehyde or methylol formaldehyde, is a member of the class of compounds known as short-chain aldehydes. Short-chain aldehydes are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 2 and 5 carbon atoms. Glycolaldehyde is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glycolaldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as acorn, elderberry, dandelion, and conch, which makes glycolaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glycolaldehyde can be found primarily in human neuron tissue. Glycolaldehyde exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, glycolaldehyde is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism. Glycolaldehyde is also involved in hypophosphatasia, which is a metabolic disorder. Glycolaldehyde is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2-CHO. It is the smallest possible molecule that contains both an aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group. It is a highly reactive molecule that occurs both in the biosphere and in the interstellar medium. It is normally supplied as a white solid. Although it conforms to the general formula for carbohydrates, Cn(H2O)n, it is not generally considered to be a saccharide . Glycolaldehyde (HOCH2-CH=O, IUPAC name 2-hydroxyethanal) is a type of diose (2-carbon monosaccharide). Glycolaldehyde is readily converted to acetyl coenzyme A. It has an aldehyde and a hydroxyl group. However, it is not actually a sugar, because there is only one hydroxyl group. Glycolaldehyde is formed from many sources, including the amino acid glycine and from purone catabolism. It can form by action of ketolase on fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in an alternate glycolysis pathway. This compound is transferred by thiamin pyrophosphate during the pentose phosphate shunt.
α-Muricholic acid
alpha-Muricholic acid is a hydroxylated bile acid present in normal human urine (PMID: 1629271), and in free glycine-conjugated, taurine-conjugated, and sulfated forms in human feces (PMID: 3667743). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). a-Muricholic acid is an hydroxylated bile acid present in normal human urine (PMID 1629271), and free, glycine-conjugated, taurine-conjugated and sulphated forms in human feces (PMID 3667743). α-Muricholic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2393-58-0 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 2393-58-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
1-Hydroxyisoquinoline
CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 70 COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
14,15-Epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid is an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), a metabolite of arachidonic acid. The P450 eicosanoids epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous lipid mediators produced by P450 epoxygenases and metabolized through multiple pathways including soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). The cytochrome P-450 (P450) monooxygenase pathway includes enzymes of the CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2E, and CYP2J subfamilies that catalyze the formation of four regioisomeric products, 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. EETs are produced in brain and perform important biological functions, including protection from ischemic injury. Both light flashes and direct glial stimulation produce vasodilatation mediated by EETs. EETs may be involved in the development of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in DOCA-salt rats, but not in excessive collagen deposition or electrophysiological abnormalities. EETs have vasodilator and natriuretic effect. Blockade of EET formation is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. Four regioisomeric cis-EET are primary products of arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. Upon hydration by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), EET are metabolized to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET). These hydration products are more stable and less biologically active than EETs. (PMID: 17494091, 17468203, 17434916, 17406062, 17361113, 15581597). 14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid is an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), a metabolite of arachidonic acid. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents
8,9-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid
8,9-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid is an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid eicosanoid, a metabolite of arachidonic acid. The P450 epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous lipid mediators produced by P450 epoxygenases and metabolized through multiple pathways including soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). The cytochrome P-450 (P450) monooxygenase pathway includes enzymes of the CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2E, and CYP2J subfamilies that catalyze the formation of four regioisomeric products, 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. EETs are produced in brain and perform important biological functions, including protection from ischemic injury. Both light flashes and direct glial stimulation produce vasodilatation mediated by EETs. EETs may be involved in the development of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in DOCA-salt rats, but not in excessive collagen deposition or electrophysiological abnormalities. EETs have vasodilator and natriuretic effect. Blockade of EET formation is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. Four regioisomeric cis-EET are primary products of arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. Upon hydration by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), EET are metabolized to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET). These hydration products are more stable and less biologically active than EETs. (PMID: 17494091, 17468203, 17434916, 17406062, 17361113, 15581597) [HMDB] 8,9-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid is an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid eicosanoid, a metabolite of arachidonic acid. The P450 epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous lipid mediators produced by P450 epoxygenases and metabolized through multiple pathways including soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). The cytochrome P-450 (P450) monooxygenase pathway includes enzymes of the CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2E, and CYP2J subfamilies that catalyze the formation of four regioisomeric products, 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. EETs are produced in brain and perform important biological functions, including protection from ischemic injury. Both light flashes and direct glial stimulation produce vasodilatation mediated by EETs. EETs may be involved in the development of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in DOCA-salt rats, but not in excessive collagen deposition or electrophysiological abnormalities. EETs have vasodilator and natriuretic effect. Blockade of EET formation is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. Four regioisomeric cis-EET are primary products of arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. Upon hydration by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), EET are metabolized to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET). These hydration products are more stable and less biologically active than EETs. (PMID: 17494091, 17468203, 17434916, 17406062, 17361113, 15581597). D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents
14,15-DiHETrE
14,15-DiHETrE is a Cytochrome P450 (P450) eicosanoid. Eicosanoids generated from arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are important autocrine and paracrine factors that have diverse biological functions. P450 eicosanoids are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, renal tubular transport, cardiac contractility, cellular proliferation, and inflammation. Regulation of P450 eicosanoid levels is determined by many factors, including the induction or repression of the P450 enzymes responsible for their formation. Fibrate drugs are part of a diverse group of compounds known as peroxisome proliferators, which also include herbicides and phthalate ester plasticizers. Peroxisome proliferators act via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR ). This receptor is a member of the PPAR nuclear receptor family that also consists of the PPAR and PPAR isoforms. PPAR is mainly expressed in the heart, liver, and kidney, whereas the expression of PPAR is predominantly in the adipose tissue. The biological role of PPAR as a lipid sensor has been well established. 14,15-DiHETrE is a potent activators of PPAR and PPAR . shown to induce the binding of PPAR to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE). Furthermore, 14,15-DiHETrE behaves like peroxisome proliferators in that is able to alter apoA-I and apoA-II mRNA expression. 14,15-DiHETrE is the most potent PPARalpha activator in a COS-7 cell expression system producing a 12-fold increase in PPARalpha-mediated luciferase activity. (PMID: 17431031, 16113065) [HMDB] 14,15-DiHETrE is a Cytochrome P450 (P450) eicosanoid. Eicosanoids generated from arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are important autocrine and paracrine factors that have diverse biological functions. P450 eicosanoids are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, renal tubular transport, cardiac contractility, cellular proliferation, and inflammation. Regulation of P450 eicosanoid levels is determined by many factors, including the induction or repression of the P450 enzymes responsible for their formation. Fibrate drugs are part of a diverse group of compounds known as peroxisome proliferators, which also include herbicides and phthalate ester plasticizers. Peroxisome proliferators act via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). This receptor is a member of the PPAR nuclear receptor family that also consists of the PPAR and PPAR isoforms. PPAR is mainly expressed in the heart, liver, and kidney, whereas the expression of PPAR is predominantly in the adipose tissue. The biological role of PPAR as a lipid sensor has been well established. 14,15-DiHETrE is a potent activators of PPAR and PPAR, shown to induce the binding of PPAR to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE). Furthermore, 14,15-DiHETrE behaves like peroxisome proliferators in that is able to alter apoA-I and apoA-II mRNA expression. 14,15-DiHETrE is the most potent PPARalpha activator in a COS-7 cell expression system producing a 12-fold increase in PPARalpha-mediated luciferase activity. (PMID: 17431031, 16113065).
Batyl alcohol
C26170 - Protective Agent > C797 - Radioprotective Agent 3-(Octadecyloxy)propane-1,2-diol is an endogenous metabolite.
beta-tocotrienol
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide, also known as deamido-NAD or NAAD, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as (5->5)-dinucleotides. These are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5->5)-phosphodiester linkage. NAAD is possibly soluble (in water) and a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). NAAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. L-Glutamine and NAAD can be converted into L-glutamic acid and NAD; which is catalyzed by the enzyme glutamine-dependent nad(+) synthetase. In humans, NAAD is involved in the nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathway. NAAD is also involved in the metabolic disorder called succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Outside of the human body, NAAD has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as japanese walnuts, cauliflowers, sparkleberries, komatsuna, and macadamia nut (m. tetraphylla). This could make NAAD a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. NAAD is the product of the degradation of Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) by a Ca2+-sensitive phosphatase. NAADP is a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger which is synthesized, in response to extracellular stimuli, via the base-exchange reaction by an ADP-ribosyl cyclase (ARC) family members (such as CD38). NAADP binds to and opens Ca2+ channels on intracellular organelles, thereby increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration which, in turn, modulates a variety of cellular processes. Structurally, NAADP it is a dinucleotide that only differs from the house-keeping enzyme cofactor, NADP, by a hydroxyl group (replacing the nicotinamide amino group) and yet this minor modification converts it into the most potent Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger yet described. NAADP may also be broken down to 2-phosphoadenosine diphosphoribose (ADPRP) by CD38 or reduced to NAADPH. Deamido-nad(+), also known as deamidonicotinamide adenine dinucleoetide, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5->5)-dinucleotides (5->5)-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5->5)-phosphodiester linkage. Deamido-nad(+) is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Deamido-nad(+) can be found in a number of food items such as garden tomato, sea-buckthornberry, pitanga, and japanese walnut, which makes deamido-nad(+) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Deamido-nad(+) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, deamido-nad(+) is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include glutamate metabolism, homocarnosinosis, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Deamido-nad(+) is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria (D and L form), 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome, and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Beta-tocopherol
beta-Tocopherol is an antioxidant which is synthesized by photosynthetic organisms and plays an important role in human and animal nutrition. beta-Tocopherols can be oxidized in dry CH2Cl2 or CH3CN by one electron to form cation radicals that deprotonate to form the neutral phenoxyl radicals, which are then immediately further oxidized by one electron to the phenoxonium cations (an ECE electrochemical mechanism, where E signifies an electron transfer and C represents a chemical step, with the electrochemical mechanism having been determined by in situ spectroscopic analysis). The phenoxonium cation of beta-tocopherol is stable for several minutes (PMID: 16771430). beta-Tocopherol has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). (rel)-β-Tocopherol is a relative configuration of β-Tocopherol.(±)-β-Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble form of vitamin E with antioxidant activity. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1].
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is an organic solvent. MIBK is among the top ten most popular organic solvents used in industry. MIBK is occasionally found as a volatile component of urine. MIBK in urine is considered as a biological marker of occupational exposure to this solvent. Olfactory perception is significant but adaptation may occur. The typical toxicity effects of MIBK in humans exposed at 50 to 100 ppm are mucous membrane irritation and weak effects on the central nervous system (CNS) such as headache. Visual dysfunction has been reported in workers exposed to a mixture of organic solvents containing MIBK. Memory impairment was detected in clinical observation on a 44-year-old man who had been exposed to MIBK at 100 ppm for more than 10 years. Regarding to the route of absorption, skin penetration of MIBK is substantial. (PMID: 12592578, 17485256, 16464817, 5556886). Present in orange, lemon, concord grape, vinegar, cheeses, cooked beef, roasted peanut and other foodstuffs. Flavouring ingredient
Proanthocyanidin A2
Isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in many foods, some of which are herbs and spices, cinnamon, avocado, and lingonberry. Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in apple. Proanthocyanidin A2 is isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Procyanidin A1 (Proanthocyanidin A1) is a procyanidin dimer, which inhibits degranulation downstream of protein kinase C activation or Ca2+ influx from an internal store in RBL-213 cells. Procyanidin A1 has antiallergic effects[1]. Procyanidin A1 (Proanthocyanidin A1) is a procyanidin dimer, which inhibits degranulation downstream of protein kinase C activation or Ca2+ influx from an internal store in RBL-213 cells. Procyanidin A1 has antiallergic effects[1]. Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2]. Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2].
Formic acid
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It takes part in the metabolism of one-carbon compounds and its carbon may appear in methyl groups undergoing transmethylation. It is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Formate is typically produced as a byproduct in the production of acetate. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain. In nature, formic acid is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer. Urinary formate is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PMID: 22292465). It is used as a flavouring adjunct, an animal feed additive, a brewing antiseptic and as a food preservative
Dopaquinone
Dopaquinone, also known as o-dopaquinone or L-dopaquinone, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha-amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Dopaquinone is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-Dopaquinone is a metabolite of L-DOPA and a precursor of melanin. Melanin is synthesized from tyrosine by hydroxylation to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and subsequent oxidation to dopaquinone. Both reactions are catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosinase, which is the rate-limiting step. Dopaquinone has an ortho-quinone ring, which is known to be neurotoxic and highly reactive with many other compounds (PMID: 413870). Dopaquinone typically combines with cysteine to form pheomelanin (a pigment-polymer). Alternatively, dopaquinone can be converted to leucodopachrome and eventually to eumelanin (also a pigment-polymer). Dopaquinone can be found in skin and feces. Within the cell, dopaquinone is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Dopaquinone is involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include transient tyrosinemia, hawkinsinuria, tyrosinemia type I, and alkaptonuria. Chronically high levels of dopaquinone are associated with Parkinsons disease (PD). Many Parkinsons patients are treated with L-DOPA. However, long-term treatment with L-DOPA may actually worsen symptoms or result in neurotic and psychotic symptoms. These may be due to dopachrome and dopaquinone accumulating in the brain of L-DOPA treated patients (PMID: 19131041, PMID: 12373519). Dopaquinone is a substrate of enzyme monophenol monooxygenase [EC 1.14.18.1] in tyrosine metabolism pathway (KEGG). [HMDB]
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin I appears to have no biological activity and exists solely as a precursor to angiotensin 2. Angiotensin I is formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. Renin cleaves the peptide bond between the leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) residues on angiotensinogen, creating the ten-amino acid peptide (des-Asp) angiotensin I. Renin is produced in the kidneys in response to renal sympathetic activity, decreased intrarenal blood pressure at the juxtaglomerular cells, or decreased delivery of Na+ and Cl- to the macula densa.[3] If less Na+ is sensed by the macula densa, renin release by juxtaglomerular cells is increased. (Wikipedia) D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from WikiPathways, COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Angiotensin I (human, mouse, rat) is the precursor to the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II, cleaved by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
(S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene
(S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene, also known as 2,3-oxidosqualene or (S)-squalene-2,3-epoxide, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as triterpenoids. These are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Thus, (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of terpenoid. It is a substrate for squalene monooxygenase and lanosterol synthase. (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of Terpenoid. It is a substrate for Squalene monooxygenase and Lanosterol synthase. [HMDB]. (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene is found in many foods, some of which are new zealand spinach, lime, cassava, and cloves.
Mevalonic acid-5P
Mevalonic acid-5p, also known as (R)-5-phosphomevalonate or mevalonate-5p, is a member of the class of compounds known as monoalkyl phosphates. Monoalkyl phosphates are organic compounds containing a phosphate group that is linked to exactly one alkyl chain. Thus, mevalonic acid-5p is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Mevalonic acid-5p is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Mevalonic acid-5p can be found in a number of food items such as rowanberry, common oregano, caraway, and cherry tomato, which makes mevalonic acid-5p a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Mevalonic acid-5p can be found primarily throughout most human tissues. Mevalonic acid-5p exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, mevalonic acid-5p is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include pamidronate action pathway, rosuvastatin action pathway, pravastatin action pathway, and lovastatin action pathway. Mevalonic acid-5p is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hypercholesterolemia, lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (wolman disease), hyper-igd syndrome, and mevalonic aciduria. Mevalonic acid-5P (CAS: 1189-94-2), also known as 5-phosphomevalonic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monoalkyl phosphates. These are organic compounds containing a phosphate group that is linked to exactly one alkyl chain. Within humans, mevalonic acid-5P participates in many enzymatic reactions. In particular, mevalonic acid-5P can be biosynthesized from mevalonate; which is mediated by the enzyme mevalonate kinase. In addition, mevalonic acid-5P can be converted into mevalonic acid-5-pyrophosphate through its interaction with the enzyme phosphomevalonate kinase. In humans, mevalonic acid-5P is involved in the mevalonate pathway. Outside of the human body, mevalonic acid-5P has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as oriental wheat, devilfish, pepper (spice), redcurrants, and star fruits. This could make mevalonic acid-5P a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
7-Dehydrocholesterol
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), also known as provitamin D3 or 5,7-cholestadien-3-b-ol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core. Thus, 7-dehydrocholesterol is also classified as a sterol. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is known as a zoosterol, meaning that it is a sterol isolated from animals (to distinguish those sterols isolated from plants which are called phytosterols). 7-DHC functions in the serum as a cholesterol precursor and is photochemically converted to vitamin D3 in the skin. Therefore 7-DHC functions as provitamin-D3. The presence of 7-DHC in human skin enables humans and other mammals to manufacture vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) from ultraviolet rays in the sun light, via an intermediate isomer pre-vitamin D3. 7-DHC absorbs UV light most effectively at wavelengths between 290 and 320 nm and, thus, the production of vitamin D3 will occur primarily at those wavelengths (PMID: 9625080). The two most important factors that govern the generation of pre-vitamin D3 are the quantity (intensity) and quality (appropriate wavelength) of the UVB irradiation reaching the 7-dehydrocholesterol deep in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum (PMID: 9625080). 7-DHC is also found in the milk of several mammalian species, including cows (PMID: 10999630; PMID: 225459). It was discovered by Nobel-laureate organic chemist Adolf Windaus. 7-DHC can be produced by animals and plants via different pathways (PMID: 23717318). It is not produced by fungi in significant amounts. 7-DHC is made by some algae and can also be produced by some bacteria. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is a zoosterol (a sterol produced by animals rather than plants). It is a provitamin-D. The presence of this compound in skin enables humans to manufacture vitamin D3 from ultra-violet rays in the sun light, via an intermediate isomer provitamin D3. It is also found in breast milk. [HMDB] D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3.
Cycasin
Cycasin is an alkaloid from seeds of the false sago Cycas circinalis and sago cycas Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae). Carcinogen of significance in human nutrition; but in practice the toxin is present in the seeds of the plant and the pith is used as a food source. Isolated from human milk D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D009676 - Noxae > D009498 - Neurotoxins
Sakebiose
3-O-alpha-D-Mannopyranosyl-D-galactose is found in fruits. 3-O-alpha-D-Mannopyranosyl-D-galactose is isolated from enzymic hydrolysate of peach gum. Isolated from enzymic hydrolysate of peach gum. 3-O-alpha-D-Mannopyranosyl-D-galactose is found in fruits.
(2-Mercaptomethyl-3-phenyl-propionyl)-glycine
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors
TOLRESTAT
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A10 - Drugs used in diabetes > A10X - Other drugs used in diabetes > A10XA - Aldose reductase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C72880 - Aldose Reductase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
L-Dopachrome
Dopachrome is a cyclization product of L-DOPA and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of melanin. Dopaquinone has an ortho-quinone ring, which is known to be neurotoxic and highly reactive with many other compounds (PMID: 413870). Dopachrome spontaneously gives rise to 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) or it can be enzymatically metabolized by dopachrome tautomerase to give 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). DHI and its oxidation products are also toxic to cells. Many Parkinsons patients are treated with L-DOPA. However, long-term treatment with L-DOPA may actually worsen symptoms or may result in neurotic and psychotic symptoms. These may be due to dopachrome and dopaquinone accumulating in the brain of L-DOPA treated patients (PMID: 19131041, PMID: 12373519). The non-decarboxylative tautomerization of L-dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid in the melanin biosynthetic pathway is catalyzed by Tyrosinase-related protein-2, a melanocyte-specific enzyme. (PMID 11095412) [HMDB]
N-Methyltyramine
N-methyltyramine (NMT) is a phenolic amine. NMT is a potent stimulant of gastrin release present in alcoholic beverages produced by alcoholic fermentation, but not by distillation (i.e.: beer.). NMT is well absorbed in the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum. NMT is metabolized in the liver (the site of first-pass metabolism), but not in the small-intestinal mucosa. NMT is occasionally present in the stools of children and infants. Satisfactory results have been obtained in treating infective shock with injection of natural Fructus Aurantii immaturus (nat-FAI); the anti-shock effective compositions in FAI have been proved to be synephrine and NMT. (PMID: 10772638, 2570680). Present in germinating barley roots but not dormant grainsand is also present in dormant sawa millet seed hulls, but not hulled seeds. Alkaloid from prosso millet (Panicum miliaceum)
Kyotorphin
Kyotorphin (L-tyrosyl-L-arginine) is a neuroactive dipeptide which plays a role in pain regulation in the brain. It was first isolated from bovine brain by Japanese scientists in 1979. Kyotorphin was named for the site of its discovery, Kyoto, Japan and because of its morphine- (or endorphin-) like analgesic activity. Kyotorphin has an analgesic effect, but it does not interact with the opioid receptors. Instead, it acts by releasing an Met-enkephalin and stabilizing it from degradation. It may also possess properties of neuromediator/neuromodulator. It has been shown that kyotorphin is present in the human cerebrospinal fluid and that it is lower in patients with persistent pain. [HMDB] Kyotorphin (L-tyrosyl-L-arginine) is a neuroactive dipeptide which plays a role in pain regulation in the brain. It was first isolated from bovine brain by Japanese scientists in 1979. Kyotorphin was named for the site of its discovery, Kyoto, Japan and because of its morphine- (or endorphin-) like analgesic activity. Kyotorphin has an analgesic effect, but it does not interact with the opioid receptors. Instead, it acts by releasing an Met-enkephalin and stabilizing it from degradation. It may also possess properties of neuromediator/neuromodulator. It has been shown that kyotorphin is present in the human cerebrospinal fluid and that it is lower in patients with persistent pain. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018847 - Opioid Peptides D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D004723 - Endorphins Kyotorphin is an endogenou neuroactive dipeptide with analgesic properties. Kyotorphin possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Kyotorphin levels in cerebro-spinal fluid correlate negatively with the progression of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease patients[1].
Nicotinamide riboside
Nicotinamide riboside is involved in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Nicotinamide riboside was originally identified as a nutrient in milk. It is a useful compound for the elevation of NAD+ levels in humans. Nicotinamide riboside has recently been discovered to be an NAD(+) precursor that is converted into nicotinamide mononucleotide by specific nicotinamide riboside kinases, Nrk1 and Nrk2. It has been shown that exogenous nicotinamide riboside promotes Sir2-dependent repression of recombination, improves gene silencing, and extends the lifespan of certain animal models without calorie restriction (PMID: 17482543). Supplementation in mammalian cells and mouse tissues increases NAD(+) levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high-fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities (PMID: 22682224). Recent data suggest that nicotinamide riboside may be the only vitamin precursor that supports neuronal NAD+ synthesis (PMID: 18429699). Nicotinamide riboside kinase has an essential role in the phosphorylation of nicotinamide riboside and the cancer drug tiazofurin (PMID: 15137942). Nicotinamide riboside is involved in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Nicotinamide riboside has been identified as a nutrient in milk. It is a useful compound for elevation of NAD+ levels in humans. Recent data suggest that nicotinamide riboside may be the only vitamin precursor that supports neuronal NAD+ synthesis (PMID: 18429699). Nicotinamide riboside kinase has an essential role for phosphorylation of nicotinamide riboside and the cancer drug tiazofurin (PMID 15137942). [HMDB] COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
DG(10:0/10:0/0:0)
DG(10:0/10:0/0:0) belongs to the family of Diacylglycerols. These are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acyl group is esterified. DG(10:0/10:0/0:0) is also a substrate of diacylglycerol kinase. It is involved in the phospholipid metabolic pathway.
5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide
5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), is an intermediate of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is also the precursor to 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP), the first product of pyrimidine biosynthesis. This reaction is mediated by the enzyme HMP-P kinase (ThiD). HMP is a precursor of thiamine phosphate (TMP), and subsequently to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an essential cofactor in all living systems that plays a central role in metabolism. (PMID: 15326535). 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide is a substrate for a number of proteins including: Scaffold attachment factor B2, Multifunctional protein ADE2, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C, Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1, Vinexin, Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, Antileukoproteinase 1 and Scaffold attachment factor B. 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), is an intermediate of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is also the precursor to 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP), the first product of pyrimidine biosynthesis. This reaction is mediated by the enzyme HMP-P kinase (ThiD). HMP is a precursor of thiamine phosphate (TMP), and subsequently to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an essential cofactor in all living systems that plays a central role in metabolism. (PMID: 15326535) COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
LysoSM(d18:1)
D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine is an intermediate in Sphingolipid metabolism. D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine is the 5th to last step in the synthesis of Digalactosylceramidesulfate and is converted from Sphingosine via the enzyme sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase ( EC 2.7.8.10). It is then converted to Sphingomyelin via the enzyme sphingosine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.24). [HMDB] D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine is an intermediate in Sphingolipid metabolism. D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine is the 5th to last step in the synthesis of Digalactosylceramidesulfate and is converted from Sphingosine via the enzyme sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase ( EC 2.7.8.10). It is then converted to Sphingomyelin via the enzyme sphingosine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.24).
4-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
4-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde is a byproduct of tyrosine metabolism. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
5alpha-Cholest-8-en-3beta-ol
5a-Cholest-8-en-3b-ol is a normal human metabolite and an intermediate of cholesterol synthesis. The concentrations of zymostenol are higher, both in serum and bile of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, compared to controls or in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis treated with chenodeoxycholic acid. Kidney transplant recipients had lower serum zymostenol when compared to controls. During consumption of plant stanol ester spread by hypercholesterolemic children, plant sterols in the plasma decrease and cholesterol precursor sterols such as zymostenol increase. (PMID: 15736111, 16709621, 16477216, 12756385) [HMDB]. 5a-Cholest-8-en-3b-ol is found in many foods, some of which are chinese water chestnut, garden tomato, calabash, and cassava. 5alpha-Cholest-8-en-3beta-ol, also known as zymostenol, is a normal human metabolite and an intermediate of cholesterol synthesis. The concentrations of zymostenol are higher, both in the serum and bile of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, compared to controls or in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis treated with chenodeoxycholic acid. Kidney transplant recipients had lower serum zymostenol when compared to controls. During consumption of plant stanol ester spread by hypercholesterolemic children, plant sterols in the plasma decreased and cholesterol precursor sterols such as zymostenol increased (PMID: 15736111, 16709621, 16477216, 12756385).
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) is a metabolite of the monoamine oxidase-catalyzed oxidative deamination of dopamine. Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules formed during the biotransformation of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds, including biogenic amines. DOPAL generates a free radical and activates mitochondrial permeability transition, a mechanism implicated in neuron death. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that these compounds are neurotoxic, and it has been recently hypothesized that neurodegenerative disorders may be associated with increased levels of this biogenic aldehyde. It is possible to speculate that reduced detoxification of 3,4- dihydroxymandelaldehyde from impaired or deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase function may be a contributing factor in the suggested neurotoxicity of these compounds. Aldehyde dehydrogenases are a group of NAD(P)+ -dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes, such as those derived from catecholamines, to their corresponding carboxylic acids. To date, 19 aldehyde dehydrogenase genes have been identified in the human genome. Mutations in these genes and subsequent inborn errors in aldehyde metabolism are the molecular basis of several diseases. Several pharmaceutical agents and environmental toxins (i.e.: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) are also known to disrupt or inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase function. (PMID: 17379813, 14697885, 11164826, 16956664 [HMDB]. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are asian pear, pak choy, papaya, and abiyuch. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) is a metabolite of the monoamine oxidase-catalyzed oxidative deamination of dopamine. Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules formed during the biotransformation of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds, including biogenic amines. DOPAL generates a free radical and activates mitochondrial permeability transition, a mechanism implicated in neuron death. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that these compounds are neurotoxic, and it has been recently hypothesized that neurodegenerative disorders may be associated with increased levels of this biogenic aldehyde. It is possible to speculate that reduced detoxification of 3,4- dihydroxymandelaldehyde from impaired or deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase function may be a contributing factor in the suggested neurotoxicity of these compounds. Aldehyde dehydrogenases are a group of NAD(P)+ -dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes, such as those derived from catecholamines, to their corresponding carboxylic acids. To date, 19 aldehyde dehydrogenase genes have been identified in the human genome. Mutations in these genes and subsequent inborn errors in aldehyde metabolism are the molecular basis of several diseases. Several pharmaceutical agents and environmental toxins (i.e.: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) are also known to disrupt or inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase function. (PMID: 17379813, 14697885, 11164826, 16956664. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Hydroxyacetone
Hydroxyacetone, also known as acetol or acetone alcohol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-hydroxy ketones. These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid, and an amine group attached to the alpha carbon atom, relative to the C=O group. Hydroxyacetone exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Hydroxyacetone is a sweet, caramel, and ethereal tasting compound. hydroxyacetone has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as bog bilberries, cardoons, amaranths, black salsifies, and komatsuna. This could make hydroxyacetone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Hydroxyacetone is an intermediate in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Present in beer, tobacco and honey Hydroxyacetone is an endogenous metabolite. Hydroxyacetone is an endogenous metabolite.
Allosamidin
D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals
7a-Hydroxy-cholestene-3-one
7a-Hydroxy-cholestene-3-one is a metabolite in bile acid synthesis. It is derived from 7a-hydroxy-cholesterol and can be further metabolized to 7a,12a,-dihydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one. Analysis of 7a-Hydroxycholestene-3-one (HCO) in serum may serve as a novel, simple, and sensitive method for the detection of bile acid malabsorption in patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown origin (PMID 9952217) [HMDB] 7a-Hydroxy-cholestene-3-one is a metabolite in bile acid synthesis. It is derived from 7a-hydroxy-cholesterol and can be further metabolized to 7a,12a,-dihydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one. Analysis of 7a-Hydroxycholestene-3-one (HCO) in serum may serve as a novel, simple, and sensitive method for the detection of bile acid malabsorption in patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown origin (PMID 9952217).
Indole-5,6-quinone
Indole-5,6-quinone is involved in the tyrosine metabolism pathway. More specifically, indole-5,6-quinone is an intermediate in the production of melanin. Indole-5,6-quinone is produced from 5,6-dihydroxyindole by tyrosinase [EC:1.14.18.1]. [HMDB] Indole-5,6-quinone is involved in the tyrosine metabolism pathway. More specifically, indole-5,6-quinone is an intermediate in the production of melanin. Indole-5,6-quinone is produced from 5,6-dihydroxyindole by tyrosinase [EC:1.14.18.1].
Dihydropteridine
Dihydropteridine is a generic compound; the product of the reduction of 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydropteridine, which is catalyzed by 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase (EC 1.5.1.34). (KEGG) This compound is recognised as a cause of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) deficiency, leading to hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and impaired biogenic amine deficiency. (PMID: 14705166). A generic compound; the product of the reduction of 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydropteridine, which is catalyzed by 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase (EC 1.5.1.34). (KEGG) This compound is recognised as a cause of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) deficiency, leading to hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and impaired biogenic amine deficiency. (PMID: 14705166) [HMDB]
Vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide
Vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide (CAS: 25486-55-9) is a vitamin K derivative. Vitamin K is needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation. Within the cell, vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form of vitamin K (called vitamin K hydroquinone) by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (or VKOR). Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of glutamate into gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla). This enzyme is called the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. The carboxylation reaction will only proceed if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone into vitamin K epoxide at the same time; the carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled reactions. Vitamin K epoxide is then re-converted into vitamin K by the vitamin K epoxide reductase. These two enzymes comprise the so-called vitamin K cycle. One of the reasons why vitamin K is rarely deficient in a human diet is because vitamin K is continually recycled in our cells. Vitamin K 2,3-epoxide is the substrate for vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR) complex. Significantly increased level of serum vitamin K epoxide has been found in patients with familial multiple coagulation factor deficiency (PMID: 12384421). Accumulation of vitamin K1-2,3-epoxide in plasma is also a sensitive marker of the coumarin-like activity of drugs (PMID: 2401753). Vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide is a vitamin K derivative. Vitamin K needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation. Within the cell, Vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form of Vitamin K (called Vitamin K hydroquinone) by the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase (or VKOR). Another enzyme then oxidizes Vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glutamate to Gamma-cabroxygluatmate (Gla); this enzyme is called the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or the Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. The carboxylation reaction will only proceed if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize Vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time; the carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled reactions. Vitamin K epoxide is then re-converted to Vitamin K by the Vitamin K epoxide reductase. These two enzymes comprise the so-called Vitamin K cycle. One of the reasons why Vitamin K is rarely deficient in a human diet is because Vitamin K is continually recycled in our cells. Vitamin K 2,3-epoxide is the substrate for vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR) complex. Significantly increased level of serum vitamin K epoxide has been found in patients with familial multiple coagulation factor deficiency. (PMID 12384421) Accumulation of vitamin K1-2,3-epoxide in plasma is also a sensitive marker of coumarin-like activity of drugs. (PMID 2401753) [HMDB]
11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2
11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2, a stable thromboxane metabolite, is a full agonist of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) in human eosinophils and basophils. Given its production in the allergic lung, antagonism of the 11-dehydro- thromboxane B2/CRTH2axis may be of therapeutic relevance. (PMID 14668348)Thromboxanes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. 11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2, a stable thromboxane metabolite, is a full agonist of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) in human eosinophils and basophils. Given its production in the allergic lung, antagonism of the 11-dehydro- thromboxane B2/CRTH2axis may be of therapeutic relevance. (PMID 14668348)
15(S)-HPETE
15(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HPETE) is the corresponding hydroperoxide of 15(S)-HETE and undergoes homolytic decomposition to the DNA-reactive bifunctional electrophile 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal, a precursor of heptanone-etheno-2-deoxyguanosine. Reactive oxygen species convert the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid into (15-HPETE); vitamin C mediates 15(S)-HPETE decomposition. 15(S)-HPETE initiates apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. 15(S)-HPETE is a lipoxygenase metabolite that affects the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) involved in the adhesion of leukocytes and/or the accumulation of leukocytes in the vascular endothelium, these being the initial events in endothelial cell injury. 15(S)-HPETE induces a loss of cardiomyocytes membrane integrity. 15-(S)HPETE is a hydroperoxide that enhances the activity of the enzymes lipoxygenase [EC 1.13.11.12] and Na+, K+-ATPase [EC 3.6.3.9] of brain microvessels. Lipoxygenase(s) and Na+-K+-ATPase of brain microvessels may play a significant role in the occurrence of ischemic brain edema. (PMID: 15964853, 15723435, 8655602, 8595608, 2662983). D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides
2-Propylamine
Isopropylamine, also known as 2-aminopropane or 2-propanamine, is a member of the class of compounds known as monoalkylamines. Monoalkylamines are organic compounds containing an primary aliphatic amine group. Isopropylamine is soluble (in water) and a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Isopropylamine is an ammoniacal and fishy tasting compound found in corn and soy bean, which makes isopropylamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isopropylamine (monoisopropyl amine, MIPA, 2-Propylamine) is an organic compound, an amine. It is a hygroscopic colorless liquid with ammonia-like odor. It is miscible with water and flammable. It is a valuable intermediate in chemical industry .
Cefotetan
Cefotetan is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. [PubChem]The bactericidal action of cefotetan results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis by binding and inhibiting the bacterial penicillin binding proteins which help in the cell wall biosynthesis. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DC - Second-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002513 - Cephamycins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Methylarsonate
Methylarsonate is used as a contact herbicide in either the monosodium or disodium salt form. It goes by the trade names Weed-E-Rad, Ansar 170 H.C., Ansar 529 H.C., DiTac and others. Methylarsonate is considered only slightly toxic, having an oral LD50 of 2200 mg/Kg for rats. The inhalation risk is greater with LD50 Rats >20 mg. Long term studies with people exposed to organoarsenicals has shown an increased risk of skin cancer (Spiewak, 2001), lung cancer and some liver cancers, although some recent studies have shown some arsenic containing compounds (specifically Arsine trioxide) may have anticarcinogenic properties (Wang, 2001). In mammals, Methylarsonate is also an intermediate in the detoxification of inorganic arsenic. In the arsenate detoxification I pathway, arsenite reacts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine to produce methylarsonate and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Arsenite methyltransferase catalyzes this reaction. Methylarsonate then reacts with 2 glutathione molecules to produce glutathione disulfide and methylarsonite. This reaction is catalyzed by methylarsonate reductase. Methylarsonate is an organic arsenic compound with adverse effects similar to those of arsenic trioxide. Arsenic is found in the environment primarily as arsenate and arsenite species. Arsenate is reduced to arsenite by arsenate reductase and can be subsequently methylated to Methylarsonate. This is then reduced and methylated to Dimethylarsinate, which can excreted and is considerably less toxic to the organism than any of the previous intermediate compounds. Methylarsonate was formerly included in some vitamin and mineral preparations. It was once used to treat tuberculosis, chorea, and other affections in which the cacodylates were used. Methylarsonate is used as a contact herbicide in either the monosodium or disodium salt form. It goes by the trade names Weed-E-Rad, Ansar 170 H.C., Ansar 529 H.C., DiTac and others. Methylarsonate is considered only slightly toxic, having an oral LD50 of 2200 mg/Kg for rats. The inhalation risk is greater with LD50 Rats >20 mg. Long term studies with people exposed to organoarsenicals has shown an increased risk of skin cancer (Spiewak, 2001), lung cancer and some liver cancers, although some recent studies have shown some arsenic containing compounds (specifically Arsine trioxide) may have anticarcinogenic properties (Wang, 2001). In mammals, Methylarsonate is also an intermediate in the detoxification of inorganic arsenic. D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D009676 - Noxae > D013723 - Teratogens D016573 - Agrochemicals
Metiamide
Metiamide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as imidazoles. These are compounds containing an imidazole ring, which is an aromatic five-member ring with two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, and three carbon atoms. C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29702 - Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents Metiamide (SK&F 92058) is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist developed from another H2 antagonist, burimamide.
Mivacurium
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents M - Musculo-skeletal system > M03 - Muscle relaxants > M03A - Muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C66886 - Nicotinic Antagonist
Pancuronium
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents M - Musculo-skeletal system > M03 - Muscle relaxants > M03A - Muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C29696 - Muscle Relaxant
Desogestrel
Desogestrel is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents. [PubChem]Binds to the progesterone and estrogen receptors. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Once bound to the receptor, progestins like desogestrel will slow the frequency of release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and blunt the pre-ovulatory LH (luteinizing hormone) surge. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03A - Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use > G03AC - Progestogens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D011372 - Progestins C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents
Paraldehyde
Paraldehyde is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]") D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CC - Aldehydes and derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants
Metyrosine
Metyrosine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)Metyrosine inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the first transformation in catecholamine biosynthesis, i.e., the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). Because the first step is also the rate-limiting step, blockade of tyrosine hydroxylase activity results in decreased endogenous levels of catecholamines and their synthesis. This consequently, depletes the levels of the catecholamines dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body,usually measured as decreased urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites. One main end result of the catecholamine depletion is a decrease in blood presure. C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02K - Other antihypertensives > C02KB - Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2155 - Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor
fosfestrol
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02A - Hormones and related agents > L02AA - Estrogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Fucosterol
Characteristic sterol of seaweeds; isolated from bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus. Fucosterol is found in lemon grass and coconut. Fucosterol is found in coconut. Characteristic sterol of seaweeds; isolated from bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosu Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research[1]. Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research[1].
Soyasaponin A1
Soyasaponin A1 is found in pulses. Soyasaponin A1 is isolated from soybean (Glycine max).
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide is a food preservative. Sanitising agent for food containers and fermentation equipment. Also used in foods as stabiliser, moisture control agent, flavour modifier and texturise Food preservative. Sanitising agent for food containers and fermentation equipmentand is) also used in foods as stabiliser, moisture control agent, flavour modifier and texturiser D004785 - Environmental Pollutants > D000393 - Air Pollutants
fumagillin
A meroterpenoid resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of fumagillol with the carboxylic acid group of (all-E)-deca-2,4,6,8-tetraenedioic acid. Originally isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, it is used for the control of Nosema infection in honey bees. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D006133 - Growth Substances > D043924 - Angiogenesis Modulating Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D020533 - Angiogenesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D006133 - Growth Substances > D006131 - Growth Inhibitors Fumagillin(NSC9168) is an antimicrobial compound first isolated in 1949 from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatu. Fumagillin can inhibits HIV‐1 infection through the inhibition of HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) activity.
1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone
1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone is found in alcoholic beverages. 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone is from grains of paradise (Amomum melegueta) and ginger (Zingiber officinale).Paradol is the active flavor constituent of the seeds of Guinea pepper (Aframomum melegueta). The seed is also known as Grains of paradise. Paradol has been found to have antioxidative and antitumor promoting effects. It is used in flavors as an essential oil to give spiciness. (Wikipedia [6]-Paradol is a member of phenols, a ketone and a monomethoxybenzene. Paradol is a natural product found in Aframomum angustifolium, Aframomum melegueta, and Zingiber officinale with data available. From grains of paradise (Amomum melegueta) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site. Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site.
DU-6859
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
CE(16:0)
CE(16:0), also known as cholesteryl palmitic acid, is a cholesteryl ester. A cholesteryl ester is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination of steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). CE(16:0) may also accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism. Cholesteryl palmitate is one of the four important lipids found in the tear film. Amniotic fluid cholesteryl palmitate, as measured by thin-layer chromatography, appears to be a very sensitive and specific predictor for the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns of normal pregnancies (PMID:3405552, 16922549). Cholesteryl palmitic acid is a cholesteryl ester. A cholesteryl ester is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). Cholesteryl palmitate is one of the four important lipids found in the tear film. Amniotic fluid cholesteryl palmitate, as measured by thin-layer chromatography, appears to be a very sensitive and specific predictor for the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns of normal pregnancies. (PMID: 3405552, 16922549) [HMDB]
Biapenem
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DH - Carbapenems D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D013845 - Thienamycins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Same as: D01057
Calpain Inhibitor I
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015853 - Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D007976 - Leupeptins
1-((4-Methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole
D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Foscan
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01X - Other antineoplastic agents > L01XD - Sensitizers used in photodynamic/radiation therapy D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Same as: D06066
undecylprodigiosin
A member of the class of tripyrroles that is 1H-pyrrole substituted by (4-methoxy-1H,5H-[2,2-bipyrrol]-5-ylidene)methyl and undecyl groups at positions 2 and 5, respectively. It is a pigment produced by Stveptomyces coelicolor. D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents
Ascomycin
Ascomycin is a macrolide that is produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and exhibits strong immunosuppressant properties. It has a role as an immunosuppressive agent, an antifungal agent and a bacterial metabolite. It is a macrolide, an ether, a lactol and a secondary alcohol. Ascomycin is a natural product found in Streptomyces clavuligerus, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, and Streptomyces ascomycinicus with data available. A macrolide that is produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and exhibits strong immunosuppressant properties. D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents Ascomycin (Immunomycin; FR-900520; FK520) is an ethyl analog of Tacrolimus (FK506) with strong immunosuppressant properties. Ascomycin is also a macrocyclic polyketide antibiotic with multiple biological activities such as anti-malarial, anti-fungal and anti-spasmodic. Ascomycin prevents graft rejection and has potential for varying skin ailments research[1][2].
Manumycin A
A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties. Manumycin A is a polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties. It has a role as an EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor, an EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, an apoptosis inducer, an antimicrobial agent, a bacterial metabolite, an antiatherosclerotic agent and a marine metabolite. It is a polyketide, an enamide, an epoxide, an organic heterobicyclic compound, a secondary carboxamide and a tertiary alcohol. Manumycin A is a natural product found in Streptomyces, Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus, and Streptomyces parvulus D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Plicamycin
Plicamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces plicatus. It has been used in the treatment of testicular cancer, Pagets disease of bone, and, rarely, the management of hypercalcemia. The manufacturer discontinued plicamycin in 2000. Plicamycin is presumed to inhibit cellular and enzymic RNA synthesis by forming a complex with DNA. Plicamycin may also lower calcium serum levels by inhibiting the effect of parathyroid hormone upon osteoclasts or by blocking the hypercalcemic action of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01D - Cytotoxic antibiotics and related substances C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D049408 - Luminescent Agents C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D004396 - Coloring Agents > D005456 - Fluorescent Dyes D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D00468
Pelanin
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen Isolated from potato. Pelanin is found in potato. Same as: D01413
ST 25:5;O8
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Same as: D01442 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Lynestrenol
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03A - Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use > G03AC - Progestogens G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03D - Progestogens > G03DC - Estren derivatives C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents Same as: D01580
Proxigermanium
COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C63817 - Chemokine Receptor Antagonist D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007369 - Interferon Inducers D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Polidocanol
C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05B - Antivaricose therapy > C05BB - Sclerosing agents for local injection C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2196 - Antimetastatic Agent C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System
4-METHYL-2,4-BIS(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)PENT-1-ENE
IAA-94
D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants > D014528 - Uricosuric Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D045283 - Natriuretic Agents D045283 - Natriuretic Agents > D004232 - Diuretics
1-(2-Hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one
Monobenzone
Monobenzone is the monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone used medically for depigmentation. Monobenzone occurs as a white, almost tasteless crystalline powder, soluble in alcohol and practically insoluble in water. The topical application of monobenzone in animals increases the excretion of melanin from the melanocytes. The same action is thought to be responsible for the depigmenting effect of the drug in humans. Monobenzone may cause destruction of melanocytes and permanent depigmentation. D - Dermatologicals Same as: D05072
1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens
Benzo[e]pyrene
(Chloromethyl)oxirane
(Chloromethyl)oxirane is used for cross-linking dextrose units in food starc It is used for cross-linking dextrose units in food starch.
2-Bromoacetaldehyde
This compound belongs to the family of Enolates. These are salts of enols (or of the tautomeric aldehydes or ketones), in which the anionic charge is delocalized over oxygen and carbon, or similar covalent metal derivatives in which the metal is bound to oxygen.
coelenterazine
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D049408 - Luminescent Agents
Deforolimus
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01E - Protein kinase inhibitors > L01EG - Mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) kinase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C2201 - mTOR Inhibitor Same as: D08900
Tropolone
Tropolone, a ?tropone derivative with a?hydroxyl group?in the 2-position, is a precursor?of manyazulene derivatives such as?methyl 2-methylazulene-1-carboxylate[1]. Tropolone is a potent inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase with a IC50 of 0.4 μM, and the inhibition can be reversed by dialysis or by excess CU2+[2].
concanamycin a
A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Campestanol
Campestanol is plant stanol. It can decrease the circulating LDL-cholesterol level by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. (PMID 8143759). Constituent of coffee and of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis)
Angiotensin (1-9)
A nine amino acid peptide which is formed when angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) hydrolyzes the carboxy terminal leucine from angiotensin I. It is a anti-cardiac hypertrophy agent. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
DHA ethyl ester
C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant
ST 27:2;O3
Aplidine
A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 (?KD=80?nM)[1]. Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC90 of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research[1][2].
3beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoate
3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid (CAS: 6561-58-6) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monohydroxy bile acids, alcohols, and derivatives. These are bile acids, alcohols or any of their derivatives bearing a hydroxyl group. 3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid is found in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway. 3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid is created from cholest-5-ene-3 beta,26-diol through the action of CYP27A (EC 1.14.13.15). 3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid is then converted into 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid by the action of CYP7B (EC 1.14.13.100). 3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid was identified as one of forty plasma metabolites that could be used to predict gut microbiome Shannon diversity (PMID: 31477923). Shannon diversity is a metric that summarizes both species abundance and evenness, and it has been suggested as a marker for microbiome health.
Antibiotic PS 5
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D013845 - Thienamycins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams
Dopamine quinone
Dopamine-quinone is synthesized by oxidation of the catechol ring of dopamine. If this occurs within the neuronal cytosol, the quinone may react with cytosolic components, particularly with cysteine residues. (PMID: 12835101). Dopamine quinone is produce by the reaction between dopamine and oxygen, with water as the byproduct. The reaction is catalyzed by the tyrosinase precursor. Dopamine-quinone is synthesized by oxidation of the catechol ring of dopamine. If this occurs within the neuronal cytosol, the quinone may react with cytosolic components, particularly with cysteine residues. (PMID: 12835101)
DL-Homocysteine
DL-Homocysteine is a weak neurotoxin, and can affect the production of kynurenic acid in the brain. DL-Homocysteine is a weak neurotoxin, and can affect the production of kynurenic acid in the brain.
ST 19:2;O3
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor > C129824 - Antineoplastic Protein Inhibitor C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C129818 - Antineoplastic Hormonal/Endocrine Agent > C481 - Antiestrogen C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C1740 - Aromatase Inhibitor C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C129825 - Antineoplastic Enzyme Inhibitor C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist
Cnidin
Isoimperatorin is a member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It has a role as a metabolite and an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor. Isoimperatorin is a natural product found in Ferulago sylvatica, Prangos trifida, and other organisms with data available. Isoimperatorin is a tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root or from Poncirus trifoliate Raf (L579). Furocoumarins, are phototoxic and photocarcinogenic. They intercalate DNA and photochemically induce mutations. Furocoumarins are botanical phytoalexins found to varying extents in a variety of vegetables and fruits, notably citrus fruits. The levels of furocoumarins present in our diets, while normally well below that causing evident acute phototoxicity, do cause pharmacologically relevant drug interactions. Some are particularly active against cytochrome P450s. For example, in humans, bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin are responsible for the grapefruit juice effect, in which these furanocoumarins affect the metabolism of certain drugs. See also: Angelica archangelica root (part of). A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM. Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM.
Canadine
Canadine is a berberine alkaloid that is 5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10. It is a berberine alkaloid, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an aromatic ether and an oxacycle. Canadine is a natural product found in Glaucium squamigerum, Hydrastis canadensis, and other organisms with data available. A berberine alkaloid that is 5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10. D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Tetrahydroberberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis Corydalis, with uM-level affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors. Tetrahydroberberine is a different kind of living thing that can be extended and divided into parts. Tetrahydroberberine is a kind of effective D2 receptor antagonistic force. Tetrahydroberberine has the ability to strengthen the stomach and relieve the pressure on the stomach[1][2][3]. Tetrahydroberberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis Corydalis, with uM-level affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors.
Biopterin
Biopterin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Parkinsons disease, in which the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons degenerate, are lower than those from age-matched older controls. In hereditary progressive dystonia/DOPA-responsive dystonia, which is a dopamine deficiency caused by mutations in GTP cyclohydrolase I without neuronal cell death (Segawas disease), biopterin in cerebrospinal fluid decrease in parallel owing to the decreased activity in GTP cyclohydrolase I (EC 3.5.4.16, is an enzyme that is part of the folate and biopterin biosynthesis pathways. It is responsible for the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to form 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-triphosphate. (Pteridines (1999), 10(1), 5-13.) Lowered levels of urinary biopterin concomitant with elevated serum phenylalanine concentration occur in a variant type of hyperphenylalaninemia caused by a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the obligatory cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. The most frequent form of this cofactor deficiency is due to lack of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) activity, the second enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for BH4. (PMID 8178819) The hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylating system consists of 3 essential components, phenylalanine hydroxylase, dihydropteridine reductase, and the nonprotein coenzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin. The reductase and the pterin coenzyme are also essential components of the tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylating systems. There are 3 distinct forms of phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia, each caused by lack of 1 of these essential components. The variant forms of the disease that are caused by the lack of dihydropteridine reductase or tetrahydrobiopterin are characterized by severe neurol. deterioration, impaired functioning of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases, and the resultant deficiency of tyrosine- and tryptophan-derived monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. (PMID 3930837) [HMDB] Biopterin, also known as tetrahydrobiopterin or BH4, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. Biopterin or tetrahydrobiopterin is also classified as a pterin derivative that consists of pterin group bearing an amino, an oxo and a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl substituent at positions 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Biopterin compounds found within the animals include BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin), the free radical BH3, and BH2 (also a free radical, called Dihydrobiopterin). BH2 is produced in the synthesis of L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is restored to the required cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin by the enzyme dihydrobiopterin reductase. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline). It is also a cofactor for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the nitric oxide syntheses. Tetrahydrobiopterin is biosynthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by three chemical reactions mediated by the enzymes GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), and sepiapterin reductase (SR). Biopterin synthesis disorders are a cause of hyperphenylalaninemia. There are 3 distinct forms of phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia, each caused by lack of aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes. The variant forms of hyperphenylalaninemia that are caused by the lack of dihydropteridine reductase or tetrahydrobiopterin are characterized by severe neurological deterioration, impaired functioning of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases, and the resultant deficiency of tyrosine- and tryptophan-derived monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. (PMID 3930837). 6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
7,8-Dihydroneopterin
7,8-Dihydroneopterin, also known as dihydroneopterin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Within humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 7,8-dihydroneopterin can be biosynthesized from sepiapterin; which is catalyzed by the enzyme sepiapterin reductase or carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1. In humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin is involved in the metabolic disorder called hyperphenylalaninemia due to 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin is produced by human monocyte-derived macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. Increased amounts of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in human body fluids are found in many disorders, including viral infections and autoimmune diseases (PMID: 12804528). 7,8-dihydroneopterin, also known as npr, belongs to biopterins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 7,8-dihydroneopterin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7,8-dihydroneopterin can be found in a number of food items such as prickly pear, star anise, cocoa bean, and black salsify, which makes 7,8-dihydroneopterin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 7,8-dihydroneopterin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin is involved in the pterine biosynthesis. 7,8-dihydroneopterin is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency, sepiapterin reductase deficiency, dopa-responsive dystonia, and hyperphenylalaniemia due to guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase deficiency. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].
2,4-Diaminobutyric acid
2,4-Diaminobutyric acid, also known as 2,4-diaminobutanoate or Dbu, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk. This could make 2,4-diaminobutyric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is a non-physiological, cationic amino acid analogue that is transported into cells by System A with potent antitumoral activity in vitro against human glioma cells, the result of the pronounced concentrated uptake of DAB in glioma cells to the extent that a cellular lysis could occur due to osmotic reasons. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is a non-physiological, cationic amino acid analogue that is transported into cells by System A with potent antitumoral activity in vitro against human glioma cells, the result of the pronounced concentrated uptake of DAB in glioma cells to the extent that a cellular lysis could occur due to osmotic reasons. (PMID: 1561943) [HMDB] L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro.
14R,15S-EpETrE
14R,15S-EpETrE is the dominant extracellular metabolite of epoxygenase products of arachidonic acid released from human luteinised granulosa cells. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EpETrEs) have been reported recently having vasodilatory effects and a role of P-450-dependent arachidonic acid monooxygenase metabolites is suggested in vasoregulation. The physiological role of this compound has not been totally established, although in other tissues EpETrEs are mainly involved in hormone production and in the vascular and renal systems. Some studies have implicated epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid in the control of steroidogenesis in luteinised granulosa cells. (PMID: 12749593, 12361727, 1650001) [HMDB] 14R,15S-EpETrE is the dominant extracellular metabolite of epoxygenase products of arachidonic acid released from human luteinised granulosa cells. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EpETrEs) have been reported recently having vasodilatory effects and a role of P-450-dependent arachidonic acid monooxygenase metabolites is suggested in vasoregulation. The physiological role of this compound has not been totally established, although in other tissues EpETrEs are mainly involved in hormone production and in the vascular and renal systems. Some studies have implicated epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid in the control of steroidogenesis in luteinised granulosa cells. (PMID: 12749593, 12361727, 1650001). D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents
MG(O-18:0/0:0/0:0)
MG(O-18:0/0:0/0:0) belongs to the family of monoradyglycerols, which are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at one fatty acyl group is attached. Their general formula is [R1]OCC(CO[R2])O[R3]. MG(O-18:0/0:0/0:0) is made up of one octadecyl(R1). 1-Octadecyl-sn-glycerol is an intermediate in ether lipid metabolism. Ether lipids are lipids in which one or more of the carbon atoms on glycerol is bonded to an alkyl chain via an ether linkage, as opposed to the usual ester linkage. [HMDB] C26170 - Protective Agent > C797 - Radioprotective Agent 3-(Octadecyloxy)propane-1,2-diol is an endogenous metabolite.
epsilon-Tocopherol
Isolated from wheat bran oil. epsilon-Tocopherol is found in many foods, some of which are rye, coconut, rosemary, and fennel. epsilon-Tocopherol is found in american cranberry. epsilon-Tocopherol is isolated from wheat bran oi
L-Homocystine
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine. Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98\\\% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966). Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706). High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596) Homocystine is the double-bonded form of homocysteine, but it occurs only transiently before being converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. L-Homocystine is the oxidized member of the L-homocysteine. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor and endoplasmatic reticulum-stress inducer used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms.
Indoleacrylic acid
Indoleacrylic acid (CAS: 1204-06-4), also known as indoleacrylate, IA, and IAcrA, is a member of the class of compounds known as indoles. Indoles are compounds containing an indole moiety, which consists of pyrrole ring fused to benzene to form 2,3-benzopyrrole. Indoleacrylic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, indoleacrylic acid is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP). Indoleacrylic acid is best known as a plant growth hormone (a natural auxin), whereas its biological role in animals is still unknown. A two-stage production of this compound is likely: intestinal microorganisms catabolize tryptophan to indole derivatives which are then absorbed and converted into indoleacrylic acid and its glycine conjugate, indolylacryloylglycine (IAcrGly). Indolylacryloylglycine excretion in urine is especially pronounced in some myopathies, namely in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (PMID: 10707769). It has been recently found that indoleacrylic acid promotes intestinal epithelial barrier function and mitigates inflammatory responses. Stimulating indoleacrylic acid production could promote anti-inflammatory responses and have therapeutic benefits (PMID: 28704649). Urinary Indole-3-acrylate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502). Indoleacrylic acid is also a metabolite of Peptostreptococcus (PMID: 28704649, 29168502). trans-3-Indoleacrylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
(2R,3S)-Epoxiconazole
D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides
Deforolimus
2,3-Epoxyphylloquinone
Vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide is a vitamin K derivative. Vitamin K needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation. Within the cell, Vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form of Vitamin K (called Vitamin K hydroquinone) by the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase (or VKOR). Another enzyme then oxidizes Vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glutamate to Gamma-cabroxygluatmate (Gla); this enzyme is called the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or the Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. The carboxylation reaction will only proceed if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize Vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time; the carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled reactions. Vitamin K epoxide is then re-converted to Vitamin K by the Vitamin K epoxide reductase. These two enzymes comprise the so-called Vitamin K cycle. One of the reasons why Vitamin K is rarely deficient in a human diet is because Vitamin K is continually recycled in our cells. Vitamin K 2,3-epoxide is the substrate for vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR) complex. Significantly increased level of serum vitamin K epoxide has been found in patients with familial multiple coagulation factor deficiency. (PMID 12384421) Accumulation of vitamin K1-2,3-epoxide in plasma is also a sensitive marker of coumarin-like activity of drugs. (PMID 2401753) [HMDB]
7-Hydroxycholesterol
(Z)-7-((2S,3R)-3-((2Z,5Z)-Undeca-2,5-dienyl)oxiran-2-yl)hept-5-enoic acid
ascomycin
Coelenterazine
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D049408 - Luminescent Agents
concanamycin a
Gabexate
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C263 - Anticoagulant Agent D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor
Tetrahydrocoptisine
(±)-Stylopine (Tetrahydrocoptisine) is an alkaloid compound originally isolated from Corydalis tubers that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic activities[1][2]. (±)-Stylopine (Tetrahydrocoptisine) is an alkaloid compound originally isolated from Corydalis tubers that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic activities[1][2].
Cystathione
Cystathione, also known as dl-cystathionine, belongs to cysteine and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Cystathione is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cystathione can be found in corn, which makes cystathione a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Cystathione may be a unique E.coli metabolite.
H-D-Abu-OH
[Spectral] D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) and 4-Aminobutanoate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) and L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. D(-)-2-Aminobutyric acid is a substrate of D-amino acid oxidase. D(-)-2-Aminobutyric acid is a substrate of D-amino acid oxidase.
FA 14:1
Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from Serenoa repens, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells[1]. Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from Serenoa repens, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells[1].
2-Hydroxybutyric acid
(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is the S-enantiomer of?2-Hydroxybutanoic acid. 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, a coproduct of protein metabolism, is an insulin resistance (IR) biomarker[1].
Kynurenine
L-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan. L-Kynurenine is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist.
Ipomic acid
Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
fexofenadine
R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3019 D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Fexofenadine (MDL-16455) is an orally active and nonsedative H1 receptor antagonist. Fexofenadine can be used in allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticarial research[1][2][3].
Tetrahydrocoptisine
Stylopine is a natural product found in Fumaria capreolata, Fumaria muralis, and other organisms with data available. (±)-Stylopine (Tetrahydrocoptisine) is an alkaloid compound originally isolated from Corydalis tubers that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic activities[1][2]. (±)-Stylopine (Tetrahydrocoptisine) is an alkaloid compound originally isolated from Corydalis tubers that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic activities[1][2].
Fargesin
Fargesin is a lignan. Planinin is a natural product found in Piper mullesua and Magnolia coco with data available. (+/-)-Fargesin is a natural product found in Piper mullesua, Aristolochia cymbifera, and other organisms with data available. Fargesin is a bioactive neolignan isolated from magnolia plants, with antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects[1][2][3]. Fargesin is a bioactive neolignan isolated from magnolia plants, with antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects[1][2][3].
ginkgolide A
Bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Ginkgolide A is found in ginkgo nuts and fats and oils. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.715 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.712 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.714 Ginkgolide A is a highly active PAF antagonist cage molecule that is isolated from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. Shows potential in a wide variety of inflammatory and immunological disorders. ginkgolide-A is a natural product found in Ginkgo biloba and Machilus wangchiana with data available. See also: Ginkgo (part of). Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist.
Proanthocyanidin A2
Proanthocyanidin A2 is a proanthocyanidin obtained by the condensation of (-)-epicatechin units. It has a role as an antioxidant, an anti-HIV agent, a metabolite and an angiogenesis modulating agent. It is a hydroxyflavan and a proanthocyanidin. It is functionally related to a (-)-epicatechin. Proanthocyanidin A2 is a natural product found in Cinnamomum iners, Cinnamomum aromaticum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Litchi fruit (part of). Isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in many foods, some of which are herbs and spices, cinnamon, avocado, and lingonberry. Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in apple. Proanthocyanidin A2 is isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2]. Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2].
Tomatine
Tomatine is a steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose. It has a role as an immunological adjuvant, a phytotoxin and an antifungal agent. It is a steroid alkaloid, a tetrasaccharide derivative, an alkaloid antibiotic, a glycoside and a glycoalkaloid. It is functionally related to a tomatidine. Lycopersicin is a natural product found in Solanum acaule, Solanum lycopersicoides, and other organisms with data available. An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed) A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid, found in the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Tomatine elicits neurotoxicity in RIP1 kinase and caspase-independent manner. Tomatine promotes the upregulation of nuclear apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in neuroblastoma cells. Tomatine also inhibits 20S proteasome activity[1]. Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid, found in the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Tomatine elicits neurotoxicity in RIP1 kinase and caspase-independent manner. Tomatine promotes the upregulation of nuclear apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in neuroblastoma cells. Tomatine also inhibits 20S proteasome activity[1].
Ginkgolide A
9H-1,7a-(Epoxymethano)-1H,6aH-cyclopenta[c]furo[2,3-b]furo[3,2:3,4]cyclopenta[1,2-d]furan-5,9,12(4H)-trione, 3-tert-butylhexahydro-4,7b-dihydroxy-8-methyl- is a diterpene lactone. Ginkgolide A is a natural product found in Ginkgo biloba with data available. Ginkgolide A is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide A is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist.
Batyl
Batilol is an alkylglycerol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding octadecyl ether. It is used in cosmetics as a stabilising ingredient and skin-conditioning agent. Batyl alcohol is a natural product found in Lobophytum, Sarcophyton crassocaule, and other organisms with data available. C26170 - Protective Agent > C797 - Radioprotective Agent 3-(Octadecyloxy)propane-1,2-diol is an endogenous metabolite.
Proanthocyanidin A2
Proanthocyanidin A2 is a proanthocyanidin obtained by the condensation of (-)-epicatechin units. It has a role as an antioxidant, an anti-HIV agent, a metabolite and an angiogenesis modulating agent. It is a hydroxyflavan and a proanthocyanidin. It is functionally related to a (-)-epicatechin. Proanthocyanidin A2 is a natural product found in Cinnamomum iners, Cinnamomum aromaticum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Litchi fruit (part of). Isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in many foods, some of which are herbs and spices, cinnamon, avocado, and lingonberry. Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in apple. Proanthocyanidin A2 is isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). A proanthocyanidin obtained by the condensation of (-)-epicatechin units. Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2]. Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2].
Maslinic Acid
A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 3alpha-hydroxy epimer of maslinic acid. Isolated from Prunella vulgaris and Isodon japonicus, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. Annotation level-1 Maslinic acid can inhibit the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB p65 and abolish the phosphorylation of IκB-α, which is required for p65 activation. Maslinic acid can inhibit the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB p65 and abolish the phosphorylation of IκB-α, which is required for p65 activation.
Methylmalonic acid
A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group. Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer. Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer.
Dehydrocorydaline
Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) is an alkaloid that regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP[1]. Dehydrocorydaline elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities[2]. Dehydrocorydaline shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC50=38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability?>?90\\%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain[3]. Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) is an alkaloid that regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP[1]. Dehydrocorydaline elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities[2]. Dehydrocorydaline shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC50=38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability?>?90\%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain[3].
(+)-Fargesin
Constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). (+)-Fargesin is found in alcoholic beverages and herbs and spices. (+)-Spinescin is found in herbs and spices. (+)-Spinescin is a constituent of sassafras root. Kobusin is a bisepoxylignan isolated from the Pnonobio biondii Pamp. Kobusin is an activator of CFTR and CaCCgie chloride channels and a inhibitor of ANO1/CaCC (calcium-activated chloride channel) channel[1][2]. Kobusin is a bisepoxylignan isolated from the Pnonobio biondii Pamp. Kobusin is an activator of CFTR and CaCCgie chloride channels and a inhibitor of ANO1/CaCC (calcium-activated chloride channel) channel[1][2].
methylselenocysteine
D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Se-Methylselenocysteine, a precursor of Methylselenol, has potent cancer chemopreventive activity and anti-oxidant activity. Se-Methylselenocysteine is orally bioavailable, and induces apoptosis[1][2]. Se-Methylselenocysteine, a precursor of Methylselenol, has potent cancer chemopreventive activity and anti-oxidant activity. Se-Methylselenocysteine is orally bioavailable, and induces apoptosis[1][2].
H-D-Abu-OH
An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. D(-)-2-Aminobutyric acid is a substrate of D-amino acid oxidase. D(-)-2-Aminobutyric acid is a substrate of D-amino acid oxidase.
gabexate
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C263 - Anticoagulant Agent D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor
alpha-muricholic acid
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids [Analytical] Sample of 1 micorL methanol solution was flow injected.; [Mass_spectrometry] Sampling interval 1 Hz; In-suorce decay
Fucosterol
A 3beta-sterol consisting of stigmastan-3beta-ol with double bonds at positions 5 and 24(28). (3b,5a,24(28)e)-stigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3-ol belongs to stigmastanes and derivatives class of compounds. Those are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24 (3b,5a,24(28)e)-stigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3-ol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). (3b,5a,24(28)e)-stigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3-ol can be found in horseradish tree and sunflower, which makes (3b,5a,24(28)e)-stigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3-ol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research[1]. Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research[1].
(-)-Guttiferone E
(-)-Guttiferone E is found in fruits. (-)-Guttiferone E is a constituent of Garcinia indica (kokam). Camboginol isolated from Garcinia cambogia. Constituent of Garcinia indica (kokam). Camboginol isolated from Garcinia cambogia. (-)-Guttiferone E is found in fruits. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone harvested from Garcinia indica, exerts anti-cholinesterase properties towards acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50s of 0.66 μM and 7.39 μM, respectively[1]. Garcinol also inhibits histone acetyltransferases (HATs, IC50= 7 μM) and p300/CPB-associated factor (PCAF, IC50 = 5 μM). Garcinol has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity[2].
Obacunone
Obacunone is a limonoid. Obacunone is a natural product found in Limonia acidissima, Citrus latipes, and other organisms with data available. Obacunone, isolated from Citrus fruits, exhibits anti-tumor activity by the induction of apoptosis[1]. Obacunone, isolated from Citrus fruits, exhibits anti-tumor activity by the induction of apoptosis[1].
Convallatoxin
Convallatoxin is a cardenolide glycoside that consists of strophanthidin having a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl (L-rhamnosyl) group attached at position 3. It has a role as a vasodilator agent and a metabolite. It is an alpha-L-rhamnoside, a 19-oxo steroid, a 14beta-hydroxy steroid, a 5beta-hydroxy steroid, a steroid lactone and a steroid aldehyde. It is functionally related to a strophanthidin. Convallatoxin is a natural product found in Crossosoma bigelovii, Convallaria keiskei, and other organisms with data available. Convallatoxin is a glycoside extracted from Convallaria majalis. Convallatoxin is also isolated from the trunk bark of Antiaris toxicaria (A15340). A cardenolide glycoside that consists of strophanthidin having a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl (L-rhamnosyl) group attached at position 3. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D013328 - Strophanthins D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents Convallatoxin is a cardiac glycoside isolated from Adonis amurensis Regel et Radde. Convallatoxin ameliorates colitic inflammation via activation of PPARγ and suppression of NF-κB. Convallatoxin is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and recognized Val982 as an important amino acid involved in its transport. Convallatoxin is an enhancer of ligand-induced MOR endocytosis with high potency and efficacy. Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties[1][2][3]. Convallatoxin is a cardiac glycoside isolated from Adonis amurensis Regel et Radde. Convallatoxin ameliorates colitic inflammation via activation of PPARγ and suppression of NF-κB. Convallatoxin is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and recognized Val982 as an important amino acid involved in its transport. Convallatoxin is an enhancer of ligand-induced MOR endocytosis with high potency and efficacy. Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties[1][2][3].
Scoulerine
(R,S)-Scoulerine is an alkaloid. Scoulerine is a natural product found in Sarcocapnos saetabensis, Corydalis bungeana, and other organisms with data available.
Dihydrodaidzein
Dihydrodaidzein is one of the most prominent dietary phytoestrogens. Dietary phytoestrogens have been implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases (PMID:12270199). Dihydrodaidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products. Dihydrodaidzein is one of the most prominent dietary phytoestrogens.
cambogin
Garcinol is a monoterpenoid. CID 5281560 is a natural product found in Garcinia assugu, Garcinia pedunculata, and other organisms with data available. Isogarcinol is a natural product found in Garcinia pedunculata, Garcinia cowa, and other organisms with data available. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone harvested from Garcinia indica, exerts anti-cholinesterase properties towards acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50s of 0.66 μM and 7.39 μM, respectively[1]. Garcinol also inhibits histone acetyltransferases (HATs, IC50= 7 μM) and p300/CPB-associated factor (PCAF, IC50 = 5 μM). Garcinol has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity[2].
Gamma-tocopherol/beta-tocopherol
beta-Tocopherol is an antioxidant which is synthesized by photosynthetic organisms and plays an important role in human and animal nutrition. beta-Tocopherols can be oxidized in dry CH2Cl2 or CH3CN by one electron to form cation radicals that deprotonate to form the neutral phenoxyl radicals, which are then immediately further oxidized by one electron to the phenoxonium cations (an ECE electrochemical mechanism, where E signifies an electron transfer and C represents a chemical step, with the electrochemical mechanism having been determined by in situ spectroscopic analysis). The phenoxonium cation of beta-tocopherol is stable for several minutes (PMID: 16771430). beta-Tocopherol has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). Beta-tocopherol is a tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 5 and 8. While it is found in low concentrations in many vegetable oils, only cottonseed oil contains significant amounts. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a food component. It is a vitamin E and a tocopherol. beta-Tocopherol is a natural product found in Trachycarpus fortunei, Crataegus monogyna, and other organisms with data available. A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites. A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 5 and 8. While it is found in low concentrations in many vegetable oils, only cottonseed oil contains significant amounts. (rel)-β-Tocopherol is a relative configuration of β-Tocopherol.(±)-β-Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble form of vitamin E with antioxidant activity. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1]. β-Tocopherol is an analogue of vitamin E, exhibits antioxidant properties. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1][2][3]. β-Tocopherol is an analogue of vitamin E, exhibits antioxidant properties. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1][2][3].
Tropolone
Tropolone is a cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a toxin and a fungicide. It is a cyclic ketone, an enol and an alpha-hydroxy ketone. It derives from a hydride of a cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene. A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS). A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii. Tropolone, a ?tropone derivative with a?hydroxyl group?in the 2-position, is a precursor?of manyazulene derivatives such as?methyl 2-methylazulene-1-carboxylate[1]. Tropolone is a potent inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase with a IC50 of 0.4 μM, and the inhibition can be reversed by dialysis or by excess CU2+[2].
Vestitol
The S-enantiomer of vestitol. Vestitol is a member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is isoflavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 2 and a methoxy group at position 4. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent, a plant metabolite and a phytoalexin. It is an aromatic ether, a member of hydroxyisoflavans and a methoxyisoflavan. Vestitol is a natural product found in Lotus japonicus, Medicago rugosa, and other organisms with data available. A member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is isoflavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 2 and a methoxy group at position 4. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.
cetirizine
R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AE - Piperazine derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01G - Decongestants and antiallergics C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Cetirizine is a medication used for the treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and hives. It is a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist antihistamine and works by blocking H1 histamine receptors. It is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, and has the same basic side effects, including dry mouth.; A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.; Cetirizine hydrochloride is a medication used for the treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and hives. It is a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist antihistamine and works by blocking H1 histamine receptors. It is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, and has the same basic side effects, including dry mouth. [HMDB] CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4258; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4255 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4282; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4280 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4227; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4225 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4253; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4251 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4259; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4258 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4253; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4250 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8478; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8477 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8516; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8514 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8525; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8524 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8560; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8559 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8566; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8564 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 535; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8574; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8573 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2124 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8582 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4110 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2772 Cetirizine, a second-generation antihistamine and the carboxylated metabolite of hydroxyzine, is a specific, orally active and long-acting histamine H1-receptor antagonist. Cetirizine marks antiallergic properties and inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis during the allergic response[1][2][3]. Levocetirizine ((R)-Cetirizine) is a third-generation peripheral H1-receptor antagonist. Levocetirizine is an antihistaminic agent which is the R-enantiomer of Cetirizine. Levocetirizine has a higher affinity for the histamine H1-receptor than (S)-Cetirizine and can effectively treat allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria[1].
fosinopril
C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2247
Cyproconazole
D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 86
Hydrocodone
R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05D - Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants > R05DA - Opium alkaloids and derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C66917 - Antitussive Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3332
gamma-Glutamylglutamine
H-γ-Glu-Gln-OH is a hydrophilic peptide and can be conjugated to drugs. The carrier composed of H-γ-Glu-Gln-OH has the characteristics of high water solubility and drug-loading capacity, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, improved tumor targeting ability, and anti-tumor efficacy[1].
alpha-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is a metabolite of methyl tertiary-butyl ether. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an endogenous metabolite.
cromolyn
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07E - Intestinal antiinflammatory agents > A07EB - Antiallergic agents, excl. corticosteroids R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03B - Other drugs for obstructive airway diseases, inhalants > R03BC - Antiallergic agents, excl. corticosteroids R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AC - Antiallergic agents, excl. corticosteroids D - Dermatologicals > D11 - Other dermatological preparations > D11A - Other dermatological preparations > D11AH - Agents for dermatitis, excluding corticosteroids C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29712 - Anti-asthmatic Agent > C29714 - Mast Cell Stabilizer S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01G - Decongestants and antiallergics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000082142 - Mast Cell Stabilizers D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents D007155 - Immunologic Factors
SUFENTANIL
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AH - Opioid anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Dehydrocorydaline
Annotation level-1 Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) is an alkaloid that regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP[1]. Dehydrocorydaline elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities[2]. Dehydrocorydaline shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC50=38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability?>?90\\%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain[3]. Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) is an alkaloid that regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP[1]. Dehydrocorydaline elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities[2]. Dehydrocorydaline shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC50=38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability?>?90\%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain[3].
1-Methylhistamine
A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.042 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.041
Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
glimepiride
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A10 - Drugs used in diabetes > A10B - Blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. insulins > A10BB - Sulfonylureas C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29711 - Anti-diabetic Agent > C97936 - Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2355 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8512
Oxybutynin
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BD - Drugs for urinary frequency and incontinence C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000892 - Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary > D008333 - Mandelic Acids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D000089162 - Genitourinary Agents > D064804 - Urological Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2516 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8497 Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic agent, which inhibits vascular Kv channels in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 11.51 μM[1]. Oxybutynin is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
mefenamic acid
M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AG - Fenamates D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
paraxanthine
A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; QUNWUDVFRNGTCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0243_Paraxanthine_1000fmol_190413_S2_LC02MS02_060; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, provides protection against Dopaminergic cell death via stimulation of Ryanodine Receptor Channels.
L-Cystathionine
A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from L-homocysteine and L-serine. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2]. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2].
Cystathionine
A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2]. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2].
L-Homocystine
A homocystine in which both chiral centres have L configuration. 4,4'-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) is an endogenous metabolite. L-Homocystine is the oxidized member of the L-homocysteine. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor and endoplasmatic reticulum-stress inducer used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms.
N,N-dimethylglycine
An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents. N-Methylsarcosine is an amino acid building block for protein, found in a small amount in the body.
δ-Tocotrienol
A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.
Sebacic acid
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane. Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Rumenic acid
Bovinic acid is a conjugated linoleic acid, present in human adipose tissue; the amount of bovinic acid in humans is significantly related to milk fat intake. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are a group of naturally occurring fatty acids present mainly in fats from ruminants. Milk contains over 20 isomers of CLA but the predominant one is cis-9,trans-11-CLA (bovinic acid). Biomedical studies with animal models have shown that this isomer has anticarcinogenic and anti-atherogenic activities. Bovinic acid is produced as an intermediate in the rumen biohydrogenation of linoleic acid but not of linolenic acid. However, it is only a transient intermediate, and the major source of milk fat CLA is from endogenous synthesis. (PMID 10393134, 15736916) [HMDB]
Deprenyl
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents > D000978 - Antiparkinson Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors D020011 - Protective Agents CONFIDENCE Parent Substance with Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 500
biopterin
A pterin derivative that consists of pterin bearing amino, oxo and 1,2-dihydroxypropyl substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6 respectively. The parent of the class of biopterins; the L-erythro isomer occurs widely in nature. 6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
Metrifonate
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P02 - Anthelmintics > P02B - Antitrematodals > P02BB - Organophosphorous compounds D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals
7-Dehydrocholesterol
D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3.
dihydrobiopterin
7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin.
L-Kynurenine
A kynurenine that has L configuration. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; YGPSJZOEDVAXAB-QMMMGPOBSA-N_STSL_0006_L-Kynurenine_2000fmol_180416_S2_LC02_MS02_52; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan. L-Kynurenine is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist.
Phenylacetylglycine
A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group. Phenylacetylglycine is a gut microbial metabolite that can activate β2AR. Phenylacetylglycine protects against cardiac injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion[1]. Phenylacetylglycine is a gut microbial metabolite that can activate β2AR. Phenylacetylglycine protects against cardiac injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion[1].
Ribothymidine
A methyluridine having a single methyl substituent at the 5-position on the uracil ring. 5-Methyluridine is a is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids. 5-Methyluridine is a is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids.
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; WJXSWCUQABXPFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0003_3-hydroxyanthranillic acid_8000fmol_180416_S2_LC02_MS02_37; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is a tryptophan metabolite in the kynurenine pathway.
Desaminotyrosine
Desaminotyrosine is a microbially associated metabolite protecting from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling. Desaminotyrosine is a microbially associated metabolite protecting from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling.
1-Methyluric acid
An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by a methyl group at N-1. It is one of the metabolites of caffeine found in human urine.
5-Methyluridine
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 320 5-Methyluridine is a is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids. 5-Methyluridine is a is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids.
Nizatidine
C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29702 - Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents
Phosphonoacetic acid
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AD - Phosphonic acid derivatives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Phosphonoacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite. Phosphonoacetic acid also has anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1].
Tolterodine
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BD - Drugs for urinary frequency and incontinence C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D000089162 - Genitourinary Agents > D064804 - Urological Agents Tolterodine(PNU-200583) is a potent muscarinic receptor antagonists that show selectivity for the urinary bladder over salivary glands in vivo. IC50 Value: Target: mAChR in vitro: Carbachol-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig bladder were effectively inhibited by tolterodine (IC50 14 nM) and 5-HM (IC50 5.7 nM). The IC50 values were in the microM range and the antimuscarinic potency of tolterodine was 27, 200 and 370-485 times higher, respectively, than its potency in blocking histamine receptors, alpha-adrenoceptors and calcium channels. The active metabolite, 5-HM, was >900 times less potent at these sites than at bladder muscarinic receptors [1]. in vivo: Tolterodine was extensively metabolized in vivo [2]. In the passive-avoidance test, tolterodine at 1 or 3 mg/kg had no effect on memory; the latency to cross and percentage of animals crossing were comparable to controls. In contrast, scopolamine induced a memory deficit; the latency to cross was decreased, and the number of animals crossing was increased [3].
Isoimperatorin
D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins Origin: Plant, Coumarins Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM. Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM.
Danthron
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AB - Contact laxatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.
1-Methylxanthine
MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; MVOYJPOZRLFTCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0033_1-Methylxanthine_0500fmol_180410_S2_LC02_MS02_41; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. 1-Methylxanthine, a caffeine derivative, is an essential human urinary metabolite of caffeine and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP)[1]. 1-Methylxanthine enhances the radiosensitivity of tumor cells[2]. 1-Methylxanthine, a caffeine derivative, is an essential human urinary metabolite of caffeine and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP)[1]. 1-Methylxanthine enhances the radiosensitivity of tumor cells[2].
iproniazid
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AF - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, non-selective D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
Debrisoquin
C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02C - Antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting > C02CC - Guanidine derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013565 - Sympatholytics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map ATC code: C02CC04 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
hydroxyzine
N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05B - Anxiolytics > N05BB - Diphenylmethane derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics Hydroxyzine, a benzodiazepine antihistamine agent, acts as an orally active histamine?H1-receptor and serotonin antagonist. Hydroxyzine has anxiolytic effect and can be used for the research of generalised anxiety disorder[1].
Erythrodiol
Erythrodiol is an olive oil component. Erythrodiol promotes Cholesterol efflux (ChE) by selectively inhibiting the degradation of ABCA1 protein. Erythrodiol is a good candidate to be further explored for therapeutic or preventive application in the context of atherosclerosis[1]. Erythrodiol is an olive oil component. Erythrodiol promotes Cholesterol efflux (ChE) by selectively inhibiting the degradation of ABCA1 protein. Erythrodiol is a good candidate to be further explored for therapeutic or preventive application in the context of atherosclerosis[1].
Hexadecanoate
Maltoheptose
Sulfur oxide
D004785 - Environmental Pollutants > D000393 - Air Pollutants
FA 18:2
Linolelaidic acid (Linoelaidic acid), an omega-6 trans fatty acid, acts as a source of energy. Linolelaidic acid is an essential nutrient, adding in enteral, parenteral, and infant formulas. Linolelaidic acid can be used for heart diseases research[1]. Linolelaidic acid (Linoelaidic acid), an omega-6 trans fatty acid, acts as a source of energy. Linolelaidic acid is an essential nutrient, adding in enteral, parenteral, and infant formulas. Linolelaidic acid can be used for heart diseases research[1].
FA 20:4;O4
D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides
Desogestrel
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03A - Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use > G03AC - Progestogens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D011372 - Progestins C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents
Urocortisol
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Tetrahydrocortisol is cortisol metabolite. The urinary Tetrahydrocortisol/Tetrahydrocortisone ratio decreases with increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) activity[1][2].
ST 24:1;O5
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids β-Muricholic acid is a potent and orally active biliary cholesterol-desaturating agent. β-Muricholic acid prevents cholesterol gallstones. β-Muricholic acid inhibits lipid accumulation. β-Muricholic acid has the potential for the research of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)[1][2].
TRIADIMENOL
A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group. A fungicide for cereals, beet and brassicas used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, rusts, bunts and smuts. D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides
Sitafloxacin
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Propagermanium
COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C63817 - Chemokine Receptor Antagonist D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007369 - Interferon Inducers D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Ethidium
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D049408 - Luminescent Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D004396 - Coloring Agents > D005456 - Fluorescent Dyes D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Plitidepsin
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 (?KD=80?nM)[1]. Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC90 of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research[1][2].
Ridaforolimus
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01E - Protein kinase inhibitors > L01EG - Mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) kinase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C2201 - mTOR Inhibitor
2,4,6-tribromophenol
A bromophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4 and 6 have been replaced by bromines. It is commonly used as a fungicide and in the preparation of flame retardants.
ISOPHORONE
A cyclic ketone, the structure of which is that of cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5.
Estradiol valerate
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen
Batilol
Monoacyl glycerol is a member of the class of compounds known as 2-monoacylglycerols. 2-monoacylglycerols are monoacylglycerols containing a glycerol acylated at the 2-position. Monoacyl glycerol is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Monoacyl glycerol can be found in fig, which makes monoacyl glycerol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Monoglycerides (also: acylglycerols or monoacylglycerols) are a class of glycerides which are composed of a molecule of glycerol linked to a fatty acid via an ester bond. As glycerol contains both primary and secondary alcohol groups two different types of monoglycerides may be formed; 1-monoacylglycerols where the fatty acid is attached to a primary alcohol, or a 2-monoacylglycerols where the fatty acid is attached to the secondary alcohol . C26170 - Protective Agent > C797 - Radioprotective Agent 3-(Octadecyloxy)propane-1,2-diol is an endogenous metabolite.
cholesteryl palmitate
A cholesterol ester obtained by the formal condensation of cholesterol with palmitic acid.
TEMOPORFIN
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01X - Other antineoplastic agents > L01XD - Sensitizers used in photodynamic/radiation therapy D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents
cuminal
Cuminaldehyde is the major component of Cuminum cyminum, a natural aldehyde with inhibitory effect on alpha-synuclein fibrillation and cytotoxicity. Cuminaldehyde shows anticancer activity[1]. Cuminaldehyde is the major component of Cuminum cyminum, a natural aldehyde with inhibitory effect on alpha-synuclein fibrillation and cytotoxicity. Cuminaldehyde shows anticancer activity[1].
CORFREE M1
Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
546-18-9
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids 5β-Cholanic acid can be used for 5β-Cholanic acid derivatives synthesis[1].
482-45-1
D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM. Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM.
Senkyunolide A
Senkyunolide A, isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, has cytoprotective and antiproliferative activities. Anti-tumor activity[1][2]. Senkyunolide A, isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, has cytoprotective and antiproliferative activities. Anti-tumor activity[1][2].
23513-08-8
8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2]. 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2].
Paradol
Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site. Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site.
Gondoic acid
Gondoic acid (cis-11-Eicosenoic acid), a monounsaturated long-chain fatty acid, is contained in a variety of plant oils and nuts[1]. Gondoic acid (cis-11-Eicosenoic acid), a monounsaturated long-chain fatty acid, is contained in a variety of plant oils and nuts[1].
PARALDEHYDE
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CC - Aldehydes and derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants
Altan
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AB - Contact laxatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK. Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.
Balchanin
Santamarin is a sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. Santamarine is a natural product found in Centaurea uniflora, Eupatorium capillifolium, and other organisms with data available.
melilotin
Dihydrocoumarin is a compound found in Melilotus officinalis. Dihydrocoumarin is a yeast Sir2p inhibitor. Dihydrocoumarin also inhibits human SIRT1 and SIRT2 with IC50s of 208 μM and 295 μM, respectively[1]. Dihydrocoumarin is a compound found in Melilotus officinalis. Dihydrocoumarin is a yeast Sir2p inhibitor. Dihydrocoumarin also inhibits human SIRT1 and SIRT2 with IC50s of 208 μM and 295 μM, respectively[1]. Dihydrocoumarin is a compound found in Melilotus officinalis. Dihydrocoumarin is a yeast Sir2p inhibitor. Dihydrocoumarin also inhibits human SIRT1 and SIRT2 with IC50s of 208 μM and 295 μM, respectively[1].
Tetrahydrocortisol
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Tetrahydrocortisol is the most powerful natural angiostatic steroid. It is involved in C21-Steroid hormone metabolism pathway (KEGG). [HMDB] Tetrahydrocortisol is cortisol metabolite. The urinary Tetrahydrocortisol/Tetrahydrocortisone ratio decreases with increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) activity[1][2].
15(S)-HPETE
D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides The (S)-enantiomer of 15-HPETE. 15(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HPETE) is the corresponding hydroperoxide of 15(S)-HETE and undergoes homolytic decomposition to the DNA-reactive bifunctional electrophile 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal, a precursor of heptanone-etheno-2-deoxyguanosine. Reactive oxygen species convert the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid into (15-HPETE); vitamin C mediates 15(S)-HPETE decomposition. 15(S)-HPETE initiates apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. 15(S)-HPETE is a lipoxygenase metabolite that affects the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) involved in the adhesion of leukocytes and/or the accumulation of leukocytes in the vascular endothelium, these being the initial events in endothelial cell injury. 15(S)-HPETE induces a loss of cardiomyocytes membrane integrity. 15-(S)HPETE is a hydroperoxide that enhances the activity of the enzymes lipoxygenase [EC 1.13.11.12] and Na+, K+-ATPase [EC 3.6.3.9] of brain microvessels. Lipoxygenase(s) and Na+-K+-ATPase of brain microvessels may play a significant role in the occurrence of ischemic brain edema. (PMID: 15964853, 15723435, 8655602, 8595608, 2662983) [HMDB]
fexofenadine
R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Fexofenadine is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second-generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first generation histamine receptor antagonists; Fexofenadine hydrochloride (brand names include Allegra and Telfast) is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first-generation histamine-receptor antagonists. [HMDB] Fexofenadine (MDL-16455) is an orally active and nonsedative H1 receptor antagonist. Fexofenadine can be used in allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticarial research[1][2][3].
H-Dab.HBr
A 2,4-diaminobutyric acid that has S-configuration. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, also known as L-2,4-diaminobutanoate or alpha,gamma-diaminobutyrate, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2,4-diaminobutyric acid can be synthesized from butyric acid. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, N(4)-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, (2S)-2-acetamido-4-aminobutanoic acid, and L-alpha-amino-gamma-oxalylaminobutyric acid. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, chia, atlantic herring, and chayote, which makes 2,4-diaminobutyric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid can be found primarily in blood and urine. Moreover, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid is found to be associated with alzheimers disease. L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro.
Ginkgolid A
Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist.
Maltoheptaose
A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.
11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2
A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.
Ginsenoside
Ginsenoside F1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an apoptosis inhibitor. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a ginsenoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a 6alpha-hydroxy steroid and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenoside F1 is a natural product found in Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, and Gynostemma yixingense with data available. A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. Ginsenoside F1, an enzymatically modified derivative of Ginsenoside Rg1, demonstrates competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 activity and weaker inhibition of CYP2D6 activity. Ginsenoside F1, an enzymatically modified derivative of Ginsenoside Rg1, demonstrates competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 activity and weaker inhibition of CYP2D6 activity.
GP-17
Gypenoside XVII is a ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a disaccharide derivative, a ginsenoside and a tetracyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Gypenoside XVII is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and other organisms with data available. A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. Gypenoside XVII, a novel phytoestrogen belonging to the gypenosides, can activate estrogen receptors. Gypenoside XVII, a novel phytoestrogen belonging to the gypenosides, can activate estrogen receptors.
8-GINGEROL
(8)-Gingerol is a beta-hydroxy ketone, a member of phenols and a monomethoxybenzene. (8)-Gingerol is a natural product found in Zingiber officinale with data available. See also: Ginger (part of). 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2]. 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2].
formic acid
The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
Cephapirin
A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DB - First-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
METAXALONE
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C29696 - Muscle Relaxant D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D023303 - Oxazolidinones
hydroxyprogesterone caproate
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D004965 - Estrogen Antagonists D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D011372 - Progestins C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone
Candesartan cilexetil
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent > C66930 - Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist D057911 - Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists > D047228 - Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Candesartan Cilexetil (TCV-116) is an angiotensin II receptor inhibitor. Candesartan Cilexetil ameliorates the pulmonary fibrosis and has antiviral and skin wound healing effect. Candesartan Cilexetil can be used for the research of high blood pressure[1][2][3][4][5][6].
Cefamandole
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DC - Second-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
glycolaldehyde
The glycolaldehyde derived from ethylene glycol. The parent of the class of glycolaldehydes.
Metyrosine
An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma. C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02K - Other antihypertensives > C02KB - Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2155 - Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Methylarsonic acid
D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D009676 - Noxae > D013723 - Teratogens D016573 - Agrochemicals
Cefotetan
A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DC - Second-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002513 - Cephamycins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid
5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-Methyl THF) is a biologically active form of folic acid. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is a methylated derivate of tetrahydrofolate. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is the predominant natural dietary folate and the principal form of folate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid[1]. Levomefolic acid (5-MTHF) is an orally active, brain-penetrant natural active form of folic acid and is one of the most widely used folic acid food supplements[1][2].
Triamcinolone diacetate
C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant > C211 - Therapeutic Corticosteroid D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
(S)-2-Hydroxybutyric acid
An optically active form of 2-hydroxybutyric acid having (S)-configuration. (S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is the S-enantiomer of?2-Hydroxybutanoic acid. 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, a coproduct of protein metabolism, is an insulin resistance (IR) biomarker[1].
Guanosine-5-diphosphate
A purine ribonucleoside 5-diphosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at the 5 position of guanosine with pyrophosphoric acid. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
METIAMIDE
C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29702 - Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents Metiamide (SK&F 92058) is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist developed from another H2 antagonist, burimamide.
Mivacurium
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents M - Musculo-skeletal system > M03 - Muscle relaxants > M03A - Muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C66886 - Nicotinic Antagonist
Nicotinamide riboside
COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Pancuronium
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents M - Musculo-skeletal system > M03 - Muscle relaxants > M03A - Muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C29696 - Muscle Relaxant
Angiotensin I
A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from WikiPathways, COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Angiotensin I (human, mouse, rat) is the precursor to the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II, cleaved by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
15-Oxo-ETE
An oxoicosatetraenoic acid having (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E) double bond stereochemistry, and an oxo group in position 15.
Kyotorphin
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018847 - Opioid Peptides D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D004723 - Endorphins Kyotorphin is an endogenou neuroactive dipeptide with analgesic properties. Kyotorphin possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Kyotorphin levels in cerebro-spinal fluid correlate negatively with the progression of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease patients[1].
7,8-Dihydroneopterin
A neopterin where positions C-7 and C-8 have been hydrogenated. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
A phenylacetaldehyde in which the 3 and 4 positions of the phenyl group are substituted by hydroxy groups. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
13(S)-HPODE
D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides The (S)-enantiomer of 13-HPODE
1-Hydroxyisoquinoline
COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
4-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
(S)-2,3-epoxysqualene
A 2,3-epoxysqualene in which the chiral centre has S configuration. It is converted into lanosterol by lanosterol synthase (EC 5.4.99.7) in a key rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of chloesterol, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.
(3R)-3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-5-(phosphonooxy)pentanoic acid
5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
4-Methylhistamine
An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.
Dopaminoquinone
A member of the class of 1,2-benzoquinones that is 1,2-benzoquinone in which a hydrogen at para to one of the oxo groups has been replaced by a 2-aminoethyl group.
Dopaquinone
An L-phenylalanine derivative in which the phenyl group of L-phenylalanine is replaced by a 3,4-dioxocyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl group.
PS-5
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D013845 - Thienamycins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams
CID 441748
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
ST 23:4;O3
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen Same as: D01413
Foscan
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01X - Other antineoplastic agents > L01XD - Sensitizers used in photodynamic/radiation therapy D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Same as: D06066
Polidocanol
C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05B - Antivaricose therapy > C05BB - Sclerosing agents for local injection C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2196 - Antimetastatic Agent C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System
13(S)-HODE
An HODE (hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroxy group is at position 13 (with S-configuration).
e-Tokoferol
A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been isolated from various cultivars of wheat.
12,13-DHOA
A DiHOME obtained by formal dihydroxylation of the 12,13-double bond of octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid (the 9Z-geoisomer).
1,3-DICHLORO-2-PROPANOL
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens
Tocopheryl acetate
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D024505 - Tocopherols D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins
SC-58125
D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Methyllycaconitine Perchlorate, Delphinium sp.
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
