Gene Association: HTR4
UniProt Search:
HTR4 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4
found 226 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Cephaeline
Cephaeline is a pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6-position and methoxy substituents at the 7-, 10- and 11-positions. It derives from a hydride of an emetan. Cephaeline is a natural product found in Dorstenia psilurus, Pogonopus tubulosus, and other organisms with data available. Cephaeline is an alkaloid compound that belongs to the isoquinoline alkaloid family. It is naturally found in certain plant species, particularly those of the Cephalotaxus genus, which includes trees and shrubs native to East Asia and the Himalayas. Cephaeline is known for its pharmacological properties and has been the subject of various studies for its potential therapeutic applications. Chemically, cephaeline has a complex structure characterized by an isoquinoline core with additional functional groups attached. It is classified as a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, reflecting its biosynthetic origin from the amino acid tryptophan. The presence of these functional groups contributes to its biological activity and pharmacological effects. In terms of its physical properties, cephaeline is typically a crystalline solid with a defined melting point. It is slightly soluble in water but more soluble in organic solvents, which is common for alkaloids of its class. The exact color and solubility characteristics can vary depending on the presence of impurities or derivatives. Cephaeline has been of interest in the field of pharmacognosy and drug discovery due to its potential therapeutic effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential uses in medicine. Annotation level-1 (-)-Cephaeline. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=483-17-0 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 483-17-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Naringenin
Naringenin is a flavorless, colorless flavanone, a type of flavonoid. It is the predominant flavanone in grapefruit, and is found in a variety of fruits and herbs. Naringenin has the skeleton structure of a flavanone with three hydroxy groups at the 4, 5, and 7 carbons. It may be found both in the aglycol form, naringenin, or in its glycosidic form, naringin, which has the addition of the disaccharide neohesperidose attached via a glycosidic linkage at carbon 7. Naringenin (not to be confused with naringin) is a flavanone that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, immunity system modulater. This substance has also been shown to repair DNA. Scientists exposed cells to 80 micomoles of naringenin per liter, for 24 hours, and found that the amount of hydroxyl damage to the DNA was reduced by 24 percent in that very short period of time. Unfortunately, this bioflavonoid is difficult to absorb on oral ingestion. Only 15\\\\\\\% of ingested naringenin will get absorbed, in the human gastrointestinal tract, in the best case scenario. A full glass of orange juice will supply about enough naringenin to achieve a concentration of about 0.5 micromoles per liter. Naringenin is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits. (S)-naringenin is the (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. It has a role as an expectorant and a plant metabolite. It is a naringenin and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. It is a conjugate acid of a (S)-naringenin(1-). It is an enantiomer of a (R)-naringenin. Naringenin is a natural product found in Elaeodendron croceum, Garcinia multiflora, and other organisms with data available. See also: Naringin (related). Most widely distributed flavanone. Citrus fruits (grapefruit, oranges and pummelos) are especially good sources. Glycosides also widely distributed The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_20eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_10eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_40eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_30eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_50eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_10eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_30eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_50eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_20eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_40eV_000021.txt (±)-Naringenin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=67604-48-2 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 67604-48-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (±)-Naringenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid. (±)-Naringenin displays vasorelaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vessels via the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes[1]. (±)-Naringenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid. (±)-Naringenin displays vasorelaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vessels via the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes[1]. Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity. Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity.
5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan
5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is an aromatic amino acid naturally produced by the body from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is the immediate precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin. The conversion to serotonin is catalyzed by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) (AADC1 also known as DOPA decarboxylase), an essential enzyme in the metabolism of the monoamine neurotransmitters. An accumulation of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in cerebrospinal fluid occurs in aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADC deficiency) (OMIM: 608643) accompanied by an increased excretion in the urine of the patients, which are indicative of the disorder but not specific. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is also increased in other disorders such as in Parkinsons patients with severe postural instability and gait disorders. The amount of endogenous 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan available for serotonin synthesis depends on the availability of tryptophan and on the activity of various enzymes, especially tryptophan hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.4), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.52), and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) (EC 1.13.11.11). 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan has been used clinically for over 30 years. In addition to its use in the treatment of depression, the therapeutic administration of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan has been shown to be effective in treating a wide variety of conditions, including fibromyalgia, insomnia, binge eating associated with obesity, cerebellar ataxia, and chronic headaches. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and effectively increases central nervous system (CNS) synthesis of serotonin. Supplementation with 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan is hypothesized to normalize serotonin synthesis, which is putatively related to its antidepressant properties (PMID: 9295177, 17240182, 16023217). When present in sufficiently high levels, 5-hydroxytryptophan can be a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural cells or tissue. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Signs and symptoms of AADC deficiency generally appear in the first year of life. Affected infants may have severe developmental delay, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), muscle stiffness, difficulty moving, and involuntary writhing movements of the limbs (athetosis). They may be lacking in energy (lethargic), feed poorly, startle easily, and have sleep disturbances. Since 5-hydroxytryptophan is a precursor to serotonin, altered levels of serotonin can accumulate in the brain, which leads to abnormal neural signalling. Infants with AADC deficiency have very low levels of neural signalling molecules while individuals who consume high levels of 5-hydroxytryptophan will have very high levels of neural signalling molecules. Both conditions can lead to vomiting, nausea, extreme drowsiness, and lethargy. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as oxitriptan (INN) is sold over-the-counter in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada as a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant, and sleep aid. It is also marketed in many European countries for the indication of major depression under trade names such as Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH, and Triptum. Several double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, though a lack of high-quality studies has been noted. More and larger studies are needed to determine if 5-HTP is truly effective in treating depression. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan is the L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 5-hydroxytryptophan, a hydroxy-L-tryptophan and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It is an enantiomer of a 5-hydroxy-D-tryptophan. It is a tautomer of a 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan zwitterion. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as oxitriptan (INN), is a naturally occurring amino acid and metabolic intermediate in the synthesis of serotonin and melatonin. 5-HTP is sold over-the-counter in the United Kingdom, United States and Canada as a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant, and sleep aid, and is also marketed in many European countries for the indication of major depression under trade names like Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH, and Triptum. Several double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, though a lack of high quality studies has been noted. More study is needed to determine efficacy in treating depression. Oxitriptan is an aromatic amino acid with antidepressant activity. In vivo, oxitriptan (or 5-hydroxytryptophan) is converted into 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) as well as other neurotransmitters. Oxitriptan may exert its antidepressant activity via conversion to serotonin or directly by binding to serotonin (5-HT) receptors within the central nervous system (CNS). Endogenous oxitriptan is produced from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. The exogenous therapeutic form is isolated from the seeds of the African plant Griffonia simplicifolia. The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant. See also: ... View More ... 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as oxitriptan (INN), is a naturally-occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin from tryptophan. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is found in french plantain. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=4350-09-8 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 4350-09-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP), a naturally occurring amino acid and a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant, and sleep aid, is the immediate precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin and a reserpine antagonist[1]. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) is used to treat fibromyalgia, myoclonus, migraine, and cerebellar ataxia[2][3][4][5].
Tryptamine
Tryptamine, also known as TrpN, is a catabolite of tryptophan converted by the gut microbiota. After absorption through the intestinal epithelium, tryptophan catabolites enter the bloodstream and are later excreted in the urine. Both Clostridium sp. and Ruminococcus sp. have been found to convert tryptophan into tryptamine (PMID: 30120222). Tryptamine is a monoamine compound that is a common precursor molecule to many hormones and neurotransmitters. Biosynthesis generally proceeds from the amino acid tryptophan, with tryptamine acting as a precursor for other compounds. Substitutions to the tryptamine molecule give rise to a group of compounds collectively known as tryptamines. The most well-known tryptamines are serotonin, an important neurotransmitter, and melatonin, a hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Tryptamine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as onion-family vegetables, acerola, Japanese walnuts, custard apples, and green zucchinis. This could make tryptamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Tryptamine is an aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an aminoalkylindole, an indole alkaloid, an aralkylamino compound and a member of tryptamines. It is a conjugate base of a tryptaminium. Tryptamine is a natural product found in Mus musculus, Prosopis glandulosa, and other organisms with data available. Occurs widely in plants, especies Lens esculenta (lentil) and the fungi Coprinus micaceus (glistening ink cap) An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position. KEIO_ID T031
5-Hydroxytryptophan
5-hydroxytryptophan is a tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5. It has a role as a human metabolite and a neurotransmitter. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, DL- is a racemic mixture of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin with anti-depressant, analgesic and appetite-suppressant activities. DL-5-HTP is decarboxylated to serotonin by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase, and results in increased serotonin levels within the brain. Mediated through serotonin receptors, elevated levels of serotonin causes increased serotonin neurotransmissions, hence leading to release of depression, pain and appetite. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is an aromatic amino acid naturally produced by the body from the essential amino acid l-tryptophan. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is the immediate precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin. The conversion to serotonin is catalyzed by the enzyme aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28, AADC1 also known as dopa decarboxylase), an essential enzyme in the metabolism of the monoamine neurotransmitters. An accumulation of 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan in cerebrospinal fluid occurs in Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (OMIM 608643), accompanied by an increased excretion in the urine of the patients, which are indicative of the disorder but not specific 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is also increased in other disorders such as in Parkinsons patients with severe postural instability and gait disorders. Confirmation of the diagnosis AADC deficiency is then required by enzyme activity measurement or genetic analysis. The amount of endogenous 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan available for serotonin synthesis depends on the availability of tryptophan and on the activity of various enzymes, especially tryptophan hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.4), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.52), and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. (EC 1.13.11.11, TDO). 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan has been used clinically for over 30 years. In addition to depression, the therapeutic administration of 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan has been shown to be effective in treating a wide variety of conditions, including fibromyalgia, insomnia, binge eating associated with obesity, cerebellar ataxia, and chronic headaches. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and effectively increases central nervous system (CNS) synthesis of serotonin. Supplementation with 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is hypothesized to normalize serotonin synthesis, which is putatively related to its antidepressant properties. (A3384, A3385, A3386). The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, a tryptophan metabolite, is a direct 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor and an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase substrate. [1][2][3]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, a tryptophan metabolite, is a direct 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor and an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase substrate. [1][2][3].
Galantamine
Galanthamine is a benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils. It has a role as an antidote to curare poisoning, an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a cholinergic drug, an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is an organic heterotetracyclic compound, a tertiary amino compound, a benzazepine alkaloid and a benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent. It is a conjugate base of a galanthamine(1+). Galantamine is a tertiary alkaloid and reversible, competitive inhibitor of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, which is a widely studied therapeutic target used in the treatment of Alzheimers disease. First characterized in the early 1950s, galantamine is a tertiary alkaloid that was extracted from botanical sources, such as Galanthus nivalis. Galantamine was first studied in paralytic and neuropathic conditions, such as myopathies and postpolio paralytic conditions, and for reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Following the discovery of its AChE-inhibiting properties, the cognitive effects of galantamine were studied in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders such as mild cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and autism; however, re-development of the drug for Alzheimer’s disease did not commence until the early 1990s due to difficulties in extraction and synthesis. Galantamine blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing acetylcholine neurotransmission. It also acts as an allosteric modulator of the nicotinic receptor, giving its dual mechanism of action clinical significance. The drug was approved by the FDA in 2001 for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimers type. As Alzheimers disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, galantamine is not known to alter the course of the underlying dementing process. Galantamine works to block the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, thereby enhancing cholinergic neuron function and signalling. Under this hypothesized mechanism of action, the therapeutic effects of galantamine may decrease as the disease progression advances and fewer cholinergic neurons remain functionally intact. It is therefore not considered to be a disease-modifying drug. Galantamine is marketed under the brand name Razadyne, and is available as oral immediate- and extended-release tablets and solution. Galantamine is a Cholinesterase Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of galantamine is as a Cholinesterase Inhibitor. Galantamine is an oral acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for therapy of Alzheimer disease. Galantamine is associated with a minimal rate of serum enzyme elevations during therapy and has not been implicated as a cause of clinically apparent liver injury. Galantamine is a natural product found in Pancratium trianthum, Lycoris sanguinea, and other organisms with data available. A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders. See also: Galantamine Hydrobromide (active moiety of). A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in galanthus and other amaryllidaceae. Galantamine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine triethiodide and tubocurarine, and has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimers disease and other central nervous system disorders. [PubChem] D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010277 - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06D - Anti-dementia drugs > N06DA - Anticholinesterases D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018697 - Nootropic Agents A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Galanthamine is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 500 nM. Galanthamine is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 500 nM.
Apigenin
Apigenin is a trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells. It has a role as a metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is a conjugate acid of an apigenin-7-olate. Apigenin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Carex fraseriana, and other organisms with data available. Apigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. Apigenin inhibits the expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, is increased by differentiating agents via a protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), Ras, MEKK1, MEK3 cascade that increases AP1 factor level and AP1 factor binding to DNA elements in the hINV promoter. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter and the increase in hINV promoter activity. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311. Activation of hINV promoter activity by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigellocathecin-3-gallate, is also inhibited by apigenin, suggesting that the two chemopreventive agents can produce opposing actions in keratinocytes. (A7924). Apigenin, a flavone abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, exhibits antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic activities through poorly defined mechanisms. This flavonoid provides selective activity to promote caspase-dependent-apoptosis of leukemia cells and uncover an essential role of PKCdelta during the induction of apoptosis by apigenin. (A7925). Apigenin markedly induces the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and synergistically acts with exogenous soluble recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. On the other hand, apigenin-mediated induction of DR5 expression is not observed in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, apigenin does not sensitize normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. (A7926). 5,7,4-trihydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. See also: Chamomile (part of); Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of). Apigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. Apigenin inhibits the expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, is increased by differentiating agents via a protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), Ras, MEKK1, and MEK3 cascade that increases AP1 factor level and AP1 factor binding to DNA elements in the hINV promoter. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311. Activation of hINV promoter activity by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigellocathecin-3-gallate, is also inhibited by apigenin, suggesting that the two chemopreventive agents can produce opposing actions in keratinocytes (PMID: 16982614). Apigenin, a flavone abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, exhibits antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic activities through poorly defined mechanisms. This flavonoid provides selective activity to promote caspase-dependent-apoptosis of leukemia cells and uncover an essential role of PKCdelta during the induction of apoptosis by apigenin (PMID: 16844095). Apigenin markedly induces the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and synergistically acts with exogenous soluble recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. On the other hand, apigenin-mediated induction of DR5 expression is not observed in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, apigenin does not sensitize normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis (PMID: 16648565). Flavone found in a wide variety of foodstuffs; buckwheat, cabbage, celeriac, celery, lettuce, oregano, parsley, peppermint, perilla, pummelo juice, thyme, sweet potatoes, green tea and wild carrot [DFC] A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8558; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8556 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5097; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5094 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5096; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5093 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8561; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8559 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5082; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5079 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5104; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5099 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8572; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8570 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8556; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8554 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5085; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5082 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8554; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8550 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8540; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8539 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5090; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5089 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_10eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_40eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_20eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_30eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_50eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_40eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_20eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_10eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_50eV_000005.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 151 [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_30eV_000005.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 26 Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM. Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM.
Cytidine
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brains extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547). Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis; as precursor of the cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathway. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transports of cytidine into the brains extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide, which is involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. Cytidine is a white crystalline powder. (NTP, 1992) Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a cytosine. Cytidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Cytidine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Castanopsis fissa, and other organisms with data available. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside comprised of a cytosine bound to ribose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a precursor for uridine. Both cytidine and uridine are utilized in RNA synthesis. Cytidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE. A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3]. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3]. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3].
Hordenine
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer Hordenine is a phenethylamine alkaloid. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. Hordenine is a natural product found in Cereus peruvianus, Mus musculus, and other organisms with data available. See also: Selenicereus grandiflorus stem (part of). Alkaloid from Hordeum vulgare (barley) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2289 Hordenine, an alkaloid found in plants, inhibits melanogenesis by suppression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production[1]. Hordenine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=539-15-1 (retrieved 2024-10-24) (CAS RN: 539-15-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Hyoscyamine
(S)-atropine is an atropine with a 2S-configuration. It is functionally related to a (S)-tropic acid. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-atropinium. Hyoscyamine is a tropane alkaloid and the levo-isomer of [atropine]. It is commonly extracted from plants in the Solanaceae or nightshade family. Research into the action of hyoscyamine in published literature dates back to 1826. Hyoscyamine is used for a wide variety of treatments and therapeutics due to its antimuscarinic properties. Although hyoscyamine is marketed in the United States, it is not FDA approved. Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. L-Hyoscyamine is a natural product found in Datura ferox, Crenidium spinescens, and other organisms with data available. Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility. The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinsons disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain > A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2269 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents KEIO_ID H045; [MS2] KO008998 KEIO_ID H045 L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2].
(S)-[8]-Gingerol
(8)-Gingerol is a beta-hydroxy ketone, a member of phenols and a monomethoxybenzene. (8)-Gingerol is a natural product found in Zingiber officinale with data available. See also: Ginger (part of). (S)-[8]-Gingerol is found in ginger. (S)-[8]-Gingerol is a constituent of ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. Constituent of ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. (S)-[8]-Gingerol is found in herbs and spices and ginger. 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2]. 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2].
(S)-[10]-Gingerol
(10)-Gingerol is a beta-hydroxy ketone, a member of phenols and a monomethoxybenzene. (10)-Gingerol is a natural product found in Zingiber officinale with data available. See also: Ginger (part of). (S)-[10]-Gingerol is found in ginger. (S)-[10]-Gingerol is a constituent of ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. Constituent of ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. (S)-[10]-Gingerol is found in herbs and spices and ginger. 10-Gingerol is a major pungent constituent in the ginger oleoresin from fresh rhizome, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line with an IC50 of 12.1 μM[1][2]. 10-Gingerol is a major pungent constituent in the ginger oleoresin from fresh rhizome, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line with an IC50 of 12.1 μM[1][2].
Nortriptyline
Nortriptyline is an organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline. It has a role as a drug metabolite, an antidepressant, an adrenergic uptake inhibitor, an analgesic, an antineoplastic agent and an apoptosis inducer. It is an organic tricyclic compound and a secondary amine. It is functionally related to an amitriptyline. It derives from a hydride of a dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene. Nortriptyline hydrochloride, the active metabolite of [amitriptyline], is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It is used in the treatment of major depression and is also used off-label for chronic pain and other conditions. Nortriptyline is a Tricyclic Antidepressant. Nortriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that is also used in smoking cessation. Nortriptyline can cause mild and transient serum enzyme elevations and is rare cause of clinically apparent acute and chronic cholestatic liver injury. Nortriptyline is a natural product found in Senegalia berlandieri with data available. Nortriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant agent used for short-term treatment of various forms of depression. Nortriptyline blocks the norepinephrine presynaptic receptors, thereby blocking the reuptake of this neurotransmitter and raising the concentration in the synaptic cleft in the CNS. Nortriptyline also binds to alpha-adrenergic, histaminergic and cholinergic receptors. Long-term treatment with nortriptyline produces a downregulation of adrenergic receptors due to the increased stimulation of these receptors. Nortriptyline hydrochloride, the N-demethylated active metabolite of amitriptyline, is a dibenzocycloheptene-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, nortriptyline does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, nortriptyline exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of norepinephrine reuptake than tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H1 receptors, α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Nortriptyline exerts less anticholinergic and sedative side effects compared to the tertiary amine TCAs, amitriptyline and clomipramine. Nortriptyline may be used to treat depression, chronic pain (unlabeled use), irritable bowel syndrome (unlabeled use), diabetic neuropathy (unlabeled use), post-traumatic stress disorder (unlabeled use), and for migraine prophylaxis (unlabeled use). A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions. See also: Nortriptyline Hydrochloride (active moiety of). Nortriptyline hydrochloride, the N-demethylated active metabolite of amitriptyline, is a dibenzocycloheptene-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, nortriptyline does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, nortriptyline exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of norepinephrine reuptake than tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H1 receptors, α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Nortriptyline exerts less anticholinergic and sedative side effects compared to the tertiary amine TCAs, amitriptyline and clomipramine. Nortriptyline may be used to treat depression, chronic pain (unlabeled use), irritable bowel syndrome (unlabeled use), diabetic neuropathy (unlabeled use), post-traumatic stress disorder (unlabeled use), and for migraine prophylaxis (unlabeled use). An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline. N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3692 Nortriptyline (Desmethylamitriptyline), the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, is a tricyclic antidepressant. Nortriptyline is a potent autophagy inhibitor and has anticancer effects[1][2][3]. N
Yohimbine
Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina. It has a role as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, a serotonergic antagonist and a dopamine receptor D2 antagonist. It is functionally related to a yohimbic acid. A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the Central African yohimbe tree (Pausinystalia yohimbe) that is widely used as therapy for erectile dysfunction. Yohimbine use has been associated with occasional severe adverse events, but has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. Yohimbine is a natural product found in Rauvolfia yunnanensis, Tabernaemontana corymbosa, and other organisms with data available. A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. See also: Yohimbine Hydrochloride (active moiety of) ... View More ... Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BE - Drugs used in erectile dysfunction An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D000089162 - Genitourinary Agents > D064804 - Urological Agents D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials > D003764 - Dental Materials Yohimbine is a potent and relatively nonselective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, with IC50 of 0.6 μM. IC50 value: 0.6 uM [1] Target: alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in vitro: Yohimbine inhibits alpha2-receptor antagonist with Ki of 1.05 nM, 1.19 nM, and 1.19 nM for α2A, α2B, α2C, respectively. Yohimbine also inhibits 5-HT1B with Ki of 19.9 nM. Yohimbine acts to block the lowering of cAMP by alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. yohimbine actually causes a pronounced lowering of tyrosinase activity. [3] in vivo: Yohimbine is an antagonist at alpha2-noradrenaline receptors with putative panicogenic effects in human subjects, was administered to Swiss-Webster mice at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine potentiates active defensive responses to threatening stimuli in Swiss-Webster mice.[2] Yohimbine is a potent and relatively nonselective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, with IC50 of 0.6 μM. IC50 value: 0.6 uM [1] Target: alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in vitro: Yohimbine inhibits alpha2-receptor antagonist with Ki of 1.05 nM, 1.19 nM, and 1.19 nM for α2A, α2B, α2C, respectively. Yohimbine also inhibits 5-HT1B with Ki of 19.9 nM. Yohimbine acts to block the lowering of cAMP by alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. yohimbine actually causes a pronounced lowering of tyrosinase activity. [3] in vivo: Yohimbine is an antagonist at alpha2-noradrenaline receptors with putative panicogenic effects in human subjects, was administered to Swiss-Webster mice at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine potentiates active defensive responses to threatening stimuli in Swiss-Webster mice.[2]
Hyoscyamine
Atropine is a racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine. It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a mydriatic agent, a parasympatholytic, a bronchodilator agent, a plant metabolite, an antidote to sarin poisoning and a oneirogen. It contains a (S)-atropine and a (R)-atropine. Atropine is an alkaloid originally synthesized from Atropa belladonna. It is a racemic mixture of d-and l-hyoscyamine, of which only l-hyoscyamine is pharmacologically active. Atropine is generally available as a sulfate salt and can be administered by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraosseous, endotracheal and ophthalmic methods. Oral atropine is only available in combination products. Atropine is a competitive, reversible antagonist of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine and other choline esters. It has a variety of therapeutic applications, including pupil dilation and the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning and symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of reversible causes. Atropine is a relatively inexpensive drug and is included in the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines. Atropine is an Anticholinergic and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. The mechanism of action of atropine is as a Cholinergic Antagonist and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. Atropine is a natural product found in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Anthocercis ilicifolia, and other organisms with data available. Atropine Sulfate is the sulfate salt of atropine, a naturally-occurring alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Atropine is a synthetically-derived form of the endogenous alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility. An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain > A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FA - Anticholinergics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2292 INTERNAL_ID 2292; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3334 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents KEIO_ID A080; [MS2] KO008864 KEIO_ID A080 Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2].
Tropine
Pseudotropine is a natural product found in Atropa belladonna and Datura stramonium with data available. KEIO_ID T024 Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2]. Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2].
Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a molecule that belongs to the class of compounds known as indoleamines. An indoleamine consists of an indole ring that bears an amino group or an alkyl amino group attached to the indole ring. Serotonin has an aminoethyl at position 2 and a hydroxyl group at position 5 of the indole ring. Serotonin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In mammals, serotonin functions as a monoamine neurotransmitter, a biochemical messenger and regulator. It is synthesized from the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan. Approximately 90\\\\% of the human bodys total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it regulates intestinal movements. About 8\\\\% is found in platelets and 1–2\\\\% in the CNS. Serotonin in the nervous system acts as a local transmitter at synapses, and as a paracrine or hormonal modulator of circuits upon diffusion, allowing a wide variety of "state-dependent" behavioral responses to different stimuli. Serotonin is widely distributed in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates and some of its behavioral effects have been preserved along evolution. Such is the case of aggressive behavior and rhythmic motor patterns, including those responsible for feeding. In vertebrates, which display a wider and much more sophisticated behavioral repertoire, serotonin also modulates sleep, the arousal state, sexual behavior, and others. Deficiencies of the serotonergic system causes disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, and generalized anxiety disorder. Serotonin has three different modes of action in the nervous system: as transmitter, acting locally at synaptic boutons; upon diffusion at a distance from its release sites, producing paracrine (also called volume) effects, and by circulating in the blood stream, producing hormonal effects. The three modes can affect a single neuronal circuit. (PMID: 16047543). Serotonin is also a microbial metabolite that can be found in the feces and urine of mammals. Urinary serotonin is produced by Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Enterococcus (PMID: 24621061). In plants, serotonin was first found and reported in a legume called Mucuna pruriens. The greatest concentration of serotonin in plants has been found in walnuts and hickory. In pineapples, banana, kiwi fruit, plums and tomatoes the concentration of serotonin is around 3 to 30 mg/kg. Isolated from bananas and other fruitsand is also from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) [DFC]. Serotonin is found in many foods, some of which are common pea, eggplant, swiss chard, and dill. Serotonin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-67-9 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 50-67-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
1-Methyluric acid
1-Methyluric acid is one of the three main theophylline metabolites in man. 1-Methyluric acid is one of the purine components in urinary calculi. Methylated purines originate from the metabolism of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine). Methyluric acids are indistinguishable from uric acid by simple methods routinely used in clinical laboratories, requiring the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Purine derivatives in urinary calculi could be considered markers of abnormal purine metabolism. The content of a purine derivative in stone depends on its average urinary excretion in the general population, similarity to the chemical structure of uric acid, and content of the latter in stone. This suggests that purines in stones represent a solid solution with uric acid as solvent. It is also plausible that methylxanthines, ubiquitous components of the diet and drugs, are involved in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. Caffeine is metabolized via successive pathways mainly catalyzed by CYP1A2, xanthine oxidase or N-acetyltransferase-2 to give 14 different metabolites. CYP1A2 activity shows an inter-individual variability among the population. CYP1A2, an isoform of the CYP1A cytochrome P450 super-family, is involved in the metabolism of many drugs and plays a potentially important role in the induction of chemical carcinogenesis. (PMID: 11712316, 15833286, 3506820, 15013152, 4039734, 9890610) [HMDB] 1-Methyluric acid is one of the three main theophylline metabolites in man. 1-Methyluric acid is one of the purine components in urinary calculi. Methylated purines originate from the metabolism of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine). Methyluric acids can be distinguished from uric acid via simple methods routinely used in clinical laboratories, requiring the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Purine derivatives in urinary calculi could be considered markers of abnormal purine metabolism. The content of a purine derivative in stone depends on its average urinary excretion in the general population, similarity to the chemical structure of uric acid, and content of the latter in stone. This suggests that purines in stones represent a solid solution with uric acid as solvent. It is also plausible that methylxanthines, ubiquitous components of the diet and drugs, are involved in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. Caffeine is metabolized via successive pathways mainly catalyzed by CYP1A2, xanthine oxidase, or N-acetyltransferase-2 to give 14 different metabolites. CYP1A2 activity shows an inter-individual variability among the population. CYP1A2, an isoform of the CYP1A cytochrome P450 superfamily, is involved in the metabolism of many drugs and plays a potentially important role in the induction of chemical carcinogenesis (PMID:11712316, 15833286, 3506820, 15013152, 4039734, 9890610).
5-Methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine, also known as mexamine or 5-MT, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tryptamines and derivatives. Tryptamines and derivatives are compounds containing the tryptamine backbone, which is structurally characterized by an indole ring substituted at the 3-position by an ethanamine. It is biosynthesized via the deacetylation of melatonin in the pineal gland. 5-MT acts as a full agonist at the 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors. 5-Methoxytryptamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Its affinity for the 5-HT5A receptor is unknown. It has no affinity for the 5-HT3 receptor and is affinity for the 5-HT1E receptor is very weak in comparison to the other 5-HT1 receptors. 5-MT has been shown to occur naturally in the body in low levels. Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives. [HMDB] KEIO_ID M040
N-Methyltryptamine
N-Methyltryptamine (NMT), or monomethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine alkaloid that has been found in the bark, shoots and leaves of numerous plants. (wikipedia). N-Methyltryptamine was detected in urine from all autistic patients with mental retardation and epilepsy and many autistic patients (32/47) with mental retardation (PubMed ID 8747157 ). N-Methyltryptamine (NMT), or monomethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine alkaloid that has been found in the bark, shoots and leaves of numerous plants. (wikipedia)
Amitriptyline
Amitriptyline hydrochloride is a dibenzocycloheptene-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, amitriptyline does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, amitriptyline exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake than secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H1 receptors, α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Amitriptyline may be used to treat depression, chronic pain (unlabeled use), irritable bowel syndrome (unlabeled use), diabetic neuropathy (unlabeled use), post-traumatic stress disorder (unlabeled use), and for migraine prophylaxis (unlabeled use). N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Scopolamine
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victims drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FA - Anticholinergics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics C78283 - Agent Affecting Organs of Special Senses > C29706 - Mydriatic Agent N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents KEIO_ID S040; [MS2] KO009233 KEIO_ID S040
Bufotenin
A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic. Bufotenin (5-OH-DMT), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in the skin of some species of toads; in mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals. Bufotenin is a chemical constituent in the venom and eggs of several species of toads belonging to the Bufo genus, but most notably in the Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius) as it is the only toad species in which bufotenin is present in large enough quantities for a psychoactive effect. Extracts of toad venom, containing bufotenin and other bioactive compounds, have been used in some traditional medicines (probably derived from Bufo gargarizans), which has been used medicinally for centuries in China. Bufotenin is a constituent of the seeds of Anadenanthera colubrina and Anadenanthera peregrina trees. Anadenanthera seeds have been used as an ingredient in psychedelic snuff preparations by indigenous cultures of the Caribbean, Central and South America. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014688 - Venoms
Buspirone
Buspirone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [PubChem]Buspirone binds to 5-HT type 1A serotonin receptors on presynaptic neurons in the dorsal raphe and on postsynaptic neurons in the hippocampus, thus inhibiting the firing rate of 5-HT-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe. Buspirone also binds at dopamine type 2 (DA2) receptors, blocking presynaptic dopamine receptors. Buspirone increases firing in the locus ceruleus, an area of brain where norepinephrine cell bodies are found in high concentration. The net result of buspirone actions is that serotonergic activity is suppressed while noradrenergic and dopaminergic cell firing is enhanced. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6951; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6950 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6947; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6945 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6914; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6912 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6879; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6877 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6955; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6953 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6922; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6920 D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05B - Anxiolytics > N05BE - Azaspirodecanedione derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent Buspirone is an orally active 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and a dopamine D2 autoreceptorsant antagonist. Buspirone is an anxiolytic agent, and can be used for the generalized anxiety disorder research[1].
Clomipramine
Clomipramine, the 3-chloro analog of imipramine, is a dibenzazepine-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, clomipramine does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, clomipramine exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Tertiary amine TCAs, such as clomipramine, are more potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake than secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline and desipramine. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H1 receptors, α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Clomipramine may be used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder and disorders with an obsessive-compulsive component (e.g. depression, schizophrenia, Tourettes disorder). Unlabeled indications include panic disorder, chronic pain (e.g. central pain, idiopathic pain disorder, tension headache, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, neuropathic pain), cataplexy and associated narcolepsy, autistic disorder, trichotillomania, onchophagia, stuttering, premature ejaculation, and premenstrual syndrome. Clomipramine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 570; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8506; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8504 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 570; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8514; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8513 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 570; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8510; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8508 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 570; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8427; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8426 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 570; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8459; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8457 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 570; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8468; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8467 N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3669 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1527 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Clozapine
A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [PubChem] N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AH - Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2841 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1600 Clozapine (HF 1854) is an antipsychotic used for the research of schizophrenia. Clozapine has high affinity for a number of neuroreceptors. Clozapine is a potent antagonist of dopamine D2 with a Ki of 75 nM. Clozapine inhibits the muscarinic M1 receptor and serotonin 5HT2A receptor with Kis of 9.5 nM and 4 nM, respectively[1][2][3]. Clozapine is also a potent and selective agonist at the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM)[4].
Imipramine
The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. -- Pubchem; Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Janimine, Tofranil) is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group, mainly used in the treatment of clinical depression and enuresis. -- Wikipedia [HMDB] The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. -- Pubchem; Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Janimine, Tofranil) is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group, mainly used in the treatment of clinical depression and enuresis. -- Wikipedia. N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Loperamide
Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids; Loperamide usually as hydrochloride, is a drug effective against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor and Pepto Diarrhea Control; Treatment should be avoided in the presence of fever or if the stool is bloody. Treatment is not recommended for patients who could suffer detrimental effects from rebound constipation. If there is a suspicion of diarrhea associated with organisms that can penetrate the intestinal walls, such as E. coli O157:H7 or salmonella, loperamide is contraindicated; Loperamide, usually as hydrochloride, is a drug effective against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor and Pepto Diarrhea Control; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids; One of the long-acting synthetic antidiarrheals; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally; Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines [HMDB] Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids; Loperamide usually as hydrochloride, is a drug effective against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor and Pepto Diarrhea Control; Treatment should be avoided in the presence of fever or if the stool is bloody. Treatment is not recommended for patients who could suffer detrimental effects from rebound constipation. If there is a suspicion of diarrhea associated with organisms that can penetrate the intestinal walls, such as E. coli O157:H7 or salmonella, loperamide is contraindicated; Loperamide, usually as hydrochloride, is a drug effective against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor and Pepto Diarrhea Control; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids; One of the long-acting synthetic antidiarrheals; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally; Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07D - Antipropulsives > A07DA - Antipropulsives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C266 - Antidiarrheal Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000930 - Antidiarrheals KEIO_ID L047; [MS2] KO009036 KEIO_ID L047
Pargyline
Pargyline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties. [PubChem]MAOIs act by inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase, thus preventing the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters and thereby increasing their availability. There are two isoforms of monoamine oxidase, MAO-A and MAO-B. MAO-A preferentially deaminates serotonin, melatonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine. MAO-B preferentially deaminates phenylethylamine and trace amines. Pargyline functions by inhibiting the metabolism of catecholamines and tyramine within presynaptic nerve terminals. Catecholamines cause general physiological changes that prepare the body for physical activity (fight-or-flight response). Some typical effects are increases in heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and a general reaction of the sympathetic nervous system. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 504; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4653; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4650 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 504; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4679; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4674 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 504; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4619; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4616 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 504; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4667; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4664 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 504; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4647; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4643 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 504; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4653; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4652 C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02K - Other antihypertensives > C02KC - Mao inhibitors CONFIDENCE Parent Substance with Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 1400 C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3004 KEIO_ID M071
Citalopram
Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. It is also used on occasion in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety; Citalopram belongs to a class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is sold under the brand-names Celexa (U.S., Forest Laboratories, Inc.), Cipramil, Seropram (Europe and Australia) and Ciazil (Australia); A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition; Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. It is also used on occasion in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety. Citalopram belongs to a class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. It is also used on occasion in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety; Citalopram belongs to a class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is sold under the brand-names Celexa (U.S., Forest Laboratories, Inc.), Cipramil, Seropram (Europe and Australia) and Ciazil (Australia); A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition; Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. It is also used on occasion in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety. N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AB - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C94725 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Mefenamic acid
Mefenamic acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [PubChem]Mefenamic acid binds the prostaglandin synthetase receptors COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting the action of prostaglandin synthetase. As these receptors have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity, the symptoms of pain are temporarily reduced. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10159; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10158 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10220; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10219 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10207; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10204 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10231; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10228 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10194; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10192 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10244; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10242 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5516; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5514 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5591; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5590 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5509; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5507 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5490; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5489 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5522; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5520 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 327; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5497; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5493 M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AG - Fenamates D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 208 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 208; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1151 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2351 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8570 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4094 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents KEIO_ID M089; [MS2] KO009073 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID M089
Metoclopramide
Metoclopramide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [PubChem]Metoclopramide inhibits gastric smooth muscle relaxation produced by dopamine, therefore increasing cholinergic response of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. It accelerates intestinal transit and gastric emptying by preventing relaxation of gastric body and increasing the phasic activity of antrum. Simultaneously, this action is accompanied by relaxation of the upper small intestine, resulting in an improved coordination between the body and antrum of the stomach and the upper small intestine. Metoclopramide also decreases reflux into the esophagus by increasing the resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter and improves acid clearance from the esophagus by increasing amplitude of esophageal peristaltic contractions. Metoclopramides dopamine antagonist action raises the threshold of activity in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and decreases the input from afferent visceral nerves. Studies have also shown that high doses of metoclopramide can antagonize 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in the peripheral nervous system in animals. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03F - Propulsives > A03FA - Propulsives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2781; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2781 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents
Sotalol
Sotalol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias (PubChem). Sotalol has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class I) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class I) antiarrhythmic properties. Sotalol is a racemic mixture of d- and l-sotalol. Both isomers have similar Class I antiarrhythmic effects, while the l-isomer is responsible for virtually all of the beta-blocking activity. Sotalol inhibits response to adrenergic stimuli by competitively blocking β1-adrenergic receptors within the myocardium and β2-adrenergic receptors within bronchial and vascular smooth muscle. The electrophysiologic effects of sotalol may be due to its selective inhibition of the rapidly activating component of the potassium channel involved in the repolarization of cardiac cells. The class II electrophysiologic effects are caused by an increase in sinus cycle length (slowed heart rate), decreased AV nodal conduction, and increased AV nodal refractoriness, while the class III electrophysiological effects include prolongation of the atrial and ventricular monophasic action potentials, and effective refractory period prolongation of atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, and atrio-ventricular accessory pathways (where present) in both the anterograde and retrograde directions.
Venlafaxine
Venlafaxine (brand name: Effexor or Efexor) is a bicyclic antidepressant and is usually categorized as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), but it has been referred to as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It works by blocking the transporter reuptake proteins for key neurotransmitters affecting mood, thereby leaving more active neurotransmitter in the synapse. The neurotransmitters affected are serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Additionally, in high doses, it weakly inhibits the reuptake of dopamine. A comparison of adverse event rates in a fixed-dose study comparing venlafaxine 75, 225, and 375 mg/day with placebo revealed a dose dependency for some of the more common adverse events associated with venlafaxine use. The rule for including events was to enumerate those that occurred at an incidence of 5\\% or more for at least one of the venlafaxine groups and for which the incidence was at least twice the placebo incidence for at least one venlafaxine group. Tests for potential dose relationships for these events (Cochran-Armitage Test, with a criterion of exact 2-sided p-value <= 0.05) suggested a dose-dependency for several adverse events in this list, including chills, hypertension, anorexia, nausea, agitation, dizziness, somnolence, tremor, yawning, sweating, and abnormal ejaculation (Wyeth Monograph). Venlafaxine is an effective anti-depressant for many persons; however, it seems to be especially effective for those with treatment-resistant depression. Patients suffering from severe long-term depression typically respond better to venlafaxine than other drugs. However, venlafaxine has been reported to be more difficult to discontinue than other antidepressants. In addition, a September 2004 Consumer Reports study ranked venlafaxine as the most effective among six commonly prescribed antidepressants. However, this should not be considered a definitive finding, since responses to psychiatric medications can vary significantly from individual to individual. A black box warning has been issued with venlafaxine and with other SSRI and SNRI anti-depressants advising of risk of suicide. There is an additional risk if a physician misinterprets patient expression of adverse effects such as panic or akathisia. Careful assessment of patient history and comorbid risk factors such as drug abuse are essential in evaluating the safety of venlafaxine for individual patients. Another risk is serotonin syndrome. This is a serious effect that can be caused by interactions with other drugs and is potentially fatal. This risk necessitates clear information to patients and proper medical history. Venlafaxine is used primarily for the treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder in adults. It is also used for other general depressive disorders. Although it is not approved for use in children or adolescents, there is considerable information by Wyeth on cautions if prescribed to this age group. Venlafaxine hydrochloride is a prescription antidepressant first introduced by Wyeth in 1993. As of August 2006, generic venlafaxine is available in the United States. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7277; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7275 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7245; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7242 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7253; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7251 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7306; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7304 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7276; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7274 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7292; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7289 D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D000068760 - Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents CONFIDENCE Parent Substance with Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 1900 C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8322 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1502 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Quinaldic acid
Quinaldic acid, also known as quinaldate, 2-carboxyquinoline, or quinoline-2-carboxylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as quinoline carboxylic acids. These are quinolines in which the quinoline ring system is substituted by a carboxyl group at one or more positions. The quinoline ring system is a double-ring structure composed of a benzene and a pyridine ring fused at two adjacent carbon atoms. Quinaldic acid is a quinoline having a carboxy group at the 2-position. It is a solid that is moderately soluble in water with a melting point of 156°C. Quinaldic acid is a metabolite of tryptophan degradation that is formed via the kynurenine pathway; it is formed through the dehydroxylation of the intermediate kynurenic acid (PMID: 13385219). It is excreted in urine, and its urine concentration is decreased in individuals suffering from chronic alcoholism (PMID: 25754126). Quinaldic acid has been shown to inhibit proinsulin synthesis in pancreatic islet cells (PMID: 373355). Quinaldic acid has been shown to have anti-proliferative or anti-tumour effects and has been found to alter the expression of the p53 tumour suppressor gene as well as the phosphorylation of the p53 protein in in vitro studies (PMID: 30780127). A product of l-tryptophan catabolism, via kynurenic acid, found in human urine. [HMDB] Quinoline-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
Aminosalicylic Acid
Aminosalicylic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitubercular agent often administered in association with isoniazid. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid. [PubChem]There are two mechanisms responsible for aminosalicylic acids bacteriostatic action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Firstly, aminosalicylic acid inhibits folic acid synthesis (without potentiation with antifolic compounds). The binding of para-aminobenzoic acid to pteridine synthetase acts as the first step in folic acid synthesis. Aminosalicylic acid binds pteridine synthetase with greater affinity than para-aminobenzoic acid, effectively inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid. As bacteria are unable to use external sources of folic acid, cell growth and multiplication slows. Secondly, aminosalicylic acid may inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall component, mycobactin, thus reducing iron uptake by M. tuberculosis. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis > J04AA - Aminosalicylic acid and derivatives D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank KEIO_ID A129 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D010726 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Brompheniramine
Brompheniramine (also known as Bromfed, Bromfenex, and Dimetane) is an antihistamine drug of the propylamine class. It is commonly available over the counter and is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of the common cold and allergic rhinitis, such as runny nose, itchy eyes, watery eyes, and sneezing. It is a first-generation antihistamine; Brompheniramine (also known as Bromfed, Bromfenex, and Dimetane) is an antihistamine drug of the propylamine class. It is commonly available over the counter and is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of the common cold and allergic rhinitis, such as runny nose, itchy eyes, watery eyes, and sneezing. It is a first-generation antihistamine. -- Wikipedia; Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria. [HMDB] Brompheniramine (also known as Bromfed, Bromfenex, and Dimetane) is an antihistamine drug of the propylamine class. It is commonly available over the counter and is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of the common cold and allergic rhinitis, such as runny nose, itchy eyes, watery eyes, and sneezing. It is a first-generation antihistamine; Brompheniramine (also known as Bromfed, Bromfenex, and Dimetane) is an antihistamine drug of the propylamine class. It is commonly available over the counter and is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of the common cold and allergic rhinitis, such as runny nose, itchy eyes, watery eyes, and sneezing. It is a first-generation antihistamine. -- Wikipedia; Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria. R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AB - Substituted alkylamines D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents
Cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc. [PubChem]Cyproheptadine competes with free histamine for binding at HA-receptor sites. This antagonizes the effects of histamine on HA-receptors, leading to a reduction of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine HA-receptor binding. Cyproheptadine also competes with serotonin at receptor sites in smooth muscle in the intestines and other locations. Antagonism of serotonin on the appetite center of the hypothalamus may account for Cyproheptadines ability to stimulate appetite. R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Cyproheptadine is a potent and orally active 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, with antidepressant and antiserotonergic effects. Cyproheptadine has antiplatelet and thromboprotective activities. Cyproheptadine can be used for the research of thromboembolic disorders[1][2].
Emetine
A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6-, 7-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D004639 - Emetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Origin: Plant; Formula(Parent): C29H40N2O4; Bottle Name:Emetine dihydrochloride; PRIME Parent Name:Emetine; PRIME in-house No.:V0282; SubCategory_DNP: Isoquinoline alkaloids, Emetine alkaloids Annotation level-1 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society IPB_RECORD: 2501; CONFIDENCE confident structure
Fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine is an antidepressant which functions pharmacologically as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Though it is in the same class as other SSRI drugs, it is most often used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. Fluvoxamine has been in use in clinical practice since 1983 and has a clinical trial database comprised of approximately 35,000 patients. It was launched in the US in December 1994 and in Japan in June 1999. As of the end of 1995, more than 10 million patients worldwide have been treated with fluvoxamine. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065689 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065609 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AB - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C94725 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8519 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Sumatriptan
Oftentimes, serotonin levels in the brain become extremely erratic before the onset of a migraine. In an attempt to stabilize this, sumatriptan is administered to help aid in leveling the serotonin levels in the brain. Sumatriptan is structurally similar to serotonin, and is a 5-HT (5-HT1D) agonist, which is one of the receptors that serotonin binds to. The specific receptor subtype it activates is present in the cranial and basilar arteries. Activation of these receptors causes vasoconstriction of those dilated arteries. Sumatriptan is also shown to decrease the activity of the trigeminal nerve. Sumatriptan is a triptan drug including a sulfonamide group structurally similar to serotonin, and is a 5-HT (5-HT1D) agonist, which is one of the receptors that serotonin binds to. Oftentimes, serotonin levels in the brain become extremely erratic before the onset of a migraine. In an attempt to stabilize this, sumatriptan is administered to help aid in leveling the serotonin levels in the brain. A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. Sumatriptan (Imitrex, Imigran, Imigran Recovery) is a triptan drug including a sulfonamide group which was originally developed by Glaxo for the treatment of migraine headaches. Oftentimes, serotonin levels in the brain become extremely erratic before the onset of a migraine. In an attempt to stabilize this, sumatriptan is administered to help aid in leveling the serotonin levels in the brain. Sumatriptan is structurally similar to serotonin, and is a 5-HT (5-HT1D) agonist, which is one of the receptors that serotonin binds to. The specific receptor subtype it activates is present in the cranial and basilar arteries. Activation of these receptors causes vasoconstriction of those dilated arteries. Sumatriptan is also shown to decrease the activity of the trigeminal nerve.; Sumatriptan is a triptan drug including a sulfonamide group structurally similar to serotonin, and is a 5-HT (5-HT1D) agonist, which is one of the receptors that serotonin binds to. N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02C - Antimigraine preparations > N02CC - Selective serotonin (5ht1) agonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents Sumatriptan (GR 43175) is an orally active 5-HT1 receptor agonist with IC50s of 7.3 nm, 9.3nm and 17.8 nm for 5-HT1D, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1F receptors, respectively. Sumatriptan can be used for migraine headache research[1][2][3][4].
Loxapine
Loxapine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [PubChem]Loxapine is a dopamine antagonist, and also a serotonin 5-HT2 blocker. The exact mode of action of Loxapine has not been established, however changes in the level of excitability of subcortical inhibitory areas have been observed in several animal species in association with such manifestations of tranquilization as calming effects and suppression of aggressive behavior. N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AH - Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent Loxapine is an orally active dopamine inhibitor, 5-HT receptor antagonist and also a dibenzoxazepine anti-psychotic agent[1][4].
Maprotiline
Maprotiline is a tetracyclic antidepressant with similar pharmacological properties to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Similar to TCAs, maprotiline inhibits neuronal norepinephrine reuptake, possesses some anticholinergic activity, and does not affect monoamine oxidase activity. It differs from TCAs in that it does not appear to block serotonin reuptake. Maprotiline may be used to treat depressive affective disorders, including dysthymic disorder (depressive neurosis) and major depressive disorder. Maprotiline is effective at reducing symptoms of anxiety associated with depression. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8225; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8223 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8170; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8168 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8212; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8209 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8187; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8185 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8233; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8231 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8247; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8245 N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3317 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2221 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
MDMA
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3613 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1712 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Prazosin
Prazosin is a selective α-1-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat hypertension. It has also been used to decrease urinary obstruction and relieve symptoms associated with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. α1-Receptors mediate contraction and hypertrophic growth of smooth muscle cells. Antagonism of these receptors leads to smooth muscle relaxation in the peripheral vasculature and prostate gland. Prazosin has also been used in conjunction with cardiac glycosides and diuretics in the management of severe congestive heart failure. It has also been used alone or in combination with β-blockers in the preoperative management of signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma. C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02C - Antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting > C02CA - Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents KEIO_ID P191; [MS2] KO009165 Corona-virus KEIO_ID P191 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Prazosin is an alpha-adrenergic blocker and is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and anxiety, PTSD, and panic disorder. Target: Adrenergic Receptor Prazosin, is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and anxiety, PTSD, andpanic disorder. It is an alpha-adrenergic blocker that is specific for the alpha-1 receptors. These receptors are found on vascular smooth muscle, where they are responsible for the vasoconstrictive action of norepinephrine. They are also found throughout the central nervous system. As of 2013, prazosin is off-patent in the US, and the FDA has approved at least one generic manufacturer.In addition to its alpha-blocking activity, prazosin is an antagonist of the MT3 receptor (which is not present in humans), with selectivity for this receptor over the MT1 and MT2 receptors. Prazosin is orally active and has a minimal effect on cardiac function due to its alpha-1 receptor selectivity. However, when prazosin is initially started, heart rate and contractility go up in order to maintain the pre-treatment blood pressures because the body has reached homeostasis at its abnormally high blood pressure. The blood pressure lowering effect becomes apparent when prazosin is taken for longer periods of time. The heart rate and contractility go back down over time and blood pressure decreases.
Pimozide
A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to haloperidol for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403) D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AG - Diphenylbutylpiperidine derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pimozide is a dopamine receptor antagonist, with Kis of 1.4 nM, 2.5 nM and 588 nM for dopamine D2, D3 and D1 receptors, respectively, and also has affinity at α1-adrenoceptor, with a Ki of 39 nM; Pimozide also inhibits STAT3 and STAT5.
Dimethyltryptamine
An N-methylated indoleamine derivative, a serotonergic hallucinogen found in several plants, especially Prestonia amazonica (Apocynaceae) and in mammalian brain, blood, and urine. It apparently acts as an agonist at some types of serotonin receptors and an antagonist at others.; DMT is a derivative of tryptamine with two additional methyl groups at the amine nitrogen atom. DMT is often synthesized by the Speeter-Anthony synthesis from indole using oxalyl chloride, dimethylamine, and lithium aluminium hydride as reagents. DMT is usually used in its base form, but it is more stable as a salt, e.g. as a fumarate. In contrast to DMTs base, its salts are water-soluble. DMT in solution degrades relatively fast and should be stored protected from air and light in a freezer. Highly pure DMT crystals, when evaporated out of a solvent and depositing upon glass, often produce small but highly defined white crystalline needles which when viewed under intense light will sparkle, and appear colorless under high magnification. In labs, it has been known to be explosive under a certain degree of heat.; DMT is a powerful psychoactive substance. If DMT is smoked, injected, or orally ingested with an MAOI, it can produce powerful entheogenic experiences including intense visual hallucinations, euphoria, even true hallucinations (perceived extensions of reality). A trip sitter is recommended to assist the drug user in staying physically and mentally healthy, and, in the case of smoked DMT, to catch the pipe if the user loses awareness of it.; DMT is classified in the United States as a Schedule I drug. In December of 2004, the Supreme Court lifted a stay thereby allowing the Brazil-based Uniaeo do Vegetal (UDV) church to use a decoction containing DMT in their Christmas services that year. This decoction is a tea made from boiled leaves and vines, known as hoasca within the UDV, and ayahuasca in different cultures. In Gonzales v. O Centro EspArita Beneficente Uniaeo do Vegetal, the Supreme Court heard arguments on November 1, 2005 and unanimously ruled in February 2006 that the U.S. federal government must allow the UDV to import and consume the tea for religious ceremonies under the 1993 Religious Freedom Restoration Act. There are no drug tests that would show DMT usage. None of the basic NIDA 5 drug tests or any extended drug test will show a result for DMT.; Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. It is not to be confused with 5-MeO-DMT and is similar in chemical structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin. DMT is created in small amounts by the human body during normal metabolism by the enzyme tryptamine-N-methyltransferase. Pure DMT at room temperature is a clear or white crystalline solid. DMT was first chemically synthesized in 1931. It also occurs naturally in many species of plants. DMT-containing plants are used in several South American shamanic practices. It is one of the main active constituents of snuffs like yopo and of the drink ayahuasca.; Oral ingestion: DMT, which is broken down by the digestive enzyme monoamine oxidase, is practically inactive if taken orally, unless combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The traditional South American ayahuasca, or yage, is a tea mixture containing DMT and a MAOI. There are a number of admixtures to this brew, but most commonly it is simply the leaves of Psychotria viridis (containing DMT), and the vine Banisteriopsis caapi (the source of MAOI). Other DMT containing plants, including Diplopterys cabrerana, are sometimes used in ayahuasca in different areas of South America. Two common sources in the western US are Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Harding grass (Phalaris aquatica). These invasive grasses contain low levels of DMT and other alkaloids. Taken orally with an appropriate MAOI, DMT produces a long lasting (over 3 hour), slow, but deep spiritual experience. MAOIs should be used with extreme caution as they... Dimethyltryptamine is an N-methylated indoleamine derivative, a serotonergic hallucinogen found in several plants, especially Prestonia amazonica (Apocynaceae) and in mammalian brain, blood, and urine. It apparently acts as an agonist at some types of serotonin receptors and an antagonist at others. DMT is a derivative of tryptamine with two additional methyl groups at the amine nitrogen atom. DMT is often synthesized by the Speeter-Anthony synthesis from indole using oxalyl chloride, dimethylamine, and lithium aluminium hydride as reagents. DMT is usually used in its base form, but it is more stable as a salt, e.g. as a fumarate. In contrast to DMTs base, its salts are water-soluble. DMT in solution degrades relatively fast and should be stored protected from air and light in a freezer. Highly pure DMT crystals, when evaporated out of a solvent and depositing upon glass, often produce small but highly defined white crystalline needles which when viewed under intense light will sparkle, and appear colorless under high magnification. In labs, it has been known to be explosive under a certain degree of heat. DMT is a powerful psychoactive substance. If DMT is smoked, injected, or orally ingested with an MAOI, it can produce powerful entheogenic experiences including intense visual hallucinations, euphoria, even true hallucinations (perceived extensions of reality). A trip sitter is recommended to assist the drug user in staying physically and mentally healthy, and, in the case of smoked DMT, to catch the pipe if the user loses awareness of it. DMT is classified in the United States as a Schedule I drug. There are no drug tests that would show DMT usage. None of the basic NIDA 5 drug tests or any extended drug test will show a result for DMT. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. It is not to be confused with 5-MeO-DMT and is similar in chemical structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin. DMT is created in small amounts by the human body during normal metabolism by the enzyme tryptamine-N-methyltransferase. Pure DMT at room temperature is a clear or white crystalline solid. DMT was first chemically synthesized in 1931. It also occurs naturally in many species of plants. DMT-containing plants are used in several South American shamanic practices. It is one of the main active constituents of snuffs like yopo and of the drink ayahuasca. Oral ingestion: DMT, which is broken down by the digestive enzyme monoamine oxidase, is practically inactive if taken orally, unless combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The traditional South American ayahuasca, or yage, is a tea mixture containing DMT and a MAOI. There are a number of admixtures to this brew, but most commonly it is simply the leaves of Psychotria viridis (containing DMT), and the vine Banisteriopsis caapi (the source of MAOI). Other DMT containing plants, including Diplopterys cabrerana, are sometimes used in ayahuasca in different areas of South America. Two common sources in the western US are Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Harding grass (Phalaris aquatica). These invasive grasses contain low levels of DMT and other alkaloids. Taken orally with an appropriate MAOI, DMT produces a long lasting (over 3 hour), slow, but deep spiritual experience. MAOIs should be used with extreme caution as they can have lethal complications with some prescription drugs, such as SSRI antidepressants, and some over-the-counter drugs. Smoked: If DMT is smoked, the maximal effects last for a short period of time (5-30 minutes dose dependent). The onset after inhalation is very fast (less than 45 seconds) and maximal effects are reached within about a minute. The Business Mans lunch trip is a common name due to the relatively short duration of vaporized, insufflated, or injected DMT. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens
Paroxetine
Paroxetine hydrochloride and paroxetine mesylate belong to a class of antidepressant agents known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Despite distinct structural differences between compounds in this class, SSRIs possess similar pharmacological activity. As with other antidepressant agents, several weeks of therapy may be required before a clinical effect is seen. SSRIs are potent inhibitors of neuronal serotonin reuptake. They have little to no effect on norepinephrine or dopamine reuptake and do not antagonize α- or β-adrenergic, dopamine D2 or histamine H1 receptors. During acute use, SSRIs block serotonin reuptake and increase serotonin stimulation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A and terminal autoreceptors. Chronic use leads to desensitization of somatodendritic 5-HT1A and terminal autoreceptors. The overall clinical effect of increased mood and decreased anxiety is thought to be due to adaptive changes in neuronal function that leads to enhanced serotonergic neurotransmission. Side effects include dry mouth, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, sexual dysfunction and headache (see Toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects). Side effects generally occur during the first two weeks of therapy and are usually less severe and frequent than those observed with tricyclic antidepressants. Paroxetine hydrochloride and mesylate are considered therapeutic alternatives rather than generic equivalents by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA); both agents contain the same active moiety (i.e. paroxetine), but are formulated as different salt forms. Clinical studies establishing the efficacy of paroxetine in various conditions were performed using paroxetine hydrochloride. Since both agents contain the same active moiety, the clinical efficacy of both agents is thought to be similar. Paroxetine may be used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder (social phobia), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Paroxetine has the most evidence supporting its use for anxiety-related disorders of the SSRIs. It has the greatest anticholinergic activity of the agents in this class and compared to other SSRIs, paroxetine may cause greater weight gain, sexual dysfunction, sedation and constipation. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065690 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AB - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C94725 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8555 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1526 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Paroxetine, a phenylpiperidine derivative, is a potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Paroxetine is a very weak inhibitor of norepinephrine (NE) uptake but it is still more potent at this site than the other SSRIs[1].
m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP)
m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) is a metabolite of trazodone. Trazodone (also sold under the brand names Desyrel, Oleptro, Beneficat, Deprax, Desirel, Molipaxin, Thombran, Trazorel, Trialodine, Trittico, and Mesyrel) is an antidepressant of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) class. It is a phenylpiperazine compound. Trazodone also has anxiolytic and hypnotic effects. Trazodone has considerably fewer prominent anticholinergic and sexual side effects than most of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). (Wikipedia) D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists CONFIDENCE Parent Substance with Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 1300 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2818; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2818
Benzamide
Benzamide is an intermediate in the Benzoate degradation via CoA ligation. Benzamides are a class of chemical compounds derived from Benzamid, the carbonic acid amide of benzoic acid. In psychiatry some substituted benzamides are therapeutically used as neuroleptics and/or antipsychotics (wikipedia). Benzamide is an intermediate in the Benzoate degradation via CoA ligation. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8080 KEIO_ID B009 Benzamide (Benzenecarboxamide) is a potent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. Benzamide has protective activity against both glutamate- and methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Benzamide can attenuate the METH-induced dopamine depletions and exhibits neuroprotective activity in mice, also has no acute effect on striatal dopamine metabolism and does not reduce body temperature[1].
Benzatropine
Benzotropine is a centrally-acting, antimuscarinic agent used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinsons disease. It may also be used to treat extrapyramidal reactions, such as dystonia and Parkinsonism, caused by antipsychotics (e.g. phenothiazines). Symptoms of Parkinsons disease and extrapyramidal reactions arise from decreases in dopaminergic activity which creates an imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic activity. Anticholinergic therapy is thought to aid in restoring this balance leading to relief of symptoms. In addition to its anticholinergic effects, benztropine also inhibits the reuptake of dopamine at nerve terminals via the dopamine transporter. Benzotropine also produces antagonistic effects at the histamine H1 receptor. N - Nervous system > N04 - Anti-parkinson drugs > N04A - Anticholinergic agents > N04AC - Ethers of tropine or tropine derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents > D000978 - Antiparkinson Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Pindolol
Pindolol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a moderately lipophilic beta blocker (adrenergic beta-antagonists). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638)Pindolol non-selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors mainly in the heart, inhibiting the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine resulting in a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. By binding beta-2 receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, Pindolol inhibits the production of renin, thereby inhibiting angiotensin II and aldosterone production and therefore inhibits the vasoconstriction and water retention due to angiotensin II and aldosterone, respectively. C - Cardiovascular system > C07 - Beta blocking agents > C07A - Beta blocking agents > C07AA - Beta blocking agents, non-selective C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4098 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2663 Pindolol (LB-46) is a nonselective β-blocker with partial beta-adrenergic receptor agonist activity, also functions as a 5-HT1A receptor weak partial antagonist (Ki=33nM).
Dicyclomine
Dicyclomine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [PubChem]Action is achieved via a dual mechanism: (1) a specific anticholinergic effect (antimuscarinic) at the acetylcholine-receptor sites and (2) a direct effect upon smooth muscle (musculotropic). A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03A - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03AA - Synthetic anticholinergics, esters with tertiary amino group C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists
Doxazosin
Doxazosin is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors. It may be used to mild to moderate hypertension and in the management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). α1-Receptors mediate contraction and hypertrophic growth of smooth muscle cells. Antagonism of these receptors leads to smooth muscle relaxation in the peripheral vasculature and prostate gland. C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02C - Antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting > C02CA - Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C29707 - Vasodilating Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Granisetron
Granisetron is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic and antinauseant for cancer chemotherapy patients. [PubChem]Granisetron is a potent, selective antagonist of 5-HT3 receptors. The antiemetic activity of the drug is brought about through the inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors present both centrally (medullary chemoreceptor zone) and peripherally (GI tract). This inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors in turn inhibits the visceral afferent stimulation of the vomiting center, likely indirectly at the level of the area postrema, as well as through direct inhibition of serotonin activity within the area postrema and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04AA - Serotonin (5ht3) antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Granisetron (BRL 43694) is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy.
Rivastigmine
Rivastigmine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a parasympathomimetic or cholinergic agent for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimers type. Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that inhibits both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase.Rivastigmine is a carbamate derivative that is structurally related to physostigmine, but not to donepezil and tacrine. The precise mechanism of rivastigmine has not been fully determined, but it is suggested that rivastigmine binds reversibly with and inactivates chlolinesterase (eg. acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase), preventing the hydrolysis of acetycholine, and thus leading to an increased concentration of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. The anticholinesterase activity of rivastigmine is relatively specific for brain acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase compared with those in peripheral tissues. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06D - Anti-dementia drugs > N06DA - Anticholinesterases D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2844 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2844; CONFIDENCE standard compound D020011 - Protective Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Fenfluramine
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A08 - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products > A08A - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products > A08AA - Centrally acting antiobesity products D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29728 - Anorexiant D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators KEIO_ID F016; [MS2] KO009107 KEIO_ID F016
Psilocybine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Cisapride
In many countries (including Canada) cisapride has been either withdrawn or has had its indications limited due to reports about long QT syndrome due to cisapride, which predisposes to arrhythmias. The FDA issued a warning letter regarding this risk to health care professionals and patients. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03F - Propulsives > A03FA - Propulsives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents Cisapride (R 51619) is an orally active 5-HT4 receptor agonist with an EC50 value of 140 nM. Cisapride is a hERG blocker with an IC50 value of 9.4 nM. Cisapride is a gastroprokinetic agent that stimulates gastrointestinal motor activity[1][2][3][4].
Ondansetron
Ondansetron is a well tolerated drug with few side effects. Headache, constipation, and dizziness are the most commonly reported side effects associated with its use. There have been no significant drug interactions reported with this drugs use. It is broken down by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system and it has little effect on the metabolism of other drugs broken down by this system; Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Its effects are thought to be on both peripheral and central nerves. One part is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, the other is a blockage of serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. It does not have much effect on vomiting due to motion sickness. This drug does not have any effect on dopamine receptors or muscarinic receptors; A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties; Ondansetron (INN) is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Its effects are thought to be on both peripheral and central nerves. One part is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, the other is a blockage of serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. It does not have much effect on vomiting due to motion sickness. This drug does not have any effect on dopamine receptors or muscarinic receptors. [HMDB] Ondansetron is a well tolerated drug with few side effects. Headache, constipation, and dizziness are the most commonly reported side effects associated with its use. There have been no significant drug interactions reported with this drugs use. It is broken down by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system and it has little effect on the metabolism of other drugs broken down by this system; Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Its effects are thought to be on both peripheral and central nerves. One part is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, the other is a blockage of serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. It does not have much effect on vomiting due to motion sickness. This drug does not have any effect on dopamine receptors or muscarinic receptors; A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties; Ondansetron (INN) is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Its effects are thought to be on both peripheral and central nerves. One part is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, the other is a blockage of serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. It does not have much effect on vomiting due to motion sickness. This drug does not have any effect on dopamine receptors or muscarinic receptors. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04AA - Serotonin (5ht3) antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2746 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8525 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Ondansetron (GR 38032; SN 307) is a highly selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, with IC50 value of 103 pM. Ondansetron exerts antiemetic effects by antagonizing 5-HT receptor located on local neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. Ondansetron suppresses nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Ondansetron has orally bioactivity[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].
Indole
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. The participation of the nitrogen lone electron pair in the aromatic ring means that indole is not a base, and it does not behave like a simple amine. Indole is a microbial metabolite and it can be produced by bacteria as a degradation product of the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal smell. At very low concentrations, however, indole has a flowery smell and is a constituent of many flower scents (such as orange blossoms) and perfumes. As a volatile organic compound, indole has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Natural jasmine oil, used in the perfume industry, contains around 2.5\\\\\% of indole. Indole also occurs in coal tar. Indole has been found to be produced in a number of bacterial genera including Alcaligenes, Aspergillus, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 23194589, 2310183, 9680309). Indole plays a role in bacterial biofilm formation, bacterial motility, bacterial virulence, plasmid stability, and antibiotic resistance. It also functions as an intercellular signalling molecule (PMID: 26115989). Recently, it was determined that the bacterial membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase (HK) known as CpxA acts as a bacterial indole sensor to facilitate signalling (PMID: 31164470). It has been found that decreased indole concentrations in the gut promote bacterial pathogenesis, while increased levels of indole in the gut decrease bacterial virulence gene expression (PMID: 31164470). As a result, enteric pathogens sense a gradient of indole concentrations in the gut to migrate to different niches and successfully establish an infection. Constituent of several flower oils, especies of Jasminum and Citrus subspecies (Oleaceae) production of bacterial dec. of proteins. Flavouring ingredientand is also present in crispbread, Swiss cheese, Camembert cheese, wine, cocoa, black and green tea, rum, roasted filbert, rice bran, clary sage, raw shrimp and other foodstuffs Indole. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=120-72-9 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 120-72-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.
Pentazocine
Pentazocine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)The preponderance of evidence suggests that pentazocine antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites, especially the opioid mu receptor. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AD - Benzomorphan derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D009292 - Narcotic Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Neostigmine
Neostigmine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [PubChem]Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. The drug inhibits acetylcholinesterase which is responsible for the degredation of acetylcholine. So, with acetylcholinesterase inhibited, more acetylcholine is present By interfering with the breakdown of acetylcholine, neostigmine indirectly stimulates both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors which are involved in muscle contraction. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics > N07AA - Anticholinesterases D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010277 - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Clofilium
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026902 - Potassium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. Its physiological and pharmacological effects, metabolism, release, and receptors have been well documented in several species. ACh has been considered an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the carotid body (CB). Various nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors are present in both afferent nerve endings and glomus cells. Therefore, ACh can depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell membrane depending on the available receptor type in the vicinity. Binding of ACh to its receptor can create a wide variety of cellular responses including opening cation channels (nicotinic ACh receptor activation), releasing Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites (via muscarinic ACh receptors), and modulating activities of K+ and Ca2+ channels. Interactions between ACh and other neurotransmitters (dopamine, adenosine, nitric oxide) have been known, and they may induce complicated responses. Cholinergic biology in the CB differs among species and even within the same species due to different genetic composition. Development and environment influence cholinergic biology. Pharmacological data clearly indicate that both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a role in the encoding of new memories. Localized lesions and antagonist infusions demonstrate the anatomical locus of these cholinergic effects, and computational modeling links the function of cholinergic modulation to specific cellular effects within these regions. Acetylcholine has been shown to increase the strength of afferent input relative to feedback, to contribute to theta rhythm oscillations, activate intrinsic mechanisms for persistent spiking, and increase the modification of synapses. These effects might enhance different types of encoding in different cortical structures. In particular, the effects in entorhinal and perirhinal cortex and hippocampus might be important for encoding new episodic memories. The role of ACh in attention has been repeatedly demonstrated in several tasks. Acetylcholine is linked to response accuracy in voluntary and reflexive attention and also to response speed in reflexive attention. It is well known that those with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders tend to be inaccurate and slow to respond. (PMID:17284361, 17011181, 15556286). Acetylcholine has been found to be a microbial product, urinary acetylcholine is produced by Lactobacillus (PMID:24621061). S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents IPB_RECORD: 232; CONFIDENCE confident structure COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus KEIO_ID A060 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
2-Methylimidazole
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8017
Piperidine
Piperidine (Azinane after the Hantzsch Widman nomenclature) is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH. This heterocyclic amine consists of a six-membered ring containing five methylene units and one nitrogen atom. It is a colorless fuming liquid with an odor described as ammoniacal, pepper-like; the name comes from the genus name Piper, which is the Latin word for pepper. Piperidine is found in barley, black pepper (Piper nigrum). Piperidine has been found to be a microbial metabolite. Piperidine is a flavouring agent and it is also widely used as a building block and chemical reagent in the synthesis of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals. Piperidine is a widely used secondary amine. It is used to convert ketones to enamines. Enamines derived from piperidine can be used in the Stork enamine alkylation reaction. Piperidine is used as a solvent and as a base. The same is true for certain derivatives: N-formylpiperidine is a polar aprotic solvent with better hydrocarbon solubility than other amide solvents, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine is highly sterically hindered base, useful because of its low nucleophilicity and high solubility in organic solvents. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers Present in black pepper (Piper nigrum). Flavouring agent D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8371 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators KEIO_ID P034
Altanserin
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist Altanserin can synthesize Fluorine-18 Altanserin. Fluorine-18 Altanserin binds to the brain 5HT2 receptors[1].
Diphenoxylate
A meperidine congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity. This medication is classified as a Schedule V under the Controlled Substances Act by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the DEA in the United States when used in preparations. When diphenoxylate is used alone, it is classified as a Schedule II. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07D - Antipropulsives > A07DA - Antipropulsives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C266 - Antidiarrheal Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000930 - Antidiarrheals
Tropisetron
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04AA - Serotonin (5ht3) antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent Same as: D02130 Tropisetron (SDZ-ICS-930 free base) is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and α7-nicotinic receptor agonist with an IC50 of 70.1 ± 0.9 nM for 5-HT3 receptor. IC50 value: 70.1 ± 0.9 nM [1] Target: 5-HT3 receptor in vitro: Tropisetron specifically inhibited both IL-2 gene transcription and IL-2 synthesis in stimulated T cells. tropisetron inhibited both the binding to DNA and the transcriptional activity of NFAT and AP-1. We also observed that tropisetron is a potent inhibitor of PMA plus ionomycin-induced NF-(kappa)B activation but in contrast TNF(alpha)-mediated NF-(kappa)B activation was not affected by this antagonist [2]. Tropisetron prevents the phosphorylation and thus activation of the p38 MAPK, which is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of various cytokines [3]. in vivo: Two different doses of tropisetron (5 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before pMCAO. Neurological deficit scores, mortality rate and infarct volume were determined 24 h after permanent focal cerebral ischemia [4].
Lactulose
Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). Moreover, lactulose is found to be associated with celiac disease, which is an inborn error of metabolism. A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887) [HMDB] A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29697 - Laxative D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents
Guanethidine
An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. [PubChem] C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02C - Antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting > C02CC - Guanidine derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013565 - Sympatholytics S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents KEIO_ID I063
5-Methoxydimethyltryptamine
5-Methoxydimethyltryptamine, like all methoxydimethyltryptamines is a compound that contain the biogenic monoamine tryptamine and is substituted with one methoxy group and two methyl groups. Members of this group include several potent serotonergic hallucinogens found in several unrelated plants, skins of certain toads, and in mammalian brains. They are possibly involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. They are formed as metabolites of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) or tryptamine by the enzyme indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (INMT). The physiological significance of the N-methylating pathway of indoleamine metabolism, and of the methylated end products, is unknown. Because of the known psychotropic properties of the dimethylated amines, their possible involvement in the chemical pathogenesis of mental disorders has received wide interest. The hallucinogenic actions of the methylated indoleamines, like those of LSD, are believed to be mediated through the 5HT2 receptor. (PMID 11763413). 5-Methoxydimethyltryptamine, like all Methoxydimethyltryptamines is a compound that contain the biogenic monoamine tryptamine and is substituted with one methoxy group and two methyl groups. Members of this group include several potent serotonergic hallucinogens found in several unrelated plants, skins of certain toads, and in mammalian brains. They are possibly involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. (PubChem) C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist KEIO_ID M103; [MS2] KO009040 KEIO_ID M103
Methysergide
An ergot derivative that is a congener of lysergic acid diethylamide. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome. [PubChem] N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02C - Antimigraine preparations > N02CA - Ergot alkaloids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents KEIO_ID M156; [MS2] KO009047 KEIO_ID M156
Piperazine
Piperazine is an organic compound that consists of a six-membered ring containing two opposing nitrogen atoms. Piperazine exists as small alkaline deliquescent crystals with a saline taste. Piperazine was introduced to medicine as a solvent for uric acid. When taken into the body the drug is partly oxidized and partly eliminated unchanged. Outside the body, piperazine has a remarkable power to dissolve uric acid and producing a soluble urate, but in clinical experience it has not proved equally successful. Piperazine was first introduced as an anthelmintic in 1953. A large number of piperazine compounds have anthelmintic action. Their mode of action is generally by paralysing parasites, which allows the host body to easily remove or expel the invading organism. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P02 - Anthelmintics > P02C - Antinematodal agents > P02CB - Piperazine and derivatives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent It is used as a food additive . KEIO_ID P046
Phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. [PubChem]Phenoxybenzamine produces its therapeutic actions by blocking alpha receptors, leading to a muscle relaxation and a widening of the blood vessels. This widening of the blood vessels results in a lowering of blood pressure. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists C - Cardiovascular system > C04 - Peripheral vasodilators > C04A - Peripheral vasodilators D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents
Dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ergotamine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine disorders. [PubChem]Two theories have been proposed to explain the efficacy of 5-HT1D receptor agonists in migraine: 1) activation of 5-HT1D receptors located on intracranial blood vessels, including those on arterio-venous anastomoses, leads to vasoconstriction, which correlates with the relief of migraine headache and 2) activation of 5-HT1D receptors on sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal system results in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release. N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02C - Antimigraine preparations > N02CA - Ergot alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018491 - Dopamine Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66884 - Dopamine Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Methyllycaconitine
Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Terpenoid alkaloids, Diterpene alkaloid, Aconitum alkaloid D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.835 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.832 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.827
Himbacine
A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.814 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.809
Sennoside A
Senna (powdered) is a yellow-brown powder with a slight odor and taste. (NTP, 1992) Sennoside A is a member of the class of sennosides that is rel-(9R,9R)-9,9,10,10-tetrahydro-9,9-bianthracene-2,2-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4, by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5, and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10. The exact stereochemisty at positions 9 and 9 is not known - it may be R,R (as shown) or S,S. It is a member of sennosides and an oxo dicarboxylic acid. Senna (Cassia species) is a popular herbal laxative that is available without prescription. Senna is generally safe and well tolerated, but can cause adverse events including clinically apparent liver injury when used in high doses for longer than recommended periods. Sennoside A is a natural product found in Rheum officinale, Rheum palmatum, and other organisms with data available. Preparations of SENNA PLANT. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type CATHARTICS and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. A member of the class of sennosides that is rel-(9R,9R)-9,9,10,10-tetrahydro-9,9-bianthracene-2,2-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4, by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5, and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10. The exact stereochemisty at positions 9 and 9 is not known - it may be R,R (as shown) or S,S. Cathartic principle from rhubarb. Sennoside A is found in green vegetables and garden rhubarb. Sennoside A is found in garden rhubarb. Cathartic principle from rhubar D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D054368 - Laxatives Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2]. Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2].
Ergonovine
Ergonovine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an ergot alkaloid with uterine and vascular smooth muscle contractile properties. [PubChem]Ergonovine directly stimulates the uterine muscle to increase force and frequency of contractions. With usual doses, these contractions precede periods of relaxation; with larger doses, basal uterine tone is elevated and these relaxation periods will be decreased. Contraction of the uterine wall around bleeding vessels at the placental site produces hemostasis. Ergonovine also induces cervical contractions. The sensitivity of the uterus to the oxytocic effect is much greater toward the end of pregnancy. The oxytocic actions of ergonovine are greater than its vascular effects. Ergonovine, like other ergot alkaloids, produces arterial vasoconstriction by stimulation of alpha-adrenergic and serotonin receptors and inhibition of endothelial-derived relaxation factor release. It is a less potent vasoconstrictor than ergotamine. As a diagnostic aid (coronary vasospasm), ergonovine causes vasoconstriction of coronary arteries. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02A - Uterotonics > G02AB - Ergot alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66884 - Dopamine Agonist D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics
lupinine
relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 41 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 55 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 34 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 19 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 11 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 26 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 4
Ergotamine
Ergotamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of migraine disorders. [PubChem]Ergotamine acts on migraine by one of two proposed mechanisms: 1) activation of 5-HT1D receptors located on intracranial blood vessels, including those on arterio-venous anastomoses, leads to vasoconstriction, which correlates with the relief of migraine headache, and 2) activation of 5-HT1D receptors on sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal system results in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02C - Antimigraine preparations > N02CA - Ergot alkaloids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist > C61751 - Ergotamine D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics
5-O-(1-Carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate
Nitroarginine
An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1742 - Angiogenesis Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Bethanechol
Bethanechol is a synthetic ester structurally and pharmacologically related to acetylcholine. A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, cardiac rate changes, and bronchial spasms. [PubChem] N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics > N07AB - Choline esters C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010277 - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists
Chloral hydrate
Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug as well as a chemical reagent and precursor. The name chloral hydrate indicates that it is formed from chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde) by the addition of one molecule of water. Its chemical formula is C2H3Cl3O2. It was discovered through the chlorination of ethanol in 1832 by Justus von Liebig in Gießen. Its sedative properties were first published in 1869 and subsequently, because of its easy synthesis, its use was widespread. (Wikipedia) D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CC - Aldehydes and derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2199 - Adjuvant Analgesic
Ketanserin
C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02K - Other antihypertensives > C02KD - Serotonin antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Ketanserin is a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Ketanserin also blocks hERG current (IhERG) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=0.11 μM).
(2S,4R,5S)-Muscarine
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010277 - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists Main toxic constituent of the fly fungus Amanita muscaria and various Inocybe specie
hexamethonium
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C66886 - Nicotinic Antagonist D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D005730 - Ganglionic Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents > D006584 - Hexamethonium Compounds D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists
Metyrosine
Metyrosine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)Metyrosine inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the first transformation in catecholamine biosynthesis, i.e., the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). Because the first step is also the rate-limiting step, blockade of tyrosine hydroxylase activity results in decreased endogenous levels of catecholamines and their synthesis. This consequently, depletes the levels of the catecholamines dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body,usually measured as decreased urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites. One main end result of the catecholamine depletion is a decrease in blood presure. C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02K - Other antihypertensives > C02KB - Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2155 - Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor
Indeloxazine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants Same as: D08077
Idazoxan
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists
Tetrodotoxin
A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026941 - Sodium Channel Blockers D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker Tetrodotoxin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=4368-28-9 (retrieved 2024-09-06) (CAS RN: 4368-28-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
MK-329
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist Same as: D02693 Devazepide (L-364,718) is a potent, competitive, selective and orally active nonpeptide antagonist of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor, with IC50s of 81 pM, 45 pM and 245 nM for rat pancreatic, bovine gallbladder and guinea pig brain CCK receptors, respectively. Devazepide (L-364,718) is effective for gastrointestinal disorders[1].
SB 206553
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants
Etorphine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics Same as: D07937
PHENOL RED
V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CH - Tests for renal function and ureteral injuries D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D010635 - Phenolphthaleins D004396 - Coloring Agents Same as: D01200
m-Chlorophenylbiguanide
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D001645 - Biguanides
2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine
2-Methyl-5-HT (2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine) is a potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist. 2-Methyl-5-HT is shown to display anti-depressive-like effects[1].
N-phenylanthranilic acid
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents
Acotiamide
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03F - Propulsives > A03FA - Propulsives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Benzofuran
Benzofuran, also known as coumaron or 1-oxaindene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzofurans. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to a furan. Furan is a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Benzothiophene, an analog with a sulfur instead of the oxygen atom. Benzofuran is a drug. benzofuran has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as alcoholic beverages, coffee and coffee products, herbs and spices, root vegetables, and tea. This could make benzofuran a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This colourless liquid is a component of coal tar. Benzofuran is the heterocyclic compound consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. Benzofuran is a potentially toxic compound. For example, psoralen is a benzofuran derivative that occurs in several plants. Isobenzofuran, the isomer with oxygen in the adjacent position. Benzofuran is a Maillard product. It is a heterocyclic compound consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent of many related compounds with more complex structures. For example, psoralen is a benzofuran derivative that occurs in several plants. It is found in many foods, some of which are herbs and spices, tea, alcoholic beverages, and coffee and coffee products.
L-365260
L-365260 is an orally active and selective antagonist of non-peptide gastrin and brain cholecystokinin receptor (CCK-B), with Kis of 1.9 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. L-365260 interacts in a stereoselective and competitive manner with guinea pig stomach gastrin and brain CCK receptors. L-365260 can enhance Morphine analgesia and prevents Morphine tolerance[1][2][3].
cisapride
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03F - Propulsives > A03FA - Propulsives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent Cisapride (R 51619) is an orally active 5-HT4 receptor agonist with an EC50 value of 140 nM. Cisapride is a hERG blocker with an IC50 value of 9.4 nM. Cisapride is a gastroprokinetic agent that stimulates gastrointestinal motor activity[1][2][3][4].
Senna
Sennosides (also known as senna glycoside or senna) is a medication used to treat constipation and empty the large intestine before surgery. The medication is taken by mouth or via the rectum. It typically begins working in minutes when given by rectum and within twelve hours when given by mouth. It is a weaker laxative than bisacodyl or castor oil. Sennoside A, one of the sennosides present in the laxative medication, has recently proven effective in inhibiting the ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. Sennosides is anthraquinone glycosides found in senna plant, usually referring to the sennosides A and B, with laxative activity. Sennosides act on and irritate the lining of the intestine wall, thereby causing increased intestinal muscle contractions leading to vigorous bowel movement. Medications derived from SENNA EXTRACT that are used to treat CONSTIPATION. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AB - Contact laxatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D054368 - Laxatives Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2]. Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2].
Escitalopram
Escitalopram is a furancarbonitrile that is one of the Serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition; Escitalopram (Cipralex) is a medication developed by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck, that acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It is typically used as an antidepressant to treat depression associated with mood disorders, although it also may be used in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety, including OCD. In the United States, the drug is marketed under the name Lexapro by Forest Laboratories, Inc; Escitalopram is a medication that acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It is typically used as an antidepressant to treat depression associated with mood disorders, although it also may be used in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety, including OCD; Discontinuation from antidepressants, especially abruptly, has been known to cause certain withdrawal symptoms. One possible discontinuation symptom from Escitalopram is a type of spontaneous nerve pulse known as paresthesia or electric shock sensations, described by some patients as a feeling of small electric shocks, which may be accompanied by dizziness. These pulses may be short in duration, only milliseconds long, may affect any region of the body, and recur up to several times a minute, throughout all waking hours. They can be increased by physical activity, but are not solely linked to muscular activity. Other discontinuation symptoms include extreme sensitivity to loud sounds and bright lights, chills, hot flushes, cold sweats, reddening of the face, abdominal pain, weight gain and extreme mental fatigue. A furancarbonitrile that is one of the Serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition; Escitalopram (Cipralex) is a medication developed by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck, that acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It is typically used as an antidepressant to treat depression associated with mood disorders, although it also may be used in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety, including OCD. In the United States, the drug is marketed under the name Lexapro by Forest Laboratories, Inc; Escitalopram is a medication that acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It is typically used as an antidepressant to treat depression associated with mood disorders, although it also may be used in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety, including OCD; Discontinuation from antidepressants, especially abruptly, has been known to cause certain withdrawal symptoms. One possible discontinuation symptom from Escitalopram is a type of spontaneous nerve pulse known as paresthesia or electric shock sensations, described by some patients as a feeling of small electric shocks, which may be accompanied by dizziness. These pulses may be short in duration, only milliseconds long, may affect any region of the body, and recur up to several times a minute, throughout all waking hours. They can be increased by physical activity, but are not solely linked to muscular activity. Other discontinuation symptoms include extreme sensitivity to loud sounds and bright lights, chills, hot flushes, cold sweats, reddening of the face, abdominal pain, weight gain and extreme mental fatigue. [HMDB] N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AB - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C94725 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Escitalopram ((S)-Citalopram), the S-enantiomer of racemic Citalopram, is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with a Ki of 0.89 nM. Escitalopram has ～30 fold higher binding affinity than its R(-)-enantiomer and shows selectivity over both dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET). Escitalopram is an antidepressant for the research of major depression[1][2].
Dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine, also marketed under the name Redux, is a serotoninergic anorectic drug. It was for some years in the mid-1990s approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the purposes of weight loss. However, following multiple concerns about the cardiovascular side-effects of the drug, such approval was withdrawn. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A08 - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products > A08A - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products > A08AA - Centrally acting antiobesity products D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29728 - Anorexiant D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Etorphine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Racemetirosine
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor
8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 1H-indole-3-carboxylate
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Tropisetron (SDZ-ICS-930 free base) is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and α7-nicotinic receptor agonist with an IC50 of 70.1 ± 0.9 nM for 5-HT3 receptor. IC50 value: 70.1 ± 0.9 nM [1] Target: 5-HT3 receptor in vitro: Tropisetron specifically inhibited both IL-2 gene transcription and IL-2 synthesis in stimulated T cells. tropisetron inhibited both the binding to DNA and the transcriptional activity of NFAT and AP-1. We also observed that tropisetron is a potent inhibitor of PMA plus ionomycin-induced NF-(kappa)B activation but in contrast TNF(alpha)-mediated NF-(kappa)B activation was not affected by this antagonist [2]. Tropisetron prevents the phosphorylation and thus activation of the p38 MAPK, which is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of various cytokines [3]. in vivo: Two different doses of tropisetron (5 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before pMCAO. Neurological deficit scores, mortality rate and infarct volume were determined 24 h after permanent focal cerebral ischemia [4].
Itopride
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03F - Propulsives > A03FA - Propulsives C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Tropine
Pseudotropine, also known as tropine hydrochloride, (endo)-isomer or tropine, (exo)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as tropane alkaloids. Tropane alkaloids are organic compounds containing the nitrogenous bicyclic alkaloid parent N-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane. Pseudotropine is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Pseudotropine can be found in a number of food items such as winter savory, japanese chestnut, blackcurrant, and black walnut, which makes pseudotropine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Pseudotropine (3β-tropanol, ψ-tropine, 3-pseudotropanol or PTO) is a derivative of tropane and an isomer of tropine . Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2]. Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2].
Citalopram
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AB - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C94725 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2901; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2901 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8590 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
venlafaxine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D000068760 - Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 645 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Scopolamine
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FA - Anticholinergics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Scopolamine hydrobromide appears as colorless crystals or white powder or solid. Has no odor. pH (of 5\\% solution): 4-5.5. Slightly efflorescent in dry air. Bitter, acrid taste. (NTP, 1992) Scopolamine is a tropane alkaloid that is the (S)-tropic acid ester of 6beta,7beta-epoxy-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropan-3alpha-ol. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an antiemetic, an adjuvant, a mydriatic agent, an antispasmodic drug, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an antidepressant and a metabolite. It is a propanoate ester, an epoxide, a tertiary amino compound and a tropane alkaloid. It is functionally related to a (S)-tropic acid. It is a conjugate base of a scopolamine(1+). Scopolamine is a tropane alkaloid isolated from members of the Solanaceae family of plants, similar to [atropine] and [hyoscyamine], all of which structurally mimic the natural neurotransmitter [acetylcholine]. Scopolamine was first synthesized in 1959, but to date, synthesis remains less efficient than extracting scopolamine from plants. As an acetylcholine analogue, scopolamine can antagonize muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the central nervous system and throughout the body, inducing several therapeutic and adverse effects related to alteration of parasympathetic nervous system and cholinergic signalling. Due to its dose-dependent adverse effects, scopolamine was the first drug to be offered commercially as a transdermal delivery system, Scopoderm TTS®, in 1981. As a result of its anticholinergic effects, scopolamine is being investigated for diverse therapeutic applications; currently, it is approved for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness and surgical procedures. Scopolamine was first approved by the FDA on December 31, 1979, and is currently available as both oral tablets and a transdermal delivery system. Scopolamine is an Anticholinergic. The mechanism of action of scopolamine is as a Cholinergic Antagonist. Hyoscine is a natural product found in Duboisia leichhardtii, Duboisia myoporoides, and other organisms with data available. Scopolamine is a tropane alkaloid derived from plants of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), specifically Hyoscyamus niger and Atropa belladonna, with anticholinergic, antiemetic and antivertigo properties. Structurally similar to acetylcholine, scopolamine antagonizes acetylcholine activity mediated by muscarinic receptors located on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves as well as on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. The agent is used to cause mydriasis, cycloplegia, to control the secretion of saliva and gastric acid, to slow gut motility, and prevent vomiting. An alkaloid from SOLANACEAE, especially DATURA and SCOPOLIA. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like ATROPINE, but may have more central nervous system effects. Its many uses include an anesthetic premedication, the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and MOTION SICKNESS, an antispasmodic, and a mydriatic and cycloplegic. A tropane alkaloid that is the (S)-tropic acid ester of 6beta,7beta-epoxy-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropan-3alpha-ol. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent C78283 - Agent Affecting Organs of Special Senses > C29706 - Mydriatic Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1149; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5225; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5222 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1149; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5230; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5228 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1149; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5252; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5251 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1149; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5243; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5241 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1149; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5254; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5252 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2318 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.290 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.274 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.276
5-Methoxytryptamine
A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.
Itopride
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03F - Propulsives > A03FA - Propulsives C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
clozapine
N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AH - Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8610 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1600 Clozapine (HF 1854) is an antipsychotic used for the research of schizophrenia. Clozapine has high affinity for a number of neuroreceptors. Clozapine is a potent antagonist of dopamine D2 with a Ki of 75 nM. Clozapine inhibits the muscarinic M1 receptor and serotonin 5HT2A receptor with Kis of 9.5 nM and 4 nM, respectively[1][2][3]. Clozapine is also a potent and selective agonist at the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM)[4].
Senna
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D054368 - Laxatives Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2]. Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2].
amitriptyline
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 943; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8144; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8142 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 943; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8187; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8185 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 943; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8212; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8209 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 943; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8233; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8231 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 943; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8247; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8245 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 943; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8225; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8223 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1504 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8592 [Raw Data] CB205_Amitriptyline_pos_50eV_CB000074.txt [Raw Data] CB205_Amitriptyline_pos_40eV_CB000074.txt [Raw Data] CB205_Amitriptyline_pos_30eV_CB000074.txt [Raw Data] CB205_Amitriptyline_pos_20eV_CB000074.txt [Raw Data] CB205_Amitriptyline_pos_10eV_CB000074.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2821
imipramine
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 674; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8009; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8004 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 674; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8047; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8045 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 674; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8055; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8052 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 674; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8087; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8086 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 674; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8100; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8098 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 674; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8102; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8100 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1508
Citalopram
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AB - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C94725 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1513 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4118
Nortriptyline
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1567 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Nortriptyline (Desmethylamitriptyline), the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, is a tricyclic antidepressant. Nortriptyline is a potent autophagy inhibitor and has anticancer effects[1][2][3]. N
fenfluramine
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A08 - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products > A08A - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products > A08AA - Centrally acting antiobesity products D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29728 - Anorexiant D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE Parent Substance with Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 600 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2248
doxazosin
C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02C - Antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting > C02CA - Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C29707 - Vasodilating Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3293
Paroxetine
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065690 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AB - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C94725 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1526 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4079 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3611 Paroxetine, a phenylpiperidine derivative, is a potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Paroxetine is a very weak inhibitor of norepinephrine (NE) uptake but it is still more potent at this site than the other SSRIs[1].
sotalol
C - Cardiovascular system > C07 - Beta blocking agents > C07A - Beta blocking agents > C07AA - Beta blocking agents, non-selective C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013565 - Sympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1)
venlafaxine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D000068760 - Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1)
phenoxybenzamine
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists C - Cardiovascular system > C04 - Peripheral vasodilators > C04A - Peripheral vasodilators D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents KEIO_ID P206; [MS2] KO009176 KEIO_ID P206
buspirone
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05B - Anxiolytics > N05BE - Azaspirodecanedione derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent Buspirone is an orally active 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and a dopamine D2 autoreceptorsant antagonist. Buspirone is an anxiolytic agent, and can be used for the generalized anxiety disorder research[1].
dihydroergotamine
Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension. N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02C - Antimigraine preparations > N02CA - Ergot alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018491 - Dopamine Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66884 - Dopamine Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.880 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.878 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.874
Diphenoxylate
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07D - Antipropulsives > A07DA - Antipropulsives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C266 - Antidiarrheal Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000930 - Antidiarrheals
prazosin
C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02C - Antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting > C02CA - Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.767 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.759 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.760 Prazosin is an alpha-adrenergic blocker and is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and anxiety, PTSD, and panic disorder. Target: Adrenergic Receptor Prazosin, is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and anxiety, PTSD, andpanic disorder. It is an alpha-adrenergic blocker that is specific for the alpha-1 receptors. These receptors are found on vascular smooth muscle, where they are responsible for the vasoconstrictive action of norepinephrine. They are also found throughout the central nervous system. As of 2013, prazosin is off-patent in the US, and the FDA has approved at least one generic manufacturer.In addition to its alpha-blocking activity, prazosin is an antagonist of the MT3 receptor (which is not present in humans), with selectivity for this receptor over the MT1 and MT2 receptors. Prazosin is orally active and has a minimal effect on cardiac function due to its alpha-1 receptor selectivity. However, when prazosin is initially started, heart rate and contractility go up in order to maintain the pre-treatment blood pressures because the body has reached homeostasis at its abnormally high blood pressure. The blood pressure lowering effect becomes apparent when prazosin is taken for longer periods of time. The heart rate and contractility go back down over time and blood pressure decreases.
Atropine
Atropine is a racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine. It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a mydriatic agent, a parasympatholytic, a bronchodilator agent, a plant metabolite, an antidote to sarin poisoning and a oneirogen. It contains a (S)-atropine and a (R)-atropine. Atropine is an alkaloid originally synthesized from Atropa belladonna. It is a racemic mixture of d-and l-hyoscyamine, of which only l-hyoscyamine is pharmacologically active. Atropine is generally available as a sulfate salt and can be administered by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraosseous, endotracheal and ophthalmic methods. Oral atropine is only available in combination products. Atropine is a competitive, reversible antagonist of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine and other choline esters. It has a variety of therapeutic applications, including pupil dilation and the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning and symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of reversible causes. Atropine is a relatively inexpensive drug and is included in the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines. Atropine is an Anticholinergic and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. The mechanism of action of atropine is as a Cholinergic Antagonist and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. Atropine is a natural product found in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Anthocercis ilicifolia, and other organisms with data available. Atropine Sulfate is the sulfate salt of atropine, a naturally-occurring alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Atropine is a synthetically-derived form of the endogenous alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility. An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain > A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines A racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine . It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FA - Anticholinergics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Annotation level-1 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.421 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.416 Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2].
Yohimbine
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BE - Drugs used in erectile dysfunction C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D000089162 - Genitourinary Agents > D064804 - Urological Agents CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2282 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.556 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.553 Yohimbine is a potent and relatively nonselective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, with IC50 of 0.6 μM. IC50 value: 0.6 uM [1] Target: alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in vitro: Yohimbine inhibits alpha2-receptor antagonist with Ki of 1.05 nM, 1.19 nM, and 1.19 nM for α2A, α2B, α2C, respectively. Yohimbine also inhibits 5-HT1B with Ki of 19.9 nM. Yohimbine acts to block the lowering of cAMP by alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. yohimbine actually causes a pronounced lowering of tyrosinase activity. [3] in vivo: Yohimbine is an antagonist at alpha2-noradrenaline receptors with putative panicogenic effects in human subjects, was administered to Swiss-Webster mice at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine potentiates active defensive responses to threatening stimuli in Swiss-Webster mice.[2] Yohimbine is a potent and relatively nonselective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, with IC50 of 0.6 μM. IC50 value: 0.6 uM [1] Target: alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in vitro: Yohimbine inhibits alpha2-receptor antagonist with Ki of 1.05 nM, 1.19 nM, and 1.19 nM for α2A, α2B, α2C, respectively. Yohimbine also inhibits 5-HT1B with Ki of 19.9 nM. Yohimbine acts to block the lowering of cAMP by alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. yohimbine actually causes a pronounced lowering of tyrosinase activity. [3] in vivo: Yohimbine is an antagonist at alpha2-noradrenaline receptors with putative panicogenic effects in human subjects, was administered to Swiss-Webster mice at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine potentiates active defensive responses to threatening stimuli in Swiss-Webster mice.[2]
Oxitriptan
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP), a naturally occurring amino acid and a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant, and sleep aid, is the immediate precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin and a reserpine antagonist[1]. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) is used to treat fibromyalgia, myoclonus, migraine, and cerebellar ataxia[2][3][4][5].
Galantamine
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010277 - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06D - Anti-dementia drugs > N06DA - Anticholinesterases Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Isoquinoline alkaloids, Amaryllidaceae alkaloids D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018697 - Nootropic Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Origin: Plant, Benzazepines CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 27 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.263 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.257 Galanthamine is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 500 nM. Galanthamine is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 500 nM.
Ergonovine
A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02A - Uterotonics > G02AB - Ergot alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66884 - Dopamine Agonist D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics CONFIDENCE Claviceps purpurea sclerotia relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.382 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.380 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.373 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.375
lactulose
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29697 - Laxative D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.051
Serotonin
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; QZAYGJVTTNCVMB_STSL_0135_Serotonin_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_147; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053
Piperidine
An azacycloalkane that is cyclohexane in which one of the carbons is replaced by a nitrogen. It is a metabolite of cadaverine, a polyamine found in the human intestine. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
loperamide
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07D - Antipropulsives > A07DA - Antipropulsives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C266 - Antidiarrheal Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000930 - Antidiarrheals CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2504 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8489
10-gingerol
10-Gingerol is a major pungent constituent in the ginger oleoresin from fresh rhizome, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line with an IC50 of 12.1 μM[1][2]. 10-Gingerol is a major pungent constituent in the ginger oleoresin from fresh rhizome, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line with an IC50 of 12.1 μM[1][2].
Hordenine
Annotation level-1 Hordenine, an alkaloid found in plants, inhibits melanogenesis by suppression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production[1]. Hordenine, an alkaloid found in plants, inhibits melanogenesis by suppression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production[1].
Quinaldic acid
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid having the carboxy group at the 2-position. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; LOAUVZALPPNFOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0207_Quinaldic acid_0125fmol_180831_S2_L02M02_32; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Quinoline-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
BROMPHENIRAMINE
R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AB - Substituted alkylamines D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents
1-Methyluric acid
An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by a methyl group at N-1. It is one of the metabolites of caffeine found in human urine.
Benzamide
Benzamide (Benzenecarboxamide) is a potent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. Benzamide has protective activity against both glutamate- and methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Benzamide can attenuate the METH-induced dopamine depletions and exhibits neuroprotective activity in mice, also has no acute effect on striatal dopamine metabolism and does not reduce body temperature[1].
Altanserin
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist Altanserin can synthesize Fluorine-18 Altanserin. Fluorine-18 Altanserin binds to the brain 5HT2 receptors[1].
clomipramine
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
CYPROHEPTADINE
R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Cyproheptadine is a potent and orally active 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, with antidepressant and antiserotonergic effects. Cyproheptadine has antiplatelet and thromboprotective activities. Cyproheptadine can be used for the research of thromboembolic disorders[1][2].
Fluvoxamine
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065689 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065609 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AB - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017367 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C94725 - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2740
granisetron
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04AA - Serotonin (5ht3) antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Granisetron (BRL 43694) is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy.
loxapine
N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AH - Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent Loxapine is an orally active dopamine inhibitor, 5-HT receptor antagonist and also a dibenzoxazepine anti-psychotic agent[1][4].
maprotiline
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2221
ondansetron
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04AA - Serotonin (5ht3) antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Ondansetron (GR 38032; SN 307) is a highly selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, with IC50 value of 103 pM. Ondansetron exerts antiemetic effects by antagonizing 5-HT receptor located on local neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. Ondansetron suppresses nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Ondansetron has orally bioactivity[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].
sumatriptan
N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02C - Antimigraine preparations > N02CC - Selective serotonin (5ht1) agonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents Sumatriptan (GR 43175) is an orally active 5-HT1 receptor agonist with IC50s of 7.3 nm, 9.3nm and 17.8 nm for 5-HT1D, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1F receptors, respectively. Sumatriptan can be used for migraine headache research[1][2][3][4].
Hyoscyamine
(S)-atropine is an atropine with a 2S-configuration. It is functionally related to a (S)-tropic acid. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-atropinium. Hyoscyamine is a tropane alkaloid and the levo-isomer of [atropine]. It is commonly extracted from plants in the Solanaceae or nightshade family. Research into the action of hyoscyamine in published literature dates back to 1826. Hyoscyamine is used for a wide variety of treatments and therapeutics due to its antimuscarinic properties. Although hyoscyamine is marketed in the United States, it is not FDA approved. Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. L-Hyoscyamine is a natural product found in Datura ferox, Crenidium spinescens, and other organisms with data available. Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility. The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain > A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents An atropine with a 2S-configuration. Annotation level-1 L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2].
Pentazocine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AD - Benzomorphan derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D009292 - Narcotic Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
ergotamine
A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02C - Antimigraine preparations > N02CA - Ergot alkaloids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist > C61751 - Ergotamine D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics CONFIDENCE Claviceps purpurea sclerotia
metoclopramide
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03F - Propulsives > A03FA - Propulsives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 10; HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu); Flow Injection CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2289
pindolol
C - Cardiovascular system > C07 - Beta blocking agents > C07A - Beta blocking agents > C07AA - Beta blocking agents, non-selective C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents Pindolol (LB-46) is a nonselective β-blocker with partial beta-adrenergic receptor agonist activity, also functions as a 5-HT1A receptor weak partial antagonist (Ki=33nM).
methysergide
A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches. N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02C - Antimigraine preparations > N02CA - Ergot alkaloids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents
pimozide
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AG - Diphenylbutylpiperidine derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 205; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3862; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3860 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 205; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3823; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3820 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 205; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3854; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3850 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 205; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8187; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8184 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 205; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8258; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8257 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 205; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8218; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8216 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 205; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8255; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8253 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 205; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8237; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8235 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 205; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8257; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8255 Pimozide is a dopamine receptor antagonist, with Kis of 1.4 nM, 2.5 nM and 588 nM for dopamine D2, D3 and D1 receptors, respectively, and also has affinity at α1-adrenoceptor, with a Ki of 39 nM; Pimozide also inhibits STAT3 and STAT5.
4-Aminosalicylic acid
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis > J04AA - Aminosalicylic acid and derivatives D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; WUBBRNOQWQTFEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0188_4-Aminosalicylic Acid_0125fmol_180831_S2_L02M02_81; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I.
Atroscine
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FA - Anticholinergics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Alkaloids derived from ornithine, Tropane alkaloids
Anhalin
Origin: Plant; Formula(Parent): C10H15NO; Bottle Name:Hordenine sulfate; PRIME Parent Name:Hordenine; PRIME in-house No.:V0301; SubCategory_DNP: Alkaloids derived wholly or in part from phenylalanine or tyrosine, Cactus alkaloids Hordenine, an alkaloid found in plants, inhibits melanogenesis by suppression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production[1]. Hordenine, an alkaloid found in plants, inhibits melanogenesis by suppression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production[1].
Acetylcholine
S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists Actylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline, which acts as a neurotransmitter. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Pseudotropine
Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2]. Tropine is a secondary metabolite of Solanaceae plants, is an anticholinergic agent[1]. Tropine is a common intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of bioactive alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine[2].
RIVASTIGMINE
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06D - Anti-dementia drugs > N06DA - Anticholinesterases D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D020011 - Protective Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
5-METHYL-1-(3-PYRIDYLCARBAMOYL)-1,2,3,5-TETRAHYDROPYRROLO [2,3-F]INDOLE
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants
Granisetronum
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents
N-phenylanthranilic acid
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents
3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D010726 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Racemetirosine
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor
Indeloxazine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants Same as: D08077
23513-08-8
8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2]. 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2].
Corynine
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BE - Drugs used in erectile dysfunction C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D000089162 - Genitourinary Agents > D064804 - Urological Agents Yohimbine is a potent and relatively nonselective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, with IC50 of 0.6 μM. IC50 value: 0.6 uM [1] Target: alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in vitro: Yohimbine inhibits alpha2-receptor antagonist with Ki of 1.05 nM, 1.19 nM, and 1.19 nM for α2A, α2B, α2C, respectively. Yohimbine also inhibits 5-HT1B with Ki of 19.9 nM. Yohimbine acts to block the lowering of cAMP by alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. yohimbine actually causes a pronounced lowering of tyrosinase activity. [3] in vivo: Yohimbine is an antagonist at alpha2-noradrenaline receptors with putative panicogenic effects in human subjects, was administered to Swiss-Webster mice at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine potentiates active defensive responses to threatening stimuli in Swiss-Webster mice.[2] Yohimbine is a potent and relatively nonselective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, with IC50 of 0.6 μM. IC50 value: 0.6 uM [1] Target: alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in vitro: Yohimbine inhibits alpha2-receptor antagonist with Ki of 1.05 nM, 1.19 nM, and 1.19 nM for α2A, α2B, α2C, respectively. Yohimbine also inhibits 5-HT1B with Ki of 19.9 nM. Yohimbine acts to block the lowering of cAMP by alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. yohimbine actually causes a pronounced lowering of tyrosinase activity. [3] in vivo: Yohimbine is an antagonist at alpha2-noradrenaline receptors with putative panicogenic effects in human subjects, was administered to Swiss-Webster mice at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine potentiates active defensive responses to threatening stimuli in Swiss-Webster mice.[2]
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. Its physiological and pharmacological effects, metabolism, release, and receptors have been well documented in several species. ACh has been considered an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the carotid body (CB). Various nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors are present in both afferent nerve endings and glomus cells. Therefore, ACh can depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell membrane depending on the available receptor type in the vicinity. Binding of ACh to its receptor can create a wide variety of cellular responses including opening cation channels (nicotinic ACh receptor activation), releasing Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites (via muscarinic ACh receptors), and modulating activities of K+ and Ca2+ channels. Interactions between ACh and other neurotransmitters (dopamine, adenosine, nitric oxide) have been known, and they may induce complicated responses. Cholinergic biology in the CB differs among species and even within the same species due to different genetic composition. Development and environment influence cholinergic biology. Pharmacological data clearly indicate that both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a role in the encoding of new memories. Localized lesions and antagonist infusions demonstrate the anatomical locus of these cholinergic effects, and computational modeling links the function of cholinergic modulation to specific cellular effects within these regions. Acetylcholine has been shown to increase the strength of afferent input relative to feedback, to contribute to theta rhythm oscillations, activate intrinsic mechanisms for persistent spiking, and increase the modification of synapses. These effects might enhance different types of encoding in different cortical structures. In particular, the effects in entorhinal and perirhinal cortex and hippocampus might be important for encoding new episodic memories. The role of ACh in attention has been repeatedly demonstrated in several tasks. Acetylcholine is linked to response accuracy in voluntary and reflexive attention and also to response speed in reflexive attention. It is well known that those with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders tend to be inaccurate and slow to respond. (PMID:17284361, 17011181, 15556286). Acetylcholine has been found to be a microbial product, urinary acetylcholine is produced by Lactobacillus (PMID:24621061). S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents Occurs in Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherds purse) COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Devazepide
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist Devazepide (L-364,718) is a potent, competitive, selective and orally active nonpeptide antagonist of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor, with IC50s of 81 pM, 45 pM and 245 nM for rat pancreatic, bovine gallbladder and guinea pig brain CCK receptors, respectively. Devazepide (L-364,718) is effective for gastrointestinal disorders[1].
(+)-Himbacine
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics
N-[(3R)-2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]-N-(3-methylphenyl)urea
L-365260 is an orally active and selective antagonist of non-peptide gastrin and brain cholecystokinin receptor (CCK-B), with Kis of 1.9 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. L-365260 interacts in a stereoselective and competitive manner with guinea pig stomach gastrin and brain CCK receptors. L-365260 can enhance Morphine analgesia and prevents Morphine tolerance[1][2][3].
8-GINGEROL
(8)-Gingerol is a beta-hydroxy ketone, a member of phenols and a monomethoxybenzene. (8)-Gingerol is a natural product found in Zingiber officinale with data available. See also: Ginger (part of). 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2]. 8-Gingerol, found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) with oral bioavailability, activates TRPV1, with an EC50 of 5.0 μM. 8-Gingerol inhibits COX-2, and inhibits the growth of H. pylori in vitro[1][2].
Gingerol
(10)-Gingerol is a beta-hydroxy ketone, a member of phenols and a monomethoxybenzene. (10)-Gingerol is a natural product found in Zingiber officinale with data available. See also: Ginger (part of). 10-Gingerol is a major pungent constituent in the ginger oleoresin from fresh rhizome, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line with an IC50 of 12.1 μM[1][2]. 10-Gingerol is a major pungent constituent in the ginger oleoresin from fresh rhizome, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line with an IC50 of 12.1 μM[1][2].
chloral hydrate
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CC - Aldehydes and derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2199 - Adjuvant Analgesic An organochlorine compound that is the hydrate of trichloroacetaldehyde.
piperazine
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P02 - Anthelmintics > P02C - Antinematodal agents > P02CB - Piperazine and derivatives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent
Dimethyltryptamine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Pargyline
C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02K - Other antihypertensives > C02KC - Mao inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
dicyclomine
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03A - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03AA - Synthetic anticholinergics, esters with tertiary amino group C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists
Cogentin
N - Nervous system > N04 - Anti-parkinson drugs > N04A - Anticholinergic agents > N04AC - Ethers of tropine or tropine derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents > D000978 - Antiparkinson Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Psilocybine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Propulsid
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03F - Propulsives > A03FA - Propulsives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents Cisapride (R 51619) is an orally active 5-HT4 receptor agonist with an EC50 value of 140 nM. Cisapride is a hERG blocker with an IC50 value of 9.4 nM. Cisapride is a gastroprokinetic agent that stimulates gastrointestinal motor activity[1][2][3][4].
NEOSTIGMINE
S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics > N07AA - Anticholinesterases D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010277 - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
GUANETHIDINE
C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02C - Antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting > C02CC - Guanidine derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013565 - Sympatholytics S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents
bufotenin
A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014688 - Venoms
5-Methoxydimethyltryptamine
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist
Bethanechol
N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics > N07AB - Choline esters C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010277 - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists
Ketanserin
C - Cardiovascular system > C02 - Antihypertensives > C02K - Other antihypertensives > C02KD - Serotonin antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Ketanserin is a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Ketanserin also blocks hERG current (IhERG) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=0.11 μM).
Acotiamide
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03F - Propulsives > A03FA - Propulsives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
m-Chlorophenylbiguanide
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D001645 - Biguanides
CID 441748
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
3-Chlorophenyl piperazine
A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists
IDAZOXAN
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists
Fenamic acid
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents
Talwin
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D009292 - Narcotic Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Methyllycaconitine Perchlorate, Delphinium sp.
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
