Cordycepin
Cordycepin is a 3-deoxyribonucleoside and a member of adenosines. It has a role as an antimetabolite and a nucleoside antibiotic. Cordycepin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Leukemia. Cordycepin is a natural product found in Aspergillus nidulans, Streptomyces sparsogenes, and other organisms with data available. Cordycepin is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite and antibiotic isolated from the fungus Cordyceps militaris with potential antineoplastic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Cordycepin is an inhibitor of polyadenylation, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and reduces mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which may result in both the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family, plays an important role in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and proliferation, and its expression or activity is frequently dysregulated in human cancers. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Cordycepin (3'-Deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside derivative and inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in a dose-dependent manner[1]. Cordycepin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis through hijacking the bacterial adenosine kinase[2]. Cordycepin (3'-Deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside derivative and inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in a dose-dependent manner[1]. Cordycepin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis through hijacking the bacterial adenosine kinase[2]. Cordycepin (3'-Deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside derivative and inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in a dose-dependent manner[1]. Cordycepin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis through hijacking the bacterial adenosine kinase[2].
Glycocholic acid
Glycocholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium and Lactobacillus are involved in bile acid metabolism and produce glycocholic acid (PMID: 6265737; 10629797). In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). More specifically, glycocholic acid or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. Its anion is called glycocholate. As the glycine conjugate of cholic acid, this compound acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed (PubChem). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). Glycocholic acid is found to be associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a cholic acid and a glycochenodeoxycholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a glycocholate. Glycocholic acid is a natural product found in Caenorhabditis elegans and Homo sapiens with data available. The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Glycocholic acid, or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with glycine. Its anion is called glycocholate. [Wikipedia] A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component. Glycocholic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=475-31-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 475-31-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1]. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1].
L-Tryptophan
Tryptophan (Trp) or L-tryptophan is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-tryptophan is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aromatic amino acid. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. The minimum daily requirement for adults is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. There is 400 mg of tryptophan in a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low-fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg of tryptophan per pound (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Tryptophan is particularly plentiful in chocolate, oats, dried dates, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, eggs, fish, poultry, sesame, chickpeas, almonds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, buckwheat, spirulina, and peanuts. Tryptophan is the precursor of both serotonin and melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in animals, which regulates sleep and wakefulness. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor, and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan into serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin, and glutathione. Niacin (also known as vitamin B3) is an important metabolite of tryptophan. It is synthesized via kynurenine and quinolinic acids, which are products of tryptophan degradation. There are a number of conditions or diseases that are characterized by tryptophan deficiencies. For instance, fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, which reduces levels of tryptophan in the blood and leads to depression. High corn diets or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Hartnups disease is a disorder in which tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Symptoms of Hartnups disease include skin rashes, difficulty coordinating movements (cerebellar ataxia), and psychiatric symptoms such as depression or psychosis. Tryptophan supplements may be useful for treating Hartnups disease. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan breakdown products (such as kynurenine) correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension, and anxiety states. Tryptophan plays a role in "feast-induced" drowsiness. Ingestion of a meal rich in carbohydrates triggers the release of insulin. Insulin, in turn, stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) into muscle, increasing the ratio of tryptophan to BCAA in the bloodstream. The increased tryptophan ratio reduces competition at the large neutral amino acid transporter (which transports both BCAAs and tryptophan), resulting in greater uptake of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Once in the CSF, tryptophan is converted into serotonin and the resulting serotonin is further metabolized into melatonin by the pineal gland, which promotes sleep. Because tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) which is then converted into the neurotransmitter serotonin, it has been proposed th... L-tryptophan is a white powder with a flat taste. An essential amino acid; occurs in isomeric forms. (NTP, 1992) L-tryptophan is the L-enantiomer of tryptophan. It has a role as an antidepressant, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tryptophan and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-tryptophanium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tryptophanate. It is an enantiomer of a D-tryptophan. It is a tautomer of a L-tryptophan zwitterion. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor of indole alkaloids in plants. It is a precursor of serotonin (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to niacin, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. L-Tryptophan is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Tryptophan is the least plentiful of all 22 amino acids and an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Tryptophan is found in most proteins and a precursor of serotonin. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), converted in turn to serotonin, a neurotransmitter essential in regulating appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. Tryptophan is a natural sedative and present in dairy products, meats, brown rice, fish, and soybeans. (NCI04) Tryptophan is an essential amino acid which is the precursor of serotonin. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan to serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin and glutathione. Niacin is an important metabolite of tryptophan. High corn or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Inborn errors of tryptophan metabolism exist where a tumor (carcinoid) makes excess serotonin. Hartnups disease is a disease where tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Tryptophan supplements may be useful in each condition, in carcinoid replacing the over-metabolized nutrient and in Hartnups supplementing a malabsorbed nutrient. Some disorders of excess tryptophan in the blood may contribute to mental retardation. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan fragments correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension and anxiety states. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. Adults minimum daily requirement is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. This may be an underestimation, for there are 400 mg of tryptophan in just a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg per pound. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. See also: Serotonin; tryptophan (component of); Chamomile; ginger; melatonin; thiamine; tryptophan (component of) ... View More ... Constituent of many plants. Enzymatic hydrolysis production of most plant and animal proteins. Dietary supplement, nutrient D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank The L-enantiomer of tryptophan. Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_30eV_1-1_01_662.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_20eV_1-1_01_661.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_30eV_1-1_01_716.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_10eV_1-1_01_660.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_10eV_1-1_01_714.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_40eV_1-1_01_717.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_20eV_1-1_01_715.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_50eV_1-1_01_664.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_50eV_1-1_01_718.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_40eV_1-1_01_663.txt IPB_RECORD: 253; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID T003 DL-Tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1]. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].
L-Leucine
Leucine (Leu) or L-leucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-leucine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Leucine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. L-Leucine is a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). The BCAAs consist of leucine, valine and isoleucine (and occasionally threonine). BCAAs are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point at the beta-carbon position. BCAAs are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism are acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; consequently, it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, with lysine being the other. Leucine is the most important ketogenic amino acid in humans. The vast majority of l-leucine metabolism is initially catalyzed by the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase enzyme, producing alpha-ketoisocaproate (alpha-KIC). alpha-KIC is metabolized by the mitochondrial enzyme branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, which converts it to isovaleryl-CoA. Isovaleryl-CoA is subsequently metabolized by the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase and converted to beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MC-CoA), which is used in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA and other compounds. During biotin deficiency, HMB can be synthesized from MC-CoA via enoyl-CoA hydratase and an unknown thioesterase enzyme, which convert MC-CoA into HMB-CoA and HMB-CoA into HMB respectively. Leucine has the capacity to directly stimulate myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis (PMID 15051860). This effect of leucine arises results from its role as an activator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PMID 23551944) a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates protein biosynthesis and cell growth. The activation of mTOR by leucine is mediated through Rag GTPases. Leucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of leucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287). BCAAs such as leucine have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Persistently low leucine levels can result in decreased appetite, poor feeding, lethargy, poor growth, weight loss, skin rashes, hair loss, and desquamation. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist and these are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary res... L-leucine is the L-enantiomer of leucine. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a leucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-leucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-leucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-leucine. It is a tautomer of a L-leucine zwitterion. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. L-Leucine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Leucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare. (NCI04) Leucine (abbreviated as Leu or L)[2] is a branched-chain л±-amino acid with the chemical formulaHO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH(CH3)2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons (UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG) and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin, and other buffer proteins. Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning that the human body cannot synthesize it, and it therefore must be ingested. It is important for hemoglobin formation. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. See also: Isoleucine; Leucine (component of) ... View More ... Dietary supplement, nutrient [DFC]. (±)-Leucine is found in many foods, some of which are green bell pepper, italian sweet red pepper, green zucchini, and red bell pepper. L-Leucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=61-90-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 61-90-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].
Melamine
Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66\\\% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine. It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants. Melamine is combined with formaldehyde to produce melamine resin, a very durable thermosetting plastic used in Formica, and melamine foam, a polymeric cleaning product. The end products include countertops, dry erase boards, fabrics, glues, housewares, dinnerware, cooking spoons, guitar saddles, guitar nuts, acoustic foam paneling, and flame retardants. Melamine is one of the major components in Pigment Yellow 150, a colorant in inks and plastics. Melamine is sometimes illegally added to food products in order to increase the apparent protein content. Standard tests, such as the Kjeldahl and Dumas tests, estimate protein levels by measuring the nitrogen content, so they can be misled by adding nitrogen-rich compounds such as melamine.There is an instrument (SPRINT) developed by the company CEM Corp that allows the determination of protein content directly in some applications; this cannot be fooled by adding melamine in the sample. Ultrasound-assisted extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed at ETH Zurich (Switzerland) by Zhu et al., (2008) for a rapid detection of melamine in untreated food samples. Ultrasounds are used to nebulize the melamine-containing liquids into a fine spray. The spray is then ionised by extractive electrospray ionisation (EESI) and analysed using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). An analysis requires 30 seconds per sample. The limit of detection of melamine is a few nanograms of melamine per gram of milk. Crystallization and washing of melamine generates a considerable amount of waste water, which is a pollutant if discharged directly into the environment. The waste water may be concentrated into a solid (1.5-5\\\% of the weight) for easier disposal. The solid may contain approximately 70\\\% melamine, 23\\\% oxytriazines (ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid), 0.7\\\% polycondensates (melem, melam, and melon). In the Eurotecnica process, however, there is no solid waste and the contaminants are decomposed to ammonia and carbon dioxide and sent as off gas to the upstream urea plant; accordingly, the waste water can be recycled to the melamine plant itself or used as clean cooling water make-up. Melamine also enters the fabrication of melamine poly-sulfonate used as superplasticizer for making high-resistance concrete. Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF) is a polymer used as cement admixture to reduce the water content in concrete while increasing the fluidity and the workability of the mix during its handling and pouring. It results in concrete with a lower porosity and a higher mechanical strength, exhibiting an improved resistance to aggressive environments and a longer life-time. Melamine appears as colorless to white monoclinic crystals or prisms or white powder. Sublimes when gently heated. (NTP, 1992) Melamine is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. It has a role as a xenobiotic metabolite. It is functionally related to a cyanamide. It is a conjugate base of a melamine(1+). Melamine is a natural product found in Euglena gracilis, Aeromonas veronii, and Apis cerana with data available. Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66\\\% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine. It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants. Melamine is described as Harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Chronic exposure may cause cancer or reproductive damage. Eye, skin and respiratory irritant. However, the short-term lethal dose is on a par with common table salt with an LD50 of more than 3 grams per kilogram of bodyweight.[15] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) scientists explained that when melamine and cyanuric acid are absorbed into the bloodstream, they concentrate and interact in the urine-filled renal tubules, then crystallize and form large numbers of round, yellow crystals, which in turn block and damage the renal cells that line the tubes, causing the kidneys to malfunction. A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3151 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8699 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3870 Melamine is a metabolite?of?cyromazine. Melamine is a intermediate for the synthesis of melamine resin and plastic materials[1].
(-)-Gossypol
Gossypol has been used in trials studying the treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. (-)-Gossypol or (R)-Gossypol, is the R-isomer of [Gossypol]. Gossypol is a natural product found in Malva pseudolavatera, Hibiscus syriacus, and other organisms with data available. Gossypol is an orally-active polyphenolic aldehyde with potential antineoplastic activity. Derived primarily from unrefined cottonseed oil, gossypol induces cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and inducing apoptosis. This agent also inhibits cell-signaling enzymes, resulting in inhibition of cell growth, and may act as a male contraceptive. (-)-Gossypol is found in fats and oils. (-)-Gossypol is a constituent of Gossypium hirsutum (cotton).(-)-gossypol has been shown to exhibit anti-tumor, anti-cancer and anti-proliferative functions (A7832, A7833, A7834). A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. Gossypol, also known as gossypol, (+)-isomer or (-)-gossypol, is a member of the class of compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenoids are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Thus, gossypol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Gossypol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gossypol can be found in cottonseed, okra, soy bean, and sunflower, which makes gossypol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Gossypol is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Among other things, it has been tested as a male oral contraceptive in China. In addition to its putative contraceptive properties, gossypol has also long been known to possess antimalarial properties. Other researchers are investigating the anticancer properties of gossypol . Gossypol may cause apoptosis via the regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. It is also an inhibitor of calcineurin and protein kinases C, and has been shown to bind calmodulin (L1239) (T3DB). C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor (-)-Gossypol is found in fats and oils. (-)-Gossypol is a constituent of Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product C1907 - Drug, Natural Product Gossypol binds to Bcl-xL protein and Bcl-2 protein with Kis of 0.5-0.6 μM and 0.2-0.3 mM, respectively. Gossypol binds to Bcl-xL protein and Bcl-2 protein with Kis of 0.5-0.6 μM and 0.2-0.3 mM, respectively.
Vincristine
Vincristine appears as a white crystalline solid. Melting point 218 °C. Used as an antineoplastic. Vincristine is a vinca alkaloid with formula C46H56N4O10 found in the Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus. It is used (commonly as the corresponding sulfate salt)as a chemotherapy drug for the treatment of leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, breast cancer and head and neck cancer. It has a role as a tubulin modulator, a microtubule-destabilising agent, a plant metabolite, an antineoplastic agent and a drug. It is a methyl ester, an acetate ester, a tertiary alcohol, a member of formamides, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an organic heterotetracyclic compound, a tertiary amino compound and a vinca alkaloid. It is a conjugate base of a vincristine(2+). It derives from a hydride of a vincaleukoblastine. Vincristine is a natural product found in Ophioparma ventosa, Cunila, and other organisms with data available. Vincristine is a natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Vinca rosea Linn. Vincristine binds irreversibly to microtubules and spindle proteins in S phase of the cell cycle and interferes with the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby arresting tumor cells in metaphase. This agent also depolymerizes microtubules and may also interfere with amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism; calmodulin-dependent Ca++ -transport ATPase activity; cellular respiration; and nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis. (NCI04) Vincristine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca Rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.) The antitumor activity of Vincristine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Like other vinca alkaloids, Vincristine may also interfere with: 1) amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism, 2) calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-transport ATPase activity, 3) cellular respiration, and 4) nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis. Vincristine is indicated for the treatment of acute leukaemia, malignant lymphoma, Hodgkins disease, acute erythraemia, and acute panmyelosis. Vincristine sulfate is often chosen as part of polychemotherapy because of lack of significant bone marrow suppression (at recommended doses) and of unique clinical toxicity (neuropathy). An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.) See also: Vincristine Sulfate (active moiety of). Vincristine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca Rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)The antitumor activity of Vincristine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Like other vinca alkaloids, Vincristine may also interfere with: 1) amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism, 2) calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-transport ATPase activity, 3) cellular respiration, and 4) nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis. A vinca alkaloid with formula C46H56N4O10 found in the Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus. It is used (commonly as the corresponding sulfate salt)as a chemotherapy drug for the treatment of leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, breast cancer and head and neck cancer. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01C - Plant alkaloids and other natural products > L01CA - Vinca alkaloids and analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C932 - Vinca Alkaloid Compound C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D014748 - Vinca Alkaloids C1907 - Drug, Natural Product
Soyasaponin I
Soyasaponin I is a triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a sialyltransferase inhibitor. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a triterpenoid saponin, a trisaccharide derivative and a carbohydrate acid derivative. It is functionally related to a soyasapogenol B. It is a conjugate acid of a soyasaponin I(1-). Soyasaponin I is a natural product found in Crotalaria albida, Hedysarum polybotrys, and other organisms with data available. A triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage. Azukisaponin V is found in pulses. Azukisaponin V is isolated from seeds of azuki bean (Vigna angularis). soyasaponin Bb is a soyasaponin isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris, acting as an aldose reductase differential inhibitor (ARDI)[1]. soyasaponin Bb is a soyasaponin isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris, acting as an aldose reductase differential inhibitor (ARDI)[1].
Castanospermine
Castanospermine is a tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer). It has a role as a metabolite, an anti-HIV-1 agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and an EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor. Castanospermine is a natural product found in Alexa grandiflora, Alexa wachenheimii, and other organisms with data available. A tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer). D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D065089 - Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID C043 Castanospermine inhibits all forms of α- and β-glucosidases, especially glucosidase L.
2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
DIMBOA is a lactol that is DIBOA in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the maize plants. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an allelochemical. It is a lactol, a benzoxazine, an aromatic ether and a cyclic hydroxamic acid. It is functionally related to a DIBOA. 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one is a natural product found in Trichoderma virens with data available. 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one is found in cereals and cereal products. 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one is isolated from wheat, in which it is present mainly as glucoside. Appears to be a natural aphicide, insecticide and fungicide. Involved in the in vivo detoxification of herbicides , e.g. Simazin Isolated from wheat, in which it is present mainly as glucoside. Appears to be a natural aphicide, insecticide and fungicide. Involved in the in vivo detoxification of herbicides , e.g. Simazine. (R)-2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one is found in cereals and cereal products and corn. A lactol that is DIBOA in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the maize plants. DIMBOA, an antibiotic, is a benzoxazinoid, part of the chemical defense system of graminaceous plants such as maize, wheat, and rye. DIMBOA possess growth inhibitory properties against many strains of studied bacteria and fungi, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli as well as against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DIMBOA exhibits a potent free-radical scavenging activity and a weaker iron (III) ions reducing activity. Antioxidant activity[1][2].
Retronecine
Retronecine is a member of pyrrolizines. Retronecine is a natural product found in Senecio nebrodensis, Lappula spinocarpos, and other organisms with data available. Retronecine is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid found in a variety of plants in the genera Senecio and Crotalaria, and the family Boraginaceae. It is the most common central core for other pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Alkaloids derived from ornithine, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Creatinine
Creatinine or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons; therefore this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 umol/l, for men 60-110 umol/l. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver and pancreas. [HMDB]. Creatinine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Creatinine is found in many foods, some of which are canada blueberry, other bread, french plantain, and grape. Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas. Creatinine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=60-27-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 60-27-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Creatinine (NSC13123) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles. Creatinine (NSC13123) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles.
1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG)
1,5-Anhydrosorbitol or 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a validated marker of short-term glycemic control. This substance is derived mainly from food, is well absorbed in the intestine, and is distributed to all organs and tissues. It is metabolically stable, being excreted in the urine when its level exceeds the renal threshold. It is reabsorbed in the renal tubules, and is competitively inhibited by glucosuria, which leads to a reduction in its level in serum. The correlation between this reduction and the amount of glucose present in urine is so close that 1,5 AG can be used as a sensitive, day-to-day, real-time marker of glycemic control. It provides useful information on current glycemic control and is superior to both hemoglobin A1C and fructosamine in detecting near-normoglycemia. 1,5-AG in human plasma has been proposed for several years as a short-term, retrospective marker of glycaemic control and seems to be the most suitable parameter for monitoring glucose excursions. The decrease in serum 1,5-AG is very sensitive to urinary glucose excretion. It is a metabolically inert polyol that competes with glucose for reabsorption in the kidneys. Otherwise stable levels of 1,5-AG are rapidly depleted as blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold for glucosuria. 1,5-AG is also more tightly associated with glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose. (PMID: 18088226, 12166605, 7783360, 8940824) [HMDB] 1, 5-Anhydrosorbitol or 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a validated marker of short-term glycemic control. This substance is derived mainly from food, is well absorbed in the intestine, and is distributed to all organs and tissues. It is metabolically stable, being excreted in the urine when its level exceeds the renal threshold. It is reabsorbed in the renal tubules and is competitively inhibited by glucosuria, which leads to a reduction in its level in serum. The correlation between this reduction and the amount of glucose present in urine is so close that 1,5 AG can be used as a sensitive, day-to-day, real-time marker of glycemic control. It provides useful information on current glycemic control and is superior to both hemoglobin A1C and fructosamine in detecting near-normoglycemia. 1,5-AG in human plasma has been proposed for several years as a short-term, retrospective marker of glycemic control and seems to be the most suitable parameter for monitoring glucose excursions. The decrease in serum 1,5-AG is very sensitive to urinary glucose excretion. It is a metabolically inert polyol that competes with glucose for reabsorption in the kidneys. Otherwise stable levels of 1,5-AG are rapidly depleted as blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold for glucosuria. 1,5-AG is also more tightly associated with glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose (PMID:18088226, 12166605, 7783360, 8940824). 1,5-Anhydrosorbitol is a short-term marker for glycemic control. 1,5-Anhydrosorbitol is a short-term marker for glycemic control.
5-Sulfosalicylic acid
5-Sulfosalicylic acid is a derivative of salicylic acid, a common anti-inflammatory drug.Sulfosalicylic acid is used in urine tests to determine urine protein content. The chemical causes the precipitation of dissolved proteins, which is measured from the degree of turbidity. It is also used for integral colour anodizing. -Wikipedia [HMDB] 5-Sulfosalicylic acid is a derivative of salicylic acid, a common anti-inflammatory drug. Sulfosalicylic acid is used in urine tests to determine urine protein content. The chemical causes the precipitation of dissolved proteins, which is measured from the degree of turbidity. It is also used for integral colour anodizing. -Wikipedia. D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic
Pseudouridine
Beta-pseudouridine, also known as p or 5-(b-D-ribofuranosyl)uracil, is a member of the class of compounds known as nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are analogues of nucleosides and nucleotides. These include phosphonated nucleosides, C-glycosylated nucleoside bases, analogues where the sugar unit is a pyranose, and carbocyclic nucleosides, among others. Beta-pseudouridine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Beta-pseudouridine can be found in a number of food items such as eggplant, wax gourd, asparagus, and garden cress, which makes beta-pseudouridine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Beta-pseudouridine can be found primarily in amniotic fluid, blood, feces, and urine. Beta-pseudouridine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Moreover, beta-pseudouridine is found to be associated with canavan disease. Pseudouridine, also known as psi-uridine or 5-ribosyluracil, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. These are analogues of nucleosides and nucleotides, such as phosphonated nucleosides, C-glycosylated nucleoside bases, analogues where the sugar unit is a pyranose, and carbocyclic nucleosides. Pseudouridine specifically has its uracil attached via a carbon-carbon instead of a nitrogen-carbon glycosidic bond to the ribofuranose. It is the most prevalent of the over one hundred different modified nucleosides found in RNA (PMID: 17113994). Pseudouridine is a solid that is soluble in water. Pseudouridine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans, and is in all classes of RNA except mRNA. It is formed by enzymes called pseudouridine synthases, which post-transcriptionally isomerize specific uridine residues in RNA. Pseudouridine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1445-07-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 1445-07-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4]. Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4].
Carnosine
Carnosine, which is also known as beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide consisting of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is found exclusively in animal tissues and is naturally produced in the body by the liver. Carnosine has a pKa value of 6.83, making it a good buffer for the pH range of animal muscles. Since beta-alanine is a non-proteogenic amino acid and is not incorporated into proteins, carnosine can be stored at relatively high concentrations (millimolar) in muscles, with concentrations as high as 17–25 mmol/kg (dry muscle). Carnosine is also highly concentrated in brain tissues. Carnosine has been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes formed from peroxidation of fatty acids during oxidative stress. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against divalent metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, as well as its ROS and free radicals scavenging ability (PMID: 16406688). Carnosine also buffers muscle cells, and acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies (PMID: 16804013). Some autistic patients take carnosine as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. A positive association between muscle tissue carnosine concentration and exercise performance has been found. β-Alanine supplementation is thought increase exercise performance by promoting carnosine production in muscle. Exercise has conversely been found to increase muscle carnosine concentrations, and muscle carnosine content is higher in athletes engaging in anaerobic exercise. Carnosine is also a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Elevated levels of urinary and plasma carnosine are associated with carnosinuria (also known as carnosinemia), which is an inborn error of metabolism. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme carnosinase. Carnosinas cleaves carnosine into its constituent amino acids: β-Alanine and histidine. Carnonsinemia results in an excess of carnosine in the urine, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and nervous tissue. A variety of neurological symptoms have been associated with carnosinemia. They include: hypotonia, developmental delay, mental retardation, degeneration of axons, sensory neuropathy, tremors, demyelinization, gray matter anomalies, myoclonic seizures, and loss of purkinje fibers. [Spectral] Carnosine (exact mass = 226.10659) and L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. L-Carnosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=305-84-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 305-84-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging. L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging. L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging.
L-Threoneopterin
L-Threoneopterin is a catabolic product of GTP. It is synthesized by macrophages upon stimulation by interferon-gamma. It is used as a marker of HIV infection. It belongs to the chemical group known as pterins. Neopterin is a pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections (From Stedman, 26th ed). Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. Neopterin is a catabolic product of GTP. It is synthesised by macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. It is used as a marker of HIV infection. It belongs to the chemical group known as pterins.A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. [HMDB] Neopterin (D-(+)-Neopterin), a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTM), serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation.
Guanidinoacetate
Guanidoacetic acid (GAA), also known as guanidinoacetate or glycocyamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Guanidinoacetic acid was first prepared in 1861 by Adolph Strecker by reaction of cyanamide with glycine in aqueous solution. Manufactured guanidinoacetic acid is primarily used a feed additive approved by EFSA in poultry farming (for fattening), and pigs for fattening. Guanidoacetic acid exists naturally in all vertebrates. It is formed primarily in the kidneys by transferring the guanidine group of L-arginine to the amino acid glycine via the enzyme known as L-Arg:Gly-amidinotransferase (AGAT). In a further step, guanidinoacetate is methylated to generate creatine using S-adenosyl methionine (as the methyl donor) via the enzyme known as guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT). The resulting creatine is released into the bloodstream. Elevated levels of guanidoacetic acid are a characteristic of an inborn metabolic disorder known as Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase (GAMT) Deficiency. GAMT converts guanidinoacetate to creatine and deficiency of this enzyme results in creatine depletion and accumulation of guanidinoacetate The disorder is transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion and is localized to mutations on chromosome 19p13.3. GAMT deficiency is characterized by developmental arrest, medication-resistant epilepsy (myoclonic, generalized tonic-clonic, partial complex, atonic), severe speech impairment, progressive dystonia, dyskinesias, hypotonia, ataxia, and autistic-like behavior. Guanidino acetic acid, also known as guanidinoacetate or glycocyamine, belongs to alpha amino acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Guanidino acetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Guanidino acetic acid can be found in apple and loquat, which makes guanidino acetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Guanidino acetic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cellular cytoplasm, feces, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as in human brain, kidney and liver tissues. In humans, guanidino acetic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include arginine and proline metabolism and glycine and serine metabolism. Guanidino acetic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency (DHPD), hyperprolinemia type II, prolinemia type II, and hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria [hhh-syndrome]. Moreover, guanidino acetic acid is found to be associated with chronic renal failure and schizophrenia. Guanidino acetic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Chronic Exposure: Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D000345 - Affinity Labels Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Hippurate
C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C255 - Urinary Anti-Infective Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 130 KEIO_ID H065 Hippuric Acid (2-Benzamidoacetic acid), an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, is a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food. Hippuric Acid (2-Benzamidoacetic acid), an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, is a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food.
Hypoxanthine
Hypoxanthine, also known as purine-6-ol or Hyp, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purines. Purines are a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Hypoxanthine is also classified as an oxopurine, Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Hypoxanthine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as radish (var.), mountain yams, welsh onions, greenthread tea, and common beets. Hypoxanthine is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids, where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. Biologically, hypoxanthine can be formed a number of ways. For instance, it is one of the products of the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine. However, more frequently xanthine is formed from oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase. The enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase converts hypoxanthine into IMP in the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine is also a spontaneous deamination product of adenine. Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid. In this process, hypoxanthine is first oxidized to xanthine, which is further oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Molecular oxygen, the oxidant in both reactions, is reduced to H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species. In humans, uric acid is the final product of purine degradation and is excreted in the urine. Within humans, hypoxanthine participates in a number of other enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from inosine through its interaction with the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Hypoxanthine is also involved in the metabolic disorder called the purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a disorder of the immune system (primary immunodeficiency) characterized by recurrent infections, neurologic symptoms, and autoimmune disorders. PNP deficiency causes a shortage of white blood cells, called T-cells, that help fight infection. Affected individuals develop neurologic symptoms, such as stiff or rigid muscles (spasticity), uncoordinated movements (ataxia), developmental delay, and intellectual disability. PNP deficiency is associated with an increased risk to develop autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune neutropenia, thyroiditis, and lupus. [Spectral] Hypoxanthine (exact mass = 136.03851) and Adenine (exact mass = 135.0545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Occurs widely in plant and animal tissue (CCD). Hypoxanthine is found in many foods, some of which are japanese chestnut, parsnip, okra, and horned melon. Hypoxanthine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=68-94-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 68-94-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.
Prednisone
Prednisone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [PubChem]Prednisone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. It is first metabolized in the liver to its active form, prednisolone. Prednisolone crosses cell membranes and binds with high affinity to specific cytoplasmic receptors. The result includes inhibition of leukocyte infiltration at the site of inflammation, interference in the function of mediators of inflammatory response, suppression of humoral immune responses, and reduction in edema or scar tissue. The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, lipocortins, which control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3926; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3924 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8093; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8092 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3954; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3949 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8001; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7998 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3955; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3954 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8041; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8039 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3945; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3943 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8089; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8086 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8045; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8040 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3963; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3961 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8093; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8091 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 573; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3943; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3941 A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07E - Intestinal antiinflammatory agents > A07EA - Corticosteroids acting locally H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H02 - Corticosteroids for systemic use > H02A - Corticosteroids for systemic use, plain > H02AB - Glucocorticoids D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D005938 - Glucocorticoids C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant > C211 - Therapeutic Corticosteroid COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3243 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2196 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2401 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections. [PubChem]Sulfadoxine is a sulfa drug, often used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat malaria. This medicine may also be used to prevent malaria in people who are living in, or will be traveling to, an area where there is a chance of getting malaria. Sulfadoxine targets Plasmodium dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase. Sulfa drugs or Sulfonamides are antimetabolites. They compete with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for incorporation into folic acid. The action of sulfonamides exploits the difference between mammal cells and other kinds of cells in their folic acid metabolism. All cells require folic acid for growth. Folic acid (as a vitamin) diffuses or is transported into human cells. However, folic acid cannot cross bacterial (and certain protozoan) cell walls by diffusion or active transport. For this reason bacteria must synthesize folic acid from p-aminobenzoic acid. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1010
Edetic Acid
Edetic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a chelating agent (chelating agents) that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. [PubChem]The pharmacologic effects of edetate calcium disodium are due to the formation of chelates with divalent and trivalent metals. A stable chelate will form with any metal that has the ability to displace calcium from the molecule, a feature shared by lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron and mercury. The amounts of manganese and iron metabolized are not significant. Copper is not mobilized and mercury is unavailable for chelation because it is too tightly bound to body ligands or it is stored in inaccessible body compartments. The excretion of calcium by the body is not increased following intravenous administration of edetate calcium disodium, but the excretion of zinc is considerably increased. D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents > D065096 - Calcium Chelating Agents C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C263 - Anticoagulant Agent D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants
Uric acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic purine derivative that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism. It is a weak acid distributed throughout the extracellular fluid as sodium urate. Uric acid is produced by the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which oxidizes oxypurines such as xanthine into uric acid. In most mammals, except humans and higher primates, the enzyme uricase further oxidizes uric acid to allantoin. Interestingly, during the Miocene epoch (~15-20 million years ago), two distinct mutations in the primate genome occurred that led to a nonfunctioning uricase gene. Consequently, humans, apes, and certain New World monkeys have much higher uric acid levels (>120 μM) compared with other mammals (<<120 uM). The loss of uricase in higher primates parallels the similar loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid vitamin C. This may be because in higher primates uric acid partially replaces ascorbic acid. Like ascorbic acid, uric acid is an antioxidant. In fact, in primates, uric acid is the major antioxidant in serum and is thought to be a major factor in lengthening life-span and decreasing age-specific cancer rates in humans and other primates (PMID: 6947260). Uric acid is also the end product of nitrogen metabolism in birds and reptiles. In these animal species, it is excreted in feces as a dry mass. In humans and other mammals, the amount of urate in the blood depends on the dietary intake of purines, the level of endogenous urate biosynthesis, and the rate of urate excretion. Several kidney urate transporters are involved in the regulation of plasma urate levels. These include the urate transporter 1 (URAT1), which controls the reabsorption of urate as well as a number of organic ion transporters (OAT), such as OAT1 and OAT3, and the ATP-dependent urate export transporter MRP4. URAT1 is believed to be most critical in the regulation of plasma urate levels. (PMID: 17890445) High levels of plasma uric acid lead to a condition called hyperuricemia while low levels are associated with a condition called hypouricemia. Hyperuricemia has been defined as a uric acid concentration greater than 380 μM, while hypouricemia is generally defined as a urate concentration of less than 120 μM. Hyperuricemia can arise from a number of factors, including both acute and chronic causes. Acute causes of hyperuricemia include the intake of large amounts of alcohol, tumor lysis syndrome and a diet that is rich in purines or proteins. Chronic hyperuricemia can arise from a reduction in the kidney’s glomerular filtration rate, a decrease in the excretion of urate or an increase in overall tubular absorption in the kidneys. Hyperuricemia has been linked to a number of diseases and conditions, including gout, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and renal disease. Uric acid has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Many of the causes of hyperuricemia are correctable either with lifestyle changes or drugs. Lifestyle changes include reducing weight and reducing the consumption of protein, purines, and alcohol. There are two kinds of drugs that can be used to treat chronic hyperuricemia. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, such as allopurinol, inhibit the production of urate by blocking urate synthesis. Alternately, uricosuric drugs, such as probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, and benzpromarone, are used to reduce the serum urate concentration through the inhibition of the URAT1 transporter. (PMID: 17890445). Uric acid (especially crystalline uric acid) is also thought to be an essential initiator and amplifier of allergic inflammation for asthma and peanut allergies (PMID: 21474346). Uric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=69-93-2 (retrieved 2024-07-17) (CAS RN: 69-93-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation[1][2]. Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation[1][2].
Lidocaine
Lidocaine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [PubChem]Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses thereby effecting local anesthetic action. Lidocaine alters signal conduction in neurons by blocking the fast voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels in the neuronal cell membrane that are responsible for signal propagation. With sufficient blockage the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron will not depolarize and will thus fail to transmit an action potential. This creates the anaesthetic effect by not merely preventing pain signals from propagating to the brain but by aborting their birth in the first place. D - Dermatologicals > D04 - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04A - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04AB - Anesthetics for topical use C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05A - Agents for treatment of hemorrhoids and anal fissures for topical use > C05AD - Local anesthetics C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01B - Antiarrhythmics, class i and iii > C01BB - Antiarrhythmics, class ib D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026941 - Sodium Channel Blockers > D061567 - Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AD - Anesthetics, local S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02D - Other otologicals > S02DA - Analgesics and anesthetics S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01H - Local anesthetics > S01HA - Local anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local > N01BB - Amides COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2572 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker KEIO_ID L034; [MS2] KO009034 KEIO_ID L034 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Lidocaine (Lignocaine) inhibits sodium channels involving complex voltage and using dependence[1]. Lidocaine decreases growth, migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells via up-regulating miR-145 expression and further inactivation of MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Lidocaine is an amide derivative and has potential for the research of ventricular arrhythmia[2].
Angiotensin IV
Angiotensin IV is one of the N-terminal angiotensin degradation products of angiotensin II. Angiotensin IV (AngIV) mediates important physiologic functions in the central nervous system, including blood flow regulation, processes underlying to learning and memory, and presents anticonvulsant activity. The presence of AngIV-specific binding sites has been identified in various mammalian tissues, including blood vessels, heart, kidney, and brain. Besides the presence of AngIV binding sites in the cardiovascular system, the major AngIV synthesizing enzymes aminopeptidase N (APN) and aminopeptidase B (APB) are also expressed in different cell types of this system. AngIV activates several protein kinases, including phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, PI-dependent kinase-1, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), protein kinase B-α/Akt, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. AngIV could contribute to vascular damage, increasing the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, the main chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, and up-regulates the expression of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 that is involved in the attachment and transmigration of circulating cells into the damaged tissue. (PMID: 17210474) [HMDB] Angiotensin IV is one of the N-terminal angiotensin degradation products of angiotensin II. Angiotensin IV (AngIV) mediates important physiologic functions in the central nervous system, including blood flow regulation, processes underlying to learning and memory, and presents anticonvulsant activity. The presence of AngIV-specific binding sites has been identified in various mammalian tissues, including blood vessels, heart, kidney, and brain. Besides the presence of AngIV binding sites in the cardiovascular system, the major AngIV synthesizing enzymes aminopeptidase N (APN) and aminopeptidase B (APB) are also expressed in different cell types of this system. AngIV activates several protein kinases, including phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, PI-dependent kinase-1, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), protein kinase B-α/Akt, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. AngIV could contribute to vascular damage, increasing the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, the main chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, and up-regulates the expression of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 that is involved in the attachment and transmigration of circulating cells into the damaged tissue. (PMID: 17210474). D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Erythritol
Erythritol is a sugar alcohol (or polyol), used as a food additive and sugar substitute. It is naturally occurring and is made from corn using enzymes and fermentation. Its formula is C4H10O4, or HO(CH2)(CHOH)2(CH2)OH; specifically, one particular stereoisomer with that formula. Erythritol is 60–70\\\\\% as sweet as sucrose (table sugar), yet it is almost noncaloric and does not affect blood sugar or cause tooth decay. Erythritol occurs widely in nature and has been found to occur naturally in several foods including wine, sake, beer, watermelon, pear, grape, and soy sauce. Evidence indicates that erythritol also exists endogenously in the tissues and body fluids of humans and animals. Erythritol is absorbed from the proximal intestine by passive diffusion in a manner similar to that of many low molecular weight organic molecules which do not have associated active transport systems. The rate of absorption is related to their molecular size. It passes through the intestinal membranes at a faster rate than larger molecules such as mannitol or glucose. In diabetics, erythritol has also been shown to be rapidly absorbed and excreted unchanged in the urine. Following absorption, ingested erythritol is rapidly distributed throughout the body and has been reported to occur in hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Erythritol also has been reported to cross the human placenta and to pass slowly from the plasma into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (PMID:9862657). Erythritol is found to be associated with ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Bulk sweetener with good taste props. Not metabolised, excreted unchanged in urine. Less sweet than sucrose. Use not yet permitted in most countries (1997). GRAS status for use as a sweetener, thickener, stabiliser, humectant, etc. in food meso-Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in a variety of foods (e.g., pear, watermelon), is 60-80\\% as sweet as sucrose, and is an approved low-calorie sweetener food additive[1]. meso-Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in a variety of foods (e.g., pear, watermelon), is 60-80\% as sweet as sucrose, and is an approved low-calorie sweetener food additive[1].
Dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the penicillins which is resistant to penicillinase. [PubChem]Dicloxacillin exerts a bactericidal action against penicillin-susceptible microorganisms during the state of active multiplication. All penicillins inhibit the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, dicloxacillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that dicloxacillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CF - Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Aciclovir
Aciclovir is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a guanosine analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes. [PubChem]Viral (HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV) thymidine kinase converts aciclovir to the aciclovir monophosphate, which is then converted to the diphosphate by cellular guanylate kinase, and finally to the triphosphate by phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and pyruvate kinase. Aciclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase and competes with the natural deoxyguanosine triphosphate, for incorporation into viral DNA. Once incorporated, aciclovir triphosphate inhibits DNA synthesis by acting as a chain terminator. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AB - Nucleosides and nucleotides excl. reverse transcriptase inhibitors D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BB - Antivirals S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AD - Antivirals D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent KEIO_ID A071; [MS2] KO008862 KEIO_ID A071 Acyclovir (Aciclovir) is a potent, orally active antiviral agent. Acyclovir has antiherpetic activity with IC50 values of 0.85 μM and 0.86 μM for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Acyclovir induces cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis. Acyclovir prevents bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia[1][2][3][4].
Taxol B
Taxol B is a natural product found in Corylus avellana, Taxus wallichiana, and other organisms with data available. Cephalomannine is a diterpene taxane obtained from the bark and leaves of the yew tree (Taxus brevifolia) and can convert to taxol. (NCI) Cephalomannine is a Paclitaxel (HY-B0015) alkaloidal analog and isolated from most Cephalotaxus species. Cephalomannine is an orally active anti-tumor agent and can be used as a chemotherapy agent for cancer research[1][2]. Cephalomannine is a Paclitaxel (HY-B0015) alkaloidal analog that can be isolated from most Cephalotaxus species. Cephalomannine is an orally active anti-tumor agent and can be used as a chemotherapy agent for cancer research[1][2][3][4]. Cephalomannine is a Paclitaxel (HY-B0015) alkaloidal analog and isolated from most Cephalotaxus species. Cephalomannine is an orally active anti-tumor agent and can be used as a chemotherapy agent for cancer research[1][2].
Testosterone cypionate
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D045930 - Anabolic Agents D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid
Melphalan
An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - melphalan, the racemic mixture - merphalan, and the dextro isomer - medphalan; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen. [PubChem] L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D019653 - Myeloablative Agonists D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Tobramycin
Tobramycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. It is a 10\\\% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [PubChem]Tobramycin binds irreversibly to one of two aminoglycoside binding sites on the 30 S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Tobramycin may also destabilize bacterial memebrane by binding to 16 S 16 S r-RNA. An active transport mechanism for aminoglycoside uptake is necessary in the bacteria in order to attain a significant intracellular concentration of tobramycin. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Tobramycin (Nebramycin Factor 6) is a parenterally administered, broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that is widely used in the treatment of moderate to severe bacterial infections due to sensitive organisms[1].Tobramycin can be used to pneumonia research caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa[2][3].
Netilmicin
Netilmicin is a semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. [PubChem] Netilmicin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with mRNA binding and the acceptor tRNA site. The bactericidal effect of netilmiicin is not fully understood. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
Cyanuric acid
Because of their trifunctionality, CYA is a precursor to crosslinking agents, especially for polyurethane resins. Cyanuric acid or 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol is a chemical compound with the formula (CNOH)3. Like many industrially useful chemicals, this triazine has many synonyms. This white, odorless solid finds use as a precursor or a component of bleaches, disinfectants, and herbicides. In 1997, worldwide production was 160 million kilograms.
10-Deacetylbaccatin III
relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.908 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.907 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.902 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.898 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2261 10-Deacetylbaccatin-III is an intermediate for taxol analog preparations. IC50 value: Target: Taxols have exhibit antitumor agents. Several of these taxols can be synthesized from 10- Deacetylbaccatin-III. 10-Deacetylbaccine III is the fifth intermediate of paclitaxel biosynthesis. The biosynthetic pathway consists of approximately 20 enzymatic steps but is not fully elucidated. 10-Deacetylbaccine III is an antineoplastic agent and an anti-cancer intermediate. 10-Deacetylbaccatin-III is an intermediate for taxol analog preparations. IC50 value: Target: Taxols have exhibit antitumor agents. Several of these taxols can be synthesized from 10- Deacetylbaccatin-III. 10-Deacetylbaccine III is the fifth intermediate of paclitaxel biosynthesis. The biosynthetic pathway consists of approximately 20 enzymatic steps but is not fully elucidated. 10-Deacetylbaccine III is an antineoplastic agent and an anti-cancer intermediate.
Phenylethylmalonamide
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2499
Cilastatin
A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4. [PubChem] D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2129
Cloxacillin
Cloxacillin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of oxacillin. [PubChem]By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, cloxacillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cloxacillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CF - Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Ifosfamide
Ifosfamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a positional isomer of cyclophosphamide which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of ifosfamide has not been determined, but appears to be similar to other alkylating agents. Ifosfamide requires biotransformation in the liver by mixed-function oxidases (cytochrome P450 system) before it becomes active. After metabolic activation, active metabolites of ifosfamide alkylate or bind with many intracellular molecular structures, including nucleic acids. The cytotoxic action is primarily through the alkylation of DNA, done by attaching the N-7 position of guanine to its reactive electrophilic groups. The formation of inter and intra strand cross-links in the DNA results in cell death. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 895; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7346; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7344 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 895; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7289; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7287 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 895; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7327; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7323 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 895; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7274; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7272 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 895; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7310; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7308 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 895; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7330; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7329 L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D010752 - Phosphoramide Mustards C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2683 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2723 D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents
Cephapirin
Cephapirin is an injectable, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has a wide spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The bactericidal activity of cephapirin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cephapirin is more resistant to beta-lactamases than the penicillins, and therefore is effective against staphylococci, with the exception of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Cephapirin is FDA approved for use in food-producing animals, especially dairy cattle. Cephapirin is used for the treatment of mastitis in cows. Production for use in humans has been discontinued in the United States. It is marketed under the trade name Cefadyl. Active against gram-positive and -negative bacteria (vet. use). FDA approved for use in food producing animals, especies dairy cattle. It is used for the treatment of mastitis in cows J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DB - First-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Cyclophosphamide
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of lymphoma and leukemia. Its side effect, alopecia, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [PubChem] L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D010752 - Phosphoramide Mustards C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D019653 - Myeloablative Agonists D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4119 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2727 D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents
4-Nitroaniline
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1340; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2935; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2934 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1340; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2902; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2900 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1340; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2938; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2937 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1340; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2922; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2921 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1340; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2945; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2944 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1340; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2892; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2890 KEIO_ID N012
Isatidine
Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Alkaloids derived from ornithine, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.363 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.358 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.361 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2325 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 177 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 117 INTERNAL_ID 147; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 147 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 137 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 157 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 167 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 127 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 107 D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Retrorsine is a naturally occurring toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Retrorsine can bind with DNA and inhibits the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes. Retrorsine can be used for the research of hepatocellular injury[1][2]. Retrorsine is a naturally occurring toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Retrorsine can bind with DNA and inhibits the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes. Retrorsine can be used for the research of hepatocellular injury[1][2].
Phosphatidylcholine O-34:2
Phosphatidylcholine O-34:2, also known as Thimet or O,O-Diethyl S-ethylmercaptomethyl dithiophosphate, is classified as a member of the Dithiophosphate O-esters. Dithiophosphate O-esters are o-ester derivatives of dithiophosphates, with the general structure RSP(O)(O)=S (R = organyl group). Phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals
Thalidomide
A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [PubChem] CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 427; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4434; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4432 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 427; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4447; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4445 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 427; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4440; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4437 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 427; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4431; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4428 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 427; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4457; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4455 DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 427; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4447; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4445 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 427; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4523; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4521 C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C129820 - Antineoplastic Immunomodulating Agent > C157388 - Immunomodulatory Imide Drug COVID info from Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L04 - Immunosuppressants > L04A - Immunosuppressants D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007917 - Leprostatic Agents D006133 - Growth Substances > D043924 - Angiogenesis Modulating Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D020533 - Angiogenesis Inhibitors D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1742 - Angiogenesis Inhibitor C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant D006133 - Growth Substances > D006131 - Growth Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D013723 - Teratogens Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Tenofovir
Tenofovir is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. Tenofovir, marketed by Gilead Sciences under the trade name Viread®, belongs to a class of antiretroviral drugs known as nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTIs), which block reverse transcriptase, an enzyme crucial to viral production in HIV-infected people. [Wikipedia]Tenofovir inhibits the activity of HIV reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. Specifically, the drugs are analogues of the naturally occurring deoxynucleotides needed to synthesize the viral DNA and they compete with the natural deoxynucleotides for incorporation into the growing viral DNA chain. However, unlike the natural deoxynucleotides substrates, NRTIs and NtRTIs (nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors) lack a 3-hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety. As a result, following incorporation of an NRTI or an NtRTI, the next incoming deoxynucleotide cannot form the next 5-3 phosphodiester bond needed to extend the DNA chain. Thus, when an NRTI or NtRTI is incorporated, viral DNA synthesis is halted, a process known as chain termination. All NRTIs and NtRTIs are classified as competitive substrate inhibitors. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Tenofovir (GS 1278) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor to treat HIV and chronic Hepatitis B (HBV)[1].
Zidovudine
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [PubChem] J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites > D015224 - Dideoxynucleosides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), widely used to treat HIV infection. Zidovudine increases CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing frequency.
Thromboxane B2
Thromboxanes. A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin). -- Pubchem. Thromboxanes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Thromboxanes
6-Keto-prostaglandin F1a
6-keto-Prostaglandin F1a is the physiologically active and stable metabolite of prostacyclin. (A prostaglandin found in nearly all mammalian tissue that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation; it is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue; the sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (Hypertension, Pulmonary). A delayed and prolonged increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha is reported in animals with septic shock, i.e., those with fecal peritonitis or cecal ligation. 6-keto-Prostaglandin F1a plasma levels has been found increased in patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever, in patients with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis, in patients with gynecologic cancer and has significant correlation with the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. (PMID 1976492, 2298410, 2379443, 2111556)Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. 6-keto-Prostaglandin F1a is the physiologically active and stable metabolite of prostacyclin. (A prostaglandin found in nearly all mammalian tissue that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation; it is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue; the sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (Hypertension, Pulmonary).
Tetrahydrocortisone
Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure and blood sugar levels and suppresses the immune system. Synthetic cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone, is used as a drug mainly to fight allergies and inflammation. -- Wikipedia; As an oral or injectable drug, cortisol is also known as hydrocortisone. It is used as an immunosuppressive drug, given by injection in the treatment of severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and angioedema, in place of prednisolone in patients who need steroid treatment but cannot take oral medication, and peri-operatively in patients on long-term steroid treatment to prevent an Addisonian crisis. -- Wikipedia [HMDB] Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure and blood sugar levels and suppresses the immune system. Synthetic cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone, is used as a drug mainly to fight allergies and inflammation. -- Wikipedia; As an oral or injectable drug, cortisol is also known as hydrocortisone. It is used as an immunosuppressive drug, given by injection in the treatment of severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and angioedema, in place of prednisolone in patients who need steroid treatment but cannot take oral medication, and peri-operatively in patients on long-term steroid treatment to prevent an Addisonian crisis. -- Wikipedia. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Tetrahydrocortisone is a stress-induced hormone. Tetrahydrocortisone is also a urinary metabolite of Cortisone derived from the reduction of Cortisone by 5-reductase[1].
Diflunisal
Diflunisal, a salicylate derivative, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) with pharmacologic actions similar to other prototypical NSAIAs. Diflunisal possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Though its mechanism of action has not been clearly established, most of its actions appear to be associated with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway. Diflunisal is used to relieve pain accompanied with inflammation and in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02B - Other analgesics and antipyretics > N02BA - Salicylic acid and derivatives D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID D058
Abacavir
Abacavir is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a powerful nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used to treat HIV and AIDS. [Wikipedia]Abacavir is a carbocyclic synthetic nucleoside analogue. Intracellularly, abacavir is converted by cellular enzymes to the active metabolite carbovir triphosphate, an analogue of deoxyguanosine-5-triphosphate (dGTP). Carbovir triphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with the natural substrate dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites > D015224 - Dideoxynucleosides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent
Lamivudine
Lamivudine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis B (HBV).Lamivudine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue and is phosphorylated intracellularly to its active 5-triphosphate metabolite, lamivudine triphosphate (L-TP). This nucleoside analogue is incorporated into viral DNA by HIV reverse transcriptase and HBV polymerase, resulting in DNA chain termination. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites > D015224 - Dideoxynucleosides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Lamivudine (BCH-189) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Lamivudine can inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase 1/2 and also the reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B virus. Lamivudine salicylate can penetrate the CNS[1][2].
Prostaglandin F1a
Prostaglandin F1a is derived mainly from Prostaglandin E1, and is metabolized to 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1a. Prostaglandin F1a is excreted directly into the urine. Prostaglandin F1a contracts the circular muscle of the gut in opposition to the Prostaglandins of the E series. Prostaglandin F1a is a cytoprotector, protecting mucosal tissue from damage produced by ulcerogenic stimuli.Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Prostaglandin F1a is derived mainly from Prostaglandin E1, and is metabolized to 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1a. Prostaglandin F1a is excreted directly into the urine. Prostaglandin F1a contracts the circular muscle of the gut in opposition to the Prostaglandins of the E series. Prostaglandin F1a is a cytoprotector, protecting mucosal tissue from damage produced by ulcerogenic stimuli.
3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol
3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol is one of the tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. The 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) is responsible for the interconversion of both the hormonally inactive cortisone and the active cortisol, which has implications in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, as reflected in the ratio of tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. (PMID: 16310418). The daily excretion of allotetrahydrocortisol is above normal in hyperthyroid patients; In contrast, in hyperthyroidism the excretion is diminished below normal levels to approximately half that of normal subjects. (PMID 13906284). A decreased activity of the enzyme 11beta-HSD produces a pattern of urinary steroid metabolites with an abnormal elevation of tetrahydrocortisol and allo-tetrahydrocortisol compared to tetrahydrocortisone; this pattern of steroid excretion is essential for the diagnosis of the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess type 1. (PMID: 8834992). 3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol is one of the tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. The 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) is responsible for the interconversion of both the hormonally inactive cortisone and the active cortisol, which has implications in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, as reflected in the ratio of tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. (PMID: 16310418) D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Tetrahydrocortisol is cortisol metabolite. The urinary Tetrahydrocortisol/Tetrahydrocortisone ratio decreases with increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) activity[1][2].
Dimethylglycine
Dimethylglycine (DMG) is an amino acid derivative found in the cells of all plants and animals and can be obtained in the diet in small amounts from grains and meat. The human body produces DMG when metabolizing choline into glycine. Dimethylglycine that is not metabolized in the liver is transported by the circulatory system to body tissue. Dimethylglycine was popular with Russian athletes and cosmonauts owing to its reputed ability to increase endurance and reduce fatigue. DMG is also a byproduct of homocysteine metabolism. Homocysteine and betaine are converted to methionine and N,N-dimethylglycine by betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. DMG in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of legumes. It is also a microbial metabolite (PMID: 25901889). Dimethylglycine (DMG) is an amino acid derivative found in the cells of all plants and animals and can be obtained in the diet in small amounts from grains and meat. The human body produces DMG when metabolizing choline into Glycine. Dimethylglycine that is not metabolized in the liver is transported by the circulatory system to body tissue. Dimethylglycine was popular with Russian athletes and cosmonauts owing to its reputed ability to increase endurance and reduce fatigue. DMG is also a byproduct of homocysteine metabolism. Homocysteine and betaine are converted to methionine and N, N-dimethylglycine by betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. [HMDB]. Dimethylglycine in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of legumes. N,N-Dimethylglycine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1118-68-9 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 1118-68-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). N-Methylsarcosine is an amino acid building block for protein, found in a small amount in the body.
2-Furoic acid
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer. 2-Furancarboxylic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=88-14-2 (retrieved 2024-07-10) (CAS RN: 88-14-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation[1]. 2-Furoic acid exhibits hypolipidemic effet, lowers both serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in rats[2]. 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation[1]. 2-Furoic acid exhibits hypolipidemic effet, lowers both serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in rats[2]. 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation[1]. 2-Furoic acid exhibits hypolipidemic effet, lowers both serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in rats[2].
p-Cresol
para-Cresol, also 4-methylphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4(OH). P-cresol is a cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals. It has a role as a uremic toxin, a human metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a colourless solid that is widely used intermediate in the production of other chemicals. It is a derivative of phenol and is an isomer of o-cresol and m-cresol. It is a partially lipophilic moiety which strongly binds to plasma protein (close to 100\\%) under normal conditions. p-Cresol is metabolized through conjugation, mainly sulphation and glucuronization, but removal of the unconjugated p-cresol is, at least in part, via the urine. Therefore it is not surprising that this compound, together with several other phenoles, is retained when the kidneys fail. P-Cresol is an end-product of protein breakdown, and an increase of the nutritional protein load in healthy individuals results in enhanced generation and urinary excretion. The serum p-cresol concentration in uremic patients can be decreased by changing to a low-protein diet. p-Cresol is one of the metabolites of the amino acid tyrosine, and to a certain extent also of phenylalanine, which are converted to 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid by intestinal bacteria, before being decarboxylated to p-cresol (putrefaction). The main contributing bacteria are aerobes (mainly enterobacteria), but to a certain extent also anaerobes play a role (mainly Clostridium perfringens). In uremia, modifications in the intestinal flora result in the specific overgrowth of bacteria that are specific p-cresol producers. The administration of antibiotics reduces urinary excretion of p-cresol, as a result of the liquidation of the producing bacteria. Environmental factors might also contribute. The liver cytochrome P450 metabolizes toluene to benzyl alcohol, but also to o-cresol and p-cresol. Toluene is not only used industrially, but it is also the most widely abusively inhaled solvent. Furthermore, p-cresol is a metabolite of menthofuran, one of the metabolites of R-(+)-pulegone, which is found in extracts from the plants Mentha pulegium and Hedeoma pulegioides, commonly known as pennyroyal oil and pennyroyal tea. These extracts are popular as unconventional herbal therapeutic agents and are applied as abortiva, diaphoretics, emmenagogues, and psychedelic drugs. Pennyroyal oil is extensively used for its pleasant mint-like smell in the flavoring industry. The toxicity of pennyroyal oil and menthofuran is well known. Another compound used in traditional medicine, especially in Japan, which is a precursor of p-cresol is wood tar creosote. p-Cresol has been reported to affect several biochemical, biological and physiological functions: (i) it diminishes the oxygen uptake of rat cerebral cortex slices; (ii) it increases the free active drug concentration of warfarin and diazepam; (iii) it has been related to growth retardation in the weanling pig; (iv) it alters cell membrane permeability, at least in bacteria; (v) it induces LDH leakage from rat liver slices; (vi) it induces susceptibility to auditive epileptic crises; and (vii) it blocks cell K+ channels. (PMID:10570076). p-Cresol is a uremic toxin that is at least partially removed by peritoneal dialysis in haemodialysis patients, and has been involved in the progression of renal failure (PMID:11169029). At concentrations encountered during uremia, p-cresol inhibits phagocyte function and decreases leukocyte adhesion to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells. (PMID:14681860). p-Cresol can be found in Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterobacter and Lactobacillus (PMID:2394806; PMID:30208103). As a volatile organic compound, it has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID:30986230). Present in blackcurrant buds, asparagus, cooked cured pork, black tea, fermented tea, yellow passion fruit juice, malt, peated malt, kumazasa (Sasa albo-marginata), lambs lettuce, squid and cuttlefish. Flavouring ingredient. 4-Methylphenol is found in many foods, some of which are animal foods, cereals and cereal products, tamarind, and tarragon.
Urea
Urea is a highly soluble organic compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea is formed in a cyclic pathway known simply as the urea cycle. In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea. Urea is essentially a waste product; it has no physiological function. It is dissolved in blood (in humans in a concentration of 2.5 - 7.5 mmol/liter) and excreted by the kidney in the urine. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in human sweat. Urea is found to be associated with primary hypomagnesemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05B - I.v. solutions > B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis Formulation aid. Cattle feed supplement. Urea is found in many foods, some of which are globe artichoke, hickory nut, hard wheat, and cherry tomato. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02A - Emollients and protectives > D02AE - Carbamide products C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49187 - Osmotic Diuretic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
Emtricitabine
Emtricitabine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults. Emtricitabine works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that allows the virus to multiply by copying HIV RNA into new viral DNA. The drug competes with the reverse transcriptases natural substrate deoxycytidine 5-triphosphate and also becomes incorporated into viral DNA. This is a result of emtricitabine being a synthetic nucleoside analogue of cytidine. It is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine 5-triphosphate which competes with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5-triphosphate and becomes incorporated into nascent viral DNA, resulting in early chain termination. By inhibiting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, emtricitabine can help to lower the amount of HIV (viral load) in a patients body and can indirectly increase the number of immune system cells (T cells or CD4+ T-cells). Both of these changes are associated with healthier immune systems and a decreased likelihood of serious illness. Emtricitabine is always used in conjunction with other HIV medicine to treat people with HIV infection. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3106 Same as: D01199
1-Naphthylamine
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8002 D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens
Estrone glucuronide
Estrone-glucuronide is the dominant metabolite of estradiol. Estrone glucuronide is formed by a UDP glucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17, UTP) reaction creating a much more water-soluble form of the hormone; glucuronides are the most abundant estrogen conjugates. Measurement of estrone-glucuronide is used as one reference method for determining ovulation (immunotubes are available for measuring urinary estrone glucuronide in conjunction with LH, one of the most advanced of ovulation prediction products). (PMID: 14742773, 1755456) [HMDB] Estrone-glucuronide is the dominant metabolite of estradiol. Estrone glucuronide is formed by a UDP glucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17, UTP) reaction creating a much more water-soluble form of the hormone; glucuronides are the most abundant estrogen conjugates. Measurement of estrone-glucuronide is used as one reference method for determining ovulation (immunotubes are available for measuring urinary estrone glucuronide in conjunction with LH, one of the most advanced of ovulation prediction products). (PMID: 14742773, 1755456). D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8325
Riluzole
Riluzole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a glutamate antagonist (receptors, glutamate) used as an anticonvulsant (anticonvulsants) and to prolong the survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [PubChem]The mode of action of riluzole is unknown. Its pharmacological properties include the following, some of which may be related to its effect: 1) an inhibitory effect on glutamate release (activation of glutamate reuptake), 2) inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels, and 3) ability to interfere with intracellular events that follow transmitter binding at excitatory amino acid receptors. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D020011 - Protective Agents N - Nervous system Riluzole is an anticonvulsant agent and belongs to the family of use-dependent Na+ channel blocker which can also inhibit GABA uptake with an IC50 of 43 μM.
Vecuronium
Monoquaternary homolog of pancuronium. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents. [PubChem] D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents M - Musculo-skeletal system > M03 - Muscle relaxants > M03A - Muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists
Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is found in cereals and cereal products. Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is present in Medicago sativa (alfalfa Methyl β-D-Galactopyranoside is an endogenous metabolite.
Fosfomycin
Fosfomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae. [PubChem]Fosfomycin is a phosphoenolpyruvate analogue produced by Streptomyces that irreversibly inhibits enolpyruvate transferase (MurA), which prevents the formation of N-acetylmuramic acid, an essential element of the peptidoglycan cell wall. S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C255 - Urinary Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents
Spartioidine
A pyrrolizine alkaloid that is 13,19-didehydrosenecionane carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 12 and two oxo substituents at positions 11 and 16. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2297 [Raw Data] CB082b_Seneciphylline_pos_40eV_CB000034.txt [Raw Data] CB082b_Seneciphylline_pos_30eV_CB000034.txt [Raw Data] CB082b_Seneciphylline_pos_20eV_CB000034.txt [Raw Data] CB082b_Seneciphylline_pos_10eV_CB000034.txt [Raw Data] CB082b_Seneciphylline_pos_50eV_CB000034.txt Seneciphylline is a toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid in Gynura japonica[1]. Seneciphylline significantly increases the activities of epoxide hydrase and glutathione-S-transferase but causes reduction of cytochrome P-450 and related monooxygenase activities[2].
Betaine aldehyde
Betaine aldehyde, also known as BTL, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetraalkylammonium salts. These are organonitrogen compounds containing a quaternary ammonium substituted with four alkyl chains. Betaine aldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). In humans, betaine aldehyde is involved in betaine metabolism. Outside of the human body, betaine aldehyde has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdoughs, summer savouries, loganberries, burbots, and celery stalks. This could make betaine aldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Betaine aldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine, and threonine. The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) facilitates the conversion of betaine aldehyde into glycine betaine. Betaine aldehyde is a substrate for choline dehydrogenase (PMID: 12467448, 7646513). Betaine aldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine and threonine. The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) facilitates the conversion of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine. Betaine aldehyde is a substrate for Choline dehydrogenase (mitochondrial). (PMID: 12467448, 7646513) [HMDB]. Betaine aldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are celery leaves, pummelo, star anise, and grape. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID B044 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
phosphoramidon
A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors KEIO_ID P122
Vistamycin
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID R016
Sisomicin
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID S047; [MS3] KO009246 KEIO_ID S047; [MS2] KO009245 KEIO_ID S047
2-Hydroxybutyric acid
2-Hydroxybutyric acid (CAS: 600-15-7), also known as alpha-hydroxybutyrate, is an organic acid derived from alpha-ketobutyrate. alpha-Ketobutyrate is produced by amino acid catabolism (threonine and methionine) and glutathione anabolism (cysteine formation pathway) and is metabolized into propionyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (PMID: 20526369). 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is formed as a byproduct from the formation of alpha-ketobutyrate via a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alphaHBDH). alpha-Hydroxybutyric acid is primarily produced in mammalian hepatic tissues that catabolize L-threonine or synthesize glutathione. Oxidative stress or detoxification of xenobiotics in the liver can dramatically increase the rate of hepatic glutathione synthesis. Under such metabolic stress conditions, supplies of L-cysteine for glutathione synthesis become limiting, so homocysteine is diverted from the transmethylation pathway (which forms methionine) into the transsulfuration pathway (which forms cystathionine). alpha-Ketobutyrate is released as a byproduct when cystathionine is cleaved into cysteine that is incorporated into glutathione. Chronic shifts in the rate of glutathione synthesis may be reflected by urinary excretion of 2-hydroxybutyrate. 2-Hydroxybutyrate is an early marker for both insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation that appears to arise due to increased lipid oxidation and oxidative stress (PMID: 20526369). 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is often found in the urine of patients suffering from lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid generally appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g. birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. More recently it has been noted that elevated levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma is a good marker for early-stage type II diabetes (PMID: 19166731). It was concluded from studies done in the mid-1970s that an increased NADH2/NAD ratio was the most important factor for the production of 2-hydroxybutyric acid (PMID: 168632). 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is an organic acid that is involved in propanoate metabolism. It is produced in mammalian tissues (principaly hepatic) that catabolize L-threonine or synthesize glutathione. Oxidative stress or detoxification demands can dramatically increase the rate of hepatic glutathione synthesis. Under such metabolic stress conditions, supplies of L-cysteine for glutathione synthesis become limiting, so homocysteine is diverted from the transmethylation pathway forming methionine into the transsulfuration pathway forming cystathionine. 2-Hydroxybutyrate is released as a by-product when cystathionine is cleaved to cysteine that is incorporated into glutathione. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is often found in the urine of patients suffering from lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid generally appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g., birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. More recently it has been noted that elevated levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma is a good marker for early stage type II diabetes (PMID: 19166731). It was concluded from studies done in the mid 1970s that an increased NADH2/NAD ratio was the most important factor for the production of 2-hydorxybutyric acid (PMID: 168632) [HMDB] 2-Hydroxybutyric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=565-70-8 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 600-15-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is the S-enantiomer of?2-Hydroxybutanoic acid. 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, a coproduct of protein metabolism, is an insulin resistance (IR) biomarker[1].
Cyanidin 3-glucoside
Cyanidin 3-glucoside, also known as chrysanthenin or cyanidin 3-glucoside chloride (CAS: 7084-24-4), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyranones and derivatives. Pyranones and derivatives are compounds containing a pyran ring which bears a ketone. Cyanidin 3-glucoside is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, cyanidin 3-glucoside is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black elderberries, rubus (blackberry, raspberry), and bilberries and in a lower concentration in redcurrants, strawberries, and sweet oranges. Cyanidin 3-glucoside has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common pea, peaches, Tartary buckwheats, soft-necked garlic, and fats and oils. This could make cyanidin 3-glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Cyanidin (and its glycosides) is the most commonly occurring of the anthocyanins, a widespread group of pigments responsible for the red-blue colour of many fruits and vegetables (PMID: 14711454). BioTransformer predicts that cyanidin 3-glucoside is a product of cyanidin 3-sophoroside metabolism via a glycoside-hydrolysis reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the EC.3.2.1.X enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Found in many plants and fruits, e.g. cherries, olives and grapes
Nevadensin
Nevadensin, also known as pedunculin or 5,7-hydroxy-4,6,8-trimethoxyflavone, is a member of the class of compounds known as 8-o-methylated flavonoids. 8-o-methylated flavonoids are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C8 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, nevadensin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Nevadensin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nevadensin can be found in peppermint and sweet basil, which makes nevadensin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2]. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2].
Baccatin III
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.041 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.042 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.019 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.027 Baccatin III is a natural product isolated from Pacific yew tree and related species. Baccatin III reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs[1]. Baccatin III is a natural product isolated from Pacific yew tree and related species. Baccatin III reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs[1].
Estriol
Estriol is a metabolite of estrone metabolized via 16alpha-hydroxyestrone through the enzyme 16alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.147) or to 2- or 4-hydroxyestrone (catechol estrogens) by the action of catecho-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6). The latter metabolites can be formed in the brain and may compete with receptors for catecholamines. Metabolites are conjugated with sulfate or glucuronide before excretion by the kidney. During pregnancy, estriol constitutes 60-70\\\\% of the total estrogens, increasing to 300-500-fold in relation to non-pregnant women. The late term human fetus produces relatively large amounts of 16 alphahydroxy DHEA, which serves the mother as a precursor of estriol. It has been shown that 90\\\\% of the precursors for the formation of estriol are of fetal origin. If abnormal maternal serum screening results, specifically low levels of unconjugated estriol in the second trimester are detected, a diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS),or RSH is suspected. SLOS is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations of the gene encoding 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.21, DHCR7). (PMID: 16202579, 16112271, 16097001). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CA - Natural and semisynthetic estrogens, plain G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CC - Estrogens, combinations with other drugs Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. Estriol is found in common bean and pomegranate. C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Estriol is a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor antagonist that can act on estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. Estriol is a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor antagonist that can act on estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells.
1-Methylguanidine
Methylguanidine (MG) is a guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group. Methylguanidine is a guanidine compound deriving from protein catabolism. It is also a product of putrefaction. Methylguanidine has a role as a metabolite, an EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor and as a uremic toxin. It has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821). It accumulates in renal failure, however it also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. Methylguanidine is synthesized from creatinine concomitant with the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from endogenous substrates in peroxisomes. Recent evidence suggests that methylguanidine significantly inhibits iNOS activity and TNF- release. This means that methylguandine can attenuate the degree of inflammation and tissue damage associated with endotoxic shock. Methylguanidine (MG) is a guanidine compound deriving from protein catabolism. It is also a product of putrefaction. Methylguanidine is a suspected uraemic toxin that accumulates in renal failure, however it also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. Methylguanidine is synthesized from creatinine concomitant with the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from endogenous substrates in peroxisomes. Recent evidence suggests that methylguanidine significantly inhibits iNOS activity and TNF- release. This means that methylguandine can attenuate the degree of inflammation and tissue damage associated with endotoxic shock. Methylguanidine is found in loquat and apple. Methylguanidine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=471-29-4 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 471-29-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Penicillamine
Penicillamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilsons disease. [PubChem]Penicillamine is a chelating agent recommended for the removal of excess copper in patients with Wilsons disease. From in vitro studies which indicate that one atom of copper combines with two molecules of penicillamine. Penicillamine also reduces excess cystine excretion in cystinuria. This is done, at least in part, by disulfide interchange between penicillamine and cystine, resulting in formation of penicillamine-cysteine disulfide, a substance that is much more soluble than cystine and is excreted readily. Penicillamine interferes with the formation of cross-links between tropocollagen molecules and cleaves them when newly formed. The mechanism of action of penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis is unknown although it appears to suppress disease activity. Unlike cytotoxic immunosuppressants, penicillamine markedly lowers IgM rheumatoid factor but produces no significant depression in absolute levels of serum immunoglobulins. Also unlike cytotoxic immunosuppressants which act on both, penicillamine in vitro depresses T-cell activity but not B-cell activity. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01C - Specific antirheumatic agents > M01CC - Penicillamine and similar agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1742 - Angiogenesis Inhibitor > C1971 - Angiogenesis Activator Inhibitor D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000931 - Antidotes D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) is a penicillin metabolic degradation product, can be used as a heavy metal chelator. Penicillamine increases free copper and enhances oxidative stress. Penicillamine has effect of seizures through nitric oxide/NMDA pathways. Penicillamine is a potential immune modulator. Penicillamine can be used for the research of Wilson disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cystinuria[1][2][3][4].
Bicarbonate ion
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D002021 - Buffers > D001639 - Bicarbonates
Cinnamoyl-CoA
Cinnamoyl-coa is a member of the class of compounds known as 2-enoyl coas. 2-enoyl coas are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to a 2-enoyl chain. Cinnamoyl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cinnamoyl-coa can be found in sorghum, which makes cinnamoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A is an intermediate in the phenylpropanoids metabolic pathway .
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. In women, it is released mainly after distention of the cervix and vagina during labor, and after stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth and breastfeeding, respectively. Oxytocin is released during orgasm in both sexes. In the brain, oxytocin is involved in social recognition and bonding, and might be involved in the formation of trust between people. -- Wikipedia; In the pituitary gland, oxytocin is packaged in large, dense-core vesicles, where it is bound to neurophysin as shown in the inset of the figure; neurophysin is a large peptide fragment of the giant precursor protein molecule from which oxytocin is derived by enzymatic cleavage. -- Wikipedia; Oxytocin is a peptide of nine amino acids (a nonapeptide). The sequence is cysteine - tyrosine - isoleucine - glutamine - asparagine - cysteine - proline - leucine - glycine (CYIQNCPLG). The cysteine residues form a sulfur bridge. Oxytocin has a molecular mass of 1007 daltons. One international unit (IU) of oxytocin is the equivalent of about 2 micrograms of pure peptide. -- Wikipedia; Oxytocin has peripheral (hormonal) actions, and also has actions in the brain. The actions of oxytocin are mediated by specific, high affinity oxytocin receptors. The oxytocin receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor which requires Mg2+ and cholesterol. It belongs to the rhodopsin-type (class I) group of G-protein-coupled receptors. -- Wikipedia [HMDB] Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. In women, it is released mainly after distention of the cervix and vagina during labor, and after stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth and breastfeeding, respectively. Oxytocin is released during orgasm in both sexes. In the brain, oxytocin is involved in social recognition and bonding, and might be involved in the formation of trust between people. -- Wikipedia; In the pituitary gland, oxytocin is packaged in large, dense-core vesicles, where it is bound to neurophysin as shown in the inset of the figure; neurophysin is a large peptide fragment of the giant precursor protein molecule from which oxytocin is derived by enzymatic cleavage. -- Wikipedia; Oxytocin is a peptide of nine amino acids (a nonapeptide). The sequence is cysteine - tyrosine - isoleucine - glutamine - asparagine - cysteine - proline - leucine - glycine (CYIQNCPLG). The cysteine residues form a sulfur bridge. Oxytocin has a molecular mass of 1007 daltons. One international unit (IU) of oxytocin is the equivalent of about 2 micrograms of pure peptide. -- Wikipedia; Oxytocin has peripheral (hormonal) actions, and also has actions in the brain. The actions of oxytocin are mediated by specific, high affinity oxytocin receptors. The oxytocin receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor which requires Mg2+ and cholesterol. It belongs to the rhodopsin-type (class I) group of G-protein-coupled receptors. -- Wikipedia. H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H01 - Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues > H01B - Posterior pituitary lobe hormones > H01BB - Oxytocin and analogues C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2348 - Pituitary Agent D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Oxytocin (α-Hypophamine; Oxytocic hormone) is a pleiotropic, hypothalamic peptide known for facilitating parturition, lactation, and prosocial behaviors. Oxytocin can function as a stress-coping molecule with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective effects especially in the face of adversity or trauma[1][2].
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin I appears to have no biological activity and exists solely as a precursor to angiotensin 2. Angiotensin I is formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. Renin cleaves the peptide bond between the leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) residues on angiotensinogen, creating the ten-amino acid peptide (des-Asp) angiotensin I. Renin is produced in the kidneys in response to renal sympathetic activity, decreased intrarenal blood pressure at the juxtaglomerular cells, or decreased delivery of Na+ and Cl- to the macula densa.[3] If less Na+ is sensed by the macula densa, renin release by juxtaglomerular cells is increased. (Wikipedia) D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from WikiPathways, COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Angiotensin I (human, mouse, rat) is the precursor to the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II, cleaved by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
Mercury
D - Dermatologicals > D08 - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08A - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08AK - Mercurial products Mercury is a metal that is a liquid at room temperature. Mercury has a long and interesting history deriving from its use in medicine and industry, with the resultant toxicity produced. In high enough doses, all forms of mercury can produce toxicity. The most devastating tragedies related to mercury toxicity in recent history include Minamata Bay and Niagata, Japan in the 1950s, and Iraq in the 1970s. More recent mercury toxicity issues include the extreme toxicity of the dimethylmercury compound noted in 1998, the possible toxicity related to dental amalgams, and the disproved relationship between vaccines and autism related to the presence of the mercury-containing preservative, thimerosal.; Hair has been used in many studies as a bioindicator of mercury exposure for human populations. At the time of hair formation, mercury from the blood capillaries penetrates into the hair follicles. As hair grows approximately 1 cm each month, mercury exposure over time is recapitulated in hair strands. Mercury levels in hair closest to the scalp reflect the most recent exposure, while those farthest from the scalp are representative of previous blood concentrations. Sequential analyses of hair mercury have been useful for identifying seasonal variations over time in hair mercury content, which may be the result of seasonal differences in bioavailability of fish and differential consumption of piscivorous and herbivorous fish species. Knowledge of the relation between fish-eating practices and hair mercury levels is particularly important for adequate mitigation strategies. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Methyl mercury is well absorbed, and because the biological half-life is long, the body burden in humans may reach high levels. People who frequently eat contaminated seafood can acquire mercury concentrations that are potentially dangerous to the fetus in pregnant women. The dose-response relationships have been extensively studied, and the safe levels of exposure have tended to decline. Individual methyl mercury exposure is usually determined by analysis of mercury in blood and hair. ; Whilst the clinical features of acute mercury poisoning have been well described, chronic low dose exposure to mercury remains poorly characterised and its potential role in various chronic disease states remains controversial. Low molecular weight thiols, i.e. sulfhydryl containing molecules such as cysteine, are emerging as important factors in the transport and distribution of mercury throughout the body due to the phenomenon of "Molecular Mimicry" and its role in the molecular transport of mercury. Chelation agents such as the dithiols sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfate (DMPS) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) are the treatments of choice for mercury toxicity. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a disulfide, and its metabolite dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), a dithiol, have also been shown to have chelation properties when used in an appropriate manner. Whilst N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) have been recommended in the treatment of mercury toxicity in the past, an examination of available evidence suggests these agents may in fact be counterproductive. Zinc and selenium have also been shown to exert protective effects against mercury toxicity, most likely mediated by induction of the metal binding proteins metallothionein and selenoprotein-P. Evidence suggests however that the co-administration of selenium and dithiol chelation agents during treatment may also be counter-productive. Finally, the issue of diagnostic testing for chronic, historical or low dose mercury poisoning is considered including an analysis of the influence of ligand interactions and nutritional factors upon the accuracy of "chelation challenge" tests. (PMID: 17448359, 17408840, 17193738). Mercury is found in many foods, some of which are rice, wild carrot, horseradish, and endive.
Cadmium
Cadmium (group IIB of the periodic table of elements) is a heavy metal. It is not a naturally occurring metal in biological systems. Cadmium poses severe risks to human health. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Up to this day, it has not been shown that cadmium has any physiological function within the human body. Interest has therefore risen in its biohazardous potential. As first described by Friedrich Stromeyer (Gottingen, Germany) in 1817, cadmium intoxication can lead to kidney, bone, and pulmonary damage. Cadmium is widely used in industrial processes, e.g as an anticorrosive agent, as a stabilizer in PVC products, as a colour pigment, a neutron absorber in nuclear power plants, and in the fabrication of nickel cadmium batteries. Phosphate fertilizers also show a big cadmium load. Although some cadmium containing products can be recycled, a large share of the general cadmium pollution is caused by dumping and incinerating cadmium polluted waste. In Scandinavia for example, cadmium concentration in agricultural soil increases by 0.2 percent per year. Total global emission of cadmium amounts to 7000 t/year. The maximum permissible value for workers according to German law is 15 ug/l. For comparison: Non-smokers show an average cadmium blood concentration of 0.5 ug/l. Basically there are three possible ways of cadmium resorption: Gastrointestinal, pulmonary and dermal. The uptake through the human gastrointestinal is approximately 5 percent of an ingested amount of cadmium, depending on the exact dose and nutritional composition. The major source of inhalative cadmium intoxication is cigarette smoke. The human lung resorbes 40 to 60 percent of the cadmium in tobacco smoke. Little research has been done on dermal absorption of cadmium. Two mechanisms facilitate cadmium absorption by the skin: binding of a free cadmium ion to sulfhydryl radicals of cysteine in epidermal keratins, or an induction and complexing with metallothionein. Once taken up by the blood, the majority of cadmium is transported bound to proteins, such as Albumin and Metallothionein. The first organ reached after cadmium uptake into the GI-blood is the liver. Here cadmium induces the production of Metallothionein. After consecutive hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis, Cd-Metallothionein complexes are washed into sinusoidal blood. From here, parts of the absorbed cadmium enter the entero-hepatical cycle via secretion into the biliary tract in form of Cadmium-glutathione conjugates. Enzymatically degraded to cadmium-cysteine complexes in the biliary tree, cadmium reenters the small intestines. The main organ for long-term cadmium accumulation is the kidney. Here the half life period for cadmium is approximately 10 years. A life long intake can therefore lead to a cadmium accumulation in the kidney, consequently resulting in tubulus cell necrosis. The blood concentration of cadmium serves as a reliable indicator for a recent exposition, while the urinary concentration reflects past exposure, body burden and renal accumulation. Excretion of Cadmium takes place via faeces and urine. (PMID: 16961932). Cadmium, also known as cadmium, ion (cd2+) or cadmium ion, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. Homogeneous transition metal compounds are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. Cadmium can be found in a number of food items such as capers, horseradish, malabar spinach, and wax apple, which makes cadmium a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cadmium can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine. Moreover, cadmium is found to be associated with alzheimers disease, macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis, and parkinsons disease. Cadmium is formally rated as a carcinogenic (IARC 1) potentially toxic compound. Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the transition metals in groups 3 through 11. Cadmium and its congeners in group 12 are often not considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration of cadmium in Earths crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate . Acute inhalation of cadmium fumes results in metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Ingestion of cadmium causes vomiting and diarrhea (L6) (T3DB).
Kallidin
D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents
2-Aminonaphthalene
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 516; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6383; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6382 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 516; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6382; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6380 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 516; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6375; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6374 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 516; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6368; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6366 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 516; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6328; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6323 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 516; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6403; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6398 2-aminonaphthalene belongs to the family of Naphthalenes. These are compounds containing a naphthalene moiety, which consists of two fused benzene rings. D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens
4-Nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D000345 - Affinity Labels
Olivoretin D
D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008235 - Lyngbya Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D009676 - Noxae > D007509 - Irritants
Ethylene oxide
Flavouring ingredient. It is used in food processing as a solubiliser, stabiliser, processing aid, wetting agent, surfactant, defoaming agent and dough conditioner. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D004202 - Disinfectants
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,3-Dichloropropene, also known as Telone or simply 1,3-D, is a colorless liquid with a sweet smell. It exists as a mixture of the geometric isomers cis-1,3-dichloropropene and trans-1,3-dichloropropene. It dissolves in water and evaporates easily. It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide, specifically as a preplant fumigant and nematicide. It widely used in the US and other countries, but in the process of being phased out in the European Union. [HMDB] 1,3-Dichloropropene, also known as Telone or simply 1,3-D, is a colorless liquid with a sweet smell. It exists as a mixture of the geometric isomers cis-1,3-dichloropropene and trans-1,3-dichloropropene. It dissolves in water and evaporates easily. It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide, specifically as a preplant fumigant and nematicide. It widely used in the US and other countries, but in the process of being phased out in the European Union. D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Perchloroethylene
Animal studies and a study of 99 twins by Dr. Samuel Goldman and researchers at the Parkinsons Institute in Sunnyvale, California determined there is a lot of circumstantial evidence that exposure to tetrachloroethene increases the risk of developing Parkinsons disease ninefold. Larger population studies are planned. Tetrachloroethene is a common soil contaminant. With a specific gravity greater than 1, tetrachloroethylene will be present as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid if sufficient quantities of liquid are spilled in the environment. Because of its mobility in groundwater, its toxicity at low levels, and its density (which causes it to sink below the water table), cleanup activities are more difficult than for oil spills. Recent research has focused on the in place remediation of soil and ground water pollution by tetrachloroethylene. Instead of excavation or extraction for above-ground treatment or disposal, tetrachloroethylene contamination has been successfully remediated by chemical treatment or bioremediation. Bioremediation has been successful under anaerobic conditions by reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides sp. and under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp. Partial degradation daughter products include trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride; full degradation converts tetrachloroethylene to ethene and hydrogen chloride dissolved in water. Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials. Otherwise it is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable. For these reasons, it is widely used in dry cleaning. Usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons, it is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries. It appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers. Tetrachloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene (perc), and many other names, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2. It is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called dry-cleaning fluid. It has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm). Worldwide production was about one million metric tons in 1985. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified tetrachloroethene as a Group 2A carcinogen, which means that it is probably carcinogenic to humans. Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrachloroethene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure. Tetrachloroethene dissolves fats from the skin, potentially resulting in skin irritation. This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon. Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation. D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D004785 - Environmental Pollutants D012997 - Solvents
Carmustine
Carmustine is a cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AD - Nitrosoureas C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent Isolated from the common clam Mercenaria mercenaria and from Mercenaria campechiensis D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Cefotetan
Cefotetan is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. [PubChem]The bactericidal action of cefotetan results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis by binding and inhibiting the bacterial penicillin binding proteins which help in the cell wall biosynthesis. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DC - Second-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002513 - Cephamycins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Chlorambucil
A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic agent for the treatment of various malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed) L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents
Desmopressin
Desmopressin is a chemical that is similar to Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) which is found naturally in the body. It increases urine concentration and decreases urine production. Desmopressin is used to prevent and control excessive thirst, urination, and dehydration caused by injury, surgery, and certain medical conditions, allowing you to sleep through the night without awakening to urinate. It is also used to treat specific types of diabetes insipidus and conditions after head injury or pituitary surgery. H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H01 - Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues > H01B - Posterior pituitary lobe hormones > H01BA - Vasopressin and analogues C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C80212 - Antidiuretic Hormone Analogue D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents > D014667 - Vasopressins D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D003029 - Coagulants > D006490 - Hemostatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D045283 - Natriuretic Agents D045283 - Natriuretic Agents > D050034 - Antidiuretic Agents
Latamoxef
Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the cephalosporins except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain cephalosporins. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections. [PubChem] J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Pamidronate
Pamidronate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.Pamidronate, marketed as pamidronate disodium pentahydrate under the brand name Aredia, is a bisphosphonate. [Wikipedia]The mechanism of action of pamidronate is inhibition of bone resorption. Pamidronate adsorbs to calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) crystals in bone and may directly block dissolution of this mineral component of bone. In vitro studies also suggest that inhibition of osteoclast activity contributes to inhibition of bone resorption. Pamidronate also targets farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (such as pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronate) appear to act as analogues of isoprenoid diphosphate lipids, thereby inhibiting FPP synthase, an enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Inhibition of this enzyme in osteoclasts prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids (FPP and GGPP) that are essential for the post-translational farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of small GTPase signalling proteins. This activity inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption and turnover. In postmenopausal women, it reduces the elevated rate of bone turnover, leading to, on average, a net gain in bone mass. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Enflurane
Enflurane is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate. [PubChem]Enflurane induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times. Enflurane also activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane. It also appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase. Enflurane also binds to and angonizes the GABA receptor, the large conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channel, the glycine receptor, and antagonizes the glutamate receptor receptor. These yield a decreased depolarization and therefore, tissue excitability which results in anesthesia. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Succimer
Succimer is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them. [PubChem]Succimer is a heavy metal chelator. It binds with high specificity to ions of lead in the blood to form a water-soluble complex that is subsequently excreted by the kidneys. Succimer can also chelate mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in this manner. D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000931 - Antidotes
Quinestrol
Quinestrol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a 3-cyclopentyl ether of ethinyl estradiol.Estrogens diffuse into their target cells and interact with a protein receptor (the estrogen receptor). Estrogen interacts with a target cell receptor. When the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand it can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription which leads to formation of messenger RNA. The mRNA interacts with ribosomes to produce specific proteins that express the effect of estradiol upon the target cell. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. The combination of an estrogen with a progestin suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary system, decreasing the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen
Thiotepa
N,NN-triethylenethiophosphoramide (ThioTEPA) is a cancer chemotherapeutic member of the alkylating agent group, now in use for over 50 years. It is a stable derivative of N,N,N- triethylenephosphoramide (TEPA). It is mostly used to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer and bladder cancer. It is also used as conditioning for Bone marrow transplantation. Its main toxicity is myelosuppression. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AC - Ethylene imines C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D019653 - Myeloablative Agonists D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents
Gentamicin
A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (genetic translation). [PubChem] D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
Apraclonidine
Apraclonidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.Apraclonidine, also known as iopidine, is a sympathomimetic used in glaucoma therapy.Apraclonidine is a relatively selective alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist that stimulates alpha1 receptors to a lesser extent. It has a peak ocular hypotensive effect occurring at two hours post-dosing. The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but fluorophotometric studies in animals and humans suggest that Apraclonidine has a dual mechanism of action by reducing aqueous humor production through the constriction of afferent ciliary process vessels, and increasing uveoscleral outflow. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EA - Sympathomimetics in glaucoma therapy C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists
Thiamylal
Thiamylal is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)Thiamylal binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C67084 - Barbiturate D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Ginkgetin
Ginkgetin is a biflavonoid that is the 7,4-dimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone. Isolated from Ginkgo biloba and Dioon, it exhibits anti-HSV-1, antineoplastic and inhibitory activities towards arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase 2. It has a role as an anti-HSV-1 agent, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent and a metabolite. It is a biflavonoid, a hydroxyflavone, a methoxyflavone and a ring assembly. It is functionally related to an amentoflavone. Ginkgetin is a natural product found in Selaginella sinensis, Selaginella willdenowii, and other organisms with data available. A biflavonoid that is the 7,4-dimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone. Isolated from Ginkgo biloba and Dioon, it exhibits anti-HSV-1, antineoplastic and inhibitory activities towards arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase 2. From Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Ginkgetin is found in ginkgo nuts and fats and oils. Ginkgetin is found in fats and oils. Ginkgetin is from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ[1][2][3][4][5]. Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ[1][2][3][4][5].
Trimetrexate
A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. [PubChem] P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D06238
Thiolactomycin
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents
Cefpirome
Cefpirome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin. Trade names include Cefrom, Keiten, Broact, Cefir. Cefpirome is considered highly active against Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram-positive bacteria. It is marketed under the brand name of CEFROM by sanofi aventis group india. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DE - Fourth-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Same as: D07649
N-(Hydrocinchonidin-8-yl)-4-azido-2-hydroxybenzamide
Rifamycin
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis > J04AB - Antibiotics D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D012294 - Rifamycins C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives Same as: D02549
Ammonium Chloride
B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05X - I.v. solution additives > B05XA - Electrolyte solutions G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BA - Acidifiers C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent Same as: D01139
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Leavening agent; component of self-raising flour. pH control agent for foods. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs. The natural mineral form, nahcolite, is found in dissolved form in bile, where it serves to neutralize the acidity of the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach, and is excreted into the duodenum of the small intestine via the bile duct. It is also produced artificially. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05X - I.v. solution additives > B05XA - Electrolyte solutions B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CB - Salt solutions C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent Leavening agent; component of self-raising flour. pH control agent for foods D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D002021 - Buffers > D001639 - Bicarbonates Same as: D01203
Potassium sulfate (K2SO4)
Flavouring agent and enhancer Same as: D01726
Metribolone
C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone
2,4-Pentanedione
2,4-Pentanedione is found in papaya. 2,4-Pentanedione is isolated from ethereal oil of Pinus sylvestris (Scotch pine Isolated from ethereal oil of Pinus sylvestris (Scotch pine). 2,4-Pentanedione is found in papaya.
1-[(4-Amino-3-methylphenyl)methyl]-5-(2,2-diphenylacetyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid
Angiotensin III
Angiotensin III (AngIII) is one of the N-terminal angiotensin degradation products of angiotensin II. AngIII shares some of its properties with Ang II, including chemotaxis and production of growth factors and chemokines. AngIII generated within the brain acts within neural circuits of the central nervous system to regulate body fluid balance. The stimulation of vasopressin release by AngIII is thought to be one of the mechanisms by which AngIII controls volume homeostasis under conditions of hypovolemia, by reducing renal water loss and increasing blood pressure. Brain aminopeptidase A, the enzyme forming central AngIII, could constitute a putative central therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension. (PMID: 17210474, 11751722, 11295571) [HMDB] Angiotensin III (AngIII) is one of the N-terminal angiotensin degradation products of angiotensin II. AngIII shares some of its properties with Ang II, including chemotaxis and production of growth factors and chemokines. AngIII generated within the brain acts within neural circuits of the central nervous system to regulate body fluid balance. The stimulation of vasopressin release by AngIII is thought to be one of the mechanisms by which AngIII controls volume homeostasis under conditions of hypovolemia, by reducing renal water loss and increasing blood pressure. Brain aminopeptidase A, the enzyme forming central AngIII, could constitute a putative central therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension. (PMID: 17210474, 11751722, 11295571). D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Angiotensin III, human, mouse is a heptapeptide, acts as an endogenous angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonist, with IC50s of 0.648 nM and 21.1 nM for AT2R and AT1R, respectively. Angiotensin III, human, mouse is a heptapeptide, acts as an endogenous angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonist, with IC50s of 0.648 nM and 21.1 nM for AT2R and AT1R, respectively.
G-418
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins
(±)-Tryptophan
(±)-Tryptophan is a dietary supplement, nutrient.Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. Only the L-stereoisomer of tryptophan is used in structural or enzyme proteins, but the D-stereoisomer is occasionally found in naturally produced peptides (for example, the marine venom peptide contryphan). (Wikipedia Dietary supplement, nutrient DL-Tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite.
1,5-Anhydrosorbitol
An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol. 1,5-Anhydrosorbitol is a short-term marker for glycemic control. 1,5-Anhydrosorbitol is a short-term marker for glycemic control.
Leucine
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. Leucine (symbol Leu or L)[3] is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isobutyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, and beans and other legumes. It is encoded by the codons UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG. Leucine is named after the Greek word for "white": λευκός (leukós, "white"), after its common appearance as a white powder, a property it shares with many other amino acids.[4] Like valine and isoleucine, leucine is a branched-chain amino acid. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism are acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; consequently, it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, with lysine being the other.[5] It is the most important ketogenic amino acid in humans.[6] Leucine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid, a minor leucine metabolite, exhibit pharmacological activity in humans and have been demonstrated to promote protein biosynthesis via the phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR).[7][8] L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].
Lysionotin
Nevadensin is a trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 8 and 4 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a trimethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a flavone. It is a conjugate acid of a nevadensin-7-olate. Nevadensin is a natural product found in Calanticaria bicolor, Gardenia resinifera, and other organisms with data available. A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 8 and 4 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 respectively. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2]. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2].
Hippuric acid
Hippuric acid (Gr. hippos, horse, ouron, urine) is a carboxylic acid found in the urine of horses and other herbivores. Hippuric acid crystallizes in rhombic prisms which are readily soluble in hot water, melt at 187 °C and decompose at about 240 °C. High concentrations of hippuric acid can also indicate a toluene intoxication. When many aromatic compounds such as benzoic acid and toluene are taken internally, they are converted to hippuric acid by reaction with the amino acid, glycine.; Hippuric acid is an acyl glycine formed by the conjugation of benzoic aicd with glycine. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Hippuric acid is a normal component of urine and is typically increased with increased consumption of phenolic compounds (tea, wine, fruit juices). These phenols are converted to benzoic acid which is then converted to hippuric acid and excreted in the urine. Hippuric acid is the most frequently used biomarker in the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toluene. This product of solvent biotransformation may be also found in the urine of individuals who have not been exposed to the solvent. A smaller fraction of the absorbed toluene is oxidized to aromatic compounds including ortho-cresol, which is not found significantly in the urine of nonexposed individuals. The concentration of hippuric acid in the urine of individuals exposed to a low toluene concentration does not differ from that of individuals not exposed to the solvent. This has led to the conclusion that hippuric acid should not be utilized in the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to low levels of toluene in the air.; Protein-bound organic acids such as hippuric acid are markedly accumulated in uremic plasma and produce defective protein binding of drugs. (PMID: 9120876, 8734460). Hippuric acid is an acyl glycine formed from the conjugation of benzoic acid with glycine. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Hippuric acid is a normal component of urine and is typically increased with increased consumption of phenolic compounds (tea, wine, fruit juices). These phenols are converted into benzoic acid which is then converted into hippuric acid and excreted in the urine. Hippuric acid is the most frequently used biomarker in the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toluene. This product of solvent biotransformation may be also found in the urine of individuals who have not been exposed to the solvent. A smaller fraction of the absorbed toluene is oxidized into aromatic compounds including ortho-cresol, which is not found in the urine of nonexposed individuals in a significant amount. The concentration of hippuric acid in the urine of individuals exposed to a low toluene concentration does not differ from that of individuals not exposed to the solvent. This has led to the conclusion that hippuric acid should not be utilized in the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to low levels of toluene in the air. Protein-bound organic acids such as hippuric acid are markedly accumulated in uremic plasma and produce defective protein binding of drugs (PMID: 9120876 , 8734460). Hippuric acid has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Hippuric acid is also found to be associated with phenylketonuria, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Hippuric acid is an endogenous phenolic acid metabolite detected after the consumption of whole grain. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C255 - Urinary Anti-Infective Agent Hippuric Acid (2-Benzamidoacetic acid), an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, is a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food. Hippuric Acid (2-Benzamidoacetic acid), an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, is a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food.
Neopterin
Neopterin, also known as monapterin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative and are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. Neopterin is a solid that is soluble in water. Neopterin is a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). In humans, it is involved in pterine biosynthesis and it also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin, which is an essential cofactor in neurotransmitter synthesis. Neopterin has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces. Uremic toxins can cause kidney, liver and heart damage. They can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Uremic toxins such as neopterin are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Elevated levels of neopterin result from immune system activation, including from malignant cancer, allograft rejection, viral infection, and autoimmune disorders (PMID: 19500901). Measurement of neopterin concentration allows estimation of the extent of oxidative stress elicited by the immune system. Neopterin concentrations usually correlate with the extent and activity of a given disease, and are also used to monitor the course of the disease. Elevated neopterin concentrations are among the best predictors of adverse outcome in patients with HIV infection, in cardiovascular disease, and in various types of cancer. Neopterin (D-(+)-Neopterin), a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTM), serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation.
Methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside
Present in Medicago sativa (alfalfa). Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is found in cereals and cereal products.
Creatinine
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Creatinine (NSC13123) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles. Creatinine (NSC13123) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles.
Leucine
COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].
uric acid
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation[1][2]. Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation[1][2].
Pseudouridine
Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4]. Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4].
hypoxanthine
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C62554 - Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.
Cholylglycine
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1]. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1].
1,5-Anhydroglucitol
1,5-Anhydrosorbitol is a short-term marker for glycemic control. 1,5-Anhydrosorbitol is a short-term marker for glycemic control.
urea
B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05B - I.v. solutions > B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02A - Emollients and protectives > D02AE - Carbamide products C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49187 - Osmotic Diuretic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
1ST14177
Seneciphylline is a white powder. (NTP, 1992) LSM-2853 is a citraconoyl group. Seneciphylline is a natural product found in Senecio bollei, Tussilago farfara, and other organisms with data available. Seneciphylline is a toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid in Gynura japonica[1]. Seneciphylline significantly increases the activities of epoxide hydrase and glutathione-S-transferase but causes reduction of cytochrome P-450 and related monooxygenase activities[2].
10-Deacetylbaccatin
10-deacetylbaccatin III is a tetracyclic diterpenoid and a secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone. It is functionally related to a baccatin III. 10-Deacetylbaccatin III is a natural product found in Corylus avellana, Taxus wallichiana, and other organisms with data available. 10-Deacetylbaccatin-III is an intermediate for taxol analog preparations. IC50 value: Target: Taxols have exhibit antitumor agents. Several of these taxols can be synthesized from 10- Deacetylbaccatin-III. 10-Deacetylbaccine III is the fifth intermediate of paclitaxel biosynthesis. The biosynthetic pathway consists of approximately 20 enzymatic steps but is not fully elucidated. 10-Deacetylbaccine III is an antineoplastic agent and an anti-cancer intermediate. 10-Deacetylbaccatin-III is an intermediate for taxol analog preparations. IC50 value: Target: Taxols have exhibit antitumor agents. Several of these taxols can be synthesized from 10- Deacetylbaccatin-III. 10-Deacetylbaccine III is the fifth intermediate of paclitaxel biosynthesis. The biosynthetic pathway consists of approximately 20 enzymatic steps but is not fully elucidated. 10-Deacetylbaccine III is an antineoplastic agent and an anti-cancer intermediate.
Baccatin_III
Baccatin III is a tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated from plant species of the genus Taxus. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a tetracyclic diterpenoid, an acetate ester and a benzoate ester. It derives from a hydride of a taxane. Baccatin III is a natural product found in Corylus avellana, Taxus wallichiana, and other organisms with data available. Baccatin III is a compound obtained from the needles of the Taxus baccata tree that is used as a precursor of paclitaxel. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent A tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated from plant species of the genus Taxus. Baccatin III is a natural product isolated from Pacific yew tree and related species. Baccatin III reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs[1]. Baccatin III is a natural product isolated from Pacific yew tree and related species. Baccatin III reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs[1].
2-Hydroxybutyric acid
A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals. (S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is the S-enantiomer of?2-Hydroxybutanoic acid. 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, a coproduct of protein metabolism, is an insulin resistance (IR) biomarker[1].
Lysionotin
Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2]. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2].
1ST40320
Retrorsine is a macrolide. Retrorsine is a natural product found in Crotalaria spartioides, Senecio malacitanus, and other organisms with data available. D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Retrorsine is a naturally occurring toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Retrorsine can bind with DNA and inhibits the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes. Retrorsine can be used for the research of hepatocellular injury[1][2]. Retrorsine is a naturally occurring toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Retrorsine can bind with DNA and inhibits the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes. Retrorsine can be used for the research of hepatocellular injury[1][2].
lidocaine
D - Dermatologicals > D04 - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04A - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04AB - Anesthetics for topical use C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05A - Agents for treatment of hemorrhoids and anal fissures for topical use > C05AD - Local anesthetics C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01B - Antiarrhythmics, class i and iii > C01BB - Antiarrhythmics, class ib D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026941 - Sodium Channel Blockers > D061567 - Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AD - Anesthetics, local S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02D - Other otologicals > S02DA - Analgesics and anesthetics S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01H - Local anesthetics > S01HA - Local anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local > N01BB - Amides COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1212 CONFIDENCE Parent Substance with Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 800 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) Lidocaine (Lignocaine) inhibits sodium channels involving complex voltage and using dependence[1]. Lidocaine decreases growth, migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells via up-regulating miR-145 expression and further inactivation of MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Lidocaine is an amide derivative and has potential for the research of ventricular arrhythmia[2].
Cilastatin
The thioether resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol group of L-cysteine with the 7-position of (2Z)-2-({[(1S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]carbonyl}amino)hept-2-enoic acid. It is an inhibitor of dehydropeptidase I (membrane dipeptidase, 3.4.13.19), an enzyme found in the brush border of renal tubes and responsible for degrading the antibiotic imipenem. Cilastatin is therefore administered (as the sodium salt) with imipenem to prolong the antibacterial effect of the latter by preventing its renal metabolism to inactive and potentially nephrotoxic products. Cilastatin also acts as a leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor, preventing the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2129 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2555 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2555; CONFIDENCE standard compound
cyclophosphamide
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D010752 - Phosphoramide Mustards C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D019653 - Myeloablative Agonists D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2579
Tenofovir
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3105 Tenofovir (GS 1278) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor to treat HIV and chronic Hepatitis B (HBV)[1].
Zidovudine
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites > D015224 - Dideoxynucleosides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3287 Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), widely used to treat HIV infection. Zidovudine increases CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing frequency.
Dicloxacillin
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CF - Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3665
Estriol
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CA - Natural and semisynthetic estrogens, plain G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CC - Estrogens, combinations with other drugs A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17 (16alpha,17beta-stereoisomer). C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2392 Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Estriol is a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor antagonist that can act on estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. Estriol is a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor antagonist that can act on estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells.
Lidocain
D - Dermatologicals > D04 - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04A - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04AB - Anesthetics for topical use C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05A - Agents for treatment of hemorrhoids and anal fissures for topical use > C05AD - Local anesthetics C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01B - Antiarrhythmics, class i and iii > C01BB - Antiarrhythmics, class ib D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026941 - Sodium Channel Blockers > D061567 - Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AD - Anesthetics, local S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02D - Other otologicals > S02DA - Analgesics and anesthetics S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01H - Local anesthetics > S01HA - Local anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local > N01BB - Amides COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4102 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Lidocaine (Lignocaine) inhibits sodium channels involving complex voltage and using dependence[1]. Lidocaine decreases growth, migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells via up-regulating miR-145 expression and further inactivation of MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Lidocaine is an amide derivative and has potential for the research of ventricular arrhythmia[2].
Prednisone
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07E - Intestinal antiinflammatory agents > A07EA - Corticosteroids acting locally H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H02 - Corticosteroids for systemic use > H02A - Corticosteroids for systemic use, plain > H02AB - Glucocorticoids D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D005938 - Glucocorticoids C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant > C211 - Therapeutic Corticosteroid COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2196 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8744
Vecuronium
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents M - Musculo-skeletal system > M03 - Muscle relaxants > M03A - Muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists
Hippuric acid
C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C255 - Urinary Anti-Infective Agent An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; QIAFMBKCNZACKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0191_Hippuric acid_2000fmol_180831_S2_L02M02_62; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.317 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.318 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.315 Hippuric Acid (2-Benzamidoacetic acid), an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, is a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food. Hippuric Acid (2-Benzamidoacetic acid), an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, is a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food.
thalidomide
C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C129820 - Antineoplastic Immunomodulating Agent > C157388 - Immunomodulatory Imide Drug COVID info from Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L04 - Immunosuppressants > L04A - Immunosuppressants D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007917 - Leprostatic Agents D006133 - Growth Substances > D043924 - Angiogenesis Modulating Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D020533 - Angiogenesis Inhibitors D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1742 - Angiogenesis Inhibitor C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant D006133 - Growth Substances > D006131 - Growth Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D013723 - Teratogens Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
ifosfamide
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D010752 - Phosphoramide Mustards C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents
riluzole
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D020011 - Protective Agents N - Nervous system Riluzole is an anticonvulsant agent and belongs to the family of use-dependent Na+ channel blocker which can also inhibit GABA uptake with an IC50 of 43 μM.
hypoxanthine
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C62554 - Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor A purine nucleobase that consists of purine bearing an oxo substituent at position 6. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; FDGQSTZJBFJUBT_STSL_0163_Hypoxanthine_0125fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_115; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.
Creatinine
A lactam obtained by formal cyclocondensation of creatine. It is a metabolite of creatine. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0026_Creatinine_2000fmol_180410_S2_LC02_MS02_34; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Creatinine (NSC13123) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles. Creatinine (NSC13123) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles.
METHYLGUANIDINE
A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.
Urate
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation[1][2]. Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation[1][2].
N,N-dimethylglycine
An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents. N-Methylsarcosine is an amino acid building block for protein, found in a small amount in the body.
glycocyamine
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D000345 - Affinity Labels MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; BPMFZUMJYQTVII-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0241_Glycocyamine_1000fmol_190403_S2_LC02MS02_057; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I.
uric acid
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; LEHOTFFKMJEONL_STSL_0178_Uric acid_0500fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_188; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation[1][2]. Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation[1][2].
urea
B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05B - I.v. solutions > B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O). D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02A - Emollients and protectives > D02AE - Carbamide products C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49187 - Osmotic Diuretic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
2-FUROIC ACID
A furoic acid having the carboxylic acid group located at position 2. 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation[1]. 2-Furoic acid exhibits hypolipidemic effet, lowers both serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in rats[2]. 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation[1]. 2-Furoic acid exhibits hypolipidemic effet, lowers both serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in rats[2]. 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation[1]. 2-Furoic acid exhibits hypolipidemic effet, lowers both serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in rats[2].
Tetrahydrocortisone
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Tetrahydrocortisone is a stress-induced hormone. Tetrahydrocortisone is also a urinary metabolite of Cortisone derived from the reduction of Cortisone by 5-reductase[1].
Lamivudine
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites > D015224 - Dideoxynucleosides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 903; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1726; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1725 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 903; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1732; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1730 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 903; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1745; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1743 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 903; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1734; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1733 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 903; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1740; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1736 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 903; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1743; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1741 Lamivudine (BCH-189) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Lamivudine can inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase 1/2 and also the reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B virus. Lamivudine salicylate can penetrate the CNS[1][2].
Pseudouridine
A C-glycosyl pyrimidine that consists of uracil having a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue attached at position 5. The C-glycosyl isomer of the nucleoside uridine. Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4]. Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4].
Tobramycin
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Tobramycin (Nebramycin Factor 6) is a parenterally administered, broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that is widely used in the treatment of moderate to severe bacterial infections due to sensitive organisms[1].Tobramycin can be used to pneumonia research caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa[2][3].
Erythrit
D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents The meso-diastereomer of butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol. meso-Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in a variety of foods (e.g., pear, watermelon), is 60-80\\% as sweet as sucrose, and is an approved low-calorie sweetener food additive[1]. meso-Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in a variety of foods (e.g., pear, watermelon), is 60-80\% as sweet as sucrose, and is an approved low-calorie sweetener food additive[1].
acyclovir
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AB - Nucleosides and nucleotides excl. reverse transcriptase inhibitors D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BB - Antivirals S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AD - Antivirals D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2780 Acyclovir (Aciclovir) is a potent, orally active antiviral agent. Acyclovir has antiherpetic activity with IC50 values of 0.85 μM and 0.86 μM for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Acyclovir induces cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis. Acyclovir prevents bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia[1][2][3][4].
diflunisal
N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02B - Other analgesics and antipyretics > N02BA - Salicylic acid and derivatives D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
1-NAPHTHYLAMINE
A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1. D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens
gentamicin
D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
Estrone glucuronide
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones The 3-beta-D-glucuronide of estrone.
FA 20:3;O4
Thromboxane B2
A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.
CoA 9:5
ST 27:4;O3
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D045930 - Anabolic Agents D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid
Quinestrol
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen
Urocortisone
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Tetrahydrocortisone is a stress-induced hormone. Tetrahydrocortisone is also a urinary metabolite of Cortisone derived from the reduction of Cortisone by 5-reductase[1].
Urocortisol
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Tetrahydrocortisol is cortisol metabolite. The urinary Tetrahydrocortisol/Tetrahydrocortisone ratio decreases with increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) activity[1][2].
Angiotensin IV
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Ammonium Chloride
Dough conditioner, dough strengthener, flavour enhancer, leavening agent, processing aid and yeast food B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05X - I.v. solution additives > B05XA - Electrolyte solutions G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BA - Acidifiers C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent
Methyltrienolone
C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone
SodiuM bicarbonate
B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05X - I.v. solution additives > B05XA - Electrolyte solutions B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CB - Salt solutions C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D002021 - Buffers > D001639 - Bicarbonates
Emtricitabine
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Same as: D01199
trimetrexate
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D06238
HR 810
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DE - Fourth-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Same as: D07649
SCM 3B
soyasaponin Bb is a soyasaponin isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris, acting as an aldose reductase differential inhibitor (ARDI)[1]. soyasaponin Bb is a soyasaponin isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris, acting as an aldose reductase differential inhibitor (ARDI)[1].
Polygalytol
1,5-Anhydrosorbitol is a short-term marker for glycemic control. 1,5-Anhydrosorbitol is a short-term marker for glycemic control.
Ginkgetin
Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ[1][2][3][4][5]. Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ[1][2][3][4][5].
furoic acid
2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation[1]. 2-Furoic acid exhibits hypolipidemic effet, lowers both serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in rats[2]. 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation[1]. 2-Furoic acid exhibits hypolipidemic effet, lowers both serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in rats[2]. 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation[1]. 2-Furoic acid exhibits hypolipidemic effet, lowers both serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in rats[2].
Krebiozen
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Creatinine (NSC13123) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles. Creatinine (NSC13123) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles.
Hyanit
B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05B - I.v. solutions > B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02A - Emollients and protectives > D02AE - Carbamide products C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49187 - Osmotic Diuretic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
Cadmium
Cadmium (group IIB of the periodic table of elements) is a heavy metal posing severe risks to human health. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Up to this day, it could not be shown that cadmium has any physiological function within the human body. Interest has therefore risen in its biohazardous potential. As first described by Friedrich Stromeyer (Gottingen, Germany) in 1817, cadmium intoxication can lead to kidney, bone, and pulmonary damages.; Cadmium is regularly found in ores together with zinc, copper and lead. Therefore volcanic activity is one natural reason for a temporary increase in environmental cadmium concentrations. Cadmium is widely used in industrial processes, e.g as an anticorrosive agent, as a stabilizer in PVC products, as a colour pigment, a neutron absorber in nuclear power plants, and in the fabrication of nickel cadmium batteries. Phosphate fertilizers also show a big cadmium load. Although some cadmium containing products can be recycled, a large share of the general cadmium pollution is caused by dumping and incinerating cadmium polluted waste. In Scandinavia for example, cadmium concentration in agricultural soil increases by 0.2 percent per year. Total global emission of cadmium amounts to 7000 t/year.; The maximum permissible value for workers according to German law is 15 ug/l. For comparison: Non-smokers show an average cadmium blood concentration of 0.5 ug/l.; Basically there are three possible ways of cadmium resorption: Gastrointestinal, pulmonary and dermal. The uptake through the human gastrointestinal is approximately 5 percent of an ingested amount of cadmium, depending on the exact dose and nutritional composition. The major source of inhalative cadmium intoxication is cigarette smoke. The human lung resorbes 40 to 60 percent of the cadmium in tobacco smoke. Little research has been done on dermal absorption of cadmium. Two mechanisms facilitate cadmium absorption by the skin: binding of a free cadmium ion to sulfhydryl radicals of cysteine in epidermal keratins, or an induction and complexing with metallothionein. Once taken up by the blood, the majority of cadmium is transported bound to proteins, such as Albumin and Metallothionein.; The first organ reached after uptake into the GI-blood is the liver. Here cadmium induces the production of Metallothionein. After consecutive hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis, Cd-Metallothionein complexes are washed into sinusoidal blood. From here, parts of the absorbed cadmium enter the entero-hepatical cycle via secretion into the biliary tract in form of Cadmium-glutathione conjugates. Enzymatically degraded to cadmium-cysteine complexes in the biliary tree, cadmium reenters the small intestines. The main organ for long-term cadmium accumulation is the kidney. Here the half life period for cadmium is approx. 10 years. A life long intake can therefore lead to a cadmium accumulation in the kidney, consequently resulting in tubulus cell necrosis. The blood concentration of cadmium serves as a reliable indicator for a recent exposition, while the urinary concentration reflects past exposure, body burden and renal accumulation. Excretion of Cadmium takes place via faeces and urine. (PMID: 16961932); Cadmium (pronounced /?kædmi?m/, KAD-mee-?m) is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. The soft, bluish-white transition metal is chemically similar to the two other metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Similar to zinc it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and similar to mercury it shows a low melting point for a transition metal. Cadmium is a relatively abundant element. Cadmium was discovered in 1817 by Friedrich Strohmeyer as an impurity in zinc carbonate.; Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc ores, and it is most often isolated during the production of zinc. Some zinc ores concentrates from sulfidic zinc ores contain up to 1,4\\% of cadmium. In 1970s the output of cadmium was 6.5 pounds per ton of zinc. Z...
phorate
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals Constituent of fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale). 6Z-8-Hydroxygeraniol 8-O-glucoside is found in herbs and spices.
Tetrahydrocortisol
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Tetrahydrocortisol is the most powerful natural angiostatic steroid. It is involved in C21-Steroid hormone metabolism pathway (KEGG). [HMDB] Tetrahydrocortisol is cortisol metabolite. The urinary Tetrahydrocortisol/Tetrahydrocortisone ratio decreases with increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) activity[1][2].
Cyanidin 3-glucoside
Cyanidin 3-glucoside, also known as chrysanthenin or cyanidin 3-glucoside chloride (CAS: 7084-24-4), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyranones and derivatives. Pyranones and derivatives are compounds containing a pyran ring which bears a ketone. Cyanidin 3-glucoside is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, cyanidin 3-glucoside is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black elderberries, rubus (blackberry, raspberry), and bilberries and in a lower concentration in redcurrants, strawberries, and sweet oranges. Cyanidin 3-glucoside has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common pea, peaches, Tartary buckwheats, soft-necked garlic, and fats and oils. This could make cyanidin 3-glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Cyanidin (and its glycosides) is the most commonly occurring of the anthocyanins, a widespread group of pigments responsible for the red-blue colour of many fruits and vegetables (PMID: 14711454). BioTransformer predicts that cyanidin 3-glucoside is a product of cyanidin 3-sophoroside metabolism via a glycoside-hydrolysis reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the EC.3.2.1.X enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Found in many plants and fruits, e.g. cherries, olives and grapes
Cloxacillin
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CF - Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D004785 - Environmental Pollutants D012997 - Solvents
melphalan
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring. D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D019653 - Myeloablative Agonists D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Acrylonitrile
A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an ethenyl group. D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens
Edetic Acid
D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents > D065096 - Calcium Chelating Agents C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C263 - Anticoagulant Agent D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants
Cephapirin
A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DB - First-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
chlorambucil
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AA - Nitrogen mustard analogues D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D018906 - Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating > D009588 - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents
thiotepa
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AC - Ethylene imines C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D019653 - Myeloablative Agonists D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents
enflurane
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Penicillamine
An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01C - Specific antirheumatic agents > M01CC - Penicillamine and similar agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1742 - Angiogenesis Inhibitor > C1971 - Angiogenesis Activator Inhibitor D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000931 - Antidotes D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) is a penicillin metabolic degradation product, can be used as a heavy metal chelator. Penicillamine increases free copper and enhances oxidative stress. Penicillamine has effect of seizures through nitric oxide/NMDA pathways. Penicillamine is a potential immune modulator. Penicillamine can be used for the research of Wilson disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cystinuria[1][2][3][4].
Oxytocin
H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H01 - Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues > H01B - Posterior pituitary lobe hormones > H01BB - Oxytocin and analogues C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2348 - Pituitary Agent D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Oxytocin (α-Hypophamine; Oxytocic hormone) is a pleiotropic, hypothalamic peptide known for facilitating parturition, lactation, and prosocial behaviors. Oxytocin can function as a stress-coping molecule with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective effects especially in the face of adversity or trauma[1][2].
carmustine
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AD - Nitrosoureas C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
SULFADOXINE
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides
PAMIDRONIC ACID
M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Fosfomycin
S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C255 - Urinary Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents
Abacavir
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites > D015224 - Dideoxynucleosides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent
Cefotetan
A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DC - Second-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002513 - Cephamycins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
apraclonidine
S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EA - Sympathomimetics in glaucoma therapy C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists
Latamoxef
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
thiamylal
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C67084 - Barbiturate D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Vecuronium
A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents M - Musculo-skeletal system > M03 - Muscle relaxants > M03A - Muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists
ribostamycin
An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus). J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
Angiotensin I
A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from WikiPathways, COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Angiotensin I (human, mouse, rat) is the precursor to the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II, cleaved by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
betaine aldehyde
A quaternary ammonium ion that is nitrogen substituted by three methyl groups and a 2-oxoethyl group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of amino acids like glycine, serine and threonine. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Cinnamoyl-CoA
An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of cinnamic acid.
Teleocidin B-1
D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008235 - Lyngbya Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D009676 - Noxae > D007509 - Irritants
SodiuM bicarbonate
B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05X - I.v. solution additives > B05XA - Electrolyte solutions B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CB - Salt solutions C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D002021 - Buffers > D001639 - Bicarbonates Same as: D01203
DESMOPRESSIN
H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H01 - Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues > H01B - Posterior pituitary lobe hormones > H01BA - Vasopressin and analogues C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C80212 - Antidiuretic Hormone Analogue D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents > D014667 - Vasopressins D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D003029 - Coagulants > D006490 - Hemostatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D045283 - Natriuretic Agents D045283 - Natriuretic Agents > D050034 - Antidiuretic Agents
Sulfosalicylic Acid
D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic
Angiotensin III
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Angiotensin III, human, mouse is a heptapeptide, acts as an endogenous angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonist, with IC50s of 0.648 nM and 21.1 nM for AT2R and AT1R, respectively. Angiotensin III, human, mouse is a heptapeptide, acts as an endogenous angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonist, with IC50s of 0.648 nM and 21.1 nM for AT2R and AT1R, respectively.
