Angiotensin IV (BioDeep_00000001498)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000802245

human metabolite Endogenous


代谢物信息卡片


(2S)-2-({[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-{[(2S,3S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino}-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-phenylpropanoate

化学式: C40H54N8O8 (774.4064404000001)
中文名称:
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 () 0%

分子结构信息

SMILES: CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(CC1=CN=CN1)C(=O)N2CCCC2C(=O)NC(CC3=CC=CC=C3)C(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C40H54N8O8/c1-5-24(4)34(47-35(50)29(44-37(52)33(41)23(2)3)18-26-13-15-28(49)16-14-26)38(53)45-30(20-27-21-42-22-43-27)39(54)48-17-9-12-32(48)36(51)46-31(40(55)56)19-25-10-7-6-8-11-25/h6-8,10-11,13-16,21-24,29-34,49H,5,9,12,17-20,41H2,1-4H3,(H,42,43)(H,44,52)(H,45,53)(H,46,51)(H,47,50)(H,55,56)/t24-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,34-/m0/s1

描述信息

Angiotensin IV is one of the N-terminal angiotensin degradation products of angiotensin II. Angiotensin IV (AngIV) mediates important physiologic functions in the central nervous system, including blood flow regulation, processes underlying to learning and memory, and presents anticonvulsant activity. The presence of AngIV-specific binding sites has been identified in various mammalian tissues, including blood vessels, heart, kidney, and brain. Besides the presence of AngIV binding sites in the cardiovascular system, the major AngIV synthesizing enzymes aminopeptidase N (APN) and aminopeptidase B (APB) are also expressed in different cell types of this system. AngIV activates several protein kinases, including phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, PI-dependent kinase-1, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), protein kinase B-α/Akt, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. AngIV could contribute to vascular damage, increasing the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, the main chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, and up-regulates the expression of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 that is involved in the attachment and transmigration of circulating cells into the damaged tissue. (PMID: 17210474) [HMDB]
Angiotensin IV is one of the N-terminal angiotensin degradation products of angiotensin II. Angiotensin IV (AngIV) mediates important physiologic functions in the central nervous system, including blood flow regulation, processes underlying to learning and memory, and presents anticonvulsant activity. The presence of AngIV-specific binding sites has been identified in various mammalian tissues, including blood vessels, heart, kidney, and brain. Besides the presence of AngIV binding sites in the cardiovascular system, the major AngIV synthesizing enzymes aminopeptidase N (APN) and aminopeptidase B (APB) are also expressed in different cell types of this system. AngIV activates several protein kinases, including phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, PI-dependent kinase-1, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), protein kinase B-α/Akt, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. AngIV could contribute to vascular damage, increasing the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, the main chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, and up-regulates the expression of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 that is involved in the attachment and transmigration of circulating cells into the damaged tissue. (PMID: 17210474).
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同义名列表

21 个代谢物同义名

(2S)-2-({[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-{[(2S,3S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino}-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-phenylpropanoate; (2S)-2-{[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[(2S,3S)-2-[(2S)-2-[(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido]-3-methylpentanamido]-3-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]formamido}-3-phenylpropanoic acid; (2S)-2-{[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[(2S,3S)-2-[(2S)-2-[(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido]-3-methylpentanamido]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]formamido}-3-phenylpropanoic acid; 5-Isoleucine-angiotensin II 3-8-hexapeptide; (Isoleucine5)-angiotensin II hexapeptide; 1-De-asp-2-de-arg-5-ile-angiotensin II; Human angiotensin hexapeptide (3-8); (Des(asp1,arg2)-ile5)angiotensin II; (3-8)-5-Isoleucine-angiotensin II; Angiotensin II, 1-des-asn-2-arg; 3-L-Isoleucine-angiotensin IV; (Ile5)-angiotensin II (3-8); Huamn angiotensin (3-8); Val-tyr-ile-his-pro-phe; Angiotensin II (3-8); Human angiotensin IV; Ile3-angiotensin IV; Angiotensin IV; SCHEMBL4322224; (a)II(3-8); Nle-angiv



数据库引用编号

15 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

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代谢反应

2 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(1)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

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PharmGKB(0)

1 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Ana Belén Segarra, Germán Domínguez-Vías, José Redondo, Magdalena Martínez-Cañamero, Manuel Ramírez-Sánchez, Isabel Prieto. Hypothalamic Renin-Angiotensin System and Lipid Metabolism: Effects of Virgin Olive Oil versus Butter in the Diet. Nutrients. 2021 Jan; 13(2):. doi: 10.3390/nu13020480. [PMID: 33572630]
  • A V Morgun, V V Salmin, E B Boytsova, O L Lopatina, A B Salmina. Molecular Mechanisms of Proteins - Targets for SARS-CoV-2 (Review). Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine. 2021; 12(6):98-108. doi: 10.17691/stm2020.12.6.11. [PMID: 34796023]
  • Wen-Wu Bai, Hao Wang, Chun-Hua Gao, Ke-Yin Liu, Bing-Xiu Guo, Fan Jiang, Ming-Xiang Zhang, Chen Li, Wei-Dong Qin. Continuous Infusion of Angiotensin IV Protects against Acute Myocardial Infarction via the Inhibition of Inflammation and Autophagy. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2021; 2021(?):2860488. doi: 10.1155/2021/2860488. [PMID: 34950416]
  • Erkan Cure, Tevfik Bulent Ilcol, Medine Cumhur Cure. Angiotensin II, III, and IV may be important in the progression of COVID-19. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS. 2020 Oct; 21(4):1470320320972019. doi: 10.1177/1470320320972019. [PMID: 33169633]
  • F K Suessenbach, B B Burckhardt. Levels of angiotensin peptides in healthy and cardiovascular/renal-diseased paediatric population-an investigative review. Heart failure reviews. 2019 09; 24(5):709-723. doi: 10.1007/s10741-019-09797-y. [PMID: 31104255]
  • Jürgen M Bohlender, Jürg Nussberger, Hendrik Tevaearai, Hans Imboden. Angiotensinergic Innervation of the Human Right Atrium: Implications for Cardiac Reflexes. American journal of hypertension. 2018 01; 31(2):188-196. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpx163. [PMID: 28985343]
  • M Slamkova, S Zorad, K Krskova. Alternative renin-angiotensin system pathways in adipose tissue and their role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Endocrine regulations. 2016 Oct; 50(4):229-240. doi: 10.1515/enr-2016-0025. [PMID: 27941178]
  • Caroline C Benoist, Leen H Kawas, Mingyan Zhu, Katherine A Tyson, Lori Stillmaker, Suzanne M Appleyard, John W Wright, Gary A Wayman, Joseph W Harding. The procognitive and synaptogenic effects of angiotensin IV-derived peptides are dependent on activation of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-met system. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2014 11; 351(2):390-402. doi: 10.1124/jpet.114.218735. [PMID: 25187433]
  • Yunki Y Yau, Rupert W L Leong, Sean Shin, Sonia Bustamante, Russell Pickford, Leila Hejazi, Beth Campbell, Valerie C Wasinger. Bimodal plasma metabolomics strategy identifies novel inflammatory metabolites in inflammatory bowel diseases. Discovery medicine. 2014 Sep; 18(98):113-24. doi: . [PMID: 25227752]
  • Arndt Manzel, Oliver Domenig, Bjoern Ambrosius, Agnes Kovacs, Johannes Stegbauer, Marko Poglitsch, Dominik N Mueller, Ralf Gold, Ralf A Linker. Angiotensin IV is induced in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but fails to influence the disease. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology. 2014 Sep; 9(4):533-43. doi: 10.1007/s11481-014-9548-y. [PMID: 24854706]
  • Alexandros Nikolaou, Isabelle Van den Eynde, Dirk Tourwé, Georges Vauquelin, Géza Tóth, Jayapal Reddy Mallareddy, Marko Poglitsch, Jo A Van Ginderachter, Patrick M L Vanderheyden. [3H]IVDE77, a novel radioligand with high affinity and selectivity for the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase. European journal of pharmacology. 2013 Feb; 702(1-3):93-102. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.026. [PMID: 23376157]
  • Mitsuru Ohishi, Koichi Yamamoto, Hiromi Rakugi. Angiotensin (1-7) and other angiotensin peptides. Current pharmaceutical design. 2013; 19(17):3060-4. doi: 10.2174/1381612811319170013. [PMID: 23176220]
  • Frédéric Lancien, Marty Wong, Ali Al Arab, Nagi Mimassi, Yoshio Takei, Jean-Claude Le Mével. Central ventilatory and cardiovascular actions of angiotensin peptides in trout. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2012 Aug; 303(3):R311-20. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00145.2012. [PMID: 22696574]
  • María Jesús Ramírez-Expósito, María del Pilar Carrera-González, María Dolores Mayas, Basilio Dueñas, Julia Martínez-Ferrol, José Manuel Martínez-Martos. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy modifies serum angiotensinase activities in women with breast cancer. Maturitas. 2012 May; 72(1):79-83. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.007. [PMID: 22424590]
  • Rui Yang, Ilse Smolders, Alain G Dupont. Blood pressure and renal hemodynamic effects of angiotensin fragments. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. 2011 Jun; 34(6):674-83. doi: 10.1038/hr.2011.24. [PMID: 21412242]
  • M Siebelmann, J Wensing, E J Verspohl. The impact of ANG II and IV on INS-1 cells and on blood glucose and plasma insulin. Journal of receptor and signal transduction research. 2010 Aug; 30(4):234-45. doi: 10.3109/10799893.2010.487491. [PMID: 20524779]
  • B J Yamamoto, P D Elias, J A Masino, B D Hudson, A T McCoy, Z J Anderson, M D Varnum, M F Sardinia, J W Wright, J W Harding. The angiotensin IV analog Nle-Tyr-Leu-psi-(CH2-NH2)3-4-His-Pro-Phe (norleual) can act as a hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met inhibitor. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2010 Apr; 333(1):161-73. doi: 10.1124/jpet.109.161711. [PMID: 20086056]
  • Rui Yang, Thomas Walther, Florian Gembardt, Ilse Smolders, Patrick Vanderheyden, Anthony L Albiston, Siew Yeen Chai, Alain G Dupont. Renal vasoconstrictor and pressor responses to angiotensin IV in mice are AT1a-receptor mediated. Journal of hypertension. 2010 Mar; 28(3):487-94. doi: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283343250. [PMID: 19907343]
  • Yasushi Numaguchi, Masakazu Ishii, Ryuji Kubota, Yasuhiro Morita, Koji Yamamoto, Tadashi Matsushita, Kenji Okumura, Toyoaki Murohara. Ablation of angiotensin IV receptor attenuates hypofibrinolysis via PAI-1 downregulation and reduces occlusive arterial thrombosis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2009 Dec; 29(12):2102-8. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.195057. [PMID: 19745198]
  • E I Pevtsova, S M Tolpygo, M F Obukhova, A V Kotov. Complexes of angiotensin IV with functionally different proteins in the regulation of drinking behavior and hemodynamics in rats. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2009 Nov; 148(5):738-41. doi: 10.1007/s10517-010-0805-7. [PMID: 20396781]
  • A G Dupont, R Yang, I Smolders, P Vanderheyden. IRAP and AT(1) receptor mediated effects of angiotensin IV. Journal of internal medicine. 2009 Mar; 265(3):401-3; author reply 404. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02027.x. [PMID: 19207373]
  • Yayoi Kikuchi, Hiroko Saika, Keizo Yuasa, Masami Nagahama, Akihiko Tsuji. Isolation and biochemical characterization of two forms of RD21 from cotyledons of daikon radish (Raphanus sativus). Journal of biochemistry. 2008 Dec; 144(6):789-98. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvn132. [PMID: 18838434]
  • Rui Yang, Ilse Smolders, Dimitri De Bundel, Renaud Fouyn, Mathias Halberg, Heidi Demaegdt, Patrick Vanderheyden, Alain G Dupont. Brain and peripheral angiotensin II type 1 receptors mediate renal vasoconstrictor and blood pressure responses to angiotensin IV in the rat. Journal of hypertension. 2008 May; 26(5):998-1007. doi: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f5ed58. [PMID: 18398343]
  • Michelle G Wallis, Miles F Lankford, Susanna R Keller. Vasopressin is a physiological substrate for the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase IRAP. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. 2007 Oct; 293(4):E1092-102. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00440.2007. [PMID: 17684103]
  • A Fintha, A Sebe, A Masszi, T Terebessy, T Huszár, L Rosivall, I Mucsi. Angiotensin II activates plasminogen activator inhibitor-I promoter in renal tubular epithelial cells via the AT1 receptor. Acta physiologica Hungarica. 2007 Mar; 94(1-2):19-30. doi: 10.1556/aphysiol.94.2007.1-2.4. [PMID: 17444273]
  • Rajash K Handa. Biphasic actions of angiotensin IV on renal blood flow in the rat. Regulatory peptides. 2006 Sep; 136(1-3):23-9. doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.04.008. [PMID: 16780972]
  • Xiao C Li, Duncan J Campbell, Mitsuru Ohishi, Shao Yuan, Jia L Zhuo. AT1 receptor-activated signaling mediates angiotensin IV-induced renal cortical vasoconstriction in rats. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2006 May; 290(5):F1024-33. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00221.2005. [PMID: 16380463]
  • María Pilar Carrera, María Jesús Ramírez-Expósito, Basilio Dueñas, María Dolores Mayas, María Jesús García, Susana De la Chica, Pedro Cortés, María Ruíz-Sanjuan, José Manuel Martínez-Martos. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase/placental leucil Aminopeptidase (IRAP/P-lAP) and angiotensin IV-forming activities are modified in serum of rats with breast cancer induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea. Anticancer research. 2006 Mar; 26(2A):1011-4. doi: . [PMID: 16619500]
  • A B Segarra, M Ramírez, I Banegas, F Hermoso, F Vargas, F Vives, F Alba, M de Gasparo, I Prieto. Influence of thyroid disorders on kidney angiotensinase activity. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme. 2006 Jan; 38(1):48-52. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924978. [PMID: 16477541]
  • Gunter Wolf. [The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system -- more complex as previously thought]. Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983). 2005 Aug; 100(8):471-7. doi: 10.1007/s00063-005-1071-8. [PMID: 16096728]
  • Bernard R Chaitman, Alla Y Ivleva, Marek Ujda, Jacque H F Lenis, Csaba Toth, David M Stieber, Leonardo H Reisin, Andreas M Pangerl, Julie B Friedman, John H Lawrence. Antianginal efficacy of omapatrilat in patients with chronic angina pectoris. The American journal of cardiology. 2005 Jun; 95(11):1283-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.01.069. [PMID: 15904630]
  • Andrzej Mogielnicki, Ewa Chabielska, Robert Pawlak, Janusz Szemraj, Wlodzimierz Buczko. Angiotensin II enhances thrombosis development in renovascular hypertensive rats. Thrombosis and haemostasis. 2005 Jun; 93(6):1069-76. doi: 10.1160/th04-10-0701. [PMID: 15968390]
  • Alan Daugherty, Debra L Rateri, Hong Lu, Tadashi Inagami, Lisa A Cassis. Hypercholesterolemia stimulates angiotensin peptide synthesis and contributes to atherosclerosis through the AT1A receptor. Circulation. 2004 Dec; 110(25):3849-57. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000150540.54220.c4. [PMID: 15596561]
  • S Y Chai, R Fernando, G Peck, S-Y Ye, F A O Mendelsohn, T A Jenkins, A L Albiston. The angiotensin IV/AT4 receptor. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS. 2004 Nov; 61(21):2728-37. doi: 10.1007/s00018-004-4246-1. [PMID: 15549174]
  • Heidi Demaegdt, Patrick Vanderheyden, Jean-Paul De Backer, Sabrina Mosselmans, Hilde Laeremans, Minh Tam Le, Veerle Kersemans, Yvette Michotte, Georges Vauquelin. Endogenous cystinyl aminopeptidase in Chinese hamster ovary cells: characterization by [125I]Ang IV binding and catalytic activity. Biochemical pharmacology. 2004 Sep; 68(5):885-92. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.047. [PMID: 15294451]
  • Ronni R Plovsing, Christian Wamberg, Niels C F Sandgaard, Jane A Simonsen, Niels-Henrik Holstein-Rathlou, Poul Flemming Hoilund-Carlsen, Peter Bie. Effects of truncated angiotensins in humans after double blockade of the renin system. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2003 Nov; 285(5):R981-91. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00263.2003. [PMID: 12869368]
  • Christian Wamberg, Ronni R Plovsing, Niels C F Sandgaard, Peter Bie. Effects of different angiotensins during acute, double blockade of the renin system in conscious dogs. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2003 Nov; 285(5):R971-80. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00262.2003. [PMID: 12869367]
  • Johannes Stegbauer, Oliver Vonend, Vitus Oberhauser, Lars Christian Rump. Effects of angiotensin-(1-7) and other bioactive components of the renin-angiotensin system on vascular resistance and noradrenaline release in rat kidney. Journal of hypertension. 2003 Jul; 21(7):1391-9. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200307000-00030. [PMID: 12817189]
  • Rebecca A Lew, Tomris Mustafa, Siying Ye, Sharon G McDowall, Siew Yeen Chai, Anthony L Albiston. Angiotensin AT4 ligands are potent, competitive inhibitors of insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Journal of neurochemistry. 2003 Jul; 86(2):344-50. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01852.x. [PMID: 12871575]
  • Christian T Abrahamsen, Mark A Pullen, Christine G Schnackenberg, Eugene T Grygielko, Richard M Edwards, Nicholas J Laping, David P Brooks. Effects of angiotensins II and IV on blood pressure, renal function, and PAI-1 expression in the heart and kidney of the rat. Pharmacology. 2002 Sep; 66(1):26-30. doi: 10.1159/000063252. [PMID: 12169762]
  • William F van Rodijnen, Ton A van Lambalgen, Michiel H van Wijhe, Geert-Jan Tangelder, Piet M Ter Wee. Renal microvascular actions of angiotensin II fragments. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2002 Jul; 283(1):F86-92. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00121.2001. [PMID: 12060590]
  • J L Mehta, D Y Li, H Yang, M K Raizada. Angiotensin II and IV stimulate expression and release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 2002 Jun; 39(6):789-94. doi: 10.1097/00005344-200206000-00003. [PMID: 12021572]
  • Kazuyuki Sakata, Roberts Pawlak, Tetumei Urano, Akikazu Takada. Effects of a long-term pharmacological interruption of the renin-angiotensin system on the fibrinolytic system in essential hypertension. Pathophysiology of haemostasis and thrombosis. 2002 Mar; 32(2):67-75. doi: 10.1159/000065078. [PMID: 12214151]
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  • R K Handa, J W Harding, S M Simasko. Characterization and function of the bovine kidney epithelial angiotensin receptor subtype 4 using angiotensin IV and divalinal angiotensin IV as receptor ligands. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 1999 Dec; 291(3):1242-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 10565848]
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  • L Gesualdo, E Ranieri, R Monno, M R Rossiello, M Colucci, N Semeraro, G Grandaliano, F P Schena, M Ursi, G Cerullo. Angiotensin IV stimulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney international. 1999 Aug; 56(2):461-70. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00578.x. [PMID: 10432384]
  • S M Fitzgerald, R G Evans, G Bergström, W P Anderson. Renal hemodynamic responses to intrarenal infusion of ligands for the putative angiotensin IV receptor in anesthetized rats. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 1999 Aug; 34(2):206-11. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199908000-00005. [PMID: 10445671]
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