NCBI Taxonomy: 7461

Ginsenoside Rb1

C54H92O23 (1108.6029082)

Ginsenoside Rb1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is ginsenoside Rd in which the beta-D-glucopyranoside group at position 20 is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside group. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent, an anti-obesity agent, an anti-inflammatory drug, an apoptosis inhibitor, a radical scavenger and a plant metabolite. It is a ginsenoside, a glycoside and a tetracyclic triterpenoid. It is functionally related to a ginsenoside Rd. Ginsenosides are a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins, found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). Ginsenosides have been the target of research, as they are viewed as the active compounds behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. Because ginsenosides appear to affect multiple pathways, their effects are complex and difficult to isolate. Rb1 appears to be most abundant in Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng). Rb1 seems to affect the reproductive system in animal testicles. Recent research shows that Rb1 affects rat embryo development and has teratogenic effects, causing birth defects. Another study shows that Rb1 may increase testosterone production in male rats indirectly through the stimulation of the luteinizing hormone. Ginsenoside rb1 is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Asian Ginseng (part of); American Ginseng (part of); Panax notoginseng root (part of). Ginsenoside Rb1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rb1 is a constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng) Constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng). Ginsenoside Rb1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rb1. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=41753-43-9 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 41753-43-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 . Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .

Loganin

C17H26O10 (390.1525896)

Loganin is an iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a neuroprotective agent, an EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor, an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent and an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor. It is a cyclopentapyran, a beta-D-glucoside, an enoate ester, a monosaccharide derivative, an iridoid monoterpenoid, a methyl ester and a secondary alcohol. It is functionally related to a loganetin. Loganin is one of the best-known of the iridoid glycosides. It is named for the Loganiaceae, having first been isolated from the seeds of a member of that plant family, namely those of Strychnos nux-vomica. It also occurs in Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae),[1] a medicinal tree of West Africa and in the medicinal/entheogenic shrub Desfontainia spinosa (Columelliaceae) native to Central America and South America. Loganin is a natural product found in Strychnos axillaris, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. An iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Loganin, also known as loganoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as iridoid o-glycosides. Iridoid o-glycosides are iridoid monoterpenes containing a glycosyl (usually a pyranosyl) moiety linked to the iridoid skeleton. Thus, loganin is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Loganin is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Loganin can be found in a number of food items such as groundcherry, annual wild rice, muscadine grape, and broad bean, which makes loganin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Loganin is one of the best-known of the iridoid glycosides.It is named for the Loganiaceae,having first been isolated from the seeds of a member of that plant family, namely those of Strychnos nux-vomica. It also occurs in Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae), a medicinal tree of West Africa and in the medicinal/entheogenic shrub Desfontainia spinosa (Columelliaceae) native to Central America and South America . Loganin is formed from loganic acid by the enzyme loganic acid O-methyltransferase (LAMT). Loganin then becomes a substrate for the enzyme secologanin synthase (SLS) to form secologanin, a secoiridoid monoterpene found as part of ipecac and terpene indole alkaloids. Loganin is the main iridoid glycoside compound in Cornus officinalis and has anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects. Loganin is the main iridoid glycoside compound in Cornus officinalis and has anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects.

Bufalin

C24H34O4 (386.24569640000004)

Bufalin is a cardiotonic steroid toxin[1] originally isolated from Chinese toad venom, which is a component of some traditional Chinese medicines.[2][3] Bufalin has in vitro antitumor effects against various malignant cell lines, including hepatocellular[4] and lung carcinoma.[5] However, as with other bufadienolides, its potential use is hampered by its cardiotoxicity.[6] Bufalin is a 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a cardiotonic drug, an anti-inflammatory agent and an animal metabolite. It is a 3beta-hydroxy steroid and a 14beta-hydroxy steroid. It is functionally related to a bufanolide. Bufalin is a natural product found in Cunninghamella blakesleeana, Bufo gargarizans, and other organisms with data available. Bufalin is an active ingredient and one of the glycosides in the traditional Chinese medicine ChanSu; it is also a bufadienolide toxin originally isolated from the venom of the Chinese toad Bufo gargarizans, with potential cardiotonic and antineoplastic activity. Although the mechanism of action of bufalin is still under investigation, this agent is a specific Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor and can induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines through the activation of the transcription factor AP-1 via a mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo. Bufalin is an active component isolated from Chan Su, acts as a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, binds to the subunit α1, α2 and α3, with Kd of 42.5, 45 and 40 nM, respectively[1][2]. Anti-cancer activity[2]. Bufalin is an active component isolated from Chan Su, acts as a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, binds to the subunit α1, α2 and α3, with Kd of 42.5, 45 and 40 nM, respectively[1][2]. Anti-cancer activity[2].

Ginsenoside B2

C48H82O18 (946.5500872)

Ginsenoside Re is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an antioxidant, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antineoplastic agent and a nephroprotective agent. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a ginsenoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a disaccharide derivative and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenoside B2 is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00781534 (A Clinical Trial of Ginseng in Diabetes). Ginsenoside Re is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Luffa aegyptiaca, and other organisms with data available. See also: Asian Ginseng (part of); American Ginseng (part of); Panax notoginseng root (part of). Ginsenoside B2 is found in tea. Ginsenoside B2 is a constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng) and Panax japonicum (Japanese ginseng) Constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng) and Panax japonicum (Japanese ginseng). Ginsenoside B2 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Re (Ginsenoside B2) is an extract from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Re decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ). Ginsenoside Re plays a role in antiinflammation through inhibition of JNK and NF-κB. Ginsenoside Re (Ginsenoside B2) is an extract from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Re decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ). Ginsenoside Re plays a role in antiinflammation through inhibition of JNK and NF-κB.

Liquiritin

C21H22O9 (418.1263762)

Liquiritin is a flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anticoronaviral agent and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a flavanone glycoside, a beta-D-glucoside, a monosaccharide derivative and a monohydroxyflavanone. It is functionally related to a liquiritigenin. Liquiritin is a natural product found in Polygonum aviculare, Artemisia capillaris, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of); Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root (part of). Liquiritin is found in herbs and spices. Liquiritin is isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice Liquiritin, a flavonoid isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, is a potent and competitive AKR1C1 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.62 μM, 0.61 μM, and 3.72μM for AKR1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3, respectively. Liquiritin efficiently inhibits progesterone metabolism mediated by AKR1C1 in vivo[1]. Liquiritin acts as an antioxidant and has neuroprotective, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity[2]. Liquiritin, a flavonoid isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, is a potent and competitive AKR1C1 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.62 μM, 0.61 μM, and 3.72μM for AKR1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3, respectively. Liquiritin efficiently inhibits progesterone metabolism mediated by AKR1C1 in vivo[1]. Liquiritin acts as an antioxidant and has neuroprotective, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity[2].

Catechin

C15H14O6 (290.0790344)

Catechin, also known as cyanidanol or catechuic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as catechins. Catechins are compounds containing a catechin moiety, which is a 3,4-dihydro-2-chromene-3,5.7-tiol. Catechin also belongs to the group of compounds known as flavan-3-ols (or simply flavanols), part of the chemical family of flavonoids. Catechin is one of the 4 catechin known diastereoisomers. Two of the isomers are in trans configuration and are called catechin and the other two are in cis configuration and are called epicatechin. The most common catechin isomer is the (+)-catechin. The other stereoisomer is (-)-catechin or ent-catechin. The most common epicatechin isomer is (-)-epicatechin. Catechin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Catechin is a bitter tasting compound and is associated with the bitterness in tea. Catechin is a plant secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules. In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites. Catechin is an antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both Catechin and (-)-Catechin (cis) forms. Outside of the human body, Catechin is found, on average, in the highest concentration in foods, such as blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum), evergreen blackberries (Rubus laciniatus), and blackberries (Rubus) and in a lower concentration in dills (Anethum graveolens), hot chocolates, and medlars (Mespilus germanica). Catechin has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as rice (Oryza sativa), apple ciders, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), fruit juices, and red teas. This could make catechin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Catechin. (+)-catechin is the (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-catechin. An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. Cianidanol is a natural product found in Visnea mocanera, Salacia chinensis, and other organisms with data available. Catechin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. See also: Gallocatechin (related); Crofelemer (monomer of); Bilberry (part of) ... View More ... Present in red wine. Widespread in plants; found in a variety of foodstuffs especies apricots, broad beans, cherries, chocolate, grapes, nectarines, red wine, rhubarb, strawberries and tea The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite. Catechin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=154-23-4 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 154-23-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (±)-Catechin (rel-Cianidanol) is the racemate of Catechin. (±)-Catechin has two steric forms of (+)-Catechin and its enantiomer (-)-Catechin. (+)-Catechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM. Anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anticardiovascular, anti-infectious, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects[1]. (±)-Catechin (rel-Cianidanol) is the racemate of Catechin. (±)-Catechin has two steric forms of (+)-Catechin and its enantiomer (-)-Catechin. (+)-Catechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM. Anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anticardiovascular, anti-infectious, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects[1]. Catechin ((+)-Catechin) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM. Catechin ((+)-Catechin) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM.

Vincamine

C21H26N2O3 (354.19433260000005)

Vincamine is a vinca alkaloid, an alkaloid ester, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a methyl ester and a hemiaminal. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent, a vasodilator agent and a metabolite. It is functionally related to an eburnamenine. Vincamine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid obtained from the leaves of *Vinca minor* with a vasodilatory property. Studies indicate that vincamine increases the regional cerebral blood flow. Vincamine is a natural product found in Vinca difformis, Vinca major, and other organisms with data available. A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders. Vincamine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1617-90-9 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 1617-90-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Vincamine?is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid extracted from the?Madagascar periwinkle. Vincamine?is a peripheral?vasodilator?and exerts a selective vasoregulator action on the brain microcapilar circulation[1]. Vincamine?is a?GPR40?agonist and acts as a β-cell protector by ameliorating β-cell dysfunction and promoting glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).?Vincamine?improves glucose homeostasis?in vivo, and has the potential for the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) research[2]. Vincamine?is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid extracted from the?Madagascar periwinkle. Vincamine?is a peripheral?vasodilator?and exerts a selective vasoregulator action on the brain microcapilar circulation[1]. Vincamine?is a?GPR40?agonist and acts as a β-cell protector by ameliorating β-cell dysfunction and promoting glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).?Vincamine?improves glucose homeostasis?in vivo, and has the potential for the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) research[2].

Methyl hexadecanoic acid

C17H34O2 (270.2558664)

Methyl hexadecanoate, also known as methyl palmitate or palmitic acid methyl ester, is a member of the class of compounds known as fatty acid methyl esters. Fatty acid methyl esters are compounds containing a fatty acid that is esterified with a methyl group. They have the general structure RC(=O)OR, where R=fatty aliphatic tail or organyl group and R=methyl group. Thus, methyl hexadecanoate is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Methyl hexadecanoate is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Methyl hexadecanoate is a fatty, oily, and waxy tasting compound found in cloves, which makes methyl hexadecanoate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Methyl hexadecanoate can be found primarily in saliva. Methyl hexadecanoic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as fatty acid methyl esters. These are compounds containing a fatty acid that is esterified with a methyl group. They have the general structure RC(=O)OR, where R=fatty aliphatic tail or organyl group and R=methyl group. Methyl palmitate is a fatty acid methyl ester. It has a role as a metabolite. Methyl palmitate is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. A natural product found in Neolitsea daibuensis. Methyl palmitate. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=112-39-0 (retrieved 2024-07-03) (CAS RN: 112-39-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Methyl palmitate, an acaricidal compound occurring in Lantana camara, inhibits phagocytic activity and immune response. Methyl palmitate also posseses anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects[1][2][3]. Methyl palmitate, an acaricidal compound occurring in Lantana camara, inhibits phagocytic activity and immune response. Methyl palmitate also posseses anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects[1][2][3].

Carnitine

C7H15NO3 (161.105188)

(R)-carnitine is the (R)-enantiomer of carnitine. It has a role as an antilipemic drug, a water-soluble vitamin (role), a nutraceutical, a nootropic agent and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a (R)-carnitinium. It is an enantiomer of a (S)-carnitine. Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. L-Carnitine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Levocarnitine is a Carnitine Analog. Levocarnitine is a natural product found in Mucidula mucida, Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata, and other organisms with data available. Levocarnitine is an amino acid derivative. Levocarnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain. (NCI04) Carnitine is not an essential amino acid; it can be synthesized in the body. However, it is so important in providing energy to muscles including the heart-that some researchers are now recommending carnitine supplements in the diet, particularly for people who do not consume much red meat, the main food source for carnitine. Carnitine has been described as a vitamin, an amino acid, or a metabimin, i.e., an essential metabolite. Like the B vitamins, carnitine contains nitrogen and is very soluble in water, and to some researchers carnitine is a vitamin (Liebovitz 1984). It was found that an animal (yellow mealworm) could not grow without carnitine in its diet. However, as it turned out, almost all other animals, including humans, do make their own carnitine; thus, it is no longer considered a vitamin. Nevertheless, in certain circumstances-such as deficiencies of methionine, lysine or vitamin C or kidney dialysis--carnitine shortages develop. Under these conditions, carnitine must be absorbed from food, and for this reason it is sometimes referred to as a metabimin or a conditionally essential metabolite. Like the other amino acids used or manufactured by the body, carnitine is an amine. But like choline, which is sometimes considered to be a B vitamin, carnitine is also an alcohol (specifically, a trimethylated carboxy-alcohol). Thus, carnitine is an unusual amino acid and has different functions than most other amino acids, which are most usually employed by the body in the construction of protein. Carnitine is an essential factor in fatty acid metabolism in mammals. Its most important known metabolic function is to transport fat into the mitochondria of muscle cells, including those in the heart, for oxidation. This is how the heart gets most of its energy. In humans, about 25\\\\\% of carnitine is synthesized in the liver, kidney and brain from the amino acids lysine and methionine. Most of the carnitine in the body comes from dietary sources such as red meat and dairy products. Inborn errors of carnitine metabolism can lead to brain deterioration like that of Reyes syndrome, gradually worsening muscle weakness, Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy and extreme muscle weakness with fat accumulation in muscles. Borurn et al. (1979) describe carnitine as an essential nutrient for pre-term babies, certain types (non-ketotic) of hypoglycemics, kidney dialysis patients, cirrhosis, and in kwashiorkor, type IV hyperlipidemia, heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), and propionic or organic aciduria (acid urine resulting from genetic or other anomalies). In all these conditions and the inborn errors of carnitine metabolism, carnitine is essential to life and carnitine supplements are valuable. carnitine therapy may also be useful in a wide variety of clinical conditions. carnitine supplementation has improved some patients who have angina secondary to coronary artery disease. It may be worth a trial in any form of hyperlipidemia or muscle weakness. carnitine supplements may... (-)-Carnitine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=541-15-1 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 541-15-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Carnitine ((R)-Carnitine), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism[1][2][3]. L-Carnitine ((R)-Carnitine), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism[1][2][3].

Thymidine

C10H14N2O5 (242.09026740000002)

Deoxythymidine, also known as 2-deoxy-5-methyluridine or 5-methyl-2-deoxyuridine, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxythymidine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Deoxythymidine can be synthesized from thymine. Deoxythymidine is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, tritiated thymidine, alpha-tritiated thymidine, and 5,6-dihydrothymidine. Deoxythymidine can be found in a number of food items such as butternut squash, mammee apple, catjang pea, and climbing bean, which makes deoxythymidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Deoxythymidine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including blood, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Deoxythymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, deoxythymidine is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism. Deoxythymidine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Moreover, deoxythymidine is found to be associated with canavan disease and degenerative disc disease. Thymidine (deoxythymidine; other names deoxyribosylthymine, thymine deoxyriboside) is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. In cell biology it is used to synchronize the cells in G1/early S phase . Thymidine, also known as deoxythymidine or deoxyribosylthymine or thymine deoxyriboside, is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. It consists of the nucleobase thymine attached to deoxyribose through a beta N- glycosidic bond. Thymidine also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxythymidine (or thymidine) is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. Therefore, thymidine is essential to all life. Indeed, thymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, thymidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, thymidine can be biosynthesized from 5-thymidylic acid through its interaction with the enzyme cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, thymidine can be converted into 5-thymidylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme thymidine kinase. Deoxythymidine can be phosphorylated with one, two or three phosphoric acid groups, creating dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate), dTDP, or dTTP (for the di- and tri- phosphates, respectively). dTMP can be incorporated into DNA via DNA polymerases. In cell biology, thymidine can be used to synchronize the cells in S phase. Derivatives of thymidine are used in a number of drugs, including Azidothymidine (AZT), which is used in the treatment of HIV infection. AZT inhibits the process of reverse transcription in the human immunodeficiency virus. Thymidine is a pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase. It has a role as a metabolite, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a thymine. It is an enantiomer of a telbivudine. Thymidine is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Thymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. In cell biology it is used to synchronize the cells in S phase. Thymidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Thymidine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Saussurea medusa, and other organisms with data available. Thymidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the pyrimidine base thymine attached to the sugar deoxyribose. As a constituent of DNA, thymidine pairs with adenine in the DNA double helix. (NCI04) Thymidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nucleoside in which THYMINE is linked to DEOXYRIBOSE. A pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase. KEIO_ID T014; [MS2] KO009272 KEIO_ID T014 Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3]. Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3].

Berberine

[C20H18NO4]+ (336.1235768)

Berberine is an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an alkaloid antibiotic, a botanical anti-fungal agent and a berberine alkaloid. It has a role as an antilipemic drug, a hypoglycemic agent, an antioxidant, a potassium channel blocker, an antineoplastic agent, an EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor, an EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor, an EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor, an EC 2.1.1.116 [3-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor, an EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor, an EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor, a geroprotector and a metabolite. An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. Berberine is a quaternary ammonia compound found in many botanical products, including goldenseal, barberry and Oregon grape, which is used for its purported antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for a host of conditions, including obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, H. pylori infection and colonic adenoma prevention. Berberine has not been linked to serum aminotransferase elevations during therapy nor to instances of clinically apparent liver injury. Berberine is a natural product found in Berberis poiretii, Thalictrum delavayi, and other organisms with data available. Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt of an isoquinoline alkaloid and active component of various Chinese herbs, with potential antineoplastic, radiosensitizing, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipidemic and antidiabetic activities. Although the mechanisms of action through which berberine exerts its effects are not yet fully elucidated, upon administration this agent appears to suppress the activation of various proteins and/or modulate the expression of a variety of genes involved in tumorigenesis and inflammation, including, but not limited to transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-X-C motif chemokine 2 (CXCL2), cyclin D1, activator protein (AP-1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT), and DNA topoisomerase I and II. The modulation of gene expression may induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In addition, berberine modulates lipid and glucose metabolism. An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. See also: Goldenseal (part of); Berberis aristata stem (part of). Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt that belongs to the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Chemically, berberine is classified as an isoquinoline alkaloid. More specifically, berberine is a plant alkaloid derived from tyrosine through a complex 8 step biosynthetic process. Berberine is found in plants such as Berberis vulgaris (barberry), Berberis aristata (tree turmeric), Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon grape) and Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal). Two other known berberine-containing plants are Phellodendron chinense and Phellodendron amurense. Berberine is usually found in the roots, rhizomes, stems, and bark of Berberis plants. Due to berberines intense yellow color, plants that contain berberine were traditionally used to dye wool, leather, and wood. Under ultraviolet light, berberine shows a strong yellow fluorescence, making it useful in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. Berberine is a bioactive plant compound that has been frequently used in traditional medicine. Among the known physiological effects or bioactivities are: 1) Antimicrobial action against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, helminthes, and Chlamydia; 2) Antagonism against the effects of cholera and E coli heat-stable enterotoxin; 3) Inhibition of intestinal ion secretion and of smooth muscle contraction; 4) Reduction of inflammation and 5) Stimulation of bile secretion and bilirubin discharge (PMID:32335802). Berberine can inhibit bacterial growth in the gut, including Helicobacter pylori, protect the intestinal epithelial barrier from injury, and ameliorate liver injury. Currently, berberine is sold as an Over-the-Counter (OTC) drug for treating gastrointestinal infections in China (PMID:18442638). Berberine also inhibits the proliferation of various types of cancer cells and impedes invasion and metastasis (PMID:32335802). Recent evidence has also confirmed that berberine improves the efficacy and safety of both chemo and radiotherapies for cancer treatment (PMID:32335802). Berberine has also been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo (PMID:18442638). In fact, berberine is the main active component of an ancient Chinese herb Coptis chinensis French, which has been used to treat diabetes for thousands of years. As an anti-diabetic, berberine increases glucose uptake by muscle fibers independent of insulin levels. It triggers AMPK activation and increases glycolysis, leading to decreased insulin resistance and decreased oxygen respiration. The same mechanism leads to a reduction in gluconeogenesis in the liver. AMPK activation by berberine also leads to an antiatherosclerotic effect in mice. Berberines AMPK activation may also underlie berberines anti-obesity effects and favorable influence on weight loss (PMID:18442638). While its use as a medication is widely touted, it is important to remember that berberine inhibits CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes, both of which are involved in the metabolism of many endogenous substances and xenobiotics, including a number of prescription drugs. An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. [HMDB] COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_30eV.txt Berberine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2086-83-1 (retrieved 2024-09-04) (CAS RN: 2086-83-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Fusidic Acid

C31H48O6 (516.3450708)

Fusidic acid is a steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. It has a role as a protein synthesis inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a 3alpha-hydroxy steroid, an 11alpha-hydroxy steroid, a sterol ester, a steroid acid, an alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and a steroid antibiotic. It is a conjugate acid of a fusidate. It derives from a hydride of a 5alpha-cholestane. An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis. It is often used topically in creams and eyedrops but is available in systemic formulations including tablets and injections. Fusidic acid is a natural product found in Epidermophyton floccosum, Stilbella aciculosa, and other organisms with data available. Fusidic Acid is a bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from the fungus Fusidium coccineum and used as a topical medication to treat skin infections. Fusidic acid acts as a bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor by preventing the turnover of elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. Fusidic acid is effective primarily on gram-positive bacteria. An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis. See also: Fusidate Sodium (active moiety of). Fusidic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.Fusidic acid works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, specifically by preventing the translocation of the elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. It also can inhibit chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzymes. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01X - Other antibacterials > J01XC - Steroid antibacterials D - Dermatologicals > D09 - Medicated dressings > D09A - Medicated dressings > D09AA - Medicated dressings with antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Fusidic acid (Fusidate) a bacteriostatic antibiotic produced from the Fusidium coccineum fungus, belongs to the class of steroids. Fusidic acid has no corticosteroid effects. Fusidic acid inhibits the growth of bacteria by preventing the release of translation elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome[1][2].

Ginsenoside

C42H72O14 (800.4921812)

Ginsenoside Rf is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an apoptosis inducer and an antineoplastic agent. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a disaccharide derivative, a ginsenoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a 20-hydroxy steroid and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenoside Rf is a natural product found in Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Panax ginseng, and other organisms with data available. See also: Asian Ginseng (part of). A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. Ginsenoside Rg1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent and a pro-angiogenic agent. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a ginsenoside and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenosides are a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins, found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). Ginsenosides have been the target of research, as they are viewed as the active compounds behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. Because ginsenosides appear to affect multiple pathways, their effects are complex and difficult to isolate. Rg1 Appears to be most abundant in Panax ginseng (Chinese/Korean Ginseng). It improves spatial learning and increase hippocampal synaptophysin level in mice, plus demonstrates estrogen-like activity. Ginsenoside RG1 is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Panax ginseng, and Panax notoginseng with data available. See also: Asian Ginseng (part of); American Ginseng (part of); Panax notoginseng root (part of). A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel. Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation.

Lovastatin

C24H36O5 (404.2562606)

Lovastatin is a fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). It has a role as an Aspergillus metabolite, a prodrug, an anticholesteremic drug and an antineoplastic agent. It is a polyketide, a statin (naturally occurring), a member of hexahydronaphthalenes, a delta-lactone and a fatty acid ester. It is functionally related to a (S)-2-methylbutyric acid and a mevastatin. Lovastatin, also known as the brand name product Mevacor, is a lipid-lowering drug and fungal metabolite derived synthetically from a fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus. Originally named Mevinolin, lovastatin belongs to the statin class of medications, which are used to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and manage abnormal lipid levels by inhibiting the endogenous production of cholesterol in the liver. More specifically, statin medications competitively inhibit the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid and is the third step in a sequence of metabolic reactions involved in the production of several compounds involved in lipid metabolism and transport including cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (sometimes referred to as "bad cholesterol"), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Prescribing of statin medications is considered standard practice following any cardiovascular events and for people with a moderate to high risk of development of CVD, such as those with Type 2 Diabetes. The clear evidence of the benefit of statin use coupled with very minimal side effects or long term effects has resulted in this class becoming one of the most widely prescribed medications in North America. Lovastatin and other drugs from the statin class of medications including [atorvastatin], [pravastatin], [rosuvastatin], [fluvastatin], and [simvastatin] are considered first-line options for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Increasing use of the statin class of drugs is largely due to the fact that cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart attack, atherosclerosis, angina, peripheral artery disease, and stroke, has become a leading cause of death in high-income countries and a major cause of morbidity around the world. Elevated cholesterol levels, and in particular, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, are an important risk factor for the development of CVD. Use of statins to target and reduce LDL levels has been shown in a number of landmark studies to significantly reduce the risk of development of CVD and all-cause mortality. Statins are considered a cost-effective treatment option for CVD due to their evidence of reducing all-cause mortality including fatal and non-fatal CVD as well as the need for surgical revascularization or angioplasty following a heart attack. Evidence has shown that even for low-risk individuals (with <10\\\\% risk of a major vascular event occurring within 5 years) statins cause a 20\\\\%-22\\\\% relative reduction in major cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, coronary revascularization, and coronary death) for every 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL without any significant side effects or risks. While all statin medications are considered equally effective from a clinical standpoint, [rosuvastatin] is considered the most potent; doses of 10 to 40mg [rosuvastatin] per day were found in clinical studies to result in a 45.8\\\\% to 54.6\\\\% decrease in LDL cholesterol levels, while lovastatin has been found to have an average decrease in LDL-C of 25-40\\\\%. Potency is thought to correlate to tissue permeability as the more lipophilic statins such as lovastatin are thought to enter endothelial cells by passive diffusion, as opposed to hydrophilic statins such as [pravastatin] and [rosuvastatin] which are taken up into hepatocytes through OATP1B1 (org... Lovastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent that belongs to the class of medications called statins. It was the second agent of this class discovered. It was discovered by Alfred Alberts and his team at Merck in 1978 after screening only 18 compounds over 2 weeks. The agent, also known as mevinolin, was isolated from the fungi Aspergillus terreus. Research on this compound was suddenly shut down in 1980 and the drug was not approved until 1987. Interesting, Akira Endo at Sankyo Co. (Japan) patented lovastatin isolated from Monascus ruber four months before Merck. Lovastatin was found to be 2 times more potent than its predecessor, mevastatin, the first discovered statin. Like mevastatin, lovastatin is structurally similar to hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), a substituent of HMG-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), a substrate of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway via the mevalonic acid pathway. Lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a binding affinity 20,000 times greater than HMG-CoA. Lovastatin differs structurally from mevastatin by a single methyl group at the 6 position. Lovastatin is a prodrug that is activated by in vivo hydrolysis of the lactone ring. It, along with mevastatin, has served as one of the lead compounds for the development of the synthetic compounds used today. A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain > C10AA - Hmg coa reductase inhibitors D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019161 - Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1655 - HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3139 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2212 Lovastatin is a cell-permeable HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to lower cholesterol. Lovastatin is a cell-permeable HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to lower cholesterol.

Guanine

C5H5N5O (151.049408)

Guanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Being unsaturated, the bicyclic molecule is planar. The guanine nucleoside is called guanosine. The first isolation of guanine was reported in 1844 from the excreta of sea birds, known as guano, which was used as a source of fertilizer. High affinity binding of guanine nucleotides and the ability to hydrolyze bound GTP to GDP are characteristics of an extended family of intracellular proteins. Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins may be involved in the activation of phospholipases C and A2 by hormones and other ligands. The binding of hormones to receptors that activate phospholipase C is decreased by guanine nucleotides and these hormones also stimulate a high-affinity GTPase activity in cell membranes. Effects of hormones on phospholipase C activity in cell-free preparations are dependent on the presence of guanine nucleotides. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, EC 2.4.2.8) is a purine salvage enzyme that catalyses the conversion of hypoxanthine and guanine to their respective mononucleotides. Partial deficiency of this enzyme can result in the overproduction of uric acid leading to a severe form of gout, whilst a virtual absence of HPRT activity causes the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, an inborn error of metabolism, which is characterised by hyperuricaemia, mental retardation, choreoathetosis and compulsive self-mutilation. Peroxynitrite induces DNA base damage predominantly at guanine (G) and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) nucleobases via oxidation reactions. G and 8-oxoG are the most reactive bases toward Peroxynitrite and possibly the major contributors to peroxynitrite-derived genotoxic and mutagenic lesions. The neutral G radical, reacts with NO2 to yield 8-nitroguanine and 5-nitro-4-guanidinohydantoin (PMID: 16352449, 2435586, 2838362, 1487231). Guanine is a 2-aminopurine carrying a 6-oxo substituent. It has a role as a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a purine nucleobase, an oxopurine and a member of 2-aminopurines. It derives from a hydride of a 9H-purine. Guanine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Guanine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Isatis tinctoria, and other organisms with data available. Guanine is a purine base that is a constituent of nucleotides occurring in nucleic acids. Guanine is a mineral with formula of C5H3(NH2)N4O. The corresponding IMA (International Mineralogical Association) number is IMA1973-056. The IMA symbol is Gni. Guanine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Occurs widely in animals and plants. Component of nucleic acids (CCD) A 2-aminopurine carrying a 6-oxo substituent. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS [Spectral] Guanine (exact mass = 151.04941) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Guanine (exact mass = 151.04941) and D-Gluconic acid (exact mass = 196.0583) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Guanine (exact mass = 151.04941) and L-Valine (exact mass = 117.07898) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 54 CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 43

Melamine

C3H6N6 (126.0653916)

Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66\\\% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine. It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants. Melamine is combined with formaldehyde to produce melamine resin, a very durable thermosetting plastic used in Formica, and melamine foam, a polymeric cleaning product. The end products include countertops, dry erase boards, fabrics, glues, housewares, dinnerware, cooking spoons, guitar saddles, guitar nuts, acoustic foam paneling, and flame retardants. Melamine is one of the major components in Pigment Yellow 150, a colorant in inks and plastics. Melamine is sometimes illegally added to food products in order to increase the apparent protein content. Standard tests, such as the Kjeldahl and Dumas tests, estimate protein levels by measuring the nitrogen content, so they can be misled by adding nitrogen-rich compounds such as melamine.There is an instrument (SPRINT) developed by the company CEM Corp that allows the determination of protein content directly in some applications; this cannot be fooled by adding melamine in the sample. Ultrasound-assisted extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed at ETH Zurich (Switzerland) by Zhu et al., (2008) for a rapid detection of melamine in untreated food samples. Ultrasounds are used to nebulize the melamine-containing liquids into a fine spray. The spray is then ionised by extractive electrospray ionisation (EESI) and analysed using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). An analysis requires 30 seconds per sample. The limit of detection of melamine is a few nanograms of melamine per gram of milk. Crystallization and washing of melamine generates a considerable amount of waste water, which is a pollutant if discharged directly into the environment. The waste water may be concentrated into a solid (1.5-5\\\% of the weight) for easier disposal. The solid may contain approximately 70\\\% melamine, 23\\\% oxytriazines (ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid), 0.7\\\% polycondensates (melem, melam, and melon). In the Eurotecnica process, however, there is no solid waste and the contaminants are decomposed to ammonia and carbon dioxide and sent as off gas to the upstream urea plant; accordingly, the waste water can be recycled to the melamine plant itself or used as clean cooling water make-up. Melamine also enters the fabrication of melamine poly-sulfonate used as superplasticizer for making high-resistance concrete. Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF) is a polymer used as cement admixture to reduce the water content in concrete while increasing the fluidity and the workability of the mix during its handling and pouring. It results in concrete with a lower porosity and a higher mechanical strength, exhibiting an improved resistance to aggressive environments and a longer life-time. Melamine appears as colorless to white monoclinic crystals or prisms or white powder. Sublimes when gently heated. (NTP, 1992) Melamine is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. It has a role as a xenobiotic metabolite. It is functionally related to a cyanamide. It is a conjugate base of a melamine(1+). Melamine is a natural product found in Euglena gracilis, Aeromonas veronii, and Apis cerana with data available. Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66\\\% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine. It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants. Melamine is described as Harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Chronic exposure may cause cancer or reproductive damage. Eye, skin and respiratory irritant. However, the short-term lethal dose is on a par with common table salt with an LD50 of more than 3 grams per kilogram of bodyweight.[15] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) scientists explained that when melamine and cyanuric acid are absorbed into the bloodstream, they concentrate and interact in the urine-filled renal tubules, then crystallize and form large numbers of round, yellow crystals, which in turn block and damage the renal cells that line the tubes, causing the kidneys to malfunction. A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3151 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8699 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3870 Melamine is a metabolite?of?cyromazine. Melamine is a intermediate for the synthesis of melamine resin and plastic materials[1].

Salicin

C13H18O7 (286.10524780000003)

Salicin, also known as salicoside or delta-salicin, is an aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as a prodrug, an antipyretic, a non-narcotic analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor and a metabolite. It is an aryl beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic primary alcohol and a member of benzyl alcohols. It derives from a salicyl alcohol. Salicin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenolic glycosides. These are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. Salicin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Salicin is a bitter tasting compound. Salicin is an aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as a prodrug, an antipyretic, a non-narcotic analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor and a metabolite. It is an aryl beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic primary alcohol and a member of benzyl alcohols. It is functionally related to a salicyl alcohol. Salicin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Salicin is a natural product found in Salix candida, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. Salicin is an alcoholic β-glycoside that contains D-glucose. Salicin is an anti-inflammatory agent that is produced from willow bark. Salicin is closely related in chemical make-up to aspirin and has a very similar action in the human body. When consumed by humans, Salicin is metabolized into salicylic acid. [HMDB] An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor. Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor.

Tabersonine

C21H24N2O2 (336.18376839999996)

Tabersonine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with cytotoxic activity. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a metabolite. It is an alkaloid ester, a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, a methyl ester and an organic heteropentacyclic compound. It is a conjugate base of a tabersoninium(1+). Tabersonine is a natural product found in Voacanga schweinfurthii, Tabernaemontana citrifolia, and other organisms with data available. A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with cytotoxic activity. Annotation level-1 Tabersonine is an indole alkaloid mainly isolated from Catharanthus roseus. Tabersonine disrupts Aβ(1-42) aggregation and ameliorates Aβ aggregate-induced cytotoxicity. Tabersonine has anti-inflammatory activities and acts as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ALI/ARDS[1]. Tabersonine is an indole alkaloid mainly isolated from Catharanthus roseus. Tabersonine disrupts Aβ(1-42) aggregation and ameliorates Aβ aggregate-induced cytotoxicity. Tabersonine has anti-inflammatory activities and acts as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ALI/ARDS[1].

Magnoflorine

C20H24NO4+ (342.17052440000003)

(S)-magnoflorine is an aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an aporphine alkaloid and a quaternary ammonium ion. It is functionally related to a (S)-corytuberine. Magnoflorine is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum myriacanthum, Fumaria capreolata, and other organisms with data available. See also: Caulophyllum thalictroides Root (part of).

Ferulic acid

C10H10O4 (194.057906)

trans-Ferulic acid is a highly abundant phenolic phytochemical which is present in plant cell walls. Ferulic acid is a phenolic acid that can be absorbed by the small intestine and excreted through the urine. It is one of the most abundant phenolic acids in plants, varying from 5 g/kg in wheat bran to 9 g/kg in sugar-beet pulp and 50 g/kg in corn kernel. It occurs primarily in seeds and leaves both in its free form (albeit rarely) and covalently linked to lignin and other biopolymers. It is usually found as ester cross-links with polysaccharides in the cell wall, such as arabinoxylans in grasses, pectin in spinach and sugar beet, and xyloglucans in bamboo. It also can cross-link with proteins. Due to its phenolic nucleus and an extended side chain conjugation (carbohydrates and proteins), it readily forms a resonance-stabilized phenoxy radical which accounts for its potent antioxidant potential. Food supplementation with curcumin and ferulic acid is considered a nutritional approach to reducing oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer disease (PMID:17127365, 1398220, 15453708, 9878519). Ferulic acid can be found in Pseudomonas and Saccharomyces (PMID:8395165). Ferulic acid is a ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring. It has a role as an antioxidant, a MALDI matrix material, a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent. It is a conjugate acid of a ferulate. Ferulic acid is a natural product found in Haplophyllum griffithianum, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. Ferulic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Angelica sinensis root (part of). Widely distributed in plants, first isolated from Ferula foetida (asafoetida). Antioxidant used to inhibit oxidn. of fats, pastry products, etc. Antifungal agent used to prevent fruit spoilage. trans-Ferulic acid is found in many foods, some of which are deerberry, peach, shea tree, and common bean. A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID H074 (E)-Ferulic acid is a isomer of Ferulic acid which is an aromatic compound, abundant in plant cell walls. (E)-Ferulic acid causes the phosphorylation of β-catenin, resulting in proteasomal degradation of β-catenin and increases the expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bax and decreases the expression of pro-survival factor survivin. (E)-Ferulic acid shows a potent ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ferulic acid exerts both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299[1]. (E)-Ferulic acid is a isomer of Ferulic acid which is an aromatic compound, abundant in plant cell walls. (E)-Ferulic acid causes the phosphorylation of β-catenin, resulting in proteasomal degradation of β-catenin and increases the expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bax and decreases the expression of pro-survival factor survivin. (E)-Ferulic acid shows a potent ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ferulic acid exerts both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299[1]. Ferulic acid is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively. Ferulic acid is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively.

Eldelin

C27H41NO8 (507.28320260000004)

Deltaline is a diterpene alkaloid, a tertiary alcohol, a tertiary amino compound, an acetate ester, a cyclic acetal and an organic polycyclic compound. It derives from a hydride of an aconitane. Deltaline is a natural product found in Delphinium cheilanthum, Delphinium andersonii, and other organisms with data available. Deltaline. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=6836-11-9 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 6836-11-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Deltaline is a diterpenoid alkaloid and isolated from plants of the genus Delphinium delavayi Franch. Deltaline itself has analgesic properties, and plants of the genus Delphinium delavayi Franch have also been therapeutically used to treat rheumaticpain, paralysis due to stroke, rheumatoid arthritis[1]. Deltaline is a diterpenoid alkaloid and isolated from plants of the genus Delphinium delavayi Franch. Deltaline itself has analgesic properties, and plants of the genus Delphinium delavayi Franch have also been therapeutically used to treat rheumaticpain, paralysis due to stroke, rheumatoid arthritis[1].

Forskolin

C22H34O7 (410.2304414)

Forskolin is a labdane diterpenoid isolated from the Indian Coleus plant. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anti-HIV agent, a protein kinase A agonist, an adenylate cyclase agonist, an antihypertensive agent and a platelet aggregation inhibitor. It is a labdane diterpenoid, an acetate ester, an organic heterotricyclic compound, a triol, a cyclic ketone and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone. Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Forskolin is a natural product found in Plectranthus, Plectranthus barbatus, and Apis cerana with data available. Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents A labdane diterpenoid isolated from the Indian Coleus plant. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System D007155 - Immunologic Factors CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4753; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4752 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4747; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4745 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4785; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4783 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4767; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4766 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4849; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4847 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4753; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4748 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.202 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.164 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.188 [Raw Data] CB247_Forskolin_neg_30eV_000046.txt [Raw Data] CB247_Forskolin_neg_40eV_000046.txt [Raw Data] CB247_Forskolin_neg_10eV_000046.txt [Raw Data] CB247_Forskolin_neg_20eV_000046.txt Forskolin (Coleonol) is a potent adenylate cyclase activator with an IC50 of 41 nM and an EC50 of 0.5 μM for type I adenylyl cyclase[1]. Forskolin is also an inducer of intracellular cAMP formation[2]. Forskolin induces differentiation of various cell types and activates pregnane X receptor (PXR) and FXR[3]. Forskolin exerts a inotropic effect on the heart, and has platelet antiaggregatory and antihypertensive actions. Forskolin also induces autophagy[4][5].

Bicuculline

C20H17NO6 (367.1055822)

Bicuculline is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. It has a role as an agrochemical, a central nervous system stimulant, a GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist, a neurotoxin and a GABAA receptor antagonist. It is an isoquinoline alkaloid, a member of isoquinolines and a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid. Bicuculline is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Bicuculline is a natural product found in Fumaria capreolata, Fumaria densiflora, and other organisms with data available. Bicuculline is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Since it blocks the inhibitory action of GABA receptors, the action of bicuculline mimics epilepsy. This property is utilized in laboratories across the world in the in vitro study of epilepsy, generally in hippocampal or cortical neurons in prepared brain slices from rodents. This compound is also routinely used to isolate glutamatergic (excitatory amino acid) receptor function. An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors. A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Bicuculline. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=485-49-4 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 485-49-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), as a convulsant alkaloid, is a competitive neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks the slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP) [1][2][3]. Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is A competing neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+ activating potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks slow post-hyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant activity. Bicuculline can be used to induce seizures in mice[1][2][3][4]. Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), as a convulsant alkaloid, is a competitive neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks the slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP) [1][2][3].

Cytosine

C4H5N3O (111.04326000000002)

Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5’ carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183). Cytosine is an aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidin-2-one having the amino group located at position 4. It has a role as a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyrimidine nucleobase, a pyrimidone and an aminopyrimidine. Cytosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Cytosine is a natural product found in Streptomyces antibioticus, Salmonella enterica, and other organisms with data available. Cytosine is a pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA that pairs with guanine. Cytosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. See also: Pyrimidine (related). A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. The deamination of cytosine alone is apparent and the nucleotide of cytosine is the prime mutagenic nucleotide in leukaemia and cancer. [HMDB]. Cytosine is found in many foods, some of which are beech nut, turmeric, grass pea, and cucurbita (gourd). An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidin-2-one having the amino group located at position 4. Cytosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=71-30-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 71-30-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA. Cytosine modifications exhibit circadian oscillations that are involved in epigenetic diversity and aging[1][2]. Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA. Cytosine modifications exhibit circadian oscillations that are involved in epigenetic diversity and aging[1][2]. Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA. Cytosine modifications exhibit circadian oscillations that are involved in epigenetic diversity and aging[1][2].

Poncirin

C28H34O14 (594.1948464)

(2S)-poncirin is a flavanone glycoside that is 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone attached to a neohesperidose (alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranose) residue via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata and exhibits inhibitory activity against liopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxyflavanone, a flavanone glycoside, a disaccharide derivative, a neohesperidoside and a member of 4-methoxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone. Poncirin is a natural product found in Citrus medica, Micromeria graeca, and other organisms with data available. Isolated from Citrus subspecies Poncirin is found in many foods, some of which are citrus, grapefruit, lemon, and grapefruit/pummelo hybrid. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Poncirin is found in citrus. Poncirin is isolated from Citrus specie Poncirin is isolated from?Poncirus trifoliata with anti-inflammory activites. Poncirin significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain models[1]. Poncirin is isolated from?Poncirus trifoliata with anti-inflammory activites. Poncirin significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain models[1].

3,3',4'5-Tetrahydroxystilbene

C14H12O4 (244.0735552)

Piceatannol is a stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5. It has a role as a protein kinase inhibitor, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, a plant metabolite, a hypoglycemic agent, an apoptosis inducer and a geroprotector. It is a stilbenol, a member of resorcinols, a member of catechols and a polyphenol. It derives from a hydride of a trans-stilbene. Piceatannol is a natural product found in Vitis amurensis, Smilax bracteata, and other organisms with data available. Piceatannol is a polyhydroxylated stilbene extract from the seeds of Euphorbia lagascae, which inhibits protein tyrosine kinase Syk and induces apoptosis. (NCI) Piceatannol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Wine grape (part of); Robinia pseudoacacia whole (part of); Tsuga canadensis bark (part of). 3,3,45-Tetrahydroxystilbene (or Piceatannol) is a phenolic stilbenoid. It is a metabolite of resveratrol found in red wine. A viral protein-tyrosine kinase (LMP2A) implicated in leukemia, non-Hodgkins lymphoma and other diseases associated with Epstein-Barr virus, was recently found to be blocked by picetannol in vitro (PMID 2590224). Therefore there is research interest in piceatannol as an anti-cancer and anti-EBV drug. Piceatannol can also act as an agonist for estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer cells (PMID: 16216908). [HMDB] 3,3,45-Tetrahydroxystilbene (or Piceatannol) is a phenolic stilbenoid. It is a metabolite of resveratrol found in red wine. A viral protein-tyrosine kinase (LMP2A) implicated in leukemia, non-Hodgkins lymphoma and other diseases associated with Epstein-Barr virus, was recently found to be blocked by picetannol in vitro (PMID 2590224). Therefore there is research interest in piceatannol as an anti-cancer and anti-EBV drug. Piceatannol can also act as an agonist for estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer cells (PMID: 16216908). A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C1967 - Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Piceatannol is a well-known Syk inhibitor and reduces the expression of iNOS induced by TNF. Piceatannol is an effective agent for research of acute lung injury (ALI)[1]. Piceatannol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic stilbene found in various fruits and vegetables and exhibits anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties[2]. Piceatannol induces apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines[3]. Piceatannol induces autophagy and apoptosis in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells[4]. Piceatannol is a well-known Syk inhibitor and reduces the expression of iNOS induced by TNF. Piceatannol is an effective agent for research of acute lung injury (ALI)[1]. Piceatannol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic stilbene found in various fruits and vegetables and exhibits anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties[2]. Piceatannol induces apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines[3]. Piceatannol induces autophagy and apoptosis in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells[4].

Palmatine

[C21H22NO4]+ (352.15487520000005)

Annotation level-1 Palmatine is a berberine alkaloid and an organic heterotetracyclic compound. It has a role as a plant metabolite. Palmatine is a natural product found in Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala, Thalictrum petaloideum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Berberis aristata stem (part of). KEIO_ID P071; [MS2] KO009210 KEIO_ID P071

Asperuloside

C18H22O11 (414.11620619999997)

Asperuloside is a iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum. It has a role as a metabolite. It is an iridoid monoterpenoid, a beta-D-glucoside, a monosaccharide derivative, an acetate ester and a gamma-lactone. Asperuloside is a natural product found in Lasianthus curtisii, Galium spurium, and other organisms with data available. See also: Galium aparine whole (part of). A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum. Asperuloside is an iridoid isolated from Hedyotis diffusa, with anti-inflammatory activity. Asperuloside inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), suppresses NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways[1]. Asperuloside is an iridoid isolated from Hedyotis diffusa, with anti-inflammatory activity. Asperuloside inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), suppresses NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways[1].

Orientin

C21H20O11 (448.100557)

Orientin is a C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8. It has a role as an antioxidant and a metabolite. It is a C-glycosyl compound, a tetrahydroxyflavone and a 3-hydroxyflavonoid. It is functionally related to a luteolin. Orientin is a natural product found in Itea chinensis, Vellozia epidendroides, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of); Acai fruit pulp (part of). Orientin is found in barley. Orientin is isolated from Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Passiflora incarnata (maypops).Orientin is a flavone, a chemical flavonoid-like compound found in the passion flower, the palm and Anadenanthera peregrina. Orientin is also reported in millets and in the Phyllostachys nigra bamboo leaves Isolated from Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Passiflora incarnata (maypops) [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_40eV_1-2_01_1380.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_20eV_1-2_01_1405.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_50eV_1-2_01_1408.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_40eV_1-2_01_1407.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_50eV_1-2_01_1381.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_30eV_1-2_01_1406.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_20eV_1-2_01_1378.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_30eV_1-2_01_1379.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_10eV_1-2_01_1353.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_10eV_1-2_01_1364.txt Orientin is a naturally occurring bioactive flavonoid that possesses diverse biological properties, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, and cardio protection. Orientin is a promising neuroprotective agent suitable for therapy for neuropathic pain[1][2]. Orientin is a naturally occurring bioactive flavonoid that possesses diverse biological properties, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, and cardio protection. Orientin is a promising neuroprotective agent suitable for therapy for neuropathic pain[1][2].

Dihydrosanguinarine

C20H15NO4 (333.10010300000005)

Dihydrosanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid obtained by selective hydrogenation of the 13,14-position of sanguinarine. It has a role as a metabolite and an antifungal agent. It derives from a hydride of a sanguinarine. Dihydrosanguinarine is a natural product found in Sarcocapnos baetica, Sarcocapnos saetabensis, and other organisms with data available. A benzophenanthridine alkaloid obtained by selective hydrogenation of the 13,14-position of sanguinarine. Dihydrosanguinarine is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of Macleaya microcarpa; has antifungal and anticancer activity. IC50 value: Target: in vitro: Dihydrosanguinarine showed much less cytotoxicity than sanguinarine: at the highest concentration tested (20 microM) and 24h exposure, dihydrosanguinarine decreased viability only to 52\\% [1]. Dihydrosanguinarine showed the highest antifungal activity against B. cinerea Pers, with 95.16\\% mycelial growth inhibition at 50 μg/ml [2]. dihydrosanguinarine showed the most potent leishmanicidal activities (IC(50) value: 0.014 microg/ml, respectively) [4]. in vivo: Repeated dosing of DHSG for 90 days at up to 500 ppm in the diet (i.e. approximately 58 mg/kg/day) showed no evidence of toxicity in contrast to results published in the literature [3]. Dihydrosanguinarine is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of Macleaya microcarpa; has antifungal and anticancer activity. IC50 value: Target: in vitro: Dihydrosanguinarine showed much less cytotoxicity than sanguinarine: at the highest concentration tested (20 microM) and 24h exposure, dihydrosanguinarine decreased viability only to 52\% [1]. Dihydrosanguinarine showed the highest antifungal activity against B. cinerea Pers, with 95.16\% mycelial growth inhibition at 50 μg/ml [2]. dihydrosanguinarine showed the most potent leishmanicidal activities (IC(50) value: 0.014 microg/ml, respectively) [4]. in vivo: Repeated dosing of DHSG for 90 days at up to 500 ppm in the diet (i.e. approximately 58 mg/kg/day) showed no evidence of toxicity in contrast to results published in the literature [3].

Coniferin

C16H22O8 (342.1314612)

Coniferin (CAS: 531-29-3), also known as abietin or coniferoside, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenolic glycosides. These are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-fructose, and L-rhamnose. Coniferin is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Coniferin is a monosaccharide derivative consisting of coniferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. Coniferin is found in asparagus and has been isolated from Scorzonera hispanica (black salsify). Coniferin is a monosaccharide derivative that is coniferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a cinnamyl alcohol beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic ether and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a coniferol. Coniferin is a natural product found in Salacia chinensis, Astragalus onobrychis, and other organisms with data available. A monosaccharide derivative that is coniferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Scorzonera hispanica (scorzonera) Coniferin (Laricin) is a glucoside of coniferyl alcohol. Coniferin inhibits fungal growth and melanization[1]. Coniferin (Laricin) is a glucoside of coniferyl alcohol. Coniferin inhibits fungal growth and melanization[1].

Procyanidin B2

C30H26O12 (578.1424196)

Procyanidin B2 is a proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8 in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cats claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine. It has a role as a metabolite and an antioxidant. It is a hydroxyflavan, a proanthocyanidin, a biflavonoid and a polyphenol. It is functionally related to a (-)-epicatechin. Procyanidin B2 is a natural product found in Begonia fagifolia, Saraca asoca, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cocoa (part of); Primula veris flower (part of). A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8 in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cats claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine. Present in red wine. Procyanidin B2 is found in many foods, some of which are alcoholic beverages, sherry, bilberry, and yellow zucchini. Procyanidin B2 is found in alcoholic beverages. Procyanidin B2 is present in red wine. Procyanidin B2 is a natural flavonoid, with anti-cancer, antioxidant activities. Procyanidin B2 is a natural flavonoid, with anti-cancer, antioxidant activities.

Luteolin 7-glucuronide

C21H18O12 (462.0798228)

Luteolin 7-glucuronide, also known as cyanidenon-7-O-B-D-glucuronate or luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavonoid-7-o-glucuronides. Flavonoid-7-o-glucuronides are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to glucuronic acid at the C7-position. Luteolin 7-glucuronide is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Luteolin 7-glucuronide can be found in a number of food items such as globe artichoke, wild carrot, carrot, and lettuce, which makes luteolin 7-glucuronide a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide could inhibit Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) activities, with IC50s of 17.63, 7.99, 11.42, 12.85, 0.03 μM for MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, respectively. Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide could inhibit Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) activities, with IC50s of 17.63, 7.99, 11.42, 12.85, 0.03 μM for MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, respectively.

Bryodulcosigenin

C30H50O4 (474.37089000000003)

Bryodulcosigenin is a cucurbitacin. (3S,8S,9R,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R)-5,6-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-3-hydroxy-4,4,9,13,14-pentamethyl-1,2,3,7,8,10,12,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-11-one is a natural product found in Apis cerana with data available. Bryodulcosigenin is an extract of the roots of Bryoniadioica with anti-inflammatory effect[1]. Bryodulcosigenin is an extract of the roots of Bryoniadioica with anti-inflammatory effect[1].

4-Hydroxycoumarin

C9H6O3 (162.03169259999999)

4-hydroxycoumarin is a hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a conjugate acid of a 4-hydroxycoumarin(1-). 4-Hydroxycoumarin is a natural product found in Vitis vinifera, Ruta graveolens, and Apis cerana with data available. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); NaToxAq - Natural Toxins and Drinking Water Quality - From Source to Tap (https://natoxaq.ku.dk) D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants > D015110 - 4-Hydroxycoumarins CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2312 4-Hydroxycoumarin, a coumarin derivative, is one of the most versatile heterocyclic scaffolds and is frequently applied in the synthesis of various organic compounds. 4-Hydroxycoumarin possesses both electrophilic and nucleophilic properties. 4-Hydroxycoumarin derivatives are employed as the anticoagulant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, antimycobacterial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents, HIV protease inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors[1]. 4-Hydroxycoumarin, a coumarin derivative, is one of the most versatile heterocyclic scaffolds and is frequently applied in the synthesis of various organic compounds. 4-Hydroxycoumarin possesses both electrophilic and nucleophilic properties. 4-Hydroxycoumarin derivatives are employed as the anticoagulant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, antimycobacterial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents, HIV protease inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors[1].

Myristic acid

C14H28O2 (228.20891880000002)

Tetradecanoic acid is an oily white crystalline solid. (NTP, 1992) Tetradecanoic acid is a straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat. It has a role as a human metabolite, an EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a tetradecanoate. Myristic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Myristic acid is a natural product found in Gladiolus italicus, Staphisagria macrosperma, and other organisms with data available. Myristic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 14-carbon backbone. Myristic acid is found naturally in palm oil, coconut oil and butter fat. Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). Myristic acid is also commonly added to a penultimate nitrogen terminus glycine in receptor-associated kinases to confer the membrane localisation of the enzyme. this is achieved by the myristic acid having a high enough hydrophobicity to become incorporated into the fatty acyl core of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of the eukaryotic cell.(wikipedia). myristic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed) See also: Cod Liver Oil (part of); Saw Palmetto (part of). Myristic acid, also known as tetradecanoic acid or C14:0, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Myristic acid (its ester is called myristate) is a saturated fatty acid that has 14 carbons; as such, it is a very hydrophobic molecule that is practically insoluble in water. It exists as an oily white crystalline solid. Myristic acid is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals, and is found in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat, as well as coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. Industrially, myristic acid is used to synthesize a variety of flavour compounds and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics (Dorland, 28th ed). Within eukaryotic cells, myristic acid is also commonly conjugated to a penultimate N-terminal glycine residue in receptor-associated kinases to confer membrane localization of these enzymes (a post-translational modification called myristoylation via the enzyme N-myristoyltransferase). Myristic acid has a high enough hydrophobicity to allow the myristoylated protein to become incorporated into the fatty acyl core of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Also, this fatty acid is known because it accumulates as fat in the body; however, its consumption also impacts positively on cardiovascular health (see, for example, PMID: 15936650). Myristic acid is named after the scientific name for nutmeg, Myristica fragrans, from which it was first isolated in 1841 by Lyon Playfair. Myristic acid, also known as 14 or N-tetradecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, myristic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Myristic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Myristic acid can be found in a number of food items such as strawberry, barley, nutmeg, and soy bean, which makes myristic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Myristic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, saliva, and feces, as well as throughout most human tissues. Myristic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, myristic acid is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, myristic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Myristic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Myristic acid (IUPAC systematic name: 1-tetradecanoic acid) is a common saturated fatty acid with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)12COOH. Its salts and esters are commonly referred to as myristates. It is named after the binomial name for nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), from which it was first isolated in 1841 by Lyon Playfair . A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat. Nutmeg butter has 75\\\% trimyristin, the triglyceride of myristic acid and a source from which it can be synthesised.[13] Besides nutmeg, myristic acid is found in palm kernel oil, coconut oil, butterfat, 8–14\\\% of bovine milk, and 8.6\\\% of breast milk as well as being a minor component of many other animal fats.[9] It is found in spermaceti, the crystallized fraction of oil from the sperm whale. It is also found in the rhizomes of the Iris, including Orris root.[14][15] Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils.

Sinapine

[C16H24NO5]+ (310.16543939999997)

Sugar phosphate, also known as sinapoylcholine or sinapine, belongs to coumaric acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are aromatic compounds containing Aromatic compounds containing a cinnamic acid moiety (or a derivative thereof) hydroxylated at the C2 (ortho-), C3 (meta-), or C4 (para-) carbon atom of the benzene ring. Sugar phosphate is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Sugar phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as common sage, tea leaf willow, broccoli, and sweet bay, which makes sugar phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Sugar phosphate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Sinapine (CAS: 18696-26-9), also known as sinapoylcholine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as morphinans. These are polycyclic compounds with a four-ring skeleton with three condensed six-member rings forming a partially hydrogenated phenanthrene moiety, one of which is aromatic while the two others are alicyclic. Sinapine is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Sinapine has been detected, but not quantified, in garden cress and horseradish. Sinapine is found in brassicas. It is a storage protein isolated from the seeds of Brassica napus (rape). This could make sinapine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Sinapine is an acylcholine in which the acyl group specified is sinapoyl. It has a role as a photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor, an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a trans-sinapic acid. Sinapine is a natural product found in Alliaria petiolata, Isatis quadrialata, and other organisms with data available. IPB_RECORD: 244; CONFIDENCE confident structure Sinapine is an alkaloid isolated from seeds of the cruciferous species. Sinapine exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and radio-protective effects. Sinapine is also an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, and Parkinson’s disease[1][2][3][4]. Sinapine is an alkaloid isolated from seeds of the cruciferous species. Sinapine exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and radio-protective effects. Sinapine is also an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, and Parkinson’s disease[1][2][3][4].

1-Octacosanol

C28H58O (410.4487418)

1-octacosanol is a white crystalline powder. (NTP, 1992) Octacosan-1-ol is an ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a fatty alcohol 28:0 and an ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol. It derives from a hydride of an octacosane. 1-octacosanol is a straight-chain aliphatic 28-carbon primary fatty alcohol that is used as a nutritional supplement. This high–molecular-weight organic compound is the main component of a natural product wax extracted from plants. 1-octacosanol is reported to possess cholesterol-lowering effects, antiaggregatory properties, cytoprotective use, and ergogenic properties. It has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Parkinsons disease. 1-Octacosanol is a natural product found in Ophiopogon intermedius, Prosopis glandulosa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Saw Palmetto (part of). 1-Octacosanol (also known as n-octacosanol, octacosyl alcohol, cluytyl alcohol, montanyl alcohol) is a straight-chain aliphatic 28-carbon primary fatty alcohol that is common in the epicuticular waxes of plants, including the leaves of many species of Eucalyptus, of most forage and cereal grasses, of Acacia, Trifolium, Pisum and many other legume genera among many others, sometimes as the major wax constituent. Octacosanol also occurs in wheat germ. Octacosanol is insoluble in water but freely soluble in low molecular-weight alkanes and in chloroform (CHCl3). 1-Octacosanol is found in many foods, some of which are common beet, black elderberry, red beetroot, and opium poppy. 1-Octacosanol (also known as n-octacosanol, octacosyl alcohol, cluytyl alcohol, montanyl alcohol) is a straight-chain aliphatic 28-carbon primary fatty alcohol that is common in the epicuticular waxes of plants, including the leaves of many species of Eucalyptus, of most forage and cereal grasses, of Acacia, Trifolium, Pisum and many other legume genera among many others, sometimes as the major wax constituent. Octacosanol also occurs in wheat germ. Octacosanol is insoluble in water but freely soluble in low molecular-weight alkanes and in chloroform (CHCl3). 1-Octacosanol is found in apple. An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.

Betulinic acid

C30H48O3 (456.36032579999994)

Betulinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-carboxy substituents. It is found in the bark and other plant parts of several species of plants including Syzygium claviflorum. It exhibits anti-HIV, antimalarial, antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a role as an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, an anti-HIV agent, an antimalarial, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antineoplastic agent and a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It derives from a hydride of a lupane. Betulinic Acid has been used in trials studying the treatment of Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome. Betulinic acid is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Gladiolus italicus, and other organisms with data available. Betulinic Acid is a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin (isolated from the bark of Betula alba, the common white birch) with antiinflammatory, anti-HIV and antineoplastic activities. Betulinic acid induces apoptosis through induction of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species, and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, resulting in the release of mitochondrial apogenic factors, activation of caspases, and DNA fragmentation. Although originally thought to exhibit specific cytotoxicity against melanoma cells, this agent has been found to be cytotoxic against non-melanoma tumor cell types including neuroectodermal and brain tumor cells. A lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin which was originally isolated from BETULA or birch tree. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and antineoplastic activities. See also: Jujube fruit (part of); Paeonia lactiflora root (part of). Betulinic acid is found in abiyuch. Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid which has anti-retroviral, anti-malarial, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as a more recently discovered potential as an anticancer agent, by inhibition of topoisomerase. It is found in the bark of several species of plants, principally the white birch (Betula pubescens) from which it gets its name, but also the Ber tree (Ziziphus mauritiana), the tropical carnivorous plants Triphyophyllum peltatum and Ancistrocladus heyneanus, Diospyros leucomelas a member of the persimmon family, Tetracera boiviniana, the jambul (Syzygium formosanum), flowering quince (Chaenomeles sinensis), Rosemary, and Pulsatilla chinensis. Controversial is a role of p53 in betulinic acid-induced apoptosis. Fulda suggested p53-independent mechanism of the apoptosis, basing on fact of no accumulation of wild-type p53 detected upon treatment with the betulinic acid, whereas wild-type p53 protein strongly increased after treatment with doxorubicin. The suggestion is supported by study of Raisova. On the other hand Rieber suggested that betulinic acid exerts its inhibitory effect on human metastatic melanoma partly by increasing p53 A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-carboxy substituents. It is found in the bark and other plant parts of several species of plants including Syzygium claviflorum. It exhibits anti-HIV, antimalarial, antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties. C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C2139 - Immunostimulant Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[1][2][3][4]. Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[1][2][3][4]. Epibetulinic acid exhibits potent inhibitory effects on NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) stimulated with bacterial endotoxin with IC50s of 0.7 and 0.6 μM, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity[1].

Protopanaxatriol

C30H52O4 (476.3865392)

A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. Protopanaxatriol is a tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a sapogenin, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a 6alpha-hydroxy steroid and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Protopanaxatriol is a natural product found in Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Panax ginseng, and other organisms with data available. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol is a metabolite of ginsenoside. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol works through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER), and is also a LXRα inhibitor. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol shows a broad spectrum of antitumor effects[1][2][3]. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol is a metabolite of ginsenoside. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol works through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER), and is also a LXRα inhibitor. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol shows a broad spectrum of antitumor effects[1][2][3]. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol is a metabolite of ginsenoside. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol works through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER), and is also a LXRα inhibitor. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol shows a broad spectrum of antitumor effects[1][2][3]. 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol is a natural aglycone of ginsenosides Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 and Rh. 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol is a natural aglycone of ginsenosides Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 and Rh.

beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside

C35H60O6 (576.4389659999999)

Daucosterol is a steroid saponin that is sitosterol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has bee isolated from Panax japonicus var. major and Breynia fruticosa. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a steroid saponin, a beta-D-glucoside and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a sitosterol. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Sitogluside is a natural product found in Ophiopogon intermedius, Ophiopogon jaburan, and other organisms with data available. beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside is found in herbs and spices. beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a constituent of Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) leaves. C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent Daucosterol is a natural sterol compound. Daucosterol is a natural sterol compound.

6'-O-p-Coumaroyltrifolin

C30H26O13 (594.1373346)

Kaempferol 3-(6-p-coumaroylgalactoside) is a member of the class of compounds known as flavonoid 3-o-p-coumaroyl glycosides. Flavonoid 3-o-p-coumaroyl glycosides are flavonoid 3-O-glycosides where the carbohydrate moiety is esterified with a p-coumaric acid. P-coumaric acid is an organic derivative of cinnamic acid, that carries a hydroxyl group at the 4-position of the benzene ring. Kaempferol 3-(6-p-coumaroylgalactoside) is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, kaempferol 3-(6-p-coumaroylgalactoside) is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP). Tribuloside is a glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to a 6-O-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a glycosyloxyflavone, a cinnamate ester, a trihydroxyflavone and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a kaempferol and a trans-4-coumaric acid. Tiliroside is a natural product found in Phlomoides spectabilis, Anaphalis contorta, and other organisms with data available. 6-O-p-Coumaroyltrifolin is a constituent of Pinus sylvestris (Scotch pine). Tiliroside, a glycosidic flavonoid, possesses anti-diabetic activities. Tiliroside is a noncompetitive inhibitor of α-amylase with a Ki value of 84.2? μM. Tiliroside inhibits carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract[1]. Tiliroside, a glycosidic flavonoid, possesses anti-diabetic activities. Tiliroside is a noncompetitive inhibitor of α-amylase with a Ki value of 84.2? μM. Tiliroside inhibits carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract[1]. Tribuloside is a flavonoid that can be isolated from Tribulus terrestris L[1]. Tribuloside exhibits anti-mycobacterial activity against the non-pathogenic Mycobacterium species with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5.0 mg/mL. Tribuloside has 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity[2]. Tribuloside is a flavonoid that can be isolated from Tribulus terrestris L[1]. Tribuloside exhibits anti-mycobacterial activity against the non-pathogenic Mycobacterium species with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5.0 mg/mL. Tribuloside has 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity[2].

Monensin

C36H62O11 (670.4291902)

Monensin A is a spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. It has a role as a coccidiostat, an antifungal agent and an ionophore. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a cyclic hemiketal, a spiroketal and a polyether antibiotic. Monensin is a polyether isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis that presents antibiotic properties. It is widely used in ruminant animal feeds. Monensin is a natural product found in Streptomyces glaucescens and Apis cerana with data available. An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies. See also: Monensin Sodium (has salt form). A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D014475 - Uncoupling Agents D007476 - Ionophores > D061209 - Proton Ionophores D007476 - Ionophores > D061210 - Sodium Ionophores C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8499

Yamogenintetroside B

C52H86O22 (1062.5610456)

Methylprotodioscin is a steroid saponin. Methylprotodioscin is a natural product found in Dracaena draco, Smilax menispermoidea, and other organisms with data available. Methylprotodioscin is found in herbs and spices. Methylprotodioscin is isolated from seeds of Trigonella caerulea (sweet trefoil) and Asparagus officinalis (asparagus). Methyl protodioscin(NSC-698790) is a furostanol bisglycoside with antitumor properties; shows to reduce proliferation, cause cell cycle arrest. IC50 value: Target: in vitro: MPD showed growth inhibitory effects in A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The significant G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptotic effect were also seen in A549 cells treated with MPD. MPD-induced apoptosis was accompanied by a significant reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol, activation of caspase-3, downregulation of Bcl-2, p-Bad, and upregulation of Bax [1]. In THP-1 macrophages, MPD increases levels of ABCA1 mRNA and protein in dose- and time-dependent manners, and apoA-1-mediated cholesterol efflux. MPD also decreases the gene expressions of HMGCR, FAS and ACC for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis [2]. Methyl protodioscin(NSC-698790) is a furostanol bisglycoside with antitumor properties; shows to reduce proliferation, cause cell cycle arrest. IC50 value: Target: in vitro: MPD showed growth inhibitory effects in A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The significant G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptotic effect were also seen in A549 cells treated with MPD. MPD-induced apoptosis was accompanied by a significant reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol, activation of caspase-3, downregulation of Bcl-2, p-Bad, and upregulation of Bax [1]. In THP-1 macrophages, MPD increases levels of ABCA1 mRNA and protein in dose- and time-dependent manners, and apoA-1-mediated cholesterol efflux. MPD also decreases the gene expressions of HMGCR, FAS and ACC for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis [2].

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2 (568.4280076)

Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid xanthophyll and is one of the most common carotenoid found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color. Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma of saffron Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid soluble antioxidants. Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids (the other is lutein) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataract (up to 20\\%) and for age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations. (PMID: 11023002). Zeaxanthin has been found to be a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Algibacter, Aquibacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Formosa, Gramella, Hyunsoonleella, Kordia, Mesoflavibacter, Muricauda, Nubsella, Paracoccus, Siansivirga, Sphingomonas, Zeaxanthinibacter and yeast (https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0924224417302571?token=DE6BC6CC7DCDEA6150497AA3E375097A00F8E0C12AE03A8E420D85D1AC8855E62103143B5AE0B57E9C5828671F226801). It is a marker for the activity of Bacillus subtilis and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Bacillus or Pseudomonas. (PMID: 17555270; PMID: 12147474) Zeaxanthin is a carotenol. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a cofactor and an antioxidant. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. Zeaxanthin is a most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature that is involved in the xanthophyll cycle. As a coexistent isomer of lutein, zeaxanthin is synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms. It gives the distinct yellow color to many vegetables and other plants including paprika, corn, saffron and wolfberries. Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye and plays a predominant component in the central macula. It is available as a dietary supplement for eye health benefits and potential prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Zeaxanthin is also added as a food dye. Zeaxanthin is a natural product found in Bangia fuscopurpurea, Erythrobacter longus, and other organisms with data available. Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Saffron (part of); Corn (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

D-Citronellol

C10H20O (156.151407)

Citronellol is formally classified as alkylalcohol although it is biochemically a monoterpenoid as it is synthesized from isoprene units. Citronellol is a neutral compound. It is a naturally occurring organic compound found in cannabis plants (PMID:6991645 ). Citronellol occurs in many essential oils as either ‚Äì or + enantiomers. -Citronellol is found in the oils of rose (18-55\\\\\\%) and Pelargonium geraniums while + citronellol is found in citronella oils extracted from the leaves and stems of Cymbopogon nardus or citronella grass. Citronellol has a citrus, floral, and geranium taste with a floral¬†leathery¬†waxy¬†rose¬†citrus odor ( Ref:DOI ). It is used in perfumery to add scents to soaps and incense. It is an insect repellent that repels mosquitos at short distances (PMID:2862274 ). Citronellol is found in highest concentrations in gingers, sweet basils, and winter savories and in lower concentrations in highbush blueberries, bilberries, and cardamoms. Citronellol has also been detected in blackcurrants, fennels, evergreen blackberries, herbs and spices, and nutmegs making citronellol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Citronellol has promising pharmacological activities (PMID:30453001 ) against human lung cancer (PMID:31280209 ), against induced rat breast cancer (PMID:31313341 ), has antifungal activity against Candida species (PMID:32150884 ) and has anti-hypertensive properties (PMID:26872991 ). (R)-(+)-citronellol is a citronellol that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 (the 3R-enantiomer). It is an enantiomer of a (S)-(-)-citronellol. D-Citronellol is a natural product found in Azadirachta indica, Saxifraga stolonifera, and other organisms with data available. See also: beta-CITRONELLOL, (R)-; GERANIOL (component of); beta-CITRONELLOL, (R)-; GERANIOL; LINALOOL, (+/-)- (component of) ... View More ... Constituent of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds. A common constituent of plant oils, especies in the Rutaceae. D-Citronellol is found in herbs and spices. (R)-Citronellol (D-Citronellol) is an alcoholic monoterpene found in geranium essential oil. (R)-Citronellol inhibits degranulation of mast cells and does not affect caffeine bitterness perception. (R)-Citronellol can be used in decorative cosmetics, toiletries as well as in non-cosmetic products[1][2][3]. (R)-Citronellol (D-Citronellol) is an alcoholic monoterpene found in geranium essential oil. (R)-Citronellol inhibits degranulation of mast cells and does not affect caffeine bitterness perception. (R)-Citronellol can be used in decorative cosmetics, toiletries as well as in non-cosmetic products[1][2][3]. Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) is a monoterpene Pelargonium graveolens. Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) induces necroptosis of cancer cell via up-regulating TNF-α, RIP1/RIP3 activities, down-regulating caspase-3/caspase-8 activities and increasing ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation[1]. Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) is a monoterpene Pelargonium graveolens. Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) induces necroptosis of cancer cell via up-regulating TNF-α, RIP1/RIP3 activities, down-regulating caspase-3/caspase-8 activities and increasing ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation[1].

Neocarlinoside

C26H28O15 (580.1428138)

Carlinoside is a C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted at positions 8 and 6 by alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively. It has a role as a metabolite, an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a tetrahydroxyflavone and a C-glycosyl compound. It is functionally related to a luteolin. Carlinoside is a natural product found in Passiflora sexflora, Glycine max, and other organisms with data available. Neocarlinoside is found in cereals and cereal products. Neocarlinoside is isolated from Oryza sativa (rice). Isolated from Oryza sativa (rice). Neocarlinoside is found in cereals and cereal products and rice.

Sterculic acid

C19H34O2 (294.2558664)

Sterculic acid, also known as 2-octyl-1-cyclopropene-1-octanoic acid or 8-(2-octyl-cycloprop-1-enyl)-octansaeure, is a member of the class of compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, sterculic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Sterculic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Sterculic acid can be found in peanut and roselle, which makes sterculic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Sterculic acid is a long-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid composed of 9-octadecenoic acid having a 9,10-cyclopropenyl group. It is a cyclopropenyl fatty acid, a long-chain fatty acid and a monounsaturated fatty acid. It is functionally related to an octadec-9-enoic acid. Sterculic acid is a natural product found in Hibiscus syriacus, Amaranthus cruentus, and other organisms with data available.

Dimethylallylpyrophosphate

C5H12O7P2 (246.0058262)

Prenyl diphosphate is a prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol. It has a role as an epitope, a phosphoantigen, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a prenyl diphosphate(3-). Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Dimethylallyl diphosphate is a natural product found in Centaurium erythraea, Streptomyces albidoflavus, and other organisms with data available. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate, also known as 2-isopentenyl diphosphate or delta-prenyl diphosphoric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isoprenoid phosphates. These are prenol lipids containing a phosphate group linked to an isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) unit. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (or -diphosphate) (DMAPP) is an intermediate product of both mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and DOXP/MEP pathway. It is an isomer of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and exists in virtually all life forms. A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.

5-Hydroxyxanthotoxin

C12H8O5 (232.0371718)

5-hydroxyxanthotoxin is a member of the class of psoralens that is xanthotoxin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5. It has a role as a metabolite. It is functionally related to a methoxsalen. It is a conjugate acid of a 5-hydroxyxanthotoxin(1-). 5-Hydroxyxanthotoxin is a natural product found in Niphogeton ternata and Apis cerana with data available. D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins A member of the class of psoralens that is xanthotoxin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.

Pantothenic acid

C9H17NO5 (219.11066720000002)

(R)-pantothenic acid is a pantothenic acid having R-configuration. It has a role as an antidote to curare poisoning, a human blood serum metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a vitamin B5 and a pantothenic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a (R)-pantothenate. Pantothenic acid, also called pantothenate or vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin discovered by Roger J. Williams in 1919. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient as it is required to synthesize coenzyme-A (CoA), as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Pantothenic acid is the amide between pantoic acid and β-alanine and commonly found as its alcohol analog, the provitamin panthenol, and as calcium pantothenate. Small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole-grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, royal jelly, avocado, and yogurt. Pantothenic acid is an ingredient in some hair and skin care products. Only the dextrorotatory (D) isomer of pantothenic acid possesses biological activity. while the levorotatory (L) form may antagonize the effects of the dextrorotatory isomer. Pantothenic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Pantothenic acid is a natural product found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arabidopsis thaliana, and other organisms with data available. Pantothenic Acid is a water-soluble vitamin ubiquitously found in plants and animal tissues with antioxidant property. Vitamin B5 is a component of coenzyme A (CoA) and a part of the vitamin B2 complex. Vitamin B5 is a growth factor and is essential for various metabolic functions, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids. This vitamin is also involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin. (R)-Pantothenic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE. See also: Broccoli (part of). Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life. Pantothenic acid is needed to form coenzyme-A (CoA), and is thus critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Its name is derived from the Greek pantothen meaning "from everywhere" and small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, and royal jelly. Pantothenic acid is classified as a member of the secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols are compounds containing a secondary alcohol functional group, with the general structure HOC(R)(R) (R,R=alkyl, aryl). Pantothenic acid is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. (r)-pantothenate, also known as (+)-pantothenic acid or vitamin b5, is a member of the class of compounds known as secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols are compounds containing a secondary alcohol functional group, with the general structure HOC(R)(R) (R,R=alkyl, aryl) (r)-pantothenate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (r)-pantothenate can be found in a number of food items such as spirulina, nance, cereals and cereal products, and sparkleberry, which makes (r)-pantothenate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (r)-pantothenate can be found primarily in blood and urine (r)-pantothenate exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins A pantothenic acid having R-configuration. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID P032; [MS2] KO009182 KEIO_ID P032; [MS3] KO009183 KEIO_ID P032 D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1]. D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1].

Coptisine

C19H14NO4+ (320.09227840000005)

Coptisine is an alkaloid. It has a role as a metabolite. Coptisine is a natural product found in Fumaria capreolata, Fumaria muralis, and other organisms with data available. See also: Sanguinaria canadensis root (part of); Chelidonium majus flowering top (part of). A natural product found in Coptis japonica.

Harmine

C13H12N2O (212.09495819999998)

Harmine is a harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7. It has a role as a metabolite, an anti-HIV agent and an EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor. It derives from a hydride of a harman. Harmine is a natural product found in Thalictrum foetidum, Acraea andromacha, and other organisms with data available. Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920s. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); NaToxAq - Natural Toxins and Drinking Water Quality - From Source to Tap (https://natoxaq.ku.dk) [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_40eV_CB000020.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_50eV_CB000020.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_10eV_CB000020.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_30eV_CB000020.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_20eV_CB000020.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2884 [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_50eV_000013.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_30eV_000013.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_10eV_000013.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_20eV_000013.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_40eV_000013.txt Harmine is a natural dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) inhibitor with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Harmine has a high affinity of 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, with an Ki of 397 nM[1]. Harmine is a natural dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) inhibitor with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Harmine has a high affinity of 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, with an Ki of 397 nM[1]. Harmine is a natural dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) inhibitor with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Harmine has a high affinity of 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, with an Ki of 397 nM[1].

Absinthin

C30H40O6 (496.28247400000004)

Absinthin is a dimeric sesquiterpene lactone that is produced by the plant Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood). The bitter tasting constituent of Absinthe. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a sesquiterpene lactone, a triterpenoid and an organic heteroheptacyclic compound. Absinthin is a natural product found in Artemisia genipi, Artemisia annua, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). Isoabsinthin is found in alcoholic beverages and herbs and spices. Isoabsinthin is found in alcoholic beverages. Isoabsinthin is a constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood).

6-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-8-beta-D-ribopyranosylapigenin

C26H28O14 (564.1478988)

5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-8-(3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one is a member of flavonoids and a C-glycosyl compound. 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-8-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)chromen-4-one is a natural product found in Cymbidium kanran, Acanthus, and other organisms with data available. 6-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-8-beta-D-ribopyranosylapigenin is found in herbs and spices. 6-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-8-beta-D-ribopyranosylapigenin is a constituent of Passiflora incarnata (maypops). Constituent of Passiflora incarnata (maypops). Apigenin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-riboside is found in herbs and spices. Neoschaftoside is a flavone C-glycoside that is apigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl and a beta-L-arabinopyranosyl residues at positions 6 and 8 respectively via C-glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a flavone C-glycoside and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to an apigenin. Neoschaftoside is a natural product found in Radula complanata, Artemisia judaica, and other organisms with data available. Schaftoside is a flavonoid found in a variety of Chinese herbal medicines, such as Eleusine indica. Schaftoside inhibits the expression of TLR4 and Myd88. Schaftoside also decreases Drp1 expression and phosphorylation, and reduces mitochondrial fission[1]. Schaftoside is a flavonoid found in a variety of Chinese herbal medicines, such as Eleusine indica. Schaftoside inhibits the expression of TLR4 and Myd88. Schaftoside also decreases Drp1 expression and phosphorylation, and reduces mitochondrial fission[1]. Schaftoside is a flavonoid found in a variety of Chinese herbal medicines, such as Eleusine indica. Schaftoside inhibits the expression of TLR4 and Myd88. Schaftoside also decreases Drp1 expression and phosphorylation, and reduces mitochondrial fission[1].

Chamuvarin

C23H22O5 (378.1467162)

Isouvaretin is a diarylheptanoid. Isouvaretin is a natural product found in Desmos chinensis, Uvaria chamae, and other organisms with data available.

Dihydrochelirubine

C21H17NO5 (363.1106672)

Dihydrochelirubine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is dihydrosanguinarine bearing a methoxy substituent at position 10. It has a role as a metabolite. It is functionally related to a dihydrosanguinarine. Dihydrochelirubine is a natural product found in Eschscholzia californica, Glaucium flavum, and other organisms with data available. A benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is dihydrosanguinarine bearing a methoxy substituent at position 10.

Plantagoside

C21H22O12 (466.1111212)

Plantagoside is a flavanone glycoside that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 4 and 5 and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 3 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a flavanone glycoside, a tetrahydroxyflavanone, a monosaccharide derivative, a beta-D-glucoside and a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a (2S)-flavanone. Plantagoside is a natural product found in Plantago asiatica, Plantago major, and other organisms with data available. A flavanone glycoside that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 4 and 5 and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 3 respectively. Plantagoside, isolated from the seeds of Plantago asiatica, is a specific and non-competitive inhibitor for jack bean α-mannosidase, with an IC50 of 5 μM[1]. Plantagoside, isolated from the seeds of Plantago asiatica, is a specific and non-competitive inhibitor for jack bean α-mannosidase, with an IC50 of 5 μM[1].

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol

C8H10O3 (154.062991)

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol, also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol is a drug. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol is a sweet, anise, and balsam tasting compound. 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol has been detected, but not quantified, in fruits and herbs and spices. This could make 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Vanillyl alcohol is a monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a member of guaiacols and a member of benzyl alcohols. Vanillyl alcohol has been used in trials studying the treatment of Smoking. Vanillyl alcohol is a natural product found in Artemisia rutifolia, Euglena gracilis, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of Capsicum subspecies; flavouring ingredient. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol is found in herbs and spices and fruits. A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4. Vanillyl alcohol (p-(Hydroxymethyl)guaiacol), derived from vanillin, is a phenolic alcohol and is used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages[1]. Vanillyl alcohol (p-(Hydroxymethyl)guaiacol), derived from vanillin, is a phenolic alcohol and is used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages[1].

Licoricone

C22H22O6 (382.1416312)

Licoricone is a hydroxyisoflavone which is isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 6, methoxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and a prenyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an antibacterial agent. It is a hydroxyisoflavone and a member of 4-methoxyisoflavones. It is functionally related to an isoflavone. Licoricone is a natural product found in Glycyrrhiza, Apis cerana, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root (part of). A hydroxyisoflavone which is isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 6, methoxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and a prenyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Licoricone is found in herbs and spices. Licoricone is a constituent of the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice)

Licoricidin

C26H32O5 (424.2249622)

Licoricidin is a member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is R-isoflavan with hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2 and 4, a methoxy group at position 5 and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 3. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antibacterial activity. It has a role as an antibacterial agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of hydroxyisoflavans, an aromatic ether and a methoxyisoflavan. Licoricidin is a natural product found in Glycyrrhiza, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root (part of). Licoricidin is found in herbs and spices. Licoricidin is a constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice). Constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice). Licoricidin is found in tea and herbs and spices.

CucurbitacinA

C32H46O9 (574.3141666)

Cucurbitacin A is a cucurbitacin. Cucurbitacin A is a natural product found in Hintonia standleyana, Cucumis prophetarum, and other organisms with data available.

Lotaustralin

C11H19NO6 (261.1212314)

Lotaustralin is a cyanogenic glycoside. Lotaustralin is a natural product found in Osteospermum ecklonis, Lotus arenarius, and other organisms with data available. Epilotaustralin is found in cereals and cereal products. Epilotaustralin is isolated from Triticum monococcum (wheat). Glycoside from Trifolium repens (white clover) and other plants Lotaustralin is a cyanogenic glucoside isolated from Manihot esculenta [1].

Kobusin

C21H22O6 (370.1416312)

Demethoxyaschantin is a member of the class of furofurans that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1-yl]-1,3-benzodioxole carrying an additional 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl substituent at position 4. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a furofuran, a lignan, a dimethoxybenzene and a member of benzodioxoles. Kobusin is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Pandanus boninensis, and other organisms with data available. Kobusin is a bisepoxylignan isolated from the Pnonobio biondii Pamp. Kobusin is an activator of CFTR and CaCCgie chloride channels and a inhibitor of ANO1/CaCC (calcium-activated chloride channel) channel[1][2]. Kobusin is a bisepoxylignan isolated from the Pnonobio biondii Pamp. Kobusin is an activator of CFTR and CaCCgie chloride channels and a inhibitor of ANO1/CaCC (calcium-activated chloride channel) channel[1][2].

Crocin 3

C32H44O14 (652.2730924)

Beta-D-gentiobiosyl crocetin is a dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxylic acid groups of crocetin with the anomeric hydroxy group of beta-D-gentiobiose. It is a dicarboxylic acid monoester, a glycoside and a disaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a crocetin and a gentiobiose. It is a conjugate acid of a beta-D-gentiobiosyl crocetin(1-). beta-D-gentiobiosyl crocetin is a natural product found in Gardenia jasminoides, Apis cerana, and Crocus sativus with data available. Isolated from saffron. Crocin 3 is found in saffron and herbs and spices. Crocin 3 is found in herbs and spices. Crocin 3 is isolated from saffron.

Gamma-Linolenic acid/alpha-Linolenic acid

C18H30O2 (278.224568)

Gamma-linolenic acid is a C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an omega-6 fatty acid and a linolenic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a gamma-linolenate. Gamolenic acid, or gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) or GLA, is an essential fatty acid (EFA) comprised of 18 carbon atoms with three double bonds that is most commonly found in human milk and other botanical sources. It is an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) also referred to as 18:3n-6; 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid; and cis-6, cis-9, cis-12- octadecatrienoic acid. Gamolenic acid is produced minimally in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of [DB00132]. It is converted to [DB00154], a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. While Gamolenic acid is found naturally in the fatty acid fractions of some plant seed oils, [DB11358] and [DB11238] are rich sources of gamolenic acid. Evening primrose oil has been investigated for clinical use in menopausal syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, and breast pain, where gamolenic acid is present at concentrations of 7-14\\\\\%. Gamolenic acid may be found in over-the-counter dietary supplements. Gamolenic acid is also found in some fungal sources and also present naturally in the form of triglycerides. Various clinical indications of gamolenic acid have been studied, including rheumatoid arthritis, atopic eczema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, premenstrual syndrome, cardiovascular disease, ulcerative colitis, ADHD, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetic neuropathy, and insomnia. gamma-Linolenic acid is a natural product found in Anemone cylindrica, Eurhynchium striatum, and other organisms with data available. Gamolenic Acid is a polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acid with an 18-carbon backbone and exactly three double bonds, originating from the 6th, 9th and 12th positions from the methyl end, with all double bonds in the cis- configuration. An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) gamma-Linolenic acid, also known as 18:3n6 or GLA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as linoleic acids and derivatives. These are derivatives of linoleic acid. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 18-carbon long fatty acid, with two CC double bonds at the 9- and 12-positions. gamma-Linolenic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. gamma-Linolenic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted into dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1 (PubChem). A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12. gamma-Linolenic acid or GLA (γ-linolenic acid) (INN: gamolenic acid) is an n−6, or omega-6, fatty acid found primarily in seed oils. When acting on GLA, arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase produces no leukotrienes and the conversion by the enzyme of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes is inhibited. GLA is obtained from vegetable oils such as evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil (EPO), blackcurrant seed oil, borage seed oil, and hemp seed oil. GLA is also found in varying amounts in edible hemp seeds, oats, barley,[3] and spirulina.[4] Normal safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil does not contain GLA, but a genetically modified GLA safflower oil available in commercial quantities since 2011 contains 40\\\% GLA.[5] Borage oil contains 20\\\% GLA, evening primrose oil ranges from 8\\\% to 10\\\% GLA, and black-currant oil contains 15–20\\\%.[6] The human body produces GLA from linoleic acid (LA). This reaction is catalyzed by Δ6-desaturase (D6D), an enzyme that allows the creation of a double bond on the sixth carbon counting from the carboxyl terminus. LA is consumed sufficiently in most diets, from such abundant sources as cooking oils and meats. However, a lack of GLA can occur when there is a reduction of the efficiency of the D6D conversion (for instance, as people grow older or when there are specific dietary deficiencies) or in disease states wherein there is excessive consumption of GLA metabolites.[7] From GLA, the body forms dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA). This is one of the body's three sources of eicosanoids (along with AA and EPA.) DGLA is the precursor of the prostaglandin PGH1, which in turn forms PGE1 and the thromboxane TXA1. Both PGE11 and TXA1 are anti-inflammatory; thromboxane TXA1, unlike its series-2 variant, induces vasodilation, and inhibits platelet[8] consequently, TXA1 modulates (reduces) the pro-inflammatory properties of the thromboxane TXA2. PGE1 has a role in regulation of immune system function and is used as the medicine alprostadil. Unlike AA and EPA, DGLA cannot yield leukotrienes. However, it can inhibit the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes from AA.[9] Although GLA is an n−6 fatty acid, a type of acid that is, in general, pro-inflammatory[citation needed], it has anti-inflammatory properties. (See discussion at Essential fatty acid interactions: The paradox of dietary GLA.) Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Perilla frutescens. Gamma-linolenic acid supplements could restore needed PUFAs and mitigate the disease[1]. Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Perilla frutescens. Gamma-linolenic acid supplements could restore needed PUFAs and mitigate the disease[1].

Eucommiol

C9H16O4 (188.1048536)

Eucommiol is an alicyclic compound that is cyclopent-3-en-1-ol carrying additional hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 as well as a 2-hydroxyethyl substituent at position 2 (the 1R,2R-diastereomer). It has a role as a sedative and a plant metabolite. It is a tetrol, a primary allylic alcohol and an alicyclic compound. Eucommiol is a natural product found in Aucuba japonica, Vitex trifolia, and other organisms with data available. An alicyclic compound that is cyclopent-3-en-1-ol carrying additional hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 as well as a 2-hydroxyethyl substituent at position 2 (the 1R,2R-diastereomer).

Capsiate

C18H26O4 (306.1830996)

Capsiate is a carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (6E)-8-methylnon-6-enoic acid with the benzylic hydroxy group of vanillyl alcohol. A non-pungent analogue of capsaicin with a similar biological profile. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a hypoglycemic agent, an anti-allergic agent, an antioxidant, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent and a capsaicin receptor agonist. It is a carboxylic ester, a monomethoxybenzene and a member of phenols. It is functionally related to a vanillyl alcohol. Capsiate is a natural product found in Apis cerana with data available. A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (6E)-8-methylnon-6-enoic acid with the benzylic hydroxy group of vanillyl alcohol. A non-pungent analogue of capsaicin with a similar biological profile. Constituent of fruits of Capsicum annuum. Capsiate is found in many foods, some of which are orange bell pepper, herbs and spices, yellow bell pepper, and italian sweet red pepper. Capsiate is found in fruits. Capsiate is a constituent of fruits of Capsicum annuum Capsiate, as a capsaicin analogue extracted from a non-pungent cultivar of CH-19 sweet red pepper, is an orally active agonist of TRPV1[1]. Capsiate, as a capsaicin analogue extracted from a non-pungent cultivar of CH-19 sweet red pepper, is an orally active agonist of TRPV1[1].

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid

C18H36O4 (316.2613456)

9,10-dihydroxystearic acid, also known as 9,10-dhsa or 9,10-dioh 18:0, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid is considered to be an octadecanoid lipid molecule. 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid can be found in peanut, which makes 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid is a hydroxy-fatty acid formally derived from octacecanoic (stearic) acid by hydroxy substitution at positions 9 and 10. It is a dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a hydroxyoctadecanoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 9,10-dihydroxystearate. 9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid is a natural product found in Trypanosoma brucei and Apis cerana with data available.

acutumine

C19H24ClNO6 (397.12920740000004)

Acutumine is an alkaloid. Acutumine is a natural product found in Hypserpa nitida, Sinomenium acutum, and other organisms with data available. Dauricumine is a natural product found in Hypserpa nitida, Sinomenium acutum, and Menispermum dauricum with data available.

3-Hexen-1-ol

C6H12O (100.0888102)

(Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol is a hex-3-en-1-ol in which the double bond adopts a Z-configuration. Also known as leaf alcohol, it is emitted by green plants upon mechanical damage. Used as a flavourant in tea. It has a role as an insect attractant, a plant metabolite and a fragrance. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is a natural product found in Lonicera japonica, Santolina corsica, and other organisms with data available. cis-3-hexen-1-ol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3-Hexen-1-ol, also known as 1-hydroxy-3-hexene, is a colourless oily liquid with an intense grassy-green odour of freshly cut green grass and leaves. It is produced in small amounts by most plants and it acts as an attractant to many predatory insects. 3-Hexen-1-ol is a very important aroma compound that is used in fruit and vegetable flavours and in perfumes. The yearly production is about 30 tonnes. 3-Hexen-1-ol is found in black elderberry. It is used as tea flavourant. Preferred to (E)-isomer in perfumes and flavours to add natural `green notes. Occurs in geranium, tea, citrus and other oils, and many fruits, e.g. banana, concord grape, quince. (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol is found in many foods, some of which are allspice, dill, citrus, and garden tomato (variety). A hex-3-en-1-ol in which the double bond adopts a Z-configuration. Also known as leaf alcohol, it is emitted by green plants upon mechanical damage. Used as a flavourant in tea. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol ((Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol) is a green grassy smelling compound found in many fresh fruits and vegetables. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is widely used as an added flavor in processed food to provide a fresh green quality. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is an attractant to various insects[1][2]. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol ((Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol) is a green grassy smelling compound found in many fresh fruits and vegetables. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is widely used as an added flavor in processed food to provide a fresh green quality. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is an attractant to various insects[1][2].

Tiglic acid

C5H8O2 (100.05242679999999)

Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid. It is found in croton oil and in several other natural products. It has also been isolated from the defensive secretion of certain beetles. Tiglic acid, also known as tiglate or tiglinsaeure, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Tiglic acid has a double bond between the second and third carbons of the chain. Tiglic acid and angelic acid form a pair of cis-trans isomers. Tiglic acid is a volatile and crystallizable substance with a sweet, warm, spicy odour. It is used in making perfumes and flavoring agents. The salts and esters of tiglic acid are called tiglates. Tiglic acid is a 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid having its double bond in trans-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a crotonic acid. Tiglic acid is a natural product found in Aloe africana, Azadirachta indica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Arctium lappa Root (part of); Petasites hybridus root (part of). A branched-chain fatty acid consisting of 2-butenoic acid having a methyl group at position 2. Flavouring ingredient KEIO_ID T016 Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid found in croton oil and in several other natural products. Tiglic aci has a role as a plant metabolite[1]. Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid found in croton oil and in several other natural products. Tiglic aci has a role as a plant metabolite[1].

beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose

C18H32O16 (504.1690272)

beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose, also known as b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides or glycans. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose has been detected, but not quantified, in root vegetables. Beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose is an oligosaccharide. Maltotriose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Maltotriose is a natural product found in Lycium barbarum, Polygonum aviculare, and other organisms with data available. Maltotriose is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Maltotriose, the second most abundant sugar present in brewing, is an inducer of the maltose regulon of Escherichia coli. Maltotriose can induce beta-galactosidase synthesis[1][2]. Maltotriose, the second most abundant sugar present in brewing, is an inducer of the maltose regulon of Escherichia coli. Maltotriose can induce beta-galactosidase synthesis[1][2].

Paraxanthine

C7H8N4O2 (180.0647228)

Paraxanthine, also known as p-xanthine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthines. These are purine derivatives with a ketone group conjugated at carbons 2 and 6 of the purine moiety. Paraxanthine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, paraxanthine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, paraxanthine and formaldehyde can be biosynthesized from caffeine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme cytochrome P450 1A2. In addition, paraxanthine and acetyl-CoA can be converted into 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil through its interaction with the enzyme arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2. In humans, paraxanthine is involved in caffeine metabolism. 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) is the preferential path of caffeine metabolism in humans. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, provides protection against Dopaminergic cell death via stimulation of Ryanodine Receptor Channels.

atrazine

C8H14ClN5 (215.0937674)

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each amino group is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group. D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 718; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8568; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8565 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 718; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8581; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8579 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 718; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8572; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8570 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 718; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8520; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8518 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 718; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8527; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8525 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 718; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8492; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8489 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 288 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4033 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3109 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8414 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 29

2-Amino-1-phenylethanol

C8H11NO (137.0840596)

2-Hydroxyphenethylamine, also known as beta-phenethanolamine or 2-amino-1-phenylethanol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aralkylamines. These are alkylamines in which the alkyl group is substituted at one carbon atom by an aromatic hydrocarbyl group. It is the simplest member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-aminoethanol bearing a phenyl substituent at the 1-position. 2-Hydroxyphenethylamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 2-Hydroxyphenethylamine ia an amine found in the brain. It may be modulator of sympathetic functions. Its derivatives are adrenergic agonists and antagonists. Simple amine found in the brain. It may be modulator of sympathetic functions. Its derivatives are adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It is also used in chemical industry. [HMDB] 2-Amino-1-phenylethanol is an analogue of noradrenaline.

ADEFOVIR

C8H12N5O4P (273.06268819999997)

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Same as: D02768

2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid

C9H14N3O7P (307.0569344)

Deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), also known as deoxycytidylic acid or deoxycytidylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a deoxynucleotide, and one of the four monomers that make up DNA. In a DNA double helix, it will base pair with deoxyguanosine monophosphate. dCMP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates. These are pyrimidine nucleotides with a monophosphate group linked to the ribose moiety lacking a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deficiency of the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (EC2.7.1.74) is associated with resistance to antiviral and anticancer chemotherapeutic agents, whereas increased enzyme activity is associated with increased activation of these compounds to cytotoxic nucleoside triphosphate derivatives. dCMP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, dCMP participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, dCMP can be converted to dCDP by the enzyme UMP-CMP kinase 2. In addition, dCMP can be converted into deoxycytidine, which is catalyzed by the enzyme cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In humans, dCMP is involved in the metabolic disorder called ump synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Outside of the human body, dCMP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as turnips, garlics, agaves, garden onions, and italian sweet red peppers. dCMP is a deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2-,3- or 5- positions. Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2-,3- or 5- positions. 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid is an endogenous metabolite. 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Tryptophol

C10H11NO (161.0840596)

Tryptophol, also known as indole-3-ethanol, is an indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an auxin and a plant metabolite. Tryptophol is a catabolite of tryptophan converted by the gut microbiota. After absorption through the intestinal epithelium, tryptophan catabolites enter the bloodstream and are later excreted in the urine (PMID:30120222). Tryptophol production was negatively associated with interferon-gamma production (IFNγ) which suggests that tryptophol has anti-inflammatory properties (PMID:27814509). Tryptophol has also been identified as the hypnotic agent in trypanosomal sleeping sickness, and because it is formed in vivo after ethanol or disulfiram treatment, it is also associated with the study of alcoholism (PMID:7241135). Indole-3-ethanol is a dietary indole present in cruciferous vegetables that has been shown to influence estradiol metabolism in humans and may provide a new chemopreventive approach to estrogen-dependent diseases. (PMID 2342128) Tryptophol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=526-55-6 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 526-55-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite. Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite.

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid

C5H10O3 (118.062991)

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal human metabolite excreted in the urine. It is a byproduct of the leucine degradation pathway. Production of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid begins with the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA into 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA in the mitochondria by the biotin-dependent enzyme methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Biotin deficiencies, certain lifestyle habits (smoking), or specific genetic conditions can reduce methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. This reduction can lead to a buildup of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA, which is converted into 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA by the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase. Increased concentrations of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA and 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA can lead to a disruption of the esterified CoA:free CoA ratio, and ultimately to mitochondrial toxicity. Detoxification of these metabolic end products occur via the transfer of the 3-hydroxyisovaleryl moiety to carnitine forming 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid-carnitine or 3HIA-carnitine, which is then transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane where 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is released as the free acid (PMID: 21918059). 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid has been found to be elevated in smokers and in subjects undergoing long-term anticonvulsant therapy with carbamazepine and/or phenytoin. These levels are elevated due to impairment of renal reclamation of biotin. Levels may also be increased from prolonged consumption of raw egg-whites (PMID: 16895887, 9523856, 15447901, 9176832) (OMIM: 210210, 253270, 600529, 253260, 246450, 210200, 238331). When present in sufficiently high levels, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid are associated with at least a dozen inborn errors of metabolism, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I, biotinidase deficiency and isovaleric aciduria, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency, holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency, and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 2 deficiency. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal human metabolite excreted in the urine. Elevated levels of this compound are found in several inherited disorders such as Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Deficiency, 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl -CoA lyase Deficiency, Biotinidase deficiency multiple carboxylase deficiency late-onset , Late onset multiple carboxylase deficiency, HolMcarboxylase synthetase deficiency, 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 2 deficiency. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is also elevated in smokers, in subjects undergoing long-term anticonvulsant therapy with carbamazepine and/or phenytoin. These levels are elevated due to impairment of renal reclamation of biotin. Levels may also be increased from prolonged consumption of raw egg-whites (PMID: 16895887, 9523856, 15447901, 9176832)(OMIM: 210210, 253270, 600529, 253260, 246450, 210200, 238331) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2]. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2].

3-Indoleacetonitrile

C10H8N2 (156.0687448)

3-Indoleacetonitrile is a phytoalexin. Phytoalexins are antibiotics produced by plants that are under attack. Phytoalexins tend to fall into several classes including terpenoids, glycosteroids, and alkaloids; however, researchers often find it convenient to extend the definition to include all phytochemicals that are part of the plants defensive arsenal. Phytoalexins produced in plants act as toxins to the attacking organism. They may puncture the cell wall, delay maturation, disrupt metabolism, or prevent the reproduction of the pathogen in question. However, phytoalexins are often targeted to specific predators; a plant that has anti-insect phytoalexins may not have the ability to repel a fungal attack. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is common in cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. Dietary indoles in cruciferous vegetables induce cytochrome P450 enzymes and have prevented tumours in various animal models. Consumption of Brassica vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of cancer of the alimentary tract in animal models and human populations (PMID:15612779, 15884814, 2342128, 3014947, 3880668, 6334634, 6419397, 6426808, 6584878, 6725517, 6838646, 7123561). Myrosinase-induced hydrolysis product of indole glucosinolates, found in cabbage and other crucifers Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID I022 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an endogenous metabolite.

3-Methylcrotonylglycine

C7H11NO3 (157.0738896)

3-Methylcrotonylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. 3-Methylcrotonylglycine is a normal amino acid metabolite found in urine. Increased levels of this metabolite are found in patients suffering from leucine catabolic disorders, such as 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency. 3-Methylcrotonylglycine is often considered to be a diagnostic marker of organic acidemias (PMID 11170888). Moreover, 3-methylcrotonylglycine is found to be associated with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency and propionic acidemia, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. 3-Methylcrotonylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: 3-Methylcrotonylglycine is an acyl glycine, a normal amino acid metabolite found in urine.

3-Methylxanthine

C6H6N4O2 (166.0490736)

3-methyl-9H-xanthine is a 3-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 9-position. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a tautomer of a 3-methyl-7H-xanthine. 3-Methylxanthine, also known as 3 MX or purine analog, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthines. These are purine derivatives with a ketone group conjugated at carbons 2 and 6 of the purine moiety. 3-Methylxanthine is a caffeine and a theophylline metabolite. (PMID 16870158, 16678550) 3-Methylxanthine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1076-22-8 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 1076-22-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 3-Methylxanthine, a xanthine derivative, is a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 920 μM on guinea-pig isolated trachealis muscle. 3-Methylxanthine, a xanthine derivative, is a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 920 μM on guinea-pig isolated trachealis muscle.

5-methylthioadenosine (MTA)

C11H15N5O3S (297.089556)

5-Methylthioadenosine, also known as MTA or thiomethyladenosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. These are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. 5-Methylthioadenosine is metabolized solely by MTA-phosphorylase, to yield 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine, a crucial step in the methionine and purine salvage pathways, respectively. 5-Methylthioadenosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside present in all mammalian tissues. Within humans, 5-methylthioadenosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5-methylthioadenosine and spermidine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and putrescine through the action of the enzyme spermidine synthase. In addition, 5-methylthioadenosine can be converted into 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate and L-methionine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase. It is produced from S-adenosylmethionine mainly through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, where it behaves as a powerful inhibitory product. For instance, 5-Methylthioadenosine has been shown to influence the regulation of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (PMID:15313459). In humans, 5-methylthioadenosine is involved in the metabolic disorder called hypermethioninemia. Outside of the human body, 5-Methylthioadenosine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as soursops, allspices, summer grapes, alaska wild rhubarbs, and breadfruits. Elevated excretion appears in children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) (PMID:3987052). Evidence suggests that 5-Methylthioadenosine can affect cellular processes in many ways. 5-Methylthioadenosine can be found in human urine. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine, also known as S-methyl-5-thioadenosine or mta, is a member of the class of compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine can be found in a number of food items such as allspice, sesame, roselle, and bayberry, which makes 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human fibroblasts, platelet and prostate tissues. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include methionine metabolism and spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include glycine n-methyltransferase deficiency, methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defect in cobalamin metabolism, cblg complementation type, and hypermethioninemia. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2].

N-Acetylserotonin

C12H14N2O2 (218.1055224)

N-Acetylserotonin (NAS), also known as normelatonin, is a naturally occurring chemical precursor and intermediate in the endogenous production of melatonin from serotonin. It also has biological activity in its own right, including acting as a melatonin receptor agonist, an agonist of the TrkB, and having antioxidant effects. N-Acetylserotonin is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of melatonin and indoleamine in the pineal gland of mammalians. Serotonin-N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), which regulates the rate of melatonin biosynthesis in the pineal gland, catalyzes the acetylation of 5HT to N-acetylserotonin (NAS). A methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine is transferred to NAS by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), and finally NAS is converted to 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, or melatonin. In most mammalian species the content of NAS (and melatonin) in the pineal gland shows clear circadian changes with the highest level occurring during the dark period. This elevation of the contents of NAS (and melatonin) in the dark period is due to the increase of SNAT activity and the elevation of SNAT gene expression. Experimental studies show that N-acetylserotonin possess free radical scavenging activity. Acute administration of irreversible and reversible selective MAO-A inhibitors and high doses (or chronic administration of low doses) of relatively selective MAO-B inhibitors (but not of highly selective MAO-B inhibitors) suppressed MAO-A activity and stimulated N-acetylation of pineal serotonin into N-acetylserotonin, the immediate precursor of melatonin. N-acetylserotonin increase after MAO-A inhibitors might mediate their antidepressive and antihypertensive effects. N-Acetylserotonin is the product of the O-demethylation of melatonin mediated by cytochrome P-450 isoforms: Cytochrome p450, subfamily IIc, polypeptide 19 (CYP2C19, a clinically important enzyme that metabolizes a wide variety of drugs), with a minor contribution from Cytochrome p450, subfamily I, polypeptide (2CYP1A2, involved in O-deethylation of phenacetin). (PMID 15616152, 11103901, 10721079, 10591054). N-Acetylserotonin acts as a potent antioxidant, NAS effectiveness as an anti-oxidant has been found to be different depending on the experimental model used, it has been described as being between 5 and 20 times more effect than melatonin at protecting against oxidant damage. NAS has been shown to protect against lipid peroxidation in microsomes and mitochondria. NAS has also been reported to lower resting levels of ROS in peripheral blood lymphocytes and to exhibit anti-oxidant effects against t-butylated hydroperoxide- and diamide-induced ROS. N-acetyl serotonin, also known as N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine or N-(2-(5-hydroxy-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide, is a member of the class of compounds known as hydroxyindoles. Hydroxyindoles are organic compounds containing an indole moiety that carries a hydroxyl group. N-acetyl serotonin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-acetyl serotonin can be found in a number of food items such as tronchuda cabbage, winter savory, rambutan, and poppy, which makes N-acetyl serotonin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-acetyl serotonin can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human kidney and liver tissues. In humans, N-acetyl serotonin is involved in the tryptophan metabolism. Moreover, N-acetyl serotonin is found to be associated with schizophrenia. N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine is a Melatonin precursor, and that it can potently activate TrkB receptor.

Norepinephrine

C8H11NO3 (169.0738896)

Norepinephrine is the precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. Norepinephrine is elevated in the urine of people who consume bananas. Norepinephrine is also a microbial metabolite; urinary noradrenaline is produced by Escherichia, Bacillus, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 24621061). Norepinephrine is found in alcoholic beverages, banana peels and pulp (Musa paradisiaca), red plum fruit (Prunus domestica), orange pulp (Citrus sinensis), potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum), and whole purslane (Portulaca oleracea). P. oleracea is the richest of these sources. Norepinephrine has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Present in banana peel and pulp (Musa paradisiaca), red plum fruit (Prunus domestica), orange pulp (Citrus sinensis), potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) and whole purslane (Portulaca oleracea). P. oleracea is the richest of these sources. xi-Norepinephrine is found in many foods, some of which are potato, green vegetables, alcoholic beverages, and fruits.

Argininosuccinic acid disodium

C10H18N4O6 (290.12262880000003)

Arginosuccinic acid is a basic amino acid. Some cells synthesize it from citrulline, aspartic acid and use it as a precursor for arginine in the urea cycle or Citrulline-NO cycle. The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is argininosuccinate synthetase. Argininosuccinic acid is a precursor to fumarate in the citric acid cycle via argininosuccinate lyase. Defects in the argininosuccinate lyase enzyme can lead to argininosuccinate lyase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Argininosuccinate (ASA) lyase deficiency results in defective cleavage of ASA. This leads to an accumulation of ASA in cells and an excessive excretion of ASA in urine (argininosuccinic aciduria). In virtually all respects, this disorder shares the characteristics of other urea cycle defects. The most important characteristic of ASA lyase deficiency is its propensity to cause hyperammonemia in affected individuals. ASA in affected individuals is excreted by the kidney at a rate practically equivalent to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Whether ASA itself causes a degree of toxicity due to hepatocellular accumulation is unknown; such an effect could help explain hyperammonemia development in affected individuals. Regardless, the name of the disease is derived from the rapid clearance of ASA in urine, although elevated levels of ASA can be found in plasma. ASA lyase deficiency is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Symptoms of ASA lyase deficiency include anorexia, irritability rapid breathing, lethargy and vomiting. Extreme symptoms include coma and cerebral edema. Arginosuccinic acid is a basic amino acid. Some cells synthesize it from citrulline, aspartic acid and use it as a precursor for arginine in the urea cycle or Citrulline-NO cycle. The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is argininosuccinate synthetase. Argininosuccinic acid is a precursor to fumarate in the citric acid cycle via argininosuccinate lyase. Defects in the arginosuccinate lyase enzyme can lead to arginosuccinate lyase deficiency. Argininosuccinate (ASA) lyase deficiency results in defective cleavage of ASA. This leads to an accumulation of ASA in cells and an excessive excretion of ASA in urine (arginosuccinic aciduria). In virtually all respects, this disorder shares the characteristics of other urea cycle defects. The most important characteristic of ASA lyase deficiency is its propensity to cause hyperammonemia in affected individuals. ASA in affected individuals is excreted by the kidney at a rate practically equivalent to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Whether ASA itself causes a degree of toxicity due to hepatocellular accumulation is unknown; such an effect could help explain hyperammonemia development in affected individuals. Regardless, the name of the disease is derived from the rapid clearance of ASA in urine, although elevated levels of ASA can be found in plasma. ASA lyase deficiency is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Symptoms of ASA lyase deficiency include anorexia, irritability rapid breathing, lethargy and vomiting. Extreme symptoms include coma and cerebral edema. [HMDB] KEIO_ID A039; [MS2] KO008844 KEIO_ID A039

Pseudouridine

C9H12N2O6 (244.0695332)

Beta-pseudouridine, also known as p or 5-(b-D-ribofuranosyl)uracil, is a member of the class of compounds known as nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are analogues of nucleosides and nucleotides. These include phosphonated nucleosides, C-glycosylated nucleoside bases, analogues where the sugar unit is a pyranose, and carbocyclic nucleosides, among others. Beta-pseudouridine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Beta-pseudouridine can be found in a number of food items such as eggplant, wax gourd, asparagus, and garden cress, which makes beta-pseudouridine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Beta-pseudouridine can be found primarily in amniotic fluid, blood, feces, and urine. Beta-pseudouridine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Moreover, beta-pseudouridine is found to be associated with canavan disease. Pseudouridine, also known as psi-uridine or 5-ribosyluracil, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. These are analogues of nucleosides and nucleotides, such as phosphonated nucleosides, C-glycosylated nucleoside bases, analogues where the sugar unit is a pyranose, and carbocyclic nucleosides. Pseudouridine specifically has its uracil attached via a carbon-carbon instead of a nitrogen-carbon glycosidic bond to the ribofuranose. It is the most prevalent of the over one hundred different modified nucleosides found in RNA (PMID: 17113994). Pseudouridine is a solid that is soluble in water. Pseudouridine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans, and is in all classes of RNA except mRNA. It is formed by enzymes called pseudouridine synthases, which post-transcriptionally isomerize specific uridine residues in RNA. Pseudouridine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1445-07-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 1445-07-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4]. Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4].

D-Glycerate 3-phosphate

C3H7O7P (185.9929402)

3-phospho-d-glyceric acid, also known as 3-phosphoglycerate or D-glycerate 3-phosphate, belongs to sugar acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group. 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid can be found in a number of food items such as towel gourd, orange mint, guava, and mulberry, which makes 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid can be found primarily in saliva. 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. (2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate, also known as 3-phospho-(R)-glycerate or D-glycerate 3-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group (2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate is a drug (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as poppies, small-leaf lindens, lupines, pomegranates, and kombus. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.

dADP

C10H15N5O9P2 (411.03450000000004)

Deoxyadenosine diphosphate has been identified in the mononuclear cells of a patient affected with in inherited adenosine deaminase deficiency (OMIM 102700) (PMID 6980023), and in in mononuclear cells of hemodialyzed patients. (PMID 11461945) [HMDB]. dADP is found in many foods, some of which are medlar, oil palm, greenthread tea, and green vegetables. Deoxyadenosine diphosphate has been identified in the mononuclear cells of a patient affected with in inherited adenosine deaminase deficiency (OMIM 102700) (PMID 6980023), and in in mononuclear cells of hemodialyzed patients. (PMID 11461945). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

dCTP

C9H16N3O13P3 (466.9895996)

Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is a cytidine nucleotide triphosphate that is used whenever DNA is synthesized, such as in the polymerase chain reaction. e.g.: [HMDB]. dCTP is found in many foods, some of which are canola, cloud ear fungus, sesbania flower, and butternut. Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is a cytidine nucleotide triphosphate that is used whenever DNA is synthesized, such as in the polymerase chain reaction. e.g.:.

Dethiobiotin

C10H18N2O3 (214.1317358)

Dethiobiotin is a synthetic metabolite that mimic the effects of biotin on gene expression and thus have biotin-like activities. In mammals, biotin serves as a coenzyme for carboxylases such as propionyl-CoA carboxylase. (PMID 12730407) [HMDB]. Dethiobiotin is found in many foods, some of which are agave, garden onion, lime, and black mulberry. Dethiobiotin is a synthetic metabolite that mimic the effects of biotin on gene expression and thus have biotin-like activities. In mammals, biotin serves as a coenzyme for carboxylases such as propionyl-CoA carboxylase. (PMID 12730407). D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D008934 - Mitogens KEIO_ID D075; [MS3] KO009104 KEIO_ID D075; [MS2] KO009103 KEIO_ID D075 D-Desthiobiotin is a biotin derivative used in affinity chromatography and protein chromatography. D-Desthiobiotin also can be used for protein and cell labeling, detection and isolation[1].

Sphinganine

C18H39NO2 (301.2980634)

Sphinganine, also known as c18-dihydrosphingosine or safingol, is a member of the class of compounds known as 1,2-aminoalcohols. 1,2-aminoalcohols are organic compounds containing an alkyl chain with an amine group bound to the C1 atom and an alcohol group bound to the C2 atom. Thus, sphinganine is considered to be a sphingoid base lipid molecule. Sphinganine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Sphinganine can be found in a number of food items such as agar, biscuit, herbs and spices, and pasta, which makes sphinganine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Sphinganine can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Sphinganine exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, sphinganine is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include globoid cell leukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), and sphingolipid metabolism. Sphinganine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include fabry disease, gaucher disease, and krabbe disease. Moreover, sphinganine is found to be associated with pregnancy. Sphinganine is a lyso-sphingolipid protein kinase inhibitor. It has the molecular formula C18H39NO2 and is a colorless solid. Medicinally, safingol has demonstrated promising anticancer potential as a modulator of multi-drug resistance and as an inducer of necrosis. The administration of safingol alone has not been shown to exert a significant effect on tumor cell growth. However, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that combining safingol with conventional chemotherapy agents such as fenretinide, vinblastine, irinotecan and mitomycin C can dramatically potentiate their antitumor effects. Currently in Phase I clinical trials, it is believed to be safe to co-administer with cisplatin . Sphinganine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,2-aminoalcohols. These are organic compounds containing an alkyl chain with an amine group bound to the C1 atom and an alcohol group bound to the C2 atom. Thus, sphinganine is considered to be a sphingoid base lipid molecule. Sphinganine is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Sphinganine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, sphinganine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, sphinganine can be converted into 3-dehydrosphinganine through its interaction with the enzyme 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase. In addition, sphinganine can be converted into sphinganine 1-phosphate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingosine kinase 2. Outside of the human body, sphinganine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as Mexican oregano, jostaberries, winter squash, angelica, and epazotes. This could make sphinganine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Sphinganine blocks postlysosomal cholesterol transport by inhibiting low-density lipoprotein-induced esterification of cholesterol and causing unesterified cholesterol to accumulate in perinuclear vesicles. It has been suggested that endogenous sphinganine may inhibit cholesterol transport in Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease (PMID: 1817037). D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID D078 D-Erythro-dihydrosphingosin directly inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) activity. D-Erythro-dihydrosphingosin directly inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) activity.

Indole-3-lactic acid

C11H11NO3 (205.0738896)

Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502). Indolelactic acid is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma and serum and normal urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical foetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form. (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722) [HMDB] Indolelactic acid (Indole-3-lactic acid) is a tryptophan (Trp) catabolite in Azotobacter vinelandii cultures. Indolelactic acid has anti-inflammation and potential anti-viral activity[1][3][4].

Saccharopine

C11H20N2O6 (276.13213)

Saccharopine is an intermediate in the degradation of lysine, formed by the condensation of lysine and alpha-ketoglutarate. The saccharopine pathway is the main route for lysine degradation in mammals, and its first two reactions are catalyzed by enzymatic activities known as lysine-oxoglutarate reductase (LOR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH), which reside on a single bifunctional polypeptide (LOR/SDH) (EC 1.5.1.8). The reactions involved with saccharopine dehydrogenases have very strict substrate specificity for L-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate, and NADPH. LOR/SDH has been detected in a number of mammalian tissues, mainly in the liver and kidney, contributing not only to the general nitrogen balance in the organism but also to the controlled conversion of lysine into ketone bodies. A tetrameric form has also been observed in human liver and placenta. LOR activity has also been detected in brain mitochondria during embryonic development, and this opens up the question of whether or not lysine degradation has any functional significance during brain development. As a result, there is now a new focus on the nutritional requirements for lysine in gestation and infancy. Finally, LOR and/or SDH deficiencies seem to be involved in a human autosomal genetic disorder known as familial hyperlysinemia, which is characterized by serious defects in the functioning of the nervous system and characterized by a deficiency in lysine-ketoglutarate reductase, saccharopine dehydrogenase, and saccharopine oxidoreductase activities. Saccharopinuria (high amounts of saccharopine in the urine) and saccharopinemia (an excess of saccharopine in the blood) are conditions present in some inherited disorders of lysine degradation (PMID: 463877, 10567240, 10772957, 4809305). If present in sufficiently high levels, saccharopine can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Saccharopine is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. Amino acid from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassaand is also found in mushrooms and seeds

N-acetylglutamate

C7H11NO5 (189.0637196)

N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid or N-Acetylglutamate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetyl-L-glutamate can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetyl-L-glutamate is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-glutamic acid. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\\\% of all human proteins and 68\\\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylglutamate can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free glutamic acid can also occur. In particular, N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid can be biosynthesized from glutamate and acetylornithine by ornithine acetyltransferase, and from glutamic acid and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme known as N-acetylglutamate synthase. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is the first intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of arginine in prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes and a regulator of the urea cycle in vertebrates. In vertebrates, N-acetylglutamic acid is the allosteric activator molecule to mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSI) which is the first enzyme in the urea cycle. It triggers the production of the first urea cycle intermediate, a compound known as carbamyl phosphate. Notably the CPSI enzyme is inactive when N-acetylglutamic acid is not present. A deficiency in N-acetyl glutamate synthase or a genetic mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme will lead to urea cycle failure in which ammonia is not converted to urea, but rather accumulated in the blood leading to the condition called Type I hyperammonemia. Excessive amounts N-acetyl amino acids can be detected in the urine with individuals with aminoacylase I deficiency, a genetic disorder (PMID: 16465618). These include N-acetylalanine (as well as N-acetylserine, N-acetylglutamine, N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylglycine, N-acetylmethionine and smaller amounts of N-acetylthreonine, N-acetylleucine, N-acetylvaline and N-acetylisoleucine. Aminoacylase I is a soluble homodimeric zinc binding enzyme that catalyzes the formation of free aliphatic amino acids from N-acetylated precursors. In humans, Aminoacylase I is encoded by the aminoacylase 1 gene (ACY1) on chromosome 3p21 that consists of 15 exons (OMIM 609924). Individuals with aminoacylase I deficiency w... N-acetyl-l-glutamate, also known as L-N-acetylglutamic acid or ac-glu-oh, belongs to glutamic acid and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. N-acetyl-l-glutamate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-acetyl-l-glutamate can be found in a number of food items such as cardoon, almond, butternut squash, and avocado, which makes N-acetyl-l-glutamate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-acetyl-l-glutamate may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID A031 N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, a glutamic acid, is a component of animal cell culturing media. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human[1]. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, a glutamic acid, is a component of animal cell culturing media. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human[1].

N-Acetylleucine

C8H15NO3 (173.105188)

N-Acetyl-L-leucine or N-Acetylleucine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetylleucine can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetylleucine is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-lecuine. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\\\% of all human proteins and 68\\\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylleucine can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free leucine can also occur. In particular, N-Acetylleucine can be biosynthesized from L-leucine and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme leucine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.66). Excessive amounts N-acetyl amino acids including N-acetylleucine (as well as N-acetylglycine, N-acetylserine, N-acetylglutamine, N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylalanine, N-acetylmethionine and smaller amounts of N-acetylthreonine, N-acetylisoleucine, and N-acetylvaline) can be detected in the urine with individuals with acylase I deficiency, a genetic disorder (PMID: 16465618). Aminoacylase I is a soluble homodimeric zinc binding enzyme that catalyzes the formation of free aliphatic amino acids from N-acetylated precursors. In humans, Aminoacylase I is encoded by the aminoacylase 1 gene (ACY1) on chromosome 3p21 that consists of 15 exons (OMIM 609924). Individuals with aminoacylase I deficiency will experience convulsions, hearing loss and difficulty feeding (PMID: 16465618). ACY1 can also catalyze the reverse reaction, the synthesis of acetylated amino acids. Many N-acetylamino acids, including N-acetylleucine are classified as uremic toxins if present in high abundance in the serum or plasma (PMID: 26317986; PMID: 20613759). Uremic toxins are a diverse group of endogenously produced molecules that, if not properly cleared or eliminated by the kidneys, can cause kidney damage, cardiovascular disease and neurological deficits (PMID: 18287557). N-Acetyl-L-leucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1188-21-2 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 1188-21-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). N-Acetyl-L-leucine is an endogenous metabolite.

Ochratoxin A

C20H18ClNO6 (403.08225980000003)

Ochratoxin A is found in barley. Mycotoxin. Ochratoxin A is produced by Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus sulphureus and Penicillium viridicatum.Potential contaminant of foodstuffs, especially cereals. Ochratoxin A is found in stored grain products in UK (1997).Ochratoxin A, a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum, is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins in the world. Human exposure occurs mainly through consumption of improperly stored food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes and dried grapes. The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Ochratoxin A toxicity has large species- and sex-specific differences Mycotoxin. Production by Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus sulphureus and Penicillium viridicatum.Potential contaminant of foodstuffs, especially cereals. Found in stored grain products in UK (1997) D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009793 - Ochratoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators

Parathion

C10H14NO5PS (291.03302840000003)

Parathion is a highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide. [HMDB] C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals

S-Lactoylglutathione

C13H21N3O8S (379.10493060000005)

S-Lactoylglutathione is a substrate of lactoylglutathione lyase [EC 4.4.1.5] in pyruvate metabolism (KEGG). Another enzyme, glyoxalase I, synthesizes this compound by converting methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-lactoylglutathione. S-D-lactoylglutathione can be hydrolysed by thiolesterases to reduced glutathione and D-lactate but also converted to N-D-lactoylcysteinylglycine and N-D-lactoylcysteine by gamma-glutamyl transferase and dipeptidase (PMID: 8632674). S-lactoylglutathione has also been shown to modulate microtubule assembly (PMID: 690442). [HMDB]. S-Lactoylglutathione is found in many foods, some of which are blackcurrant, oat, pomegranate, and brussel sprouts. S-Lactoylglutathione is a substrate of lactoylglutathione lyase [EC 4.4.1.5] in pyruvate metabolism (KEGG). Another enzyme, glyoxalase I, synthesizes this compound by converting methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-lactoylglutathione. S-D-lactoylglutathione can be hydrolysed by thiolesterases to reduced glutathione and D-lactate but also converted to N-D-lactoylcysteinylglycine and N-D-lactoylcysteine by gamma-glutamyl transferase and dipeptidase (PMID: 8632674). S-lactoylglutathione has also been shown to modulate microtubule assembly (PMID: 690442). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents KEIO_ID L016; [MS3] KO009026 KEIO_ID L016; [MS2] KO009024 KEIO_ID L016

Spermine

C10H26N4 (202.2157356)

Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound. [Spectral] Spermine (exact mass = 202.21575) and Spermidine (exact mass = 145.1579) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Occurs as phosphate in ox pancreas, yeast and meat products IPB_RECORD: 270; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID S011; [MS2] KO009230 KEIO_ID S011 Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects.

Buprenorphine

C29H41NO4 (467.30354260000007)

A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [PubChem] N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BC - Drugs used in opioid dependence D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AE - Oripavine derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D009292 - Narcotic Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics

Thymidine-5'-monophosphoric acid

C10H15N2O8P (322.0566)

5-Thymidylic acid (conjugate base thymidylate), also known as thymidine monophosphate (TMP), deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), or deoxythymidylic acid (conjugate base deoxythymidylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in DNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine. dTMP consists of a phosphate group, the pentose sugar deoxyribose, and the nucleobase thymine. Unlike the other deoxyribonucleotides, thymidine monophosphate often does not contain the "deoxy" prefix in its name; nevertheless, its symbol often includes a "d" ("dTMP"). 5-Thymidylic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates. These are pyrimidine nucleotides with a monophosphate group linked to the ribose moiety lacking a hydroxyl group at position 2. The neutral species of 5-Thymidylic acid (2-deoxythymidine 5-monophosphate). 5-Thymidylic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 5-thymidylic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5-thymidylic acid and dihydrofolic acid can be biosynthesized from dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF by the enzyme thymidylate synthase. In addition, 5-thymidylic acid can be converted into dTDP; which is catalyzed by the enzyme thymidylate synthase. In humans, 5-thymidylic acid is involved in pyrimidine metabolism. Outside of the human body, 5-Thymidylic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as common buckwheats, corn salad, garden cress, squashberries, and star fruits. 5-thymidylic acid, also known as thymidylate or thymidine 5-phosphate, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates are pyrimidine nucleotides with a monophosphate group linked to the ribose moiety lacking a hydroxyl group at position 2. 5-thymidylic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-thymidylic acid can be found in a number of food items such as burbot, enokitake, scarlet bean, and garland chrysanthemum, which makes 5-thymidylic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 5-thymidylic acid can be found primarily in feces, as well as in human fibroblasts tissue. 5-thymidylic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 5-thymidylic acid is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism. 5-thymidylic acid is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

Xanthurenic acid

C10H7NO4 (205.0375062)

Xanthurenic acid, also known as xanthurenate or 8-hydroxykynurenic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as quinoline carboxylic acids. Quinoline carboxylic acids are quinolines in which the quinoline ring system is substituted by a carboxyl group at one or more positions. Xanthurenic acid is slightly soluble (in water). Xanthurenic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as in human epidermis tissue. Within the cell, xanthurenic acid is primarily located in the membrane. Xanthurenic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, xanthurenic acid is involved in the tryptophan metabolism. Moreover, xanthurenic acid is found to be associated with citrullinemia type I, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Xanthurenic acid is a metabolite from tryptophan catabolism. It is a substrate of the enzyme methyltransferases (EC 2.1.1.-) in pathway tryptophan metabolism (KEGG). Xanthurenic acid is a metabolite from tryptophan catabolism. It is a substrate of the enzyme methyltransferases [EC 2.1.1.-] in pathway tryptophan metabolism (KEGG). [HMDB] D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_40eV_1-5_01_737.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_50eV_1-5_01_738.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_10eV_1-5_01_734.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_30eV_1-5_01_736.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_40eV_1-5_01_684.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_50eV_1-5_01_685.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_30eV_1-5_01_683.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_10eV_1-5_01_681.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_20eV_1-5_01_682.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_20eV_1-5_01_735.txt Xanthurenic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-00-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 59-00-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Xanthurenic acid is a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus. Xanthurenic acid is a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus.

Nitrazepam

C15H11N3O3 (281.08003759999997)

Nitrazepam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.Nitrazepam belongs to a group of medicines called benzodiazepines. It acts on benzodiazepine receptors in the brain which are associated with the GABA receptors causing an enhanced binding of GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) to GABAA receptors. GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, involved in inducing sleepiness, muscular relaxation and control of anxiety and fits, and slows down the central nervous system. The anticonvulsant properties of nitrazepam and other benzodiazepines may be in part or entirely due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptors. Sustained repetitive firing seems to be limited by benzodiazepines effect of slowing recovery of sodium channels from inactivation. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CD - Benzodiazepine derivatives D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C1012 - Benzodiazepine D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3683

Sulfamethoxazole

C10H11N3O3S (253.0521096)

Sulfamethoxazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)Sulfonamides inhibit the enzymatic conversion of pteridine and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to dihydropteroic acid by competing with PABA for binding to dihydrofolate synthetase, an intermediate of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) synthesis. THF is required for the synthesis of purines and dTMP and inhibition of its synthesis inhibits bacterial growth. Pyrimethamine and trimethoprim inhibit dihydrofolate reductase, another step in THF synthesis, and therefore act synergistically with the sulfonamides. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 298 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1018 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S (250.052444)

Sulfadiazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the short-acting sulfonamides used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [PubChem]Sulfadiazine is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. This enzyme is needed for the proper processing of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is essential for folic acid synthesis. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides Antibacterial agent. It is used in some countries for control of bacterial disease in farmed fish. Not approved for aquacultural use in the USA D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 179 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1011

Griseofulvin

C17H17ClO6 (352.0713612)

Griseofulvin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antifungal antibiotic. Griseofulvin may be given by mouth in the treatment of tinea infections. [PubChem]Griseofulvin is fungistatic, however the exact mechanism by which it inhibits the growth of dermatophytes is not clear. It is thought to inhibit fungal cell mitosis and nuclear acid synthesis. It also binds to and interferes with the function of spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules by binding to alpha and beta tubulin. It binds to keratin in human cells, then once it reaches the fungal site of action, it binds to fungal microtubes thus altering the fungal process of mitosis. D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01B - Antifungals for systemic use > D01BA - Antifungals for systemic use D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01A - Antifungals for topical use > D01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent Griseofulvin(Gris-PEG; Grifulvin) is a spirocyclic fungal natural product used in treatment of fungal dermatophytes; Antifungal drug.

Dodecanedioic acid

C12H22O4 (230.1518012)

Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly. Dodecanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid which is water soluble and involves in a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and carbohydrates. (PMID 9591306). Dodecanedioid acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency. CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. This C12 dicarboxylic aciduria suggests that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes. (PMID: 16146704) [HMDB] Dodecanedioic acid (C12) is a dicarboxylic acid with a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and carbohydrates.

Maltotriose

C18H32O16 (504.1690272)

Maltotriose is a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is most commonly produced by the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (a common enzyme in human saliva) on amylose in starch. The creation of both maltotriose and maltose during this process is due to the random manner in which alpha amylase hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin. Maltotriose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Maltotriose is a common oligosaccharide metabolite found in human urine after maltose ingestion or infusion (PMID:6645121). Maltotriose is increased in glycogen storage disease II (OMIM: 232300) due to a mutation of the enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) (PMID:4286143). Constituent of corn syrup. Amylolysis production from starch. Maltooligosaccharide mixtures are important food additives (sweeteners, gelling agents and viscosity modifiers) Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Maltotriose, the second most abundant sugar present in brewing, is an inducer of the maltose regulon of Escherichia coli. Maltotriose can induce beta-galactosidase synthesis[1][2]. Maltotriose, the second most abundant sugar present in brewing, is an inducer of the maltose regulon of Escherichia coli. Maltotriose can induce beta-galactosidase synthesis[1][2].

Palmitoleic acid

C16H30O2 (254.224568)

Cis-9-palmitoleic acid, also known as palmitoleate or (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, cis-9-palmitoleic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Cis-9-palmitoleic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cis-9-palmitoleic acid can be found in a number of food items such as mixed nuts, carrot, hedge mustard, and chanterelle, which makes cis-9-palmitoleic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cis-9-palmitoleic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, blood, saliva, and feces, as well as in human adipose tissue, prostate and skeletal muscle tissues. Cis-9-palmitoleic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Moreover, cis-9-palmitoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia. Palmitoleic acid, or (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid, is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid (16:1n-7) with the formula CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH that is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue. Present in all tissues, it is generally found in higher concentrations in the liver. Macadamia oil (Macadamia integrifolia) and sea buckthorn oil (Hippophae rhamnoides) are botanical sources of palmitoleic acid, containing 22 and 40\\\\\% respectively. Palmitoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Palmitoleic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=373-49-9 (retrieved 2024-07-15) (CAS RN: 373-49-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Palmitoleic acid, a composition of fatty acid, is implicated in the prevention of death from cerebrovascular disorders in SHRSP rats. Palmitoleic acid, a composition of fatty acid, is implicated in the prevention of death from cerebrovascular disorders in SHRSP rats.

PUROMYCIN

C22H29N7O5 (471.22300640000003)

An aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents KEIO_ID P075; [MS2] KO009213 KEIO_ID P075

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate

C8H10NO6P (247.024573)

Pyridoxal phosphate, also known as PLP, pyridoxal 5-phosphate or P5P, is the active form of vitamin B6. It is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxals and derivatives. Pyridoxals and derivatives are compounds containing a pyridoxal moiety, which consists of a pyridine ring substituted at positions 2,3,4, and 5 by a methyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carbaldehyde group, and a hydroxymethyl group, respectively. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation and for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, pyridoxal 5-phosphate is involved in glycine and serine metabolism. Outside of the human body, pyridoxal 5-phosphate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cow milk. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as soursops, italian sweet red peppers, muscadine grapes, european plums, and blackcurrants. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as epilepsy, early-onset, vitamin B6-dependent, odontohypophosphatasia, pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency, and hypophosphatasia. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. This is the active form of vitamin B6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (pyridoxamine). -- Pubchem; Pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal-5-phosphate) is a cofactor of many enzymatic reactions. It is the active form of vitamin B6 which comprises three natural organic compounds, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are linden, kai-lan, nance, and rose hip. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins KEIO_ID P038 Pyridoxal phosphate is the active form of vitamin B6, acts as an inhibitor of reverse transcriptases, and is used for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

Syringic acid

C9H10O5 (198.052821)

Syringic acid, also known as syringate or cedar acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gallic acid and derivatives. Gallic acid and derivatives are compounds containing a 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid moiety. Outside of the human body, Syringic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as common walnuts, swiss chards, and olives and in a lower concentration in apples, tarragons, and peanuts. Syringic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sweet marjorams, silver lindens, bulgurs, annual wild rices, and barley. This could make syringic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Syringic acid is correlated with high antioxidant activity and inhibition of LDL oxidation. Research suggests that phenolics from wine may play a positive role against oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is a key step in the development of atherosclerosis. Syringic acid is a phenol present in some distilled alcohol beverages. It is also a product of microbial (gut) metabolism of anthocyanins and other polyphenols that have been consumed (in fruits and alcoholic beverages - PMID:18767860). Syringic acid is also a microbial metabolite that can be found in Bifidobacterium (PMID:24958563). Syringic acid is a dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a member of benzoic acids, a dimethoxybenzene and a member of phenols. It is functionally related to a gallic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a syringate. Syringic acid is a natural product found in Visnea mocanera, Pittosporum illicioides, and other organisms with data available. Syringic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Present in various plants free and combined, e.g. principal phenolic constituent of soyabean meal (Glycine max) A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents KEIO_ID S018 Syringic acid is correlated with high antioxidant activity and inhibition of LDL oxidation. Syringic acid is correlated with high antioxidant activity and inhibition of LDL oxidation.

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid

C9H8O4 (180.0422568)

3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid, also known as 4-hydroxy a-oxobenzenepropanoate or 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoate, belongs to phenylpyruvic acid derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a phenylpyruvic acid moiety, which consists of a phenyl group substituted at the second position by an pyruvic acid. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid can be synthesized from pyruvic acid. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid can also be synthesized into 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxime. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid can be found in a number of food items such as garden onion (variety), rose hip, sourdough, and horseradish tree, which makes 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include disulfiram action pathway, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include tyrosinemia type I, phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, transient, of the newborn, and alkaptonuria. Moreover, 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid is found to be associated with hawkinsinuria and phenylketonuria. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is a keto acid that is involved in the tyrosine catabolism pathway. It is a product of the enzyme (R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.222) and is formed during tyrosine metabolism. The conversion from tyrosine to 4-HPPA is catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase. Additionally, 4-HPPA can be converted to homogentisic acid which is one of the precursors to ochronotic pigment. The enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (HPD) catalyzes the reaction that converts 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid. A deficiency in the catalytic activity of HPD is known to lead to tyrosinemia type III, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood tyrosine and massive excretion of tyrosine derivatives into urine. It has been shown that hawkinsinuria, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the excretion of hawkinsin, may also be a result of HPD deficiency (PMID: 11073718). Moreover, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is also found to be associated in phenylketonuria, which is also an inborn error of metabolism. There are two isomers of HPPA, specifically 4HPPA and 3HPPA, of which 4HPPA is the most common. 4-HPPA has been found to be a microbial metabolite in Escherichia (ECMDB). KEIO_ID H007 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.

Ellagic acid

C14H6O8 (302.0062676)

Ellagic acid appears as cream-colored needles (from pyridine) or yellow powder. Odorless. (NTP, 1992) Ellagic acid is an organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the formal dimerisation of gallic acid by oxidative aromatic coupling with intramolecular lactonisation of both carboxylic acid groups of the resulting biaryl. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, including raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, and pomegranates. It has a role as an antioxidant, a food additive, a plant metabolite, an EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor, an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor, an EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor, an EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor, a skin lightening agent, a fungal metabolite, an EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor and a geroprotector. It is an organic heterotetracyclic compound, a cyclic ketone, a lactone, a member of catechols and a polyphenol. It is functionally related to a gallic acid. Ellagic acid is present in several fruits such as cranberries, strawberries, raspberries, and pomegranates. In pomegranates, there are several therapeutic compounds but ellagic acid is the most active and abundant. Ellagic acid is also present in vegetables. Ellagic acid is an investigational drug studied for treatment of Follicular Lymphoma (phase 2 trial), protection from brain injury of intrauterine growth restricted babies (phase 1 and 2 trial), improvement of cardiovascular function in adolescents who are obese (phase 2 trial), and topical treatment of solar lentigines. Ellagic acids therapeutic action mostly involves antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects. Ellagic acid is a natural product found in Fragaria chiloensis, Metrosideros perforata, and other organisms with data available. Ellagic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. Ellagic acid is an organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the formal dimerisation of gallic acid by oxidative aromatic coupling with intramolecular lactonisation of both carboxylic acid groups of the resulting biaryl. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, including raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, and pomegranates. It has a role as an antioxidant, a food additive, a plant metabolite, an EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor, an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor, an EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor, an EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor, a skin lightening agent, a fungal metabolite and an EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor. It is an organic heterotetracyclic compound, a cyclic ketone, a lactone, a member of catechols and a polyphenol. It derives from a gallic acid. Ellagic acid, also known as ellagate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydrolyzable tannins. These are tannins with a structure characterized by either of the following models. In model 1, the structure contains galloyl units (in some cases, shikimic acid units) that are linked to diverse polyol carbohydrate-, catechin-, or triterpenoid units. In model 2, contains at least two galloyl units C-C coupled to each other, and do not contain a glycosidically linked catechin unit. The antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of ellagic acid have spurred preliminary research into the potential health benefits of ellagic acid consumption. Ellagic acids therapeutic action mostly involves antioxidant and anti-proliferative/anti-cancer effects. Ellagic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as chestnuts, common walnuts, and japanese walnuts and in a lower concentration in whiskies, arctic blackberries, and cloudberries. Ellagic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as lowbush blueberries, bilberries, guava, strawberry guava, and bog bilberries. An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the formal dimerisation of gallic acid by oxidative aromatic coupling with intramolecular lactonisation of both carboxylic acid groups of the resulting biaryl. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, including raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, and pomegranates. Widely distributed in higher plants especies dicotyledons. Intestinal astringent, dietary role disputed. Nutriceutical with anticancer and antioxidation props. Ellagic acid is a natural antioxidant, and acts as a potent and ATP-competitive CK2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 40 nM and a Ki of 20 nM. Ellagic acid is a natural antioxidant, and acts as a potent and ATP-competitive CK2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 40 nM and a Ki of 20 nM.

Xanthosine

C10H12N4O6 (284.07568119999996)

Xanthosine, also known as xanthine riboside, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants xanthosine is the biosynthetic precursor to 7-methylxanthosine which is produced by the action of the enzyme known as 7-methylxanthosine synthase. 7-Methylxanthosine in turn is the precursor to theobromine (the active alkaloid in chocolate), which in turn is the precursor to caffeine, the active alkaloid in coffee and tea. Within humans, xanthosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, xanthosine can be biosynthesized from xanthylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, xanthosine can be converted into xanthine and ribose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Xanthosine monophosphate (XMP) is an intermediate in purine metabolism, formed from IMP (inosine monophosphate). Biological Source: Production by guanine-free mutants of bacteria e.g. Bacillus subtilis, Aerobacter aerogenesand is also reported from seeds of Trifolium alexandrinum Physical Description: Prismatic cryst. (H2O) (Chemnetbase) The deamination product of guanosine; Xanthosine monophosphate is an intermediate in purine metabolism, formed from IMP, and forming GMP.; Xanthylic acid can be used in quantitative measurements of the Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities in purine metabolism, as recommended to ensure optimal thiopurine therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). (PMID: 16725387). Xanthosine is found in many foods, some of which are calabash, rambutan, apricot, and pecan nut. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 126 COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine can increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats[1]. Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine can increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats[1]. Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine can increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats[1].

Adenosine phosphosulfate

C10H14N5O10PS (427.01989940000004)

Adenosine phosphosulfate, also known as adenylylsulfate or adenosine sulfatophosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenosine phosphosulfate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, adenosine phosphosulfate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, adenosine phosphosulfate can be biosynthesized from sulfate through the action of the enzyme bifunctional 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate synthase 2. In addition, adenosine phosphosulfate can be converted into phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme bifunctional 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate synthase 2. In humans, adenosine phosphosulfate is involved in sulfate/sulfite metabolism. Outside of the human body, Adenosine phosphosulfate has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as chia, yardlong beans, swiss chards, sapodilla, and chicory leaves. This could make adenosine phosphosulfate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. An adenosine 5-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups. Adenosine phosphosulfate (also known as APS) is the initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase (or PAPS synthetase) on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. PAPS synthetase 1 is a bifunctional enzyme with both ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase activity, which mediates two steps in the sulfate activation pathway. The first step is the transfer of a sulfate group to ATP to yield adenosine 5-phosphosulfate (APS), and the second step is the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to APS yielding 3-phosphoadenylylsulfate (PAPS). In mammals, PAPS is the sole source of sulfate; APS appears to be only an intermediate in the sulfate-activation pathway. [HMDB]. Adenosine phosphosulfate is found in many foods, some of which are muskmelon, garlic, caraway, and peach (variety).

4-Methylumbelliferone sulfate

C10H8O6S (256.0041588)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8324

6-Benzylaminopurine

C12H11N5 (225.1014406)

6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), also known as N6-benzyladenine or cytokinin B, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. 6-Benzylaminopurine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, 6-benzylaminopurine has been detected, but not quantified in, garden tomato (var.) and wild celeries. This could make 6-benzylaminopurine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 6-Benzylaminopurine is a synthetic cytokinin applied externally postharvest to maintain the quality, delay senescence, and improve the nutritional value of green vegetables (PMID: 22148319). 6-Benzylaminopurine, benzyl adenine or BAP is a first-generation synthetic cytokinin which elicits plant growth and development responses, setting blossoms and stimulating fruit richness by stimulating cell division. It is an inhibitor of respiratory kinase in plants, and increases post-harvest life of green vegetables. Cytokinin B is found in wild celery and garden tomato (variety). CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6963; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6960 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3175; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3173 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6962; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6960 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6947; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6945 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6966; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6965 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6971; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6967 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3236; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3235 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6911; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6907 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3181; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3179 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3214; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3213 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 202; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3173; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3171 D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators KEIO_ID B015; [MS2] KO008874 KEIO_ID B015 6-Benzylaminopurine (Benzyladenine) is the first cytokinin that causes plant growth and development by stimulating cell division and inhibiting respiratory kinases, thereby prolonging the preservation of green vegetables[1]. 6-Benzylaminopurine is the first cytokinin that causes plant growth and development by stimulating cell division and inhibiting respiratory kinases, thereby prolonging the preservation of green vegetables.

Cefazolin

C14H14N8O4S3 (454.03001240000003)

Cefazolin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [PubChem]In vitro tests demonstrate that the bactericidal action of cephalosporins results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, it inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DB - First-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1045

Chloramphenicol

C11H12Cl2N2O5 (322.0123242)

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106) G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AA - Antibiotics D - Dermatologicals > D10 - Anti-acne preparations > D10A - Anti-acne preparations for topical use > D10AF - Antiinfectives for treatment of acne D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01B - Amphenicols > J01BA - Amphenicols S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3070 C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor KEIO_ID C057; [MS3] KO008919 KEIO_ID C057; [MS2] KO008918 KEIO_ID C057

Lincomycin

C18H34N2O6S (406.21374640000005)

Lincomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [PubChem]Lincomycin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the 50 S subunits of bacterial ribosomes and preventing peptide bond formation upon transcription. It is usually considered bacteriostatic, but may be bactericidal in high concentrations or when used against highly susceptible organisms. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01F - Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins > J01FF - Lincosamides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D055231 - Lincosamides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C82922 - Lincosamide Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Novobiocin

C31H36N2O11 (612.2318986)

Novobiocin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189) [PubChem]Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin. Aminocoumarins are very potent inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase and work by inhibiting the GyrB subunit of the enzyme involved in energy tranduction. Novobiocin as well as the other aminocoumarin antibiotics act as competitive inhibitors of the ATPase reaction catalysed by GyrB. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1168 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1167 Novobiocin (Albamycin) is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1][2][3][4][6].

Sulfamethizole

C9H10N4O2S2 (270.024516)

Sulfamethizole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a sulfathiazole antibacterial agent. Sulfamethizole is a competitive inhibitor of bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. The normal para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) substrate is prevented from binding. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CA - Antiinfectives S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AB - Sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013432 - Sulfathiazoles D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1017

4-Chlorophenylacetic acid

C8H7ClO2 (170.0134552)

Cefamandole

C18H18N6O5S2 (462.0780058)

Cefamandole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. The clinically used form of cefamandole is the formate ester cefamandole nafate, a prodrug which is administered parenterally. Cefamandole is no longer available in the United States.Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefamandole binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cefamandole interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DC - Second-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Ajmaline

C20H26N2O2 (326.1994176)

Ajmaline, also known as (+)-ajmaline, is a member of the class of compounds known as ajmaline-sarpagine alkaloids. Ajmaline-sarpagine alkaloids are organic compounds containing either of the ajmalan, sarpagan skeleton, or derivative thereof. The Sarpagine (Akuammidine) group, based on the sarpagan nucleus, arises from bond formation between C-16 and C-5 of the corynantheine precursor. Ajmaline alkaloids are based on a 17,19-secoyohimban skeleton (oxayohimban) which is invariably present as an ether. Ajmaline is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ajmaline can be synthesized from ajmalan. Ajmaline is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, vinorine, norajmaline, and 17-O-acetylajmaline. Ajmaline can be found in a number of food items such as soursop, jews ear, small-leaf linden, and soft-necked garlic, which makes ajmaline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ajmaline can be found primarily in blood and urine. Ajmaline is a drug which is used for use as an antiarrhythmic agent. The compound was first isolated by Salimuzzaman Siddiqui in 1931 from the roots of Rauvolfia serpentina. He named it ajmaline, after Hakim Ajmal Khan, one of the most illustrious practitioners of Unani medicine in South Asia. Ajmaline can be found in most species of the Rauvolfia genus as well as Catharanthus roseus. In addition to Southeast Asia, Rauvolfia species have also been found in tropical regions of India, Africa, South America, and some oceanic islands. Other indole alkaloids found in Rauvolfia include reserpine, ajmalicine, serpentine, corynanthine, and yohimbine. While 86 alkaloids have been discovered throughout Rauvolfia vomitoria, ajmaline is mainly isolated from the stem bark and roots of the plant . The class I antiarrhythmic agents interfere with the sodium channel. A class IA agent lengthens the action potential (right shift) which brings about improvement in abnormal heart rhythms. This drug in particular has a high affinity for the Nav 1.5 sodium channel (DrugBank). An alkaloid found in the root of Rauwolfia serpentina, among other plant sources. It is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials. Ajmaline produces potent sodium channel blocking effects and a very short half-life which makes it a very useful drug for acute intravenous treatments. The drug has been very popular in some countries for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with the Wolff Parkinson White syndrome and in well tolerated monomorphic ventricular tachycardias. It has also been used for many years as a drug to challenge the conduction system of the heart in cases of bundle branch block and syncope. In these cases, abnormal prolongation of the HV interval has been taken as a proof for infrahisian conduction defects tributary for permanent pacemaker implantation. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026941 - Sodium Channel Blockers > D061567 - Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Ajmaline (Cardiorythmine) is a sodium channel blocking, class 1A anti-arrhythmic agent. Ajmaline blocks HERG currents with an IC50 of 1 μM in HEK cells and 42.3 μM in Xenopus oocytes. Ajmaline can be used for the research of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia[1][2]. Ajmaline (Cardiorythmine) is a sodium channel blocking, class 1A anti-arrhythmic agent. Ajmaline blocks HERG currents with an IC50 of 1 μM in HEK cells and 42.3 μM in Xenopus oocytes. Ajmaline can be used for the research of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia[1][2].

Ceftriaxone

C18H18N8O7S3 (554.0460558)

Ceftriaxone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears. [PubChem]Ceftriaxone works by inhibiting the mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. The beta-lactam moiety of Ceftriaxone binds to carboxypeptidases, endopeptidases, and transpeptidases in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. These enzymes are involved in cell-wall synthesis and cell division. By binding to these enzymes, Ceftriaxone results in the formation of of defective cell walls and cell death. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Ticarcillin

C15H16N2O6S2 (384.0449756)

Ticarcillin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to carbenicillin in action.Ticarcillins antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis when the bacteria tries to divide, causing death. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Gelsemin

C20H22N2O2 (322.1681192)

Gelsemine, an alkaloid from the Chinese herb Gelsemium elegans, is effective in mitigating chronic pain. Antinociceptive effects. Gelsemine, an alkaloid from the Chinese herb Gelsemium elegans, is effective in mitigating chronic pain. Antinociceptive effects.

Kanamycin

C18H36N4O11 (484.23804659999996)

Kanamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [PubChem]Aminoglycosides like kanamycin "irreversibly" bind to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA. Specifically Kanamycin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Meloxicam

C14H13N3O4S2 (351.0347458)

Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve the symptoms of arthritis, primary dysmenorrhea, fever; and as an analgesic, especially where there is an inflammatory component. It is closely related to piroxicam. In Europe it is marketed under the brand names Movalis, Melox, and Recoxa. In North America it is generally marketed under the brand name Mobic. In Latin America, the drug is marketed as Tenaron. [Wikipedia] CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4454; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4451 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4456; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4454 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8780; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8777 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4467; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4465 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8736; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8735 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8828; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8823 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4500; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4499 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4466; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4465 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8798; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8793 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8836; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8834 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8839; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8837 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4468; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4467 M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AC - Oxicams D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors > D052246 - Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1152 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Monocrotaline

C16H23NO6 (325.1525298)

Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive disease Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2249 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 131 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 121 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 151 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 141 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 111 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 161 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 171 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 101 Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 μM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8]. Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 μM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8].

Dimethyltryptamine

C12H16N2 (188.13134159999998)

An N-methylated indoleamine derivative, a serotonergic hallucinogen found in several plants, especially Prestonia amazonica (Apocynaceae) and in mammalian brain, blood, and urine. It apparently acts as an agonist at some types of serotonin receptors and an antagonist at others.; DMT is a derivative of tryptamine with two additional methyl groups at the amine nitrogen atom. DMT is often synthesized by the Speeter-Anthony synthesis from indole using oxalyl chloride, dimethylamine, and lithium aluminium hydride as reagents. DMT is usually used in its base form, but it is more stable as a salt, e.g. as a fumarate. In contrast to DMTs base, its salts are water-soluble. DMT in solution degrades relatively fast and should be stored protected from air and light in a freezer. Highly pure DMT crystals, when evaporated out of a solvent and depositing upon glass, often produce small but highly defined white crystalline needles which when viewed under intense light will sparkle, and appear colorless under high magnification. In labs, it has been known to be explosive under a certain degree of heat.; DMT is a powerful psychoactive substance. If DMT is smoked, injected, or orally ingested with an MAOI, it can produce powerful entheogenic experiences including intense visual hallucinations, euphoria, even true hallucinations (perceived extensions of reality). A trip sitter is recommended to assist the drug user in staying physically and mentally healthy, and, in the case of smoked DMT, to catch the pipe if the user loses awareness of it.; DMT is classified in the United States as a Schedule I drug. In December of 2004, the Supreme Court lifted a stay thereby allowing the Brazil-based Uniaeo do Vegetal (UDV) church to use a decoction containing DMT in their Christmas services that year. This decoction is a tea made from boiled leaves and vines, known as hoasca within the UDV, and ayahuasca in different cultures. In Gonzales v. O Centro EspArita Beneficente Uniaeo do Vegetal, the Supreme Court heard arguments on November 1, 2005 and unanimously ruled in February 2006 that the U.S. federal government must allow the UDV to import and consume the tea for religious ceremonies under the 1993 Religious Freedom Restoration Act. There are no drug tests that would show DMT usage. None of the basic NIDA 5 drug tests or any extended drug test will show a result for DMT.; Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. It is not to be confused with 5-MeO-DMT and is similar in chemical structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin. DMT is created in small amounts by the human body during normal metabolism by the enzyme tryptamine-N-methyltransferase. Pure DMT at room temperature is a clear or white crystalline solid. DMT was first chemically synthesized in 1931. It also occurs naturally in many species of plants. DMT-containing plants are used in several South American shamanic practices. It is one of the main active constituents of snuffs like yopo and of the drink ayahuasca.; Oral ingestion: DMT, which is broken down by the digestive enzyme monoamine oxidase, is practically inactive if taken orally, unless combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The traditional South American ayahuasca, or yage, is a tea mixture containing DMT and a MAOI. There are a number of admixtures to this brew, but most commonly it is simply the leaves of Psychotria viridis (containing DMT), and the vine Banisteriopsis caapi (the source of MAOI). Other DMT containing plants, including Diplopterys cabrerana, are sometimes used in ayahuasca in different areas of South America. Two common sources in the western US are Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Harding grass (Phalaris aquatica). These invasive grasses contain low levels of DMT and other alkaloids. Taken orally with an appropriate MAOI, DMT produces a long lasting (over 3 hour), slow, but deep spiritual experience. MAOIs should be used with extreme caution as they... Dimethyltryptamine is an N-methylated indoleamine derivative, a serotonergic hallucinogen found in several plants, especially Prestonia amazonica (Apocynaceae) and in mammalian brain, blood, and urine. It apparently acts as an agonist at some types of serotonin receptors and an antagonist at others. DMT is a derivative of tryptamine with two additional methyl groups at the amine nitrogen atom. DMT is often synthesized by the Speeter-Anthony synthesis from indole using oxalyl chloride, dimethylamine, and lithium aluminium hydride as reagents. DMT is usually used in its base form, but it is more stable as a salt, e.g. as a fumarate. In contrast to DMTs base, its salts are water-soluble. DMT in solution degrades relatively fast and should be stored protected from air and light in a freezer. Highly pure DMT crystals, when evaporated out of a solvent and depositing upon glass, often produce small but highly defined white crystalline needles which when viewed under intense light will sparkle, and appear colorless under high magnification. In labs, it has been known to be explosive under a certain degree of heat. DMT is a powerful psychoactive substance. If DMT is smoked, injected, or orally ingested with an MAOI, it can produce powerful entheogenic experiences including intense visual hallucinations, euphoria, even true hallucinations (perceived extensions of reality). A trip sitter is recommended to assist the drug user in staying physically and mentally healthy, and, in the case of smoked DMT, to catch the pipe if the user loses awareness of it. DMT is classified in the United States as a Schedule I drug. There are no drug tests that would show DMT usage. None of the basic NIDA 5 drug tests or any extended drug test will show a result for DMT. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. It is not to be confused with 5-MeO-DMT and is similar in chemical structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin. DMT is created in small amounts by the human body during normal metabolism by the enzyme tryptamine-N-methyltransferase. Pure DMT at room temperature is a clear or white crystalline solid. DMT was first chemically synthesized in 1931. It also occurs naturally in many species of plants. DMT-containing plants are used in several South American shamanic practices. It is one of the main active constituents of snuffs like yopo and of the drink ayahuasca. Oral ingestion: DMT, which is broken down by the digestive enzyme monoamine oxidase, is practically inactive if taken orally, unless combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The traditional South American ayahuasca, or yage, is a tea mixture containing DMT and a MAOI. There are a number of admixtures to this brew, but most commonly it is simply the leaves of Psychotria viridis (containing DMT), and the vine Banisteriopsis caapi (the source of MAOI). Other DMT containing plants, including Diplopterys cabrerana, are sometimes used in ayahuasca in different areas of South America. Two common sources in the western US are Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Harding grass (Phalaris aquatica). These invasive grasses contain low levels of DMT and other alkaloids. Taken orally with an appropriate MAOI, DMT produces a long lasting (over 3 hour), slow, but deep spiritual experience. MAOIs should be used with extreme caution as they can have lethal complications with some prescription drugs, such as SSRI antidepressants, and some over-the-counter drugs. Smoked: If DMT is smoked, the maximal effects last for a short period of time (5-30 minutes dose dependent). The onset after inhalation is very fast (less than 45 seconds) and maximal effects are reached within about a minute. The Business Mans lunch trip is a common name due to the relatively short duration of vaporized, insufflated, or injected DMT. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens

Tobramycin

C18H37N5O9 (467.2591152)

Tobramycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. It is a 10\\\% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [PubChem]Tobramycin binds irreversibly to one of two aminoglycoside binding sites on the 30 S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Tobramycin may also destabilize bacterial memebrane by binding to 16 S 16 S r-RNA. An active transport mechanism for aminoglycoside uptake is necessary in the bacteria in order to attain a significant intracellular concentration of tobramycin. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Tobramycin (Nebramycin Factor 6) is a parenterally administered, broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that is widely used in the treatment of moderate to severe bacterial infections due to sensitive organisms[1].Tobramycin can be used to pneumonia research caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa[2][3].

Nordiazepam

C15H11ClN2O (270.0559866)

N-demethyldiazepam, also known as nordiazepam or calmday, is a member of the class of compounds known as 1,4-benzodiazepines. 1,4-benzodiazepines are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to a 1,4-azepine. N-demethyldiazepam is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-demethyldiazepam can be found in common wheat, corn, and potato, which makes N-demethyldiazepam a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-demethyldiazepam can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human kidney and liver tissues. N-demethyldiazepam is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. General supportive measures should be employed, along with intravenous fluids, and an adequate airway maintained. Hypotension may be combated by the use of norepinephrine or metaraminol. Dialysis is of limited value. Flumazenil (Anexate) is a competitive benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that can be used as an antidote for benzodiazepine overdose. In particular, flumazenil is very effective at reversing the CNS depression associated with benzodiazepines but is less effective at reversing respiratory depression. Its use, however, is controversial as it has numerous contraindications. It is contraindicated in patients who are on long-term benzodiazepines, those who have ingested a substance that lowers the seizure threshold, or in patients who have tachycardia or a history of seizures. As a general rule, medical observation and supportive care are the mainstay of treatment of benzodiazepine overdose. Although benzodiazepines are absorbed by activated charcoal, gastric decontamination with activated charcoal is not beneficial in pure benzodiazepine overdose as the risk of adverse effects often outweigh any potential benefit from the procedure. It is recommended only if benzodiazepines have been taken in combination with other drugs that may benefit from decontamination. Gastric lavage (stomach pumping) or whole bowel irrigation are also not recommended (T3DB). Nordiazepam is a metabolite of Diazepam. Diazepam, first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche, is a benzodiazepine drug. Nordazepam, also known as desoxydemoxepam, nordiazepam and desmethyldiazepam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. Like other benzodiazepine derivatives, it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties. (Wikipedia) D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05B - Anxiolytics > N05BA - Benzodiazepine derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C1012 - Benzodiazepine D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3608

Cefuroxime

C16H16N4O8S (424.0688816)

Cefuroxime is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [PubChem]Cefuroxime, like the penicillins, is a beta-lactam antibiotic. By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, it inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cefuroxime interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DC - Second-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Sirolimus

C51H79NO13 (913.5551124)

Sirolimus is a macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to immunophilins. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. [PubChem] L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01E - Protein kinase inhibitors > L01EG - Mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) kinase inhibitors L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L04 - Immunosuppressants > L04A - Immunosuppressants > L04AA - Selective immunosuppressants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor COVID info from Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D000903 - Antibiotics, Antineoplastic > D020123 - Sirolimus C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C2201 - mTOR Inhibitor D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C261 - Macrolide Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1[1]. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant[2]. Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1[1]. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant[2]. Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1[1]. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant[2].

16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid

C16H32O3 (272.2351322)

16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, also known as 16-hydroxypalmitic acid, is a hydroxylated fatty acid where the terminal (omega) carbon has been hydroxylated. In animal tissues, a family of enzymes termed cytochromes P450s are involved in fatty acid oxidation, hydroxylating with high specificity at the energetically unfavourable terminal (omega) or omega-1 carbons. Hydroxy fatty acids primarily come from the consumption of plant products (vegetables or fruits) or cow’s milk. Omega hydroxy fatty acids are found in the structure of suberin, a lipid polyester present in plant cell walls, and of cutin, a lipid polyester which is a component of the plant cuticle. These apoplastic structures are important plant-environment interfaces that act as barriers limiting water and nutrient loss and protecting plants from radiation and pathogens. 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid and 18-hydroxystearic acid are particularly abundant in cutin in the plant cuticle. 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid has been proposed as a biomarker of beer consumption. 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid, also known as 16-hydroxypalmitic acid or 16-oh 16:0, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid can be synthesized from hexadecanoic acid. 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, (3R)-3,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid, oscr#28, and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA. 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid can be found in a number of food items such as other cereal product, hyacinth bean, red rice, and elliotts blueberry, which makes 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-ol

C8H15N5O (197.127654)

4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-ol, also known as 2-Hydroxyatrazine, is classified as a member of the 1,3,5-triazines. 1,3,5-triazines are compounds containing a triazine ring, which is a heterocyclic ring, similar to the six-member benzene ring but with three carbons replaced by nitrogen atoms, at ring positions 1, 3, and 5. 4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-ol is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 279 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8441 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2550 KEIO_ID A196

Cilastatin

C16H26N2O5S (358.1562346)

A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4. [PubChem] D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2129

Deisopropylatrazine

C5H8ClN5 (173.04681979999998)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 140; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6172; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6168 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 140; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6175; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6173 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 140; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6181; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6180 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 140; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6202; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6200 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 140; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6192; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6191 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 287 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2539 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3726 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4030 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8411 KEIO_ID A203

Cloxacillin

C19H18ClN3O5S (435.06556480000006)

Cloxacillin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of oxacillin. [PubChem]By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, cloxacillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cloxacillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CF - Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Cephapirin

C17H17N3O6S2 (423.0558742)

Cephapirin is an injectable, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has a wide spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The bactericidal activity of cephapirin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cephapirin is more resistant to beta-lactamases than the penicillins, and therefore is effective against staphylococci, with the exception of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Cephapirin is FDA approved for use in food-producing animals, especially dairy cattle. Cephapirin is used for the treatment of mastitis in cows. Production for use in humans has been discontinued in the United States. It is marketed under the trade name Cefadyl. Active against gram-positive and -negative bacteria (vet. use). FDA approved for use in food producing animals, especies dairy cattle. It is used for the treatment of mastitis in cows J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DB - First-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Bisphenol AF

C15H10F6O2 (336.0584952)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4798; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4796 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4887; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4885 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4799; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4798 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4824; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4819 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4817; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4812 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4468; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4466 D052244 - Endocrine Disruptors

Tamoxifen

C26H29NO (371.2249024)

Tamoxifen is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the endometrium. [PubChem]Tamoxifen binds to estrogen receptors (ER), inducing a conformational change in the receptor. This results in a blockage or change in the expression of estrogen dependent genes. The prolonged binding of tamoxifen to the nuclear chromatin of these results in reduced DNA polymerase activity, impaired thymidine utilization, blockade of estradiol uptake, and decreased estrogen response. It is likely that tamoxifen interacts with other coactivators or corepressors in the tissue and binds with different estrogen receptors, ER-alpha or ER-beta, producing both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02B - Hormone antagonists and related agents > L02BA - Anti-estrogens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D020847 - Estrogen Receptor Modulators D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D004965 - Estrogen Antagonists C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C1821 - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C129818 - Antineoplastic Hormonal/Endocrine Agent > C481 - Antiestrogen C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1892 - Chemopreventive Agent

Paraoxon

C10H14NO6P (275.0558714)

Paraoxon is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is an organophosphate oxon, and the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. It is also used as an opthamological drug against glaucoma. Paraoxon is one of the most potent acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides available, around 70\\% as potent as the nerve agent sarin, and so is now rarely used as an insecticide due to the risk of poisoning to humans and other animals. It is easily absorbed through skin, and was used as an assassination weapon by the apartheid-era South African chemical weapons program Project Coast. [HMDB] Paraoxon is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is an organophosphate oxon, and the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. It is also used as an opthamological drug against glaucoma. Paraoxon is one of the most potent acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides available, around 70\\% as potent as the nerve agent sarin, and so is now rarely used as an insecticide due to the risk of poisoning to humans and other animals. It is easily absorbed through skin, and was used as an assassination weapon by the apartheid-era South African chemical weapons program Project Coast. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals

Oxolinic acid

C13H11NO5 (261.0637196)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3609 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1034 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Ouabain

C29H44O12 (584.2832624)

Ouabain is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase. [PubChem]Ouabain inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Ouabain also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6235; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6233 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6272; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6270 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6219; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6216 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6224; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6220 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6194; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6191 C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AC - Strophanthus glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D013328 - Strophanthins [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_50eV_CB000036.txt [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_10eV_CB000036.txt [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_30eV_CB000036.txt [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_20eV_CB000036.txt [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_40eV_CB000036.txt D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Dodecanoic acid

C12H24O2 (200.1776204)

Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos. Defoamer, lubricant. It is used in fruit coatings. Occurs as glyceride in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Simple esters are flavour ingredients Lauric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=143-07-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 143-07-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Lauric acid is a middle chain-free fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively. Lauric acid is a middle chain-free fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.

2,4-Dinitrophenol

C6H4N2O5 (184.01202139999998)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3673; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3671 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3652; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3650 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3645; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3640 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3674; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3673 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3657; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3655 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3632; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3630 D010575 - Pesticides > D005659 - Fungicides, Industrial > D004140 - Dinitrophenols CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8070 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8823 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D014475 - Uncoupling Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2302 D004396 - Coloring Agents KEIO_ID D097

(-)-alpha-Narcotine

C22H23NO7 (413.1474448)

(-)-alpha-Narcotine is found in opium poppy. (-)-alpha-Narcotine is an alkaloid from Papaver somniferum (opium poppy).Noscapine (also known as Narcotine, Nectodon, Nospen, and Anarcotine) is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from plants of the Papaveraceae family, without significant painkilling properties. This agent is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects. It has also been shown to have anticancer activity. (Wikipedia). R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05D - Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants > R05DA - Opium alkaloids and derivatives C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents Alkaloid from Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents

Thromboxane B2

C20H34O6 (370.2355264)

Thromboxanes. A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin). -- Pubchem. Thromboxanes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Thromboxanes

2-arachidonoylglycerol (20:4)

C23H38O4 (378.2769948)

MG(0:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/0:0), also known as 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), is a unique molecular species of monoacylglycerol isolated in 1995 from rat brain and canine gut as an endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptors. 2-AG is rapidly formed from arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids through increased phospholipid metabolism, such as enhanced inositol phospholipid turnover, in various tissues and cells upon stimulation. 2-AG binds to the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and exhibits a variety of cannabimimetic activities in vitro and in vivo. 2-AG is an endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid). Endocannabinoids are a class of fatty acid derivatives defined by their ability to interact with the specific cannabinoid receptors that were originally identified as the targets of delta9-tetrahydocannabinol (delta9-THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis. Endocannabinoids have been implicated in a growing number of important physiological and behavioral events. Endocannabinoids are amides, esters, and ethers of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which act as new lipidic mediators. 2-AG is one of the main endogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors, able to mimic several pharmacological effects of delta9-THC, the active principle of Cannabis sativa preparations like hashish and marijuana. The activity of AEA and 2-AG at their receptors is limited by cellular uptake through an anandamide membrane transporter (AMT), followed by intracellular degradation. A fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the main AEA hydrolase, whereas a monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is critical in degrading 2-AG (PMID: 16515464, 16278487, 16678907). 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a unique molecular species of monoacylglycerol isolated in 1995 from rat brain and canine gut as an endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptors. 2-AG is rapidly formed from arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids through increased phospholipid metabolism, such as enhanced inositol phospholipid turnover, in various tissues and cells upon stimulation. 2-AG binds to the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and exhibits a variety of cannabimimetic activities in vitro and in vivo. 2-Arachidonylglycerol is an endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid). Endocannabinoids are a class of fatty acid derivatives defined by their ability to interact with the specific cannabinoid receptors that were originally identified as the targets of Delta9-tetrahydocannabinol (Delta9-THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis. Endocannabinoids have been implicated in a growing number of important physiological and behavioral events. Endocannabinoids are amides, esters and ethers of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which act as new lipidic mediators. 2-AG is one of the main endogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors, able to mimic several pharmacological effects of (-)-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active principle of Cannabis sativa preparations like hashish and marijuana. The activity of AEA and 2-AG at their receptors is limited by cellular uptake through an anandamide membrane transporter (AMT), followed by intracellular degradation. A fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the main AEA hydrolase, whereas a monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is critical in degrading 2-AG. (PMID: 16515464, 16278487, 16678907) D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators > D063386 - Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists

Cefixime

C16H15N5O7S2 (453.041288)

Cefixime, an antibiotic, is a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Cefixime is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, many organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases, may be susceptible to cefixime. The antibacterial effect of cefixime results from inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C61101 - Glycopeptide Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Safrole

C10H10O2 (162.06807600000002)

Safrole, also known as shikimol, is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid. It is typically extracted from the root-bark or the fruit of sassafras plants in the form of sassafras oil, or synthesized from other related methylenedioxy compounds. It is the principal component of brown camphor oil, and is found in small amounts in a wide variety of plants, where it functions as a natural pesticide. Safrole is found in anise and nutmeg. Banned by FDA for use in food. Safrole is formerly used as a food flavour It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide and the recreational drug MDMA ("Ecstacy"). Safrole is a natural plant constituent, found in oil of sassafras and certain other essential oils. It is a member of the methylenedioxybenzene group of compounds, many of which (e.g. piperonyl butoxide) are extensively used as insecticide synergists. Safrole is a major source of human exposure to safrole is through consumption of spices, such as nutmeg, cinnamon and black pepper, in which safrole is a constituent. Safrole is also present in root beer, and has been used as an additive in chewing gum, toothpaste, soaps and certain pharmaceutical preparations. Safrole is a weak hepatocarcinogen and it is a matter of considerable interest whether the ally1 moiety or the methylenedioxy group, or both, are involved in the mechanism of its carcinogenesis. Safrole is extensively metabolized, giving rise to a large number of metabolites. Metabolism involves essentially two major routes, oxidation of the ally1 side chain, and oxidation of the methylenedioxy group with subsequent cleavage to form the catechol. Safrole undergoes oxidation of the allylic group to yield the 2, 3-epoxide (safrole epoxide). The dihydrodiol is one of the metabolites of safrole, and presumably arises from the hydration of the 2, 3-epoxide. The principal route of metabolism of safrole is through cleavage of the methylenedioxy group, the major metabolites being allylcatechol and its isomer, propenylcatechol. Eugenol and its isomer I-methoxy- 2-hydroxy-4-allylbenzene have been detected as minor metabolites in rat, mouse and human (PMID:6719936). The Ocotea cymbarum oil made of the Ocotea pretiosa, a plant growing in Brazil, and sassafras oil made of Sassafras albidum, a tree growing in eastern North America, are the main natural sources for safrole. It has a characteristic "candy-shop" aroma Occurs in nutmeg. Banned by FDA for use in food. Formerly used as a food flavour

Legumelin

C23H22O6 (394.1416312)

Legumelin, also known as (-)-cis-deguelin, is a member of the class of compounds known as rotenones. Rotenones are rotenoids with a structure based on a 6a,12a-dihydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromen-12(6H)-one skeleton. Thus, legumelin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Legumelin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Legumelin can be found in soy bean, which makes legumelin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB.

Veratramine

C27H39NO2 (409.2980634)

Veratramine is a piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions. It derives from a hydride of a veratraman. Veratramine is a natural product found in Veratrum grandiflorum, Veratrum mengtzeanum, and other organisms with data available. Veratramine is a hypotensive alkaloid isolated from the rhizomes of Veratrum. A piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents > D014704 - Veratrum Alkaloids Data obtained from a veratramine standard purchased from Logan Natural Products, Logan, Utah USA. Veratramine(NSC17821; NSC23880) is useful as a signal transduction inhibitor for treating tumors. Veratramine(NSC17821; NSC23880) is useful as a signal transduction inhibitor for treating tumors.

Sebacic acid

C10H18O4 (202.1205028)

Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms. Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid. In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), also known as glutaric aciduria type II (GAII), a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion. Sebacic acid is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Sebacic acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition. Sebacic Acid was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. It is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins. It is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials (PMID: 10556649, 1738216, 8442769, 12706375). Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms. Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid. In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) or glutaric aciduria type II (GAII) are a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4109; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4104 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4132; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4130 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4118; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4114 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4132; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4129 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4099; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4095 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4127; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4123 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID S017 Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

Coumesterol

C15H8O5 (268.0371718)

Cumoesterol (or coumestrol), a coumestan isoflavone, has estrogenic properties (phytoestrogens are compounds structurally and functionally similar to 17-estradiol) and is an isoflavonoid phytoalexin produced by soybeans, a low molecular weight antimicrobial compound that is synthesized de novo and accumulates in plants after exposure to microorganisms (i.e.: phytoalexin induction and accumulation in soybean cotyledon tissue is observed with four species of Aspergillus: A. sojae, A. oryzae, A. niger, and A. flavus) (PMID: 10888516). Coumestrol is a naturally occurring plant coumarin that displays high affinity for the hormone-binding site of the human estrogen receptor (hER), for which it serves as a potent non-steroidal agonist. Coumestrol emits intense blue fluorescence when bound to this protein, making it ideally suited for use as a cytological stain to detect ER in fixed and intact cells. Such observations illustrate the potential for using coumestrol to investigate real-time effects of a variety of physiological stimuli on the subcellular distribution of hER in living cells (PMID: 8315272). Coumestrol is a member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent, an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It is a member of coumestans, a delta-lactone and a polyphenol. It is functionally related to a coumestan. Coumestrol is a natural product found in Campylotropis hirtella, Melilotus messanensis, and other organisms with data available. A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity. See also: Medicago sativa whole (part of). Isolated from Medicago subspecies, Glycine max (soybean), Pisum sativum (pea), Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Brassica oleracea (cabbage), Dolichos biflorus (papadi), Melilotus alba (white melilot), Phaseolus subspecies (inc. lima beans, pinto beans) and Vigna unguiculata (all Leguminosae). Potential nutriceutical D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. Coumestrol, a phytoestrogen present in soybean products, exhibits activities against cancers, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It suppresses proliferation of ES2 cells with an IC50 of 50 μM. Coumestrol, a phytoestrogen present in soybean products, exhibits activities against cancers, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It suppresses proliferation of ES2 cells with an IC50 of 50 μM.

Artemisinin

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents (+)-artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. It has a role as an antimalarial and a plant metabolite. It is a sesquiterpene lactone and an organic peroxide. Artemisinin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Schizophrenia, Malaria, Falciparum, and Plasmodium Falciparum. Artemisinin is a natural product found in Microliabum polymnioides, Artemisia tenuisecta, and other organisms with data available. A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01B - Antimalarials > P01BE - Artemisinin and derivatives, plain C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Sesquiterpenoids CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 9 INTERNAL_ID 9; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.152 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.156 [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_30eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_20eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_10eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_40eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt [Raw Data] CB176_Artemisinin_pos_50eV_isCID-10eV_rep000004.txt Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants[1]. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects[2]. Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants[1]. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects[2]. Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants[1]. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects[2].

(S,E)-Zearalenone

C18H22O5 (318.1467162)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 211; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4903; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4902 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 211; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4907; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4903 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 211; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4915; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4913 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 211; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4892; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4888 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 211; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4889; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4888 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 211; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4992; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4988 Fungal metabolite of Fusarium subspecies and of Gibberella zeae. Potential food mycotoxin. Has weak estrogenic activity and causes physiol. changes when ingested by animals as foodstuffs contaminant. (S,E)-Zearalenone is found in corn. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2248 cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species. Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts[1][2]. Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts[1][2].

Psoralidin

C20H16O5 (336.0997686)

Psoralidin is a member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an estrogen receptor agonist. It is a member of coumestans, a polyphenol and a delta-lactone. It is functionally related to a coumestan. Psoralidin is a natural product found in Dolichos trilobus, Phaseolus lunatus, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cullen corylifolium fruit (part of). A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D020847 - Estrogen Receptor Modulators Constituent of papadi (Dolichos biflorus) and the butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Psoralidin is found in pulses, lima bean, and fruits. Psoralidin is found in fruits. Psoralidin is a constituent of papadi (Dolichos biflorus) and the butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Psoralidin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation.Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties[1]. Psoralidin significantly downregulates NOTCH1 signaling. Psoralidin also greatly induces ROS generation[2]. Psoralidin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation.Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties[1]. Psoralidin significantly downregulates NOTCH1 signaling. Psoralidin also greatly induces ROS generation[2]. Psoralidin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation.Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties[1]. Psoralidin significantly downregulates NOTCH1 signaling. Psoralidin also greatly induces ROS generation[2].

Spectinomycin

C14H24N2O7 (332.1583434)

Spectinomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea. Spectinomycin is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is bactericidal in its action. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID S044; [MS2] KO009242 KEIO_ID S044

Vindoline

C25H32N2O6 (456.2260252)

Vindoline is a vinca alkaloid, an alkaloid ester, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a methyl ester, an acetate ester, a tertiary amino compound and a tertiary alcohol. It is a conjugate base of a vindolinium(1+). Vindoline is a natural product found in Catharanthus ovalis, Catharanthus trichophyllus, and other organisms with data available. Vindoline is an indole alkaloid that exhibits antimitotic activity by inhibiting microtubule assembly. (NCI) D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D014748 - Vinca Alkaloids C1744 - Multidrug Resistance Modulator Vindoline, a vinca alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus, weakly inhibits tubulin self-assembly[1]. Vindoline, a vinca alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus, weakly inhibits tubulin self-assembly[1].

Shikimic acid 3-phosphate

C7H11O8P (254.0191536)

Shikimic acid 3-phosphate is a member of the class of compounds known as monoalkyl phosphates. Monoalkyl phosphates are organic compounds containing a phosphate group that is linked to exactly one alkyl chain. Shikimic acid 3-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Shikimic acid 3-phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as date, hard wheat, common sage, and peppermint, which makes shikimic acid 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Shikimic acid 3-phosphate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).

Phosphocreatine

C4H10N3O5P (211.035806)

Phosphocreatine, also known as creatine phosphate (CP) or PCr (Pcr), is a phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle, myocardium and the brain to recycle adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell. Phosphocreatine undergoes irreversible cyclization and dehydration to form creatinine at a fractional rate of 0.026 per day, thus forming approximately 2 g creatinine/day in an adult male. This is the amount of creatine that must be provided either from dietary sources or by endogenous synthesis to maintain the body pool of (creatine and) phosphocreatine. Creatine is an amino acid that plays a vital role as phosphocreatine in regenerating adenosine triphosphate in skeletal muscle to energize muscle contraction. Creatine is phosphorylated to phosphocreatine in muscle in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase. This enzyme is in highest concentration in muscle and nerve. Oral administration increases muscle stores. During the past decade, creatine has assumed prominence as an ergogenic (and legal) aid for professional and elite athletes. Most (~ 95\\%) of the total body creatine-phosphocreatine pool is in muscle (more in skeletal muscle than in smooth muscle) and amounts to 120 g (or 925 mmol) in a 70 kg adult male. Approximately 60-67\\% of the content in resting muscle is in the phosphorylated form. This generates enough ATP at the myofibrillar apparatus to power about 4 seconds of muscle contraction in exercise. Phosphocreatine reacts with ADP to yield ATP and creatine; the reversible reaction is catalyzed by creatine kinase. phosphocreatine is the chief store of high-energy phosphates in muscle. Thus, this reaction, which permits the rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP, is the immediate source of energy in muscle contraction. During rest, metabolic processes regenerate phosphocreatine stores. In normal muscle, ATP that is broken down to ADP is immediately rephosphorylated to ATP. Thus, phosphocreatine serves as a reservoir of ATP-synthesizing potential. phosphocreatine is the only fuel available to precipitously regenerate ATP during episodes of rapid fluctuations in demand. The availability of phosphocreatine likely limits muscle performance during brief, high-power exercise, i.e., maximal exercise of short duration. With near maximal isometric contraction, the rate of utilization of phosphocreatine declines after 1-2 seconds of contraction, prior to the glycolysis peak at approximately 3 seconds (PMID:10079702). Phosphocreatine undergoes irreversible cyclization and dehydration to form creatinine at a fractional rate of 0.026 per day, thus forming approximately 2 g creatinine/day in an adult male. This is the amount of creatine that must be provided either from dietary sources or by endogenous synthesis to maintain the body pool of (creatine and) phosphocreatine. Creatine is an amino acid that plays a vital role as phosphocreatine in regenerating adenosine triphosphate in skeletal muscle to energize muscle contraction. Creatine is phosphorylated to phosphocreatine in muscle in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase. This enzyme is in highest concentration in muscle and nerve. Oral administration increases muscle stores. During the past decade, creatine has assumed prominence as an ergogenic (and legal) aid for professional and elite athletes. Most (~ 95\\%) of the total body creatine-phosphocreatine pool is in muscle (more in skeletal muscle than in smooth muscle) and amounts to 120 g (or 925 mmol) in a 70 kg adult male. Approximately 60-67\\% of the content in resting muscle is in the phosphorylated form. This generates enough ATP at the myofibrillar apparatus to power about 4 seconds of muscle contraction in exercise. Phosphocreatine reacts with ADP to yield ATP and creatine; the reversible reaction is catalyzed by creatine kinase. phosphocreatine is the chief store of high-energy phosphates in muscle. Thus, this reaction, which permits the rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP, is the immediate source of energy in muscle contraction. During rest, metabolic processes regenerate phosphocreatine stores. In normal muscle, ATP that is broken down to ADP is immediately rephosphorylated to ATP. Thus, phosphocreatine serves as a reservoir of ATP-synthesizing potential. phosphocreatine is the only fuel available to precipitously regenerate ATP during episodes of rapid fluctuations in demand. The availability of phosphocreatine likely limits muscle performance during brief, high-power exercise, i.e., maximal exercise of short duration. With near maximal isometric contraction, the rate of utilization of phosphocreatine declines after 1-2 seconds of contraction, prior to the glycolysis peak at approximately 3 seconds. (PMID: 10079702, Nutr Rev. 1999 Feb;57(2):45-50.) [HMDB] D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents KEIO_ID P084; [MS2] KO009218 KEIO_ID P084

Bromocriptine

C32H40BrN5O5 (653.221265)

Bromocriptine mesylate is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative with potent dopaminergic activity. It is indicated for the management of signs and symptoms of Parkinsonian Syndrome. Bromocriptine also inhibits prolactin secretion and may be used to treat dysfunctions associated with hyperprolactinemia. It also causes sustained suppression of somatotropin (growth hormone) secretion in some patients with acromegaly. Bromocriptine has been associated with pulmonary fibrosis. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02C - Other gynecologicals > G02CB - Prolactine inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents > D000978 - Antiparkinson Agents N - Nervous system > N04 - Anti-parkinson drugs > N04B - Dopaminergic agents > N04BC - Dopamine agonists D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018491 - Dopamine Agonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66884 - Dopamine Agonist C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent

Octadecanamide

C18H37NO (283.2874992)

Octadecanamide is a fatty amide of stearic acid. It has a role as a metabolite. It is functionally related to an octadecanoic acid. Stearamide. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=124-26-5 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 124-26-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Stearamide is a primary fatty acid amide. Stearamide displays cytotoxic and ichthytoxic activity[1].

4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)

C13H12Cl2N2 (266.0377492)

KEIO_ID M142

3-O-Methylkaempferol

C16H12O6 (300.06338519999997)

3-o-methylkaempferol, also known as 5,7,4-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone or isokaempferide, is a member of the class of compounds known as 3-o-methylated flavonoids. 3-o-methylated flavonoids are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C3 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, 3-o-methylkaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. 3-o-methylkaempferol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-o-methylkaempferol can be found in common bean and coriander, which makes 3-o-methylkaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Crustecdysone

C27H44O7 (480.3086874)

20-hydroxyecdysone is an ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an animal metabolite. It is a 20-hydroxy steroid, an ecdysteroid, a 14alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-sterol, a 2beta-hydroxy steroid, a 22-hydroxy steroid, a 25-hydroxy steroid and a phytoecdysteroid. It is functionally related to an ecdysone. 20-Hydroxyecdysone is a natural product found in Asparagus filicinus, Trichobilharzia ocellata, and other organisms with data available. A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE. Crustecdysone is found in crustaceans. Crustecdysone is isolated from the marine crayfish Jasus lalandei in low yield (2 mg/ton D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3]. Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3].

Fumitremorgin C

C22H25N3O3 (379.189582)

Fumitremorgin C is produced by Aspergillus fumigatus and Neosartorya fischeri. Production by Aspergillus fumigatus and Neosartorya fischeri Fumitremorgin C. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=118974-02-0 (retrieved 2024-08-26) (CAS RN: 118974-02-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Prostaglandin F1a

C20H36O5 (356.2562606)

Prostaglandin F1a is derived mainly from Prostaglandin E1, and is metabolized to 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1a. Prostaglandin F1a is excreted directly into the urine. Prostaglandin F1a contracts the circular muscle of the gut in opposition to the Prostaglandins of the E series. Prostaglandin F1a is a cytoprotector, protecting mucosal tissue from damage produced by ulcerogenic stimuli.Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Prostaglandin F1a is derived mainly from Prostaglandin E1, and is metabolized to 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1a. Prostaglandin F1a is excreted directly into the urine. Prostaglandin F1a contracts the circular muscle of the gut in opposition to the Prostaglandins of the E series. Prostaglandin F1a is a cytoprotector, protecting mucosal tissue from damage produced by ulcerogenic stimuli.

Spermidine

C7H19N3 (145.1578894)

Spermidine, also known as SPD, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Spermidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, spermidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5-methylthioadenosine and spermidine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and putrescine by the enzyme spermidine synthase. In addition, S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine can be converted into 5-methylthioadenosine and spermine through the action of the enzyme spermine synthase. In humans, spermidine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermidine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cow milk and oats. Spermidine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as common chokecherries, watercress, agars, strawberry guava, and bog bilberries. This could make spermidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Spermidine is consideres as an uremic toxine. Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic toxins such as spermidine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Constituent of meat products. Isol from the edible shaggy ink cap mushroom (Coprinus comatus) and from commercial/household prepared sauerkraut COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials IPB_RECORD: 269; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 220 KEIO_ID S003 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Spermidine maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents[1]. Spermidine maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents[1].

p-Cresol

C7H8O (108.0575118)

para-Cresol, also 4-methylphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4(OH). P-cresol is a cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals. It has a role as a uremic toxin, a human metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a colourless solid that is widely used intermediate in the production of other chemicals. It is a derivative of phenol and is an isomer of o-cresol and m-cresol. It is a partially lipophilic moiety which strongly binds to plasma protein (close to 100\\%) under normal conditions. p-Cresol is metabolized through conjugation, mainly sulphation and glucuronization, but removal of the unconjugated p-cresol is, at least in part, via the urine. Therefore it is not surprising that this compound, together with several other phenoles, is retained when the kidneys fail. P-Cresol is an end-product of protein breakdown, and an increase of the nutritional protein load in healthy individuals results in enhanced generation and urinary excretion. The serum p-cresol concentration in uremic patients can be decreased by changing to a low-protein diet. p-Cresol is one of the metabolites of the amino acid tyrosine, and to a certain extent also of phenylalanine, which are converted to 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid by intestinal bacteria, before being decarboxylated to p-cresol (putrefaction). The main contributing bacteria are aerobes (mainly enterobacteria), but to a certain extent also anaerobes play a role (mainly Clostridium perfringens). In uremia, modifications in the intestinal flora result in the specific overgrowth of bacteria that are specific p-cresol producers. The administration of antibiotics reduces urinary excretion of p-cresol, as a result of the liquidation of the producing bacteria. Environmental factors might also contribute. The liver cytochrome P450 metabolizes toluene to benzyl alcohol, but also to o-cresol and p-cresol. Toluene is not only used industrially, but it is also the most widely abusively inhaled solvent. Furthermore, p-cresol is a metabolite of menthofuran, one of the metabolites of R-(+)-pulegone, which is found in extracts from the plants Mentha pulegium and Hedeoma pulegioides, commonly known as pennyroyal oil and pennyroyal tea. These extracts are popular as unconventional herbal therapeutic agents and are applied as abortiva, diaphoretics, emmenagogues, and psychedelic drugs. Pennyroyal oil is extensively used for its pleasant mint-like smell in the flavoring industry. The toxicity of pennyroyal oil and menthofuran is well known. Another compound used in traditional medicine, especially in Japan, which is a precursor of p-cresol is wood tar creosote. p-Cresol has been reported to affect several biochemical, biological and physiological functions: (i) it diminishes the oxygen uptake of rat cerebral cortex slices; (ii) it increases the free active drug concentration of warfarin and diazepam; (iii) it has been related to growth retardation in the weanling pig; (iv) it alters cell membrane permeability, at least in bacteria; (v) it induces LDH leakage from rat liver slices; (vi) it induces susceptibility to auditive epileptic crises; and (vii) it blocks cell K+ channels. (PMID:10570076). p-Cresol is a uremic toxin that is at least partially removed by peritoneal dialysis in haemodialysis patients, and has been involved in the progression of renal failure (PMID:11169029). At concentrations encountered during uremia, p-cresol inhibits phagocyte function and decreases leukocyte adhesion to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells. (PMID:14681860). p-Cresol can be found in Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterobacter and Lactobacillus (PMID:2394806; PMID:30208103). As a volatile organic compound, it has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID:30986230). Present in blackcurrant buds, asparagus, cooked cured pork, black tea, fermented tea, yellow passion fruit juice, malt, peated malt, kumazasa (Sasa albo-marginata), lambs lettuce, squid and cuttlefish. Flavouring ingredient. 4-Methylphenol is found in many foods, some of which are animal foods, cereals and cereal products, tamarind, and tarragon.

2,4-Dimethylphenol

C8H10O (122.07316100000001)

Phenylacetaldehyde

C8H8O (120.0575118)

Phenylacetaldehyde is one important oxidation-related aldehyde. Exposure to styrene gives phenylacetaldehyde as a secondary metabolite. Styrene has been implicated as reproductive toxicant, neurotoxicant, or carcinogen in vivo or in vitro. Phenylacetaldehyde could be formed by diverse thermal reactions during the cooking process together with C8 compounds is identified as a major aroma- active compound in cooked pine mushroom. Phenylacetaldehyde is readily oxidized to phenylacetic acid. Therefore will eventually be hydrolyzed and oxidized to yield phenylacetic acid that will be excreted primarily in the urine in conjugated form. (PMID: 16910727, 7818768, 15606130). Found in some essential oils, e.g. Citrus subspecies, Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold) and in the mushroom Phallus impudicus (common stinkhorn). Flavouring ingredient COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Cysteic acid

C3H7NO5S (169.00449319999998)

Cysteic acid is a crystalline amino acid formed in the oxidation of cysteine; it is a precursor of taurine. A crystalline amino acid formed in the oxidation of cysteine; it is a precursor of taurine. [HMDB]

1,6-di-O-Galloylglucose

C20H20O14 (484.085302)

1,6-di-o-galloylglucose, also known as 1-o,6-O-digalloyl-beta-D-glucose or dgg16 cpd, is a member of the class of compounds known as tannins. Tannins are naturally occurring polyphenols which be categorized into four main classes: hydrolyzable tannin (based on ellagic acid or gallic acid), condensed tannins (made of oligomeric or polymeric proanthocyanidins), complex tannins (made of a catechin bound to a gallotannin or elagitannin), and phlorotannins (oligomers of phloroglucinol). 1,6-di-o-galloylglucose is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1,6-di-o-galloylglucose can be found in garden rhubarb, which makes 1,6-di-o-galloylglucose a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

3'-AMP

C10H14N5O7P (347.06308240000004)

Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2-, 3-, or 5-position. 3-AMP has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2-, 3-, or 5-position. [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 11

Diethylthiophosphate

C4H11O3PS (170.0166506)

Diethylthiophosphate, also known as DETP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thiophosphate diesters. These are organic compounds containing the thiophosphoric acid functional group or a derivative thereof, with the general structure ROP(OR)(OR)=S, where exactly two R-groups are organyl groups. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Diethylthiophosphate is a potentially toxic compound. Acute OP intoxication results from blockage of the decomposition of synaptic acetylcholine because the pesticide covalently binds to chlolinesterase Chronic exposure to POs has neurological sequelae as well and data suggests that OP exposure alters sperm chromatin condensation (A3181, A3182, A3183, A3181). Chronic exposure to POs has neurological sequelae as well (PMID 8179040) and data suggests that OP exposure alters sperm chromatin condensation (PMID 15050412). PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. Metabolism of organophosphates occurs principally by oxidation, by hydrolysis via esterases and by reaction with glutathione. Acute OP intoxication results from blockage of the decomposition of synaptic acetylcholine because the pesticide covalently binds to chlolinesterase (PMID 11991535). Diethylthiophosphate is the most frequent metabolite of organophosphorus (OP) found in urine (PMID 15050412). Organophosphorus compounds are widely used as pesticides because of easy degradation in the environment. Acute OP intoxication results from blockage of the decomposition of synaptic acetylcholine because the pesticide covalently binds to chlolinesterase (PMID 11991535). Chronic exposure to POs has neurological sequelae as well (PMID 8179040) and data suggests that OP exposure alters sperm chromatin condensation (PMID 15050412) [HMDB] KEIO_ID D113

4-Hydroxysphinganine

C18H39NO3 (317.2929784)

Phytosphingosine is a phospholipid. Phospholipids are a class of lipids and a major component of all biological membranes; sphingolipid metabolites, such as sphingosine and ceramide, are highly bioactive compounds and are involved in diverse cell processes, including cell-cell interaction, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Phytosphingosine is also one of the most widely distributed natural sphingoid bases, which is abundant in fungi and plants, and also found in animals including humans. Phytosphingosine is structurally similar to sphingosine; phytosphingosine possesses a hydroxyl group at C-4 of the sphingoid long-chain base. The physiological roles of phytosphingosine are largely unknown. Phytosphingosine induces apoptosis in human T-cell lymphoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells, and induces caspase-independent cytochrome c release from mitochondria. In the presence of caspase inhibitors, phytosphingosine-induced apoptosis is almost completely suppressed, suggesting that phytosphingosine-induced apoptosis is largely dependent on caspase activities. (PMID: 12576463, 12531554, 8046331, 8048941,8706124) [HMDB] Phytosphingosine is a phospholipid. Phospholipids are a class of lipids and a major component of all biological membranes; sphingolipid metabolites, such as sphingosine and ceramide, are highly bioactive compounds and are involved in diverse cell processes, including cell-cell interaction, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Phytosphingosine is also one of the most widely distributed natural sphingoid bases, which is abundant in fungi and plants, and also found in animals including humans. Phytosphingosine is structurally similar to sphingosine; phytosphingosine possesses a hydroxyl group at C-4 of the sphingoid long-chain base. The physiological roles of phytosphingosine are largely unknown. Phytosphingosine induces apoptosis in human T-cell lymphoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells, and induces caspase-independent cytochrome c release from mitochondria. In the presence of caspase inhibitors, phytosphingosine-induced apoptosis is almost completely suppressed, suggesting that phytosphingosine-induced apoptosis is largely dependent on caspase activities. (PMID: 12576463, 12531554, 8046331, 8048941,8706124). Phytosphingosine is a?phospholipid and has anti-cancer activities. Phytosphingosine induces cell apoptosis via caspase 8 activation and Bax translocation in cancer cells[1].

2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole

C8H7NS2 (181.0019902)

2-(methylthio)benzothiazole, also known as mtbt, is a member of the class of compounds known as benzothiazoles. Benzothiazoles are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to a thiazole ring (a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom). 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately basic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole can be found in guava, which makes 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3646 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4198 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4058 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8817 KEIO_ID M150

Asymmetric dimethylarginine

C8H18N4O2 (202.1429688)

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring chemical found in blood plasma. It is a metabolic by-product of continual protein modification processes in the cytoplasm of all human cells. It is closely related to L-arginine, a conditionally-essential amino acid. ADMA interferes with L-arginine in the production of nitric oxide, a key chemical to endothelial and hence cardiovascular health. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is created in protein methylation, a common mechanism of post-translational protein modification. This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme set called S-adenosylmethionine protein N-methyltransferases (protein methylases I and II). The methyl groups transferred to create ADMA are derived from the methyl group donor S-adenosylmethionine, an intermediate in the metabolism of homocysteine. (Homocysteine is an important blood chemical, because it is also a marker of cardiovascular disease). After synthesis, ADMA migrates into the extracellular space and thence into blood plasma. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is measured using high performance liquid chromatography. ADMA has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Isolated from broad bean seeds (Vicia faba). NG,NG-Dimethyl-L-arginine is found in many foods, some of which are yellow wax bean, spinach, green zucchini, and white cabbage. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Asymmetric dimethylarginine is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and functions as a marker of endothelial dysfunction in a number of pathological states.

2-METHYLPYRROLIDINE

C5H11N (85.0891446)

A member of the class of pyrrolidines that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; RGHPCLZJAFCTIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0186_2-Methylpyrrolidine_0500fmol_180831_S2_L02M02_68; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I.

N-Acetylhistidine

C8H11N3O3 (197.0800376)

N-Acetyl-L-histidine or N-Acetylhistidine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetylhistidine can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetylhistidine is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-histidine. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\% of all human proteins and 68\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylhistidine can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free histidine can also occur. In particular, N-Acetylhistidine can be biosynthesized from L-histidine and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme histidine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.33). Many N-acetylamino acids are classified as uremic toxins if present in high abundance in the serum or plasma (PMID: 26317986; PMID: 20613759). Uremic toxins are a diverse group of endogenously produced molecules that, if not properly cleared or eliminated by the kidneys, can cause kidney damage, cardiovascular disease and neurological deficits (PMID: 18287557). Constituent of the tissues of various fish and amphibian subspecies N-Acetylhistidine is found in fishes. KEIO_ID A073

Oxypurinol

C5H4N4O2 (152.0334244)

Oxipurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Oxipurinol is potentially used for treatment of congestive heart failure. PMID: 15139781. Oxipurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Oxipurinol is potentially used for treatment of congestive heart failure. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1637 - Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 864; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 855; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 853 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 864; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 883; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 881 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 864; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 893; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 892 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 864; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 861; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 860 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 864; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 894; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 892 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Oxipurinol (Oxipurinol), the major active metabolite of Allopurinol, is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Oxipurinol can be used to regulate blood urate levels and treat gout[1].

6-(Methylthio)hexyl glucosinolate

C14H27NO9S3 (449.0847892)

6-(Methylthio)hexyl glucosinolate is found in horseradish. 6-(Methylthio)hexyl glucosinolate is present in Arabidopsis thaliana and other crucifers. Present in Arabidopsis thaliana and other crucifers. 6-(Methylthio)hexyl glucosinolate is found in horseradish.

Estrone glucuronide

C24H30O8 (446.194058)

Estrone-glucuronide is the dominant metabolite of estradiol. Estrone glucuronide is formed by a UDP glucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17, UTP) reaction creating a much more water-soluble form of the hormone; glucuronides are the most abundant estrogen conjugates. Measurement of estrone-glucuronide is used as one reference method for determining ovulation (immunotubes are available for measuring urinary estrone glucuronide in conjunction with LH, one of the most advanced of ovulation prediction products). (PMID: 14742773, 1755456) [HMDB] Estrone-glucuronide is the dominant metabolite of estradiol. Estrone glucuronide is formed by a UDP glucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17, UTP) reaction creating a much more water-soluble form of the hormone; glucuronides are the most abundant estrogen conjugates. Measurement of estrone-glucuronide is used as one reference method for determining ovulation (immunotubes are available for measuring urinary estrone glucuronide in conjunction with LH, one of the most advanced of ovulation prediction products). (PMID: 14742773, 1755456). D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8325

Cefdinir

C14H13N5O5S2 (395.03580880000004)

Cefdinir (marketed by Abbott Laboratories under the brand name Omnicef) is a semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic in the third generation of the cephalosporin class, proven effective for common bacterial infections of the ear, sinus, throat, and skin. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December of 1997. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Vantin

C21H27N5O9S2 (557.1250132000001)

The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

Dihydrozeatin

C10H15N5O (221.127654)

Dihydrozeatin (CAS: 23599-75-9) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Dihydrozeatin is an intermediate in zeatin biosynthesis. It is converted from dihydrozeatin riboside and is then converted into dihydrozeatin-O-glucoside via glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4.1.- ). Dihydrozeatin is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D003583 - Cytokinins

Indole-3-acetamide

C10H10N2O (174.079309)

Indole-3-acetamide, also known as 2-(3-indolyl)acetamide or IAM, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-Alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. Indole-3-acetamide has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as Alaska wild rhubarbs, lingonberries, butternut squash, pineapples, and agaves. Indole-3-acetamide is also found in the common pea and has been isolated from the etiolated seedlings of the black gram (Phaseolus mungo). Isolated from etiolated seedlings of the black gram (Phaseolus mungo). 1H-Indole-3-acetamide is found in many foods, some of which are elderberry, barley, american cranberry, and herbs and spices. D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D007210 - Indoleacetic Acids KEIO_ID I030 Indole-3-acetamide is a biosynthesis intermediate of indole-3-acetic acid (HY-18569). Indole-3-acetic acid is the most common natural plant growth hormone of the auxin class[1].

N-(3-Methylbut-2-EN-1-YL)-9H-purin-6-amine

C10H13N5 (203.11708980000003)

N6-prenyladenine, also known as isopentenyladenine or ip, is a member of the class of compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. N6-prenyladenine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N6-prenyladenine can be found in a number of food items such as lime, lemon thyme, nectarine, and napa cabbage, which makes n6-prenyladenine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D003583 - Cytokinins Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 74 6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino)purine is a plant growth substance. 6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino)purine is a plant growth substance.

Lipoamide

C8H15NOS2 (205.05950199999998)

Lipoamide is a trivial name for 6,8-dithiooctanoic amide. It is 6,8-dithiooctanoic acids functional form where the carboxyl group is attached to protein (or any other amine) by an amide linkage (containing -NH2) to an amino group. Lipoamide forms a thioester bond, oxidizing the disulfide bond, with acetaldehyde (pyruvate after it has been decarboxylated). It then transfers the acetaldehyde group to CoA which can then continue in the TCA cycle. Lipoamide is an intermediate in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), alanine, aspartate and pyruvate metabolism, and valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation (KEGG:C00248). It is generated from dihydrolipoamide via the enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (EC:1.8.1.4) and then converted to S-glutaryl-dihydrolipoamide via the enzyme oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (EC:1.2.4.2). Lipoamide is the oxidized form of glutathione. (PMID:8957191) KEIO_ID L031; [MS2] KO009031 KEIO_ID L031

N(6)-Methyllysine

C7H16N2O2 (160.12117160000003)

N(6)-Methyllysine is a naturally occurring amino acid found in human biofluids. N-monomethyl-lysine is generated by metabolic transmethylation of endogenous lysine. Lysine methylation displays the highest degree of complexity among known covalent histone modifications, with each site of methylation regulating the association of different effector molecules. The versatility of lysine methylation marks is perhaps best exemplified by modifications implicated in transcriptional regulation as well as being required for double-strand break repair in several organisms. Identification of the numerous biological functions encoded by histone lysine methylation is a major area of research interest, as these mechanisms are intimately associated with cellular senescence, genomic instability, and leukemogenesis. While multiple sites of lysine methylation have been linked with gene activation, each modification is distributed to unique positions across the active gene. (PMID: 17030614, 1122639, 15756599, 3111294). N(6)-Methyllysine is a naturally occurring amino acid found in human biofluids. N-monomethyl-lysine is generated by metabolic transmethylation of endogenous lysine.

Homoserine, O-succinyl-

C8H13NO6 (219.0742838)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

2-Phenylethyl acetate

C10H12O2 (164.0837252)

2-Phenylethyl acetate, also known as 2-phenethyl acetic acid or benzylcarbinyl acetate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzene and substituted derivatives. These are aromatic compounds containing one monocyclic ring system consisting of benzene. 2-Phenylethyl acetate is a sweet, floral, and fruity tasting compound. 2-Phenylethyl acetate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within ceylon cinnamons and cloves. 2-Phenylethyl acetate has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as butternuts, eggplants, turmerics, radish (var.), and pili nuts. This could make 2-phenylethyl acetate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. The acetate ester of 2-phenylethanol. Flavouring ingredient. 2-Phenylethyl acetate is found in many foods, some of which are acerola, prickly pear, summer grape, and sweet orange.

3-Methylcatechol

C7H8O2 (124.05242679999999)

3-methylcatechol, also known as 2,3-dihydroxytoluene or 2,3-toluenediol, is a member of the class of compounds known as catechols. Catechols are compounds containing a 1,2-benzenediol moiety. 3-methylcatechol is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-methylcatechol can be found in arabica coffee, beer, cocoa powder, and coffee, which makes 3-methylcatechol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-methylcatechol is a chemical compound . 3-Methylcatechol is a building block in the chemical synthesis produced by Pseudomonas putida MC2[1]. 3-Methylcatechol is a building block in the chemical synthesis produced by Pseudomonas putida MC2[1].

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

C19H28O5S (368.1657358)

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S is the sulfated form of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). This sulfation is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestine. In the blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than those of free DHEA. Orally-ingested DHEA is converted into its sulfate when passing through the intestines and liver. Whereas DHEA levels naturally reach their peak in the early morning hours, DHEAS levels show no diurnal variation. From a practical point of view, measurement of DHEA-S is preferable to DHEA since levels are more stable. DHEA (from which DHEA-S comes from) is a natural steroid prohormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands, the gonads, adipose tissue, brain, and in the skin (by an autocrine mechanism). DHEA is the precursor of androstenedione, which can undergo further conversion to produce the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. DHEA is also a potent sigma-1 agonist. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is a classic marker for adrenarche, and subsequently for the individual hormonal milieu (PMID: 10599744). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an endogenously produced sex steroid that has been hypothesized to have anti-aging effects (PMID: 16960027). It also has been inversely associated with the development of atherosclerosis (PMID: 8956025). DHEAS or Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is the sulfated form of DHEA. This sulfation is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestine. In the blood, most DHEA is found as DHEAS with levels that are about 300 times higher than those of free DHEA. Orally-ingested DHEA is converted to its sulfate when passing through intestines and liver. Whereas DHEA levels naturally reach their peak in the early morning hours, DHEAS levels show no diurnal variation. From a practical point of view, measurement of DHEAS is preferable to DHEA, as levels are more stable. DHEA (from which DHEAS comes from) is a natural steroid prohormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands, the gonads, adipose tissue, brain and in the skin (by an autocrine mechanism). DHEA is the precursor of androstenedione, which can undergo further conversion to produce the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. DHEA is also a potent sigma-1 agonist. DHEAS can serve as a precursor for testosterone; androstenedione; estradiol; and estrone. [HMDB] D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones

Dichloroacetate

C2H2Cl2O2 (127.9431852)

An organochlorine compound comprising acetic acid carrying two chloro substituents at the 2-position. It occurs in nature in seaweed, Asparagopsis taxiformis. KEIO_ID D160 KEIO_ID D034

Palmitoylcarnitine

C23H45NO4 (399.33484100000004)

D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 250

Petunidin 3-glucoside

[C22H23O12]+ (479.1189458)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

4-Methoxyglucobrassicin

C17H22N2O10S2 (478.0715832)

An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is glucobrassicin bearing a methoxy substituent at position 4 on the indole ring.

Glucobrassicin

C16H20N2O9S2 (448.06101900000004)

Constituent of Brassica and Raphanus subspecies, e.g. rape (Brassica napus variety napus) and Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea variety gemmifera). Glucobrassicin is found in many foods, some of which are capers, swede, white cabbage, and common cabbage. Glucobrassicin is found in brassicas. Glucobrassicin is a constituent of Brassica and Raphanus species, e.g. rape (Brassica napus var. napus) and Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera)

Tricin

C17H14O7 (330.0739494)

[Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_50eV_1-6_01_1424.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_50eV_1-6_01_1397.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_10eV_1-6_01_1368.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_40eV_1-6_01_1396.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_20eV_1-6_01_1394.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_30eV_1-6_01_1422.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_20eV_1-6_01_1421.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_10eV_1-6_01_1357.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_30eV_1-6_01_1488.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_40eV_1-6_01_1423.txt Tricin is a natural flavonoid present in large amounts in Triticum aestivum. Tricin can inhibit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by inhibiting CDK9. Tricin inhibits the proliferation and invasion of C6 glioma cells via the upregulation of focal-adhesion-finase (FAK)-targeting microRNA-7[1][2][3]. Tricin is a natural flavonoid present in large amounts in Triticum aestivum. Tricin can inhibit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by inhibiting CDK9. Tricin inhibits the proliferation and invasion of C6 glioma cells via the upregulation of focal-adhesion-finase (FAK)-targeting microRNA-7[1][2][3].

2,4-Dichlorobenzoate

C7H4Cl2O2 (189.95883440000003)

KEIO_ID D135

N-Formyl-L-aspartate

C5H7NO5 (161.0324212)

This compound belongs to the family of Dicarboxylic Acids and Derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups KEIO_ID F022

Leupeptin

C20H38N6O4 (426.2954388)

A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and argininal residues joined in sequenceby peptide linkages. It is an inhibitor of the calpains, a family of calcium-activated proteases which promote cell death. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015853 - Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D007976 - Leupeptins Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID L006; [MS2] KO009038 KEIO_ID L006

Oxamate

C2H3NO3 (89.0112928)

KEIO_ID O011

Piperacillin

C23H27N5O7S (517.1631112)

Piperacillin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics. [PubChem]By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, Piperacillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that Piperacillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CA - Penicillins with extended spectrum D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Same as: D08380 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Kanamycin B

C18H37N5O10 (483.2540302)

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID B028 Bekanamycin (Kanamycin B) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus, against an array of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strain[1][2].

Methysergide

C21H27N3O2 (353.2103162)

An ergot derivative that is a congener of lysergic acid diethylamide. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome. [PubChem] N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02C - Antimigraine preparations > N02CA - Ergot alkaloids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents KEIO_ID M156; [MS2] KO009047 KEIO_ID M156

Octylamine

C8H19N (129.1517414)

KEIO_ID O007

Lumichrome

C12H10N4O2 (242.080372)

Lumichrome, also known as light folinic acid or 7,8-dimethyl-10-ribitylisoalloxazine, is a derivative of riboflavin (vitamin B2). The chemical structure of lumichrome consists of a heterocyclic isoalloxazine ring, which is a fused pyridine and pyrazine ring system. The isoalloxazine ring contains a methyl group at the 7 and 8 positions and is substituted at the 10 position with a ribityl group, which is a 5-carbon chain derived from ribose with a methyl group at the 2’ position. Photocatalytic Activity: Lumichrome exhibits photocatalytic activity and can act as a photosensitizer. It can absorb light energy and transfer it to other molecules, potentially triggering photochemical reactions. Fluorescence: Lumichrome is known for its fluorescence properties. This characteristic makes it useful in various applications, including fluorescence microscopy and as a labeling agent in biological assays. Antioxidant Properties: Lumichrome has been found to have antioxidant properties. It can scavenge free radicals, which may help in protecting cells from oxidative stress. Metabolic Intermediate: In the body, lumichrome can be formed from riboflavin through photochemical or enzymatic degradation. It may play a role in the metabolism of flavins and could be involved in the recycling of flavin cofactors. Potential Biomarker: Due to its presence in biological tissues and its fluorescence properties, lumichrome has been proposed as a potential biomarker for certain diseases and conditions. Plant Pigment: In plants, lumichrome can be involved in light capture and energy transfer processes, although it is not a chlorophyll pigment. It may contribute to the overall light-harvesting capabilities of plant tissues. While lumichrome has several interesting chemical and biological properties, it is not considered an essential nutrient like its parent compound, riboflavin. Its exact role in biological systems is still an area of ongoing research. Lumichrome, a photodegradation product of Riboflavin, is an endogenous compound in humans. Lumichrome inhibits human lung cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis via a p53-dependent mechanism[1][2].

FA 18:0;O

C18H36O3 (300.26643060000004)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 3

Decanoylcarnitine (C10)

C17H33NO4 (315.2409458)

Decanoylcarnitine is a member of the class of compounds known as acylcarnitines. More specifically, it is a decanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered in the 1940s (PMID: 13825279 ). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Decanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine decanoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494 ). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular decanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with obesity in adolescence (PMID: 26910390 ). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (PMID: 26928931 ). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279 ). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews]. Acylcarnitine useful in the diagnosis of fatty acid oxidation disorders and differentiation between biochemical phenotypes of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency deficiencyoxidation disorders.(PMID: 12385891) [HMDB]

8-methylthiooctyl glucosinolate

C16H31NO9S3 (477.1160876)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society

1,4-Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

C21H29N7O14P2 (665.1247674)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed) [HMDB]. NADH is found in many foods, some of which are dill, ohelo berry, fox grape, and black-eyed pea. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Hexylamine

C6H15N (101.120443)

Hexylamine is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]") Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. It is used as a food additive .

Indoleacetaldehyde

C10H9NO (159.06841039999998)

Indoleacetaldehyde, also known as tryptaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-Alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. Indoleacetaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Indoleacetaldehyde exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, indoleacetaldehyde participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, indoleacetaldehyde can be biosynthesized from tryptamine; which is mediated by the enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase. In addition, indoleacetaldehyde can be converted into indoleacetic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial. In humans, indoleacetaldehyde is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, indoleacetaldehyde has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as nuts, turmerics, Alaska blueberries, summer savouries, and black raspberries. This could make indoleacetaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Indoleacetaldehyde is also a substrate for amine oxidase and 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase. Indoleacetaldehyde is a substrate for Retina-specific copper amine oxidase, Aldehyde dehydrogenase X (mitochondrial), Amine oxidase B, Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase, Aldehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial), Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, Aldehyde dehydrogenase (dimeric NADP-preferring), Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member A1, Amine oxidase A, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 and Membrane copper amine oxidase. [HMDB]. 1H-Indole-3-acetaldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are oil palm, rowanberry, cherimoya, and japanese persimmon. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Nicotinamide ribotide

C11H15N2O8P (334.0566)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NM) is a product of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) reaction and a key NAD+ intermediate. The pharmacological activities of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide include its role in cellular biochemical functions, cardioprotection, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and complications associated with obesity[1].

procyanidin B2

C30H26O12 (578.1424196)

Annotation level-1 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Procyanidin B2 is a natural flavonoid, with anti-cancer, antioxidant activities. Procyanidin B2 is a natural flavonoid, with anti-cancer, antioxidant activities.

Peonidin-3-glucoside

[C22H23O11]+ (463.1240308)

Peonidin-3-glucoside has been proposed by Wu et al. [PMID: 12097661] to be a secondary metabolite of cyanidin-3-glucoside which may be methylated by liver enzymes during phase II metabolism. Peonidin 3-glucoside is isolated from grapes and many other plant spp. It is found in red wine, common wheat, and lowbush blueberry. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

Cytidine 3'-monophosphate

C9H14N3O8P (323.05184940000004)

Cytidine 3-monophosphate (3-CMP), also known as 3-cytidylic acid or 3-cytidylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. Cytidine 3-monophosphate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

Quercetin 3-(6'-malonyl-glucoside)

C24H22O15 (550.0958662)

Quercetin 3-(6-malonyl-glucoside) is found in endive. Quercetin 3-(6-malonyl-glucoside) is isolated from Apocynum venetum and Salicornia europaea [CCD]. Isolated from Apocynum venetum and Salicornia europaea [CCD]. Quercetin 3-(6-malonyl-glucoside) is found in endive, lettuce, and pear. Quercetin 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucoside, a natural flavonol glycoside, possesses antioxidant activity[1].

Behenic acid

C22H44O2 (340.3341124)

Behenic acid, also known as docosanoate or 1-docosanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids. Very long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms. Thus, behenic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Behenic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Behenic acid can be found in a number of food items such as rice, opium poppy, pepper (c. frutescens), and gram bean, which makes behenic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Behenic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Behenic acid (also docosanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH. In appearance, it consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 80 °C and boiling point of 306 °C . Behenic acid, also docosanoic acid, is a normal carboxylic acid, a fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH. It is an important constituent of the behen oil extracted from the seeds of the Ben-oil tree, and it is so named from the Persian month Bahman when the roots of this tree were harvested. Behenic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID:32033212). Docosanoic acid is poorly absorbed, and a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans. Docosanoic acid is poorly absorbed, and a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.

Resolvin D1

C22H32O5 (376.2249622)

Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is an autacoid resolvin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. The bioactive local mediators, or autacoids, that require enzymatic generation from the omega-3 essential fatty acid EPA were first identified in resolving inflammatory exudates in vivo and carry potent stereoselective biological actions. Resolvins of the E (RvE) series are derived from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Those derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were termed resolvins of the D series, for example resolvin D1 (RvD1).Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The term resolvins (resolution-phase interaction products) was first introduced to signify that these new structures were endogenous mediators, biosynthesized in the resolution phase of inflammatory exudates, possessing very potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory actions. These actions include reducing neutrophil traffic, regulating cytokine and reactive oxygen species, and lowering the magnitude of the response. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimers disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225).

Caffeic acid 3-glucoside

C15H18O9 (342.0950778)

Caffeic acid 3-glucoside is a member of the class of compounds known as phenolic glycosides. Phenolic glycosides are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. Caffeic acid 3-glucoside is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Caffeic acid 3-glucoside can be found in american cranberry, which makes caffeic acid 3-glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

Quercetin 3-glucosyl-(1->2)-galactoside

C27H30O17 (626.148293)

Quercetin 3-glucosyl-(1->2)-galactoside is found in common hazelnut. Quercetin 3-glucosyl-(1->2)-galactoside is isolated from pollen of Corylus avellana (filbert). Isolated from pollen of Corylus avellana (filbert). Quercetin 3-glucosyl-(1->2)-galactoside is found in common hazelnut and nuts. Baimaside (Quercetin 3-O-sophoroside) is isolated from the flowers of A. venetum, is a scavenger of superoxide anions[1]. Baimaside (Quercetin 3-O-sophoroside) is isolated from the flowers of A. venetum, is a scavenger of superoxide anions[1].

Vinblastine

C46H58N4O9 (810.4203578)

Vinblastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)The antitumor activity of vinblastine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinblastine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01C - Plant alkaloids and other natural products > L01CA - Vinca alkaloids and analogues D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D014748 - Vinca Alkaloids

6'-Malonylgenistin

C24H22O13 (518.1060362000001)

Present in soy foods. Potential nutriceutical. 6-Malonylgenistin is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, soy sauce, white lupine, and miso. 6-Malonylgenistin is found in miso. 6-Malonylgenistin is present in soy foods. Potential nutriceutica

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid

C5H7NO2 (113.0476762)

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (CAS: 2906-39-0) is an enamine or an imino acid that forms upon the spontaneous dehydration of L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde in aqueous solutions. The stereoisomer (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate is an intermediate in glutamate metabolism, arginine degradation, and proline biosynthesis and degradation. It can also be converted into or be formed from three amino acids: L-glutamate, L-ornithine, and L-proline. In particular, it is synthesized via the oxidation of proline by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) (EC 1.5.1.2) or by proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) (EC 1.5.99.8). It is hydrolyzed into L-glutamate by delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (ALDH4A1) (EC 1.5.1.12). It is also one of the few metabolites that can act as a precursor to other metabolites of both the urea cycle and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Under certain conditions, pyrroline-5-carboxylate can act as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of pyrroline-5-carboxylate are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including hyperprolinemia type I, hyperprolinemia type II, iminoglycinuria, prolinemia type II, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. Hyperprolinemia type II results in high levels of pyrroline-5-carboxylate. People with hyperprolinemia type II have signs and symptoms that vary in severity, but they are more likely than type I to have seizures or intellectual disability. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate is highly reactive and excess quantities have been shown to cause cell death and apoptosis (PMID: 15548746). (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, also known as delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, (+-)-isomer, belongs to alpha amino acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate can be found in a number of food items such as beech nut, mango, oyster mushroom, and other bread, which makes (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate may be a unique E.coli metabolite.

Baccatin III

C31H38O11 (586.2413998)

C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.041 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.042 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.019 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.027 Baccatin III is a natural product isolated from Pacific yew tree and related species. Baccatin III reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs[1]. Baccatin III is a natural product isolated from Pacific yew tree and related species. Baccatin III reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs[1].

6-Acetonyl-5,6-dihydrochelerythrine

C24H23NO5 (405.15761480000003)

(-)-cis-Rotenolone

C23H22O7 (410.1365462)

(-)-cis-Rotenolone is found in jicama. (-)-cis-Rotenolone is isolated from Pachyrrhizus erosus (yam bean). Isolated from Pachyrrhizus erosus (yam bean). (-)-cis-Rotenolone is found in jicama and pulses.

Fraxin

C16H18O10 (370.0899928)

Fraxin is a beta-D-glucoside that is fraxetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is a natural product isolated from the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent and a hepatoprotective agent. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a hydroxycoumarin and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to a fraxetin. Fraxin is a natural product found in Acer nikoense, Prunus prostrata, and other organisms with data available. A beta-D-glucoside that is fraxetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is a natural product isolated from the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. Origin: Plant, Coumarins Fraxin isolated from Cortex Fraxini, is a glucoside of fraxetin and reported to exert potent anti-oxidative stress action[1], anti-inflammatory and antimetastatic properties. Fraxin shows its antioxidative effect through inhibition of cyclo AMP phosphodiesterase enzyme[2]. Fraxin isolated from Cortex Fraxini, is a glucoside of fraxetin and reported to exert potent anti-oxidative stress action[1], anti-inflammatory and antimetastatic properties. Fraxin shows its antioxidative effect through inhibition of cyclo AMP phosphodiesterase enzyme[2].

Tulipinolide

C17H22O4 (290.1518012)

A germacranolide based on a 2,3,3a,4,5,8,9,11a-octahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-4-yl skeleton.

Maculosin

C14H16N2O3 (260.1160866)

A homodetic cyclic peptide that is a dipeptide composed of L-proline and L-tyrosine joined by peptide linkages. Maculosin is a host-specific phytotoxin for spotted knapweed from Alternaria alternata. Maculosin is a quorum-sensing molecule involved in cell-cell communication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maculosin also acts as a signaling molecule regulating virulence gene expression in Lactobacillus reuteri. Maculosin shows antioxidant, anti-cancer and non-toxicity properties. Maculosin shows cytotoxic activity against the human liver cancer cell lines, with an IC50 of 48.90 μg/mL[1][2][3]. Maculosin is a host-specific phytotoxin for spotted knapweed from Alternaria alternata. Maculosin is a quorum-sensing molecule involved in cell-cell communication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maculosin also acts as a signaling molecule regulating virulence gene expression in Lactobacillus reuteri. Maculosin shows antioxidant, anti-cancer and non-toxicity properties. Maculosin shows cytotoxic activity against the human liver cancer cell lines, with an IC50 of 48.90 μg/mL[1][2][3].

alpha-Bixin

C25H30O4 (394.214398)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Principal colouring matter of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds [DFC] Principal colouring matter of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds. Bixin (BX), isolated from the seeds of Bixa orellana, is a carotenoid, possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. Bixin treatment ameliorated cardiac dysfunction through inhibiting fibrosis, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation[1].

Tomatine

C50H83NO21 (1033.5457308)

Tomatine is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane (steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton) found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine. A toxic dose of tomatine for an adult human would appear to require the consumption of at least 500 g of tomato leaves in one sitting (“Toxic Plants of North America” (Iowa State University Press, 2001)). Tomatine is known to have fungicidal and antimicrobial properties and is likely produced by tomato plants as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects (PMID: 19514731). Some microbes produce an enzyme called tomatinase which can degrade tomatine, rendering it ineffective as an antimicrobial (PMID: 18835993).Tomatine has historically been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution (PMID: 4362143). When lab animals ingest tomatine, essentially all of it passes through the animal unabsorbed. Tomatine apparently binds to cholesterol in the digestive tract, and the largely insoluble combination is excreted — ridding the body of both the alkaloid and cholesterol. Experiments with hamsters have shown that both tomatine-rich green tomatoes and purified tomatine can substantially lower the levels of undesirable LDL cholesterol while maintaining normal levels of HDL (PMID: 10942315). Experiments with high-tomatine green tomato extracts were recently shown to strongly inhibit the growth of a number of human cancer cell lines including breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29), gastric (AGS), and hepatoma (liver) (HepG2), as well as normal human liver cells (PMID: 19514731). Other studies have found that purified tomatine is an outstanding immunoadjuvant capable of stimulating potent antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses that contribute to protection against malaria, Francisella tularensis and regression of experimental tumors (PMID: 15193398). Tomatine is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane (steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton) found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine. A toxic dose of tomatine for an adult human would appear to require the consumption of at least 500 g of tomato leaves in one sitting (“Toxic Plants of North America” (Iowa State University Press, 2001)). Tomatine is known to have fungicidal and antimicrobial properties and is likely produced by tomato plants as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects (PMID: 19514731). Some microbes produce an enzyme called tomatinase which can degrade tomatine, rendering it ineffective as an antimicrobial (PMID: 18835993).Tomatine has historically been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution (PMID: 4362143). When lab animals ingest tomatine, essentially all of it passes through the animal unabsorbed. Tomatine apparently binds to cholesterol in the digestive tract, and the largely insoluble combination is excreted — ridding the body of both the alkaloid and cholesterol. Experiments with hamsters have shown that both tomatine-rich green tomatoes and purified tomatine can substantially lower the levels of undesirable LDL cholesterol while maintaining norma D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid, found in the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Tomatine elicits neurotoxicity in RIP1 kinase and caspase-independent manner. Tomatine promotes the upregulation of nuclear apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in neuroblastoma cells. Tomatine also inhibits 20S proteasome activity[1]. Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid, found in the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Tomatine elicits neurotoxicity in RIP1 kinase and caspase-independent manner. Tomatine promotes the upregulation of nuclear apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in neuroblastoma cells. Tomatine also inhibits 20S proteasome activity[1].

toxin HT 2

C22H32O8 (424.20970719999997)

HT-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin. It has a role as a fungal metabolite and an apoptosis inducer. It is a trichothecene, an organic heterotetracyclic compound and an acetate ester. HT-2 Toxin is a natural product found in Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, and other organisms with data available. A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins

phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylate

C14H8N2O4 (268.0484048)

A member of the class of phenazines carrying carboxy substituents at positions 1 and 6. A natural product found in Streptomyces species. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 187

11,12-DiHETrE

C20H34O4 (338.24569640000004)

11,12-DiHETrE is a Cytochrome P450 (P450) eicosanoid. Arachidonic acid may be oxygenated by cytochrome P450 in several ways. Epoxidation of the double bonds leads to the regio- and enantioselective formation of four epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are hydrolyzed by epoxide hydrolase to vicinal diols (DHETs). 11,12-DiHETrE excretion is increased in healthy pregnant women compared with nonpregnant female volunteers, and increased even further in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). The physiological significance of arachidonic acid epoxides has been debated and it is unknown whether they play a role in pregnancy and parturition. Vasodilative effects, inhibition of cyclooxygenase, or inhibition of platelet aggregation by EETs have been observed only at micromolar concentrations. On the other hand, effects on the stimulus-secretion coupling during hormone release have been found in the nanomolar and picomolar range. (PMID: 9440131, 2198572) [HMDB] 11,12-DiHETrE is a Cytochrome P450 (P450) eicosanoid. Arachidonic acid may be oxygenated by cytochrome P450 in several ways. Epoxidation of the double bonds leads to the regio- and enantioselective formation of four epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are hydrolyzed by epoxide hydrolase to vicinal diols (DHETs). 11,12-DiHETrE excretion is increased in healthy pregnant women compared with nonpregnant female volunteers, and increased even further in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). The physiological significance of arachidonic acid epoxides has been debated and it is unknown whether they play a role in pregnancy and parturition. Vasodilative effects, inhibition of cyclooxygenase, or inhibition of platelet aggregation by EETs have been observed only at micromolar concentrations. On the other hand, effects on the stimulus-secretion coupling during hormone release have been found in the nanomolar and picomolar range. (PMID: 9440131, 2198572).

Bayogenin base + O-Hex-Hex

C42H68O15 (812.4557978)

Annotation level-3

beta-Citraurin

C30H40O2 (432.302814)

Constituent of orange peel. beta-Citraurin is found in many foods, some of which are yellow bell pepper, passion fruit, pepper (c. annuum), and sweet orange. beta-Citraurin is found in citrus. beta-Citraurin is a constituent of orange peel D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Benzaldehyde

C7H6O (106.0418626)

Benzaldehyde is occasionally found as a volatile component of urine. Benzaldehyde is an aromatic aldehyde used in cosmetics as a denaturant, a flavoring agent, and as a fragrance. Currently used in only seven cosmetic products, its highest reported concentration of use was 0.5\\% in perfumes. Benzaldehyde is a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) food additive in the United States and is accepted as a flavoring substance in the European Union. Because Benzaldehyde rapidly metabolizes to Benzoic Acid in the skin, the available dermal irritation and sensitization data demonstrating no adverse reactions to Benzoic Acid were considered supportive of the safety of Benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde is absorbed through skin and by the lungs, distributes to all well-perfused organs, but does not accumulate in any specific tissue type. After being metabolized to benzoic acid, conjugates are formed with glycine or glucuronic acid, and excreted in the urine. Several studies have suggested that Benzaldehyde can have carcinostatic or antitumor properties. Overall, at the concentrations used in cosmetics, Benzaldehyde was not considered a carcinogenic risk to humans. Although there are limited irritation and sensitization data available for Benzaldehyde, the available dermal irritation and sensitization data and ultraviolet (UV) absorption and phototoxicity data demonstrating no adverse reactions to Benzoic Acid support the safety of Benzaldehyde as currently used in cosmetic products. (PMID:16835129, Int J Toxicol. 2006;25 Suppl 1:11-27.). Found in plants, especies in almond kernelsand is) also present in strawberry jam, leek, crispbread, cheese, black tea and several essential oils. Parent and derivs. (e.g. glyceryl acetal) are used as flavourings

Cytidine triphosphate

C9H16N3O14P3 (482.9845146)

Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), also known as 5-CTP, is pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate. Formally, CTP is an ester of cytidine and triphosphoric acid. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. CTP, much like ATP, consists of a base (cytosine), a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. CTP is a high-energy molecule similar to ATP, but its role as an energy coupler is limited to a much smaller subset of metabolic reactions. CTP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans and is used in the synthesis of RNA via RNA polymerase. Another enzyme known as cytidine triphosphate synthetase (CTPS) mediates the conversion of uridine triphosphate (UTP) into cytidine triphosphate (CTP) which is the rate-limiting step of de novo CTP biosynthesis. CTPS catalyzes a complex set of reactions that include the ATP-dependent transfer of the amide nitrogen from glutamine (i.e., glutaminase reaction) to the C-4 position of UTP to generate CTP. GTP stimulates the glutaminase reaction by accelerating the formation of a covalent glutaminyl enzyme intermediate. CTPS activity regulates the intracellular rates of RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis, and phospholipid synthesis. CTPS is an established target for a number of antiviral, antineoplastic, and antiparasitic drugs. CTP also acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme known as aspartate carbamoyltransferase, which is used in pyrimidine biosynthesis. CTP also reacts with nitrogen-containing alcohols to form coenzymes that participate in the formation of phospholipids. In particular, CTP is the direct precursor of the activated, phospholipid pathway intermediates CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-choline, and CDP-ethanolamine ((PMID: 18439916). CDP-diacylglycerol is the source of the phosphatidyl moiety for phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine (synthesized by way of the CDP-diacylglycerol pathway) as well as phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylinositol (PMID: 18439916). Cytidine triphosphate, also known as 5-ctp or cytidine 5-triphosphoric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pentose phosphates. Pentose phosphates are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. Cytidine triphosphate is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cytidine triphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, black radish, american pokeweed, and cherry tomato, which makes cytidine triphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cytidine triphosphate can be found primarily in cellular cytoplasm, as well as throughout all human tissues. Cytidine triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, cytidine triphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-14:0/i-17:0/i-16:0/i-21:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-21:0/i-22:0/i-17:0), phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis PE(18:2(9Z,12Z)/24:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-21:0/a-15:0/i-16:0). Cytidine triphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include sialuria or french type sialuria, tay-sachs disease, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and g(m2)-gangliosidosis: variant B, tay-sachs disease. Cytidine triphosphate is a high-energy molecule similar to ATP, but its role as an energy coupler is limited to a much smaller subset of metabolic reactions. Cytidine triphosphate is a coenzyme in metabolic reactions like the synthesis of glycerophospholipids and glycosylation of proteins . Cytidine 5′-triphosphate (Cytidine triphosphate; 5'-CTP) is a nucleoside triphosphate and serves as a building block for nucleotides and nucleic acids, lipid biosynthesis. Cytidine triphosphate synthase can catalyze the formation of cytidine 5′-triphosphate from uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP). Cytidine 5′-triphosphate is an essential biomolecule?in the de novo?pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in?T. gondii[1].

malvidin

[C17H15O7]+ (331.081774)