Gene Association: GRIN2A
UniProt Search:
GRIN2A (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A
found 211 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Echinocystic
Echinocystic acid is a triterpenoid. Echinocystic acid is a natural product found in Cucurbita foetidissima, Eclipta alba, and other organisms with data available. Echinocystic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from the fruit of Honey Locust. It has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Echinocystic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from the fruit of Honey Locust. It has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.
Gentiopicrin
Gentiopicrin is a glycoside. Gentiopicroside is a natural product found in Aster auriculatus, Exacum affine, and other organisms with data available. See also: Centaurium erythraea whole (part of). Gentiopicroside. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=20831-76-9 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 20831-76-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Gentiopicroside, a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, inhibits P450 activity, with an IC50 and a Ki of 61 μM and 22.8 μM for CYP2A6; Gentiopicroside has anti-inflammatoryand antioxidative effects. Gentiopicroside, a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, inhibits P450 activity, with an IC50 and a Ki of 61 μM and 22.8 μM for CYP2A6; Gentiopicroside has anti-inflammatoryand antioxidative effects.
Kukoamine A
Kukoamine A is an alkaloid from the root bark of Lycium chinense (Chinese boxthorn Kukoamine A is an amine. Kukoamine A is a natural occurring spermine derivative, acts as a potent inhibitor of trypanothione reductase (Ki, 1.8 μM), with antihypertensive activity[1]. Kukoamine A is a natural occurring spermine derivative, acts as a potent inhibitor of trypanothione reductase (Ki, 1.8 μM), with antihypertensive activity[1].
trans-Isoasarone
Alpha-asarone is the trans-isomer of asarone. It has a role as an anticonvulsant and a GABA modulator. alpha-Asarone is a natural product found in Sphallerocarpus gracilis, Asarum hypogynum, and other organisms with data available. trans-Isoasarone is found in carrot. trans-Isoasarone is a constituent of Asarum species and carrot seed (Daucus carota) (CCD) Constituent of Asarum subspecies and carrot seed (Daucus carota) (CCD). trans-Isoasarone is found in wild carrot and carrot. D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D005343 - Fibrinolytic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D050299 - Fibrin Modulating Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents The trans-isomer of asarone. alpha-Asarone (α-Asarone) is one of the main psychoactive compounds, and possesses an antidepressant-like activity in mice. alpha-Asarone (α-Asarone) is one of the main psychoactive compounds, and possesses an antidepressant-like activity in mice. alpha-Asarone (α-Asarone) is one of the main psychoactive compounds, and possesses an antidepressant-like activity in mice. Beta-asarone is a major ingredient of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, penetrates blood brain barrier, with the properties of immunosuppression, central nervous system inhibition, sedation, and hypothermy. Beta-asarone protects against Parkinson’s disease[1]. Beta-asarone is a major ingredient of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, penetrates blood brain barrier, with the properties of immunosuppression, central nervous system inhibition, sedation, and hypothermy. Beta-asarone protects against Parkinson’s disease[1].
Neochlorogenic acid
Constituent of coffee and many other plants. First isolated from peaches (Prunus persica). trans-Neochlorogenic acid is found in coffee and coffee products, fruits, and pear. [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_30eV.txt Neochlorogenic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=906-33-2 (retrieved 2024-07-17) (CAS RN: 906-33-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation. Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation.
Gastrodin
Gastrodin is a glycoside. Gastrodin is a natural product found in Cyrtosia septentrionalis, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, and other organisms with data available. See also: Gastrodia elata tuber (part of). Gastrodin, a main constituent of a Chinese herbal medicine Tianma, has been known to display anti-inflammatory effects. Gastrodin, has long been used for treating dizziness, epilepsy, stroke and dementia. Gastrodin, a main constituent of a Chinese herbal medicine Tianma, has been known to display anti-inflammatory effects. Gastrodin, has long been used for treating dizziness, epilepsy, stroke and dementia.
L-2-Amino-3-(oxalylamino)propanoic acid
L-2-Amino-3-(oxalylamino)propanoic acid is found in grass pea. L-2-Amino-3-(oxalylamino)propanoic acid is isolated from Panax notoginseng (sanchi Isolated from Panax notoginseng (sanchi). L-2-Amino-3-(oxalylamino)propanoic acid is found in tea and grass pea. L-2-Amino-3-(oxalylamino)propanoic acid is an alpha-amino acid. N(3)-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid is an N(beta)-acyl-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid in which the acyl group is oxalyl. It is functionally related to a propionic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a N(3)-(carboxylatoformyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropionate(1-). Dencichin is a natural product found in Lathyrus latifolius and Lathyrus sativus with data available. See also: Panax notoginseng root (part of). Dencichin is a non-protein amino acid originally extracted from Panax notoginseng, and can inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) activity.
L-Proline
Proline (Pro), also known as L-proline is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Proline is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Proline is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Proline is derived from the amino acid L-glutamate in which glutamate-5-semialdehyde is first formed by glutamate 5-kinase and glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (which requires NADH or NADPH). This semialdehyde can then either spontaneously cyclize to form 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, which is reduced to proline by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, or turned into ornithine by ornithine aminotransferase, followed by cyclization by ornithine cyclodeaminase to form proline. L-Proline has been found to act as a weak agonist of the glycine receptor and of both NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors. It has been proposed to be a potential endogenous excitotoxin/neurotoxin. Studies in rats have shown that when injected into the brain, proline non-selectively destroys pyramidal and granule cells (PMID: 3409032 ). Therefore, under certain conditions proline can act as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of proline are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including hyperprolinemia type I, hyperprolinemia type II, iminoglycinuria, prolinemia type II, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. People with hyperprolinemia type I often do not show any symptoms even though they have proline levels in their blood between 3 and 10 times the normal level. Some individuals with hyperprolinemia type I exhibit seizures, intellectual disability, or other neurological or psychiatric problems. Hyperprolinemia type II results in proline levels in the blood between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Hyperprolinemia type II has signs and symptoms that vary in severity and is more likely than type I to involve seizures or intellectual disability. L-proline is pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a member of compatible osmolytes. It is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a proline and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-prolinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-prolinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-proline. It is a tautomer of a L-proline zwitterion. Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. L-Proline is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Proline is a cyclic, nonessential amino acid (actually, an imino acid) in humans (synthesized from glutamic acid and other amino acids), Proline is a constituent of many proteins. Found in high concentrations in collagen, proline constitutes almost a third of the residues. Collagen is the main supportive protein of skin, tendons, bones, and connective tissue and promotes their health and healing. (NCI04) L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles. Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.
Alliin
Alliin /ˈæli.ɪn/ is a sulfoxide that is a natural constituent of fresh garlic.[1] It is a derivative of the amino acid cysteine. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase converts alliin into allicin, which is responsible for the aroma of fresh garlic. Allicin and other thiosulfinates in garlic are unstable and form a number of other compounds, such as diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DAT), dithiins and ajoene.[2] Garlic powder is not a source of alliin, nor is fresh garlic upon maceration, since the enzymatic conversion to allicin takes place in the order of seconds. Alliin was the first natural product found to have both carbon- and sulfur-centered stereochemistry.[3] Constituent of garlic oil (Allium sativum), also from ramsons (Allium ursinum). (R)C(S)S-Alliin is found in garden onion, garlic, and onion-family vegetables. (R)C(S)S-Alliin is found in garden onion. (R)C(S)S-Alliin is a constituent of garlic oil (Allium sativum), also from ramsons (Allium ursinum). Alliin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=556-27-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 556-27-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Alliin, an orally active sulfoxide compound derived from garlic, exhibits hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2]. Alliin, an orally active sulfoxide compound derived from garlic, exhibits hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2].
Bicuculline
Bicuculline is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. It has a role as an agrochemical, a central nervous system stimulant, a GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist, a neurotoxin and a GABAA receptor antagonist. It is an isoquinoline alkaloid, a member of isoquinolines and a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid. Bicuculline is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Bicuculline is a natural product found in Fumaria capreolata, Fumaria densiflora, and other organisms with data available. Bicuculline is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Since it blocks the inhibitory action of GABA receptors, the action of bicuculline mimics epilepsy. This property is utilized in laboratories across the world in the in vitro study of epilepsy, generally in hippocampal or cortical neurons in prepared brain slices from rodents. This compound is also routinely used to isolate glutamatergic (excitatory amino acid) receptor function. An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors. A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Bicuculline. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=485-49-4 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 485-49-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), as a convulsant alkaloid, is a competitive neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks the slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP) [1][2][3]. Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is A competing neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+ activating potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks slow post-hyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant activity. Bicuculline can be used to induce seizures in mice[1][2][3][4]. Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), as a convulsant alkaloid, is a competitive neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks the slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP) [1][2][3].
L-Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (Glu), also known as L-glutamic acid or as glutamate, the name of its anion, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-glutamic acid is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glutamic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an acidic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans it is a non-essential amino acid and can be synthesized via alanine or aspartic acid via alpha-ketoglutarate and the action of various transaminases. Glutamate also plays an important role in the bodys disposal of excess or waste nitrogen. Glutamate undergoes deamination, an oxidative reaction catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase leading to alpha-ketoglutarate. In many respects glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid). Glutamate was discovered in 1866 when it was extracted from wheat gluten (from where it got its name. Glutamate has an important role as a food additive and food flavoring agent. In 1908, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth (a Japanese soup) as glutamic acid. These crystals, when tasted, reproduced a salty, savory flavor detected in many foods, most especially in seaweed. Professor Ikeda termed this flavor umami. He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. L-glutamic acid is an optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a ferroptosis inducer and a neurotransmitter. It is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a glutamic acid and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate acid of a L-glutamate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-glutamic acid. A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. See also: Monosodium Glutamate (active moiety of); Glatiramer Acetate (monomer of); Glatiramer (monomer of) ... View More ... obtained from acid hydrolysis of proteins. Since 1965 the industrial source of glutamic acid for MSG production has been bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate sources such as molasses and corn starch hydrolysate in the presence of a nitrogen source such as ammonium salts or urea. Annual production approx. 350000t worldwide in 1988. Seasoning additive in food manuf. (as Na, K and NH4 salts). Dietary supplement, nutrient Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E;[4] the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use. It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. Its molecular formula is C 5H 9NO 4. Glutamic acid exists in two optically isomeric forms; the dextrorotatory l-form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of gluten or from the waste waters of beet-sugar manufacture or by fermentation.[5][full citation needed] Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COOH, with two carboxyl groups −COOH and one amino group −NH 2. However, in the solid state and mildly acidic water solutions, the molecule assumes an electrically neutral zwitterion structure −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COOH. It is encoded by the codons GAA or GAG. The acid can lose one proton from its second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base, the singly-negative anion glutamate −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COO−. This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions. The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation.[6] This anion creates the savory umami flavor of foods and is found in glutamate flavorings such as MSG. In Europe, it is classified as food additive E620. In highly alkaline solutions the doubly negative anion −OOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COO− prevails. The radical corresponding to glutamate is called glutamyl. The one-letter symbol E for glutamate was assigned in alphabetical sequence to D for aspartate, being larger by one methylene –CH2– group.[7] DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
Phorbol
Phorbol is a white solid. (NTP, 1992) Phorbol is a diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions. It is a tetracyclic diterpenoid, an enone, a cyclic ketone, a tertiary alcohol and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone. It derives from a hydride of a tigliane. Phorbol is a natural product found in Euphorbia tirucalli, Croton tiglium, and Rehmannia glutinosa with data available. Phorbol is a natural, plant-derived organic compound. It is a member of the tigliane family of diterpenes. Phorbol was first isolated in 1934 as the hydrolysis product of croton oil, which is derived from the seeds of the purging croton, Croton tiglium. The structure of phorbol was determined in 1967. It is very soluble in most polar organic solvents, as well as in water. Phorbol is a highly toxic diterpene, whose esters have important biological properties. Phorbol is a highly toxic diterpene, whose esters have important biological properties.
Nookatone
Nootkatone is a natural organic compound and is the most important and expensive aromatic of grapefruit. It is a sesquiterpene and a ketone. Nootkatone was previously thought to be one of the main chemical components of the smell and flavour of grapefruits. In its solid form it is usually found as crystals. As a liquid, it is viscous and yellow. Nootkatone is typically extracted from grapefruit, but can also be manufactured with genetically modified organisms, or through the chemical or biochemical oxidation of valencene. It is also found in Alaska yellow cedar trees and vetiver grass. (+)-nootkatone is a sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer). It has a role as a plant metabolite, a fragrance and an insect repellent. It is a sesquiterpenoid, an enone and a carbobicyclic compound. Nootkatone is a natural product found in Teucrium asiaticum, Teucrium oxylepis, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of grapefruit oil and juice. Flavouring ingredient. Nootkatone is found in many foods, some of which are citrus, sweet orange, lime, and lemon. Nootkatone is an organic compound, a sesquiterpenoid, which means that it is a C15 derivative that also contains an oxygen-containing functional group (a ketone). It is the most valuable aroma compound of grapefruit.[2] Nootkatone was originally isolated from the wood of the Alaskan yellow cedar, Cupressus nootkatensis. The species name, nootkatensis, is derived from the language of the Nuu-Chah-Nulth people of Canada (formerly referred to as the Nootka people).[3] Nootkatone, a neuroprotective agent from Vitis vinifera, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Nootkatone improves cognitive impairment in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[2]. Nootkatone, a neuroprotective agent from Vitis vinifera, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Nootkatone improves cognitive impairment in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[2].
Accent
One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor. See also: Monosodium Glutamate (preferred); Glutamic Acid (has active moiety) ... View More ... D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
Picrotoxinin
Picrotoxinin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as furopyrans. These are organic polycyclic compounds containing a furan ring fused to a pyran ring. Furan is a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Pyran a six-membered heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring, made up of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom and containing two double bonds. Picrotoxinin is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists Picrotoxinin is a picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a GABA antagonist and a serotonergic antagonist. It is an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an epoxide, a tertiary alcohol, a gamma-lactone and a picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid. Picrotoxinin is a natural product found in Picrodendron baccatum and Anamirta cocculus with data available. Picrotoxinin, a potent convulsant, is a chloride channel blocker. Picrotoxinin is a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, which negatively modulates the action of GABA on GABAA receptors. Picrotoxinin inhibits α1β2γ2L GABAA receptor with an IC50 of 1.15 μM[1]. Picrotoxinin, a potent convulsant, is a chloride channel blocker. Picrotoxinin is a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, which negatively modulates the action of GABA on GABAA receptors. Picrotoxinin inhibits α1β2γ2L GABAA receptor with an IC50 of 1.15 μM[1].
Canadine
(S)-canadine is the (S)-enantiomer of canadine. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an an (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine and a canadine. It is functionally related to a (S)-nandinine. It is an enantiomer of a (R)-canadine. (S)-Canadine is a natural product found in Hydrastis canadensis, Corydalis turtschaninovii, and other organisms with data available. The (S)-enantiomer of canadine. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.721 D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.718 Tetrahydroberberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis Corydalis, with uM-level affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors. Tetrahydroberberine is a different kind of living thing that can be extended and divided into parts. Tetrahydroberberine is a kind of effective D2 receptor antagonistic force. Tetrahydroberberine has the ability to strengthen the stomach and relieve the pressure on the stomach[1][2][3]. Tetrahydroberberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis Corydalis, with uM-level affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors.
Pelargonic acid
Nonanoic acid is a C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers. It has a role as an antifeedant, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and a medium-chain fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a nonanoate. It derives from a hydride of a nonane. Nonanoic acid is a natural product found in Staphisagria macrosperma, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and other organisms with data available. Nonanoic Acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. The ammonium salt form of nonanoic acid is used as an herbicide. It works by stripping the waxy cuticle of the plant, causing cell disruption, cell leakage, and death by desiccation. Nonanoic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pelargonic acid, or nonanoic acid, is a fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters is the oil of pelargonium. Synthetic esters, such as methyl nonanoate, are used as flavorings. Pelargonic acid is an organic compound composed of a nine-carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid. It is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It is nearly insoluble in water, but well soluble in chloroform and ether. The derivative 4-nonanoylmorpholine is an ingredient in some pepper sprays. A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers. Nonanoic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=112-05-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 112-05-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1]. Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1].
Kynurenic acid
Kynurenic acid is a quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4. It has a role as a G-protein-coupled receptor agonist, a NMDA receptor antagonist, a nicotinic antagonist, a neuroprotective agent, a human metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a monohydroxyquinoline and a quinolinemonocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a kynurenate. Kynurenic Acid is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02340325 (FS2 Safety and Tolerability Study in Healthy Volunteers). Kynurenic acid is a natural product found in Ephedra foeminea, Ephedra intermedia, and other organisms with data available. Kynurenic acid is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a well-known endogenous antagonist of the glutamate ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainate receptors and of the nicotine cholinergic subtype alpha 7 receptors. KYNA neuroprotective and anticonvulsive activities have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Because of KYNAs neuromodulatory character, its involvement has been speculatively linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological conditions including those in the ageing process. Different patterns of abnormalities in various stages of KYNA metabolism in the CNS have been reported in Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease. In HIV-1-infected patients and in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis a marked rise of KYNA metabolism was seen. In the ageing process KYNA metabolism in the CNS of rats shows a characteristic pattern of changes throughout the life span. A marked increase of the KYNA content in the CNS occurs before the birth, followed by a dramatic decline on the day of birth. A low activity was seen during ontogenesis, and a slow and progressive enhancement occurs during maturation and ageing. This remarkable profile of KYNA metabolism alterations in the mammalian brain has been suggested to result from the development of the organisation of neuronal connections and synaptic plasticity, development of receptor recognition sites, maturation and ageing. There is significant evidence that KYNA can improve cognition and memory, but it has also been demonstrated that it interferes with working memory. Impairment of cognitive function in various neurodegenerative disorders is accompanied by profound reduction and/or elevation of KYNA metabolism. The view that enhancement of CNS KYNA levels could underlie cognitive decline is supported by the increased KYNA metabolism in Alzheimers disease, by the increased KYNA metabolism in downs syndrome and the enhancement of KYNA function during the early stage of Huntingtons disease. Kynurenic acid is the only endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist identified up to now, that mediates glutamatergic hypofunction. Schizophrenia is a disorder of dopaminergic neurotransmission, but modulation of the dopaminergic system by glutamatergic neurotransmission seems to play a key role. Despite the NMDA receptor antagonism, kynurenic acid also blocks, in lower doses, the nicotinergic acetycholine receptor, i.e., increased kynurenic acid levels can explain psychotic symptoms and cognitive deterioration. Kynurenic acid levels are described to be higher in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in critical central nervous system (CNS) regions of schizophrenics as compared to controls. (A3279, A3280).... Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a well-known endogenous antagonist of the glutamate ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainate receptors and of the nicotine cholinergic subtype alpha 7 receptors. KYNA neuroprotective and anticonvulsive activities have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Because of KYNAs neuromodulatory character, its involvement has been speculatively linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological conditions including those in the ageing process. Different patterns of abnormalities in various stages of KYNA metabolism in the CNS have been reported in Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease. In HIV-1-infected patients and in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis a marked rise of KYNA metabolism was seen. In the ageing process KYNA metabolism in the CNS of rats shows a characteristic pattern of changes throughout the life span. A marked increase of the KYNA content in the CNS occurs before the birth, followed by a dramatic decline on the day of birth. A low activity was seen during ontogenesis, and a slow and progressive enhancement occurs during maturation and ageing. This remarkable profile of KYNA metabolism alterations in the mammalian brain has been suggested to result from the development of the organisation of neuronal connections and synaptic plasticity, development of receptor recognition sites, maturation and ageing. There is significant evidence that KYNA can improve cognition and memory, but it has also been demonstrated that it interferes with working memory. Impairment of cognitive function in various neurodegenerative disorders is accompanied by profound reduction and/or elevation of KYNA metabolism. The view that enhancement of CNS KYNA levels could underlie cognitive decline is supported by the increased KYNA metabolism in Alzheimers disease, by the increased KYNA metabolism in downs syndrome and the enhancement of KYNA function during the early stage of Huntingtons disease. Kynurenic acid is the only endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist identified up to now, that mediates glutamatergic hypofunction. Schizophrenia is a disorder of dopaminergic neurotransmission, but modulation of the dopaminergic system by glutamatergic neurotransmission seems to play a key role. Despite the NMDA receptor antagonism, kynurenic acid also blocks, in lower doses, the nicotinergic acetycholine receptor, i.e., increased kynurenic acid levels can explain psychotic symptoms and cognitive deterioration. Kynurenic acid levels are described to be higher in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in critical central nervous system (CNS) regions of schizophrenics as compared to controls. (PMID: 17062375 , 16088227). KYNA has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a well-known endogenous antagonist of the glutamate ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainate receptors and of the nicotine cholinergic subtype alpha 7 receptors. KYNA neuroprotective and anticonvulsive activities have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Because of KYNAs neuromodulatory character, its involvement has been speculatively linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological conditions including those in the ageing process. Different patterns of abnormalities in various stages of KYNA metabolism in the CNS have been reported in Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease. In HIV-1-infected patients and in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis a marked rise of KYNA metabolism was seen. In the ageing process KYNA metabolism in the CNS of rats shows a characteristic pattern of changes throughout the life span. A marked increase of the KYNA content in the CNS occurs before the birth, followed by a dramatic decline on the day of birth. A low activity was seen during ontogenesis, and a slow and progressive enhancement occurs during maturation and ageing. This remarkable profile of KYNA metabolism alterations in the mammalian brain has been suggested to result from the development of the organisation of neuronal connections and synaptic plasticity, development of receptor recognition sites, maturation and ageing. There is significant evidence that KYNA can improve cognition and memory, but it has also been demonstrated that it interferes with working memory. Impairment of cognitive function in various neurodegenerative disorders is accompanied by profound reduction and/or elevation of KYNA metabolism. The view that enhancement of CNS KYNA levels could underlie cognitive decline is supported by the increased KYNA metabolism in Alzheimers disease, by the increased KYNA metabolism in downs syndrome and the enhancement of KYNA function during the early stage of Huntingtons disease. Kynurenic acid is the only endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist identified up to now, that mediates glutamatergic hypofunction. Schizophrenia is a disorder of dopaminergic neurotransmission, but modulation of the dopaminergic system by glutamatergic neurotransmission seems to play a key role. Despite the NMDA receptor antagonism, kynurenic acid also blocks, in lower doses, the nicotinergic acetycholine receptor, i.e., increased kynurenic acid levels can explain psychotic symptoms and cognitive deterioration. Kynurenic acid levels are described to be higher in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in critical central nervous system (CNS) regions of schizophrenics as compared to controls. (PMID: 17062375, 16088227) [HMDB] D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4. [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_30eV_1-3_01_673.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_50eV_1-3_01_675.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_40eV_1-3_01_674.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_30eV_1-3_01_726.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_20eV_1-3_01_672.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_10eV_1-3_01_671.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_20eV_1-3_01_725.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_50eV_1-3_01_728.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_40eV_1-3_01_727.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_10eV_1-3_01_724.txt Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8.
(RS)-3,5-DHPG
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists DHPG ((RS)-3,5-DHPG) is an amino acid, which acts as a selective and potent agonist of group I mGluR (mGluR 1 and mGluR 5), shows no effect on Group II or Group III mGluRs[1]. DHPG ((RS)-3,5-DHPG) is also an effective antagonist of mGluRs linked to phospholipase D[2].
Levorphanol
Levorphanol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [PubChem]Like other mu-agonist opioids it is believed to act at receptors in the periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter in both the brain and spinal cord to alter the transmission and perception of pain. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid is an amino acid derivative acting as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor, and therefore mimics the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate on that receptor. In contrast to glutamate, NMDA binds to and regulates the above receptor only, but not other glutamate receptors. NMDA is a water-soluble endogenous metabolite that plays an important role in the neuroendocrine system of species across Animalia (PMID:18096065). It was first synthesized in the 1960s (PMID:14056452). NMDA is an excitotoxin; this trait has applications in behavioural neuroscience research. The body of work utilizing this technique falls under the term "lesion studies." Researchers apply NMDA to specific regions of an (animal) subjects brain or spinal cord and subsequently test for the behaviour of interest, such as operant behaviour. If the behaviour is compromised, it suggests that the destroyed tissue was part of a brain region that made an important contribution to the normal expression of that behaviour. Examples of antagonists of the NMDA receptor are ketamine, amantadine, dextromethorphan (DXM), riluzole, and memantine. They are commonly referred to as NMDA receptor antagonists (PMID:28877137). N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid is an amino acid derivative acting as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor, and therefore mimics the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate on that receptor. In contrast to glutamate, NMDA binds to and regulates the above receptor only, but not other glutamate receptors. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists N-Methyl-DL-aspartic acid is a glutamate analogue and a?NMDA?receptor?agonist and can be used for neurological diseases research[1][2].
Spermine
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound. [Spectral] Spermine (exact mass = 202.21575) and Spermidine (exact mass = 145.1579) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Occurs as phosphate in ox pancreas, yeast and meat products IPB_RECORD: 270; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID S011; [MS2] KO009230 KEIO_ID S011 Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects.
cathinone
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.
Clozapine
A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [PubChem] N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AH - Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2841 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1600 Clozapine (HF 1854) is an antipsychotic used for the research of schizophrenia. Clozapine has high affinity for a number of neuroreceptors. Clozapine is a potent antagonist of dopamine D2 with a Ki of 75 nM. Clozapine inhibits the muscarinic M1 receptor and serotonin 5HT2A receptor with Kis of 9.5 nM and 4 nM, respectively[1][2][3]. Clozapine is also a potent and selective agonist at the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM)[4].
Dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan is an antitussive drug that is found in many over-the-counter cold and cough preparations, usually in the form of dextromethorphan hydrobromide. Dextromethorphan is a salt of the methyl ether dextrorotatory isomer of levorphanol, a narcotic analgesic. Dextromethorphan occurs as white crystals, is sparingly soluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol. The drug is dextrorotatory in water (at 20 degrees Celsius, Sodium D-line) with a specific rotation of +27.6 degrees. Following oral administration, dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, where it enters the bloodstream and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. The first-pass through the hepatic portal vein results in some of the drug being metabolized into an active metabolite of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, the 3-hydroxy derivative of dextromethorphan. The therapeutic activity of dextromethorphan is believed to be caused by both the drug and this metabolite. Dextromethorphan is predominantly metabolized by the liver, by various hepatic enzymes. Through various pathways, the drug undergoes (O-demethylation (which produces dextrorphan), N-demethylation, and partial conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate ions. The inactive metabolite (+)-3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan is formed as a product of DXM metabolism by these pathways. One well known metabolic catalyst involved is a specific cytochrome P450 enzyme known as 2D6, or CYP2D6. A significant portion of the population has a functional deficiency in this enzyme (and are known as poor CYP2D6 metabolizers). As CYP2D6 is the primary metabolic pathway in the inactivation of dextromethorphan, the duration of action and effects of dextromethorphan are significantly increased in such poor metabolizers. Deaths and hospitalizations have been reported in recreational use by poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. -- Wikipedia. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [PubChem] Dextromethorphan is an antitussive drug that is found in many over-the-counter cold and cough preparations, usually in the form of dextromethorphan hydrobromide. Dextromethorphan is a salt of the methyl ether dextrorotatory isomer of levorphanol, a narcotic analgesic. Dextromethorphan occurs as white crystals, is sparingly soluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol. The drug is dextrorotatory in water (at 20 degrees Celsius, Sodium D-line) with a specific rotation of +27.6 degrees. Following oral administration, dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, where it enters the bloodstream and crosses the blood-brain barrier. The first-pass through the hepatic portal vein results in some of the drug being metabolized into an active metabolite of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, the 3-hydroxy derivative of dextromethorphan. The therapeutic activity of dextromethorphan is believed to be caused by both the drug and this metabolite. Dextromethorphan is predominantly metabolized by the liver, by various hepatic enzymes. Through various pathways, the drug undergoes (O-demethylation (which produces dextrorphan), N-demethylation, and partial conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate ions. The inactive metabolite (+)-3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan is formed as a product of DXM metabolism by these pathways. One well known metabolic catalyst involved is a specific cytochrome P450 enzyme known as 2D6, or CYP2D6. A significant portion of the population has a functional deficiency in this enzyme (and are known as poor CYP2D6 metabolizers). As CYP2D6 is the primary metabolic pathway in the inactivation of dextromethorphan, the duration of action and effects of dextromethorphan are significantly increased in such poor metabolizers. Deaths and hospitalizations have been reported in recreational use by poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. -- Wikipedia [HMDB] R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05D - Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants > R05DA - Opium alkaloids and derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2199 - Adjuvant Analgesic C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents
Heroin
A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses. N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BC - Drugs used in opioid dependence D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist > C1657 - Opiate D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1533
Ketamine
Ketamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [PubChem]Ketamine has several clinically useful properties, including analgesia and less cardiorespiratory depressant effects than other anaesthetic agents, it also causes some stimulation of the cardiocascular system. Ketamine has been reported to produce general as well as local anaesthesia. It interacts with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, opioid receptors, monoaminergic receptors, muscarinic receptors and voltage sensitive Ca ion channels. Unlike other general anaesthetic agents, ketamine does not interact with GABA receptors. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2826 KEIO_ID K005; [MS2] KO009114 KEIO_ID K005 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Morphine
Morphine, also known as (-)-morphine or morphine sulfate, is a member of the class of compounds known as morphinans. Morphinans are polycyclic compounds with a four-ring skeleton with three condensed six-member rings forming a partially hydrogenated phenanthrene moiety, one of which is aromatic while the two others are alicyclic. Morphine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Morphine can be synthesized from morphinan. Morphine is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, myrophine, heroin, and codeine. Morphine can be found in a number of food items such as nanking cherry, eggplant, millet, and common hazelnut, which makes morphine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Morphine can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human kidney and liver tissues. In humans, morphine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include heroin action pathway, morphine metabolism pathway, heroin metabolism pathway, and codeine metabolism pathway. Morphine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Morphine is a drug which is used for the relief and treatment of severe pain. The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. In 2013, an estimated 523 000 kg of morphine were produced. About 45 000 kg were used directly for pain, a four-time increase over the last twenty years. Most use for this purpose was in the developed world. About 70\\% of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and heroin. It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, Class A in the United Kingdom, and Schedule I in Canada. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Morphine is sold under many trade names . Primarily hepatic (90\\%), converted to dihydromorphinone and normorphineand is) also converted to morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide. Virtually all morphine is converted to glucuronide metabolites; only a small fraction (less than 5\\%) of absorbed morphine is demethylated (DrugBank). In the treatment of morphine overdosage, primary attention should be given to the re- establishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation. Supportive measures (including oxygen, vasopressors) should be employed in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema accompanying overdose as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias may require cardiac massage or defibrillation. The pure opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, are specific antidotes against respiratory depression which results from opioid overdose. Naloxone should be administered intravenously; however, because its duration of action is relatively short, the patient must be carefully monitored until spontaneous respiration is reliably re-established. If the response to naloxone is suboptimal or not sustained, additional naloxone may be administered, as needed, or given by continuous infusion to maintain alertness and respiratory function; however, there is no information available about the cumulative dose of naloxone that may be safely administered (L1712) (T3DB). Morphine is the principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. In 2017, morphine was the 155th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than four million prescriptions. Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain. Its duration of analgesia is about three to seven hours. A large overdose of morphine can cause asphyxia and death by respiratory depression if the person does not receive medical attention immediately. Morphine is naturally produced by several plants (such as the opium poppy) and animals (PMID: 22578954). Morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by Friedrich Sertürner. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, as it has a tendency to cause sleep. The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. Morphine is also endogenously produced by humans. In the mid 2000s it was found morphine can be synthesized by white blood cells (PMID 22578954). CYP2D6, a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme, catalyzes the biosynthesis of morphine from codeine and dopamine from tyramine. The morphine biosynthetic pathway in humans occurs as follows: L-tyrosine -> para-tyramine or L-DOPA -> dopamine -> (S)-norlaudanosoline -> (S)-reticuline -> 1,2-dehydroretinulinium -> (R)-reticuline -> salutaridine -> salutaridinol -> thebaine -> neopinone -> codeinone -> codeine -> morphine. (S)-Norlaudanosoline (also known as tetrahydropapaveroline) which is an important intermediate in the WBC biosynthesis of morphine can also be synthesized from 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), a metabolite of L-DOPA and dopamine. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle (PMID: 4582903). The precise mechanism of the analgesic action of morphine is not fully known. However, specific CNS opiate receptors have been identified and likely play a role in the induction of analgesic effects. Morphine first acts on the mu-opioid receptors. The mechanism of respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation. It has been shown that morphine binds to and inhibits GABA inhibitory interneurons. These interneurons normally inhibit the descending pain inhibition pathway. So, without the inhibitory signals, pain modulation can proceed downstream. When the dose of morphine is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms such as drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation may also occur (PMID: 23244430). Morphine is only found in easily detectable quantities in individuals that have used or taken this drug. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist > C1657 - Opiate N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AA - Natural opium alkaloids relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.056 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2744 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1580
Inosine triphosphate
Inosine triphosphate (ITP) is an intermediate in the purine metabolism pathway. Relatively high levels of ITP in red cells are found in individuals as result of deficiency of inosine triphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.56, ITPase) ITPase is a cytosolic nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase specific for ITP catalysis to inosine monophosphate (IMP) and deoxy-inosine triphosphate (dITP) to deoxy-inosine monophosphate. ITPase deficiency is not associated with any defined pathology other than the characteristic and abnormal accumulation of ITP in red blood cells. Nevertheless, ITPase deficiency may have pharmacogenomic implications, and the abnormal metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine in ITPase-deficient patients may lead to thiopurine drug toxicity. ITPases function is not clearly understood but possible roles for ITPase could be to prevent the accumulation of rogue nucleotides which would be otherwise incorporated into DNA and RNA, or compete with nucleotides such as GTP in signalling processes. (PMID : 170291, 1204209, 17113761, 17924837) [HMDB] Inosine triphosphate (ITP) is an intermediate in the purine metabolism pathway. Relatively high levels of ITP in red cells are found in individuals as result of deficiency of inosine triphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.56, ITPase) ITPase is a cytosolic nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase specific for ITP catalysis to inosine monophosphate (IMP) and deoxy-inosine triphosphate (dITP) to deoxy-inosine monophosphate. ITPase deficiency is not associated with any defined pathology other than the characteristic and abnormal accumulation of ITP in red blood cells. Nevertheless, ITPase deficiency may have pharmacogenomic implications, and the abnormal metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine in ITPase-deficient patients may lead to thiopurine drug toxicity. ITPases function is not clearly understood but possible roles for ITPase could be to prevent the accumulation of rogue nucleotides which would be otherwise incorporated into DNA and RNA, or compete with nucleotides such as GTP in signalling processes. (PMID: 170291, 1204209, 17113761, 17924837).
Quinolinic acid
Quinolinic acid, also known as quinolinate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridinecarboxylic acids are compounds containing a pyridine ring bearing a carboxylic acid group. It is also classified as a pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, which is a dicarboxylic acid with a pyridine backbone. Quinolinic acid is a colorless solid. In plants, it is the biosynthetic precursor to nicotine. Quinolinic acid is found in all organisms, from microbes to plants to animals. Quinolinic acid can be biosynthesized via aspartic acid in plants. Oxidation of aspartate by the enzyme aspartate oxidase gives iminosuccinate, containing the two carboxylic acid groups that are found in quinolinic acid. Condensation of iminosuccinate with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, mediated by quinolinate synthase, affords quinolinic acid Quinolinic acid is also a downstream product of the kynurenine pathway, which metabolizes the amino acid tryptophan ((PMID: 22678511). The kynurenine/tryptophan degradation pathway is important for its production of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and produces several neuroactive intermediates including quinolinic acid, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HANA). In animals quinolinic acid acts as an NMDA receptor agonist and has a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders (PMID: 22678511). It also acts as a neurotoxin, gliotoxin, proinflammatory mediator, and pro-oxidant molecule (PMID: 22248144). Quinolinic acid can act as an endogenous brain excitotoxin when released by activated macrophages (PMID: 15013955). Within the brain, quinolinic acid is only produced by activated microglia and macrophages. Quinolinic acid is unable to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and must be produced within the brain by microglial cells or macrophages that have passed the BBB (PMID: 22248144). While quinolinic acid cannot pass through the BBB, kynurenic acid, tryptophan and 3-hydroxykynurenine can and can subsequently act as precursors to the production of quinolinic acid in the brain (PMID: 22248144). Quinolinic acid has potent neurotoxic effects. Studies have demonstrated that quinolinic acid may be involved in many psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases in the brain including ALS, Alzheimer’s disease, brain ischemia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and AIDS-dementia. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS. Indeed, levels of quinolinic acid in the CSF of AIDS patients suffering from AIDS-dementia can be up to twenty times higher than normal (PMID: 10936623). Quinolinic acid levels are increased in the brains of children infected with a range of bacterial infections of the central nervous system (CNS), of poliovirus patients, and of Lyme disease with CNS involvement patients. In addition, raised quinolinic acid levels have been found in traumatic CNS injury patients, patients suffering from cognitive decline with ageing, hyperammonaemia patients, hypoglycaemia patients, and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Quinolinic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as Ceylon cinnamons, pitanga, Oregon yampahs, red bell peppers, and durians. This could make quinolinic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Quinolinic acid, also known as pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate or 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridinecarboxylic acids are compounds containing a pyridine ring bearing a carboxylic acid group. Quinolinic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Quinolinic acid can be found in a number of food items such as coconut, pistachio, chinese chives, and common bean, which makes quinolinic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Quinolinic acid can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Quinolinic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, quinolinic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and tryptophan metabolism. Moreover, quinolinic acid is found to be associated with malaria, anemia, cNS tumors, and aIDS. Quinolinic acid has a potent neurotoxic effect. Studies have demonstrated that quinolinic acid may be involved in many psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative processes in the brain, as well as other disorders. Within the brain, quinolinic acid is only produced by activated microglia and macrophages . Quinolinic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=89-00-9 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 89-00-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Quinolinic acid is an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist synthesized from L-tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway and thereby has the potential of mediating N-methyl-D-aspartate neuronal damage and dysfunction[1][2]. Quinolinic acid is an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist synthesized from L-tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway and thereby has the potential of mediating N-methyl-D-aspartate neuronal damage and dysfunction[1][2].
Strychnine
Strychnine (/ˈstrɪkniːn, -nɪn/, STRIK-neen, -nin, US chiefly /-naɪn/ -nyne)[6][7] is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine, when inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the eyes or mouth, causes poisoning which results in muscular convulsions and eventually death through asphyxia.[8] While it is no longer used medicinally, it was used historically in small doses to strengthen muscle contractions, such as a heart and bowel stimulant[9] and performance-enhancing drug. The most common source is from the seeds of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree. Strychnine is a natural product found in Strychnos ignatii, Strychnos wallichiana D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D003292 - Convulsants A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018684 - Glycine Agents D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons Annotation level-1 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.465 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.456 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5745; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5743 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5769; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5767 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5764; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5762 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5713; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5712 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5746; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5745 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5749; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5746 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2322
Glycerol 3-phosphate
Glycerol 3-phosphate, also known as glycerophosphoric acid or alpha-glycerophosphorate, is a member of the class of compounds known as glycerophosphates. Glycerophosphates are compounds containing a glycerol linked to a phosphate group. Glycerol 3-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glycerol 3-phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as sacred lotus, common oregano, mixed nuts, and yautia, which makes glycerol 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glycerol 3-phosphate can be found primarily in blood, feces, saliva, and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. Glycerol 3-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, glycerol 3-phosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-21:0/a-21:0/i-21:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/a-25:0/i-13:0/i-12:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-21:0/i-21:0/a-25:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/i-18:0/a-13:0). Glycerol 3-phosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-24:0/19:0/16:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(16:0/22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/16:1(9Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/14:1(9Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/20:2(11Z,14Z)). Glycerol 3-phosphate is a chemical intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. It is commonly confused with the similarly named glycerate 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate is produced from glycerol, the triose sugar backbone of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Glycerol 3-phospate may then be converted by dehydrogenation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP can then be rearranged into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) by triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), and feed into glycolysis. The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used to rapidly regenerate NAD+ in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of mammals (wikipedia). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID G072
Amantadine
An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [PubChem] N - Nervous system > N04 - Anti-parkinson drugs > N04B - Dopaminergic agents > N04BB - Adamantane derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents > D000978 - Antiparkinson Agents Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C38149 - Antiparkinsonian Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker KEIO_ID A061 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is a psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug. It is a member of the amphetamine group of sympathomimetic amines. Methamphetamine can induce effects such as euphoria, increased alertness and energy, and enhanced self-esteem. It is a scheduled drug in most countries due to its high potential for addiction and abuse. N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics > N06BA - Centrally acting sympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2829 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Felbamate
Felbamate is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is used to treat partial seizures (with and without generalization) in adults and partial and generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in children. It has a weak inhibitory effect on GABA receptor binding sites. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics Felbamate (W-554) is a potent nonsedative anticonvulsant whose clinical effect may be related to the inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA).
Flupentixol
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AF - Thioxanthene derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66883 - Dopamine Antagonist
Tacrine
Tacrine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a centerally active cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimers disease and other central nervous system disorders. [PubChem]The mechanism of tacrine is not fully known, but it is suggested that the drug is an anticholinesterase agent which reversibly binds with and inactivates cholinesterases. This inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine released from functioning cholinergic neurons, thus leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. The result is a prolonged effect of acetylcholine. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010277 - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06D - Anti-dementia drugs > N06DA - Anticholinesterases D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018697 - Nootropic Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID A123
Remifentanil
Remifentanil (marketed by Abbott as Ultiva) is a potent ultra short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anaesthetic. Remifentanil is a specific mu-type-opioid receptor agonist. Hence, it causes a reduction in sympathetic nervous system tone, respiratory depression and analgesia. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AH - Opioid anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Pilocarpine
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D008916 - Miotics N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2265 Pilocarpine is a selective M3-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 muscarinic receptor) agonist.
Cyanuric acid
Because of their trifunctionality, CYA is a precursor to crosslinking agents, especially for polyurethane resins. Cyanuric acid or 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol is a chemical compound with the formula (CNOH)3. Like many industrially useful chemicals, this triazine has many synonyms. This white, odorless solid finds use as a precursor or a component of bleaches, disinfectants, and herbicides. In 1997, worldwide production was 160 million kilograms.
Cocaine
Cocaine, also known as coke, is an alkaloid ester obtained from the leaves of the coca plant (PMID: 20857618). It is a weakly alkaline compound and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form white salts or powders (which is how it is typically sold and consumed). Cocaine is a strong stimulant that is most frequently used as a recreational drug. It is the second most frequently used illegal drug globally, after cannabis. The stimulant and hunger suppression properties of cocaine and coca leaf extracts have been known for thousands of years by indigenous groups in central and South America. The coca leaf was, and still is, chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities. Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This inhibition leads to a number of mental and physical effects that may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, periods of agitation, along with a rapid heart rate, sweating, and dialated pupils. Cocaine is highly addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain (PMID: 22856655). Cocaine addiction occurs through overexpression of the FosB protein in the nucleus accumbens of the brain, which results in altered transcriptional regulation in neurons within the nucleus accumbens. Cocaine is harmful. Its use increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems (in those who smoke it), blood infections, and sudden cardiac death. Medically, cocaine is infrequently used as a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor to cause loss of feeling or numbness before certain medical procedures (e.g., biopsy, stitches, wound cleaning) (PMID: 28956316). Topical cocaine is occasionally used as a local numbing agent to help with painful procedures in the mouth or nose. Cocaine is now predominantly used for nasal and lacrimal duct surgery. It works quickly to numb certain areas of the body (e.g., nose, ear, or throat) about 1-2 minutes after application. Cocaine functions as an anesthesia by reversibly binding to and inactivating sodium channels, thereby inhibiting excitation of nerve endings or by blocking conduction in peripheral nerves. Cocaine and its major metabolites are only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AD - Anesthetics, local S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02D - Other otologicals > S02DA - Analgesics and anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local > N01BC - Esters of benzoic acid S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01H - Local anesthetics > S01HA - Local anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2817 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2817; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1619 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Methadone
A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of morphine. It also has a depressant action on the cough center and may be given to control intractable cough associated with terminal lung cancer. Methadone is also used as part of the treatment of dependence on opioid drugs, although prolonged use of methadone itself may result in dependence. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8112; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8110 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8059; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8057 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8114; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8112 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8021; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8016 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8067; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8064 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 513; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8100; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8098 N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BC - Drugs used in opioid dependence D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2828 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1628
Haloperidol
A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorders, ballism, and tourette syndrome (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in mental retardation and the chorea of huntington disease. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable hiccups. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 588; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7649; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7647 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 588; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7684; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7682 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 588; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7681; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7680 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 588; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7678; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7677 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 588; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7604; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7602 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 588; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7639; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7638 D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AD - Butyrophenone derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66883 - Dopamine Antagonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C323 - Butyrophenone D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3566 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1122 Haloperidol is a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, widely used as an antipsychotic.
Tripelennamine
Tripelennamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat asthma; HAY fever; urticaria; and rhinitis; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically. [PubChem]Tripelennamine binds to the histamine H1 receptor. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine. D - Dermatologicals > D04 - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04A - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04AA - Antihistamines for topical use R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AC - Substituted ethylene diamines D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents
temephos
D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Memantine
Memantine is an amantadine derivative with low to moderate-affinity for NMDA receptors. It is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist that binds preferentially to NMDA receptor-operated cation channels. It blocks the effects of excessive levels of glutamate that may lead to neuronal dysfunction. It is under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimers disease, but there has been no clinical support for the prevention or slowing of disease progression. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents > D000978 - Antiparkinson Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C38149 - Antiparkinsonian Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06D - Anti-dementia drugs D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3351 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2679 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8601
Vigabatrin
Vigabatrin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)It is believed that vigabatrin increases brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by irreversibly inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase GABA-T) or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. Vigabatrin may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AG - Fatty acid derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3626 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Vigabatrin (γ-Vinyl-GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA vinyl-derivative, is an orally active and irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor. Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic agent, which acts by increasing GABA levels in the brain by inhibiting the catabolism of GABA by GABA transaminase[1][2][3].
aniracetam
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018697 - Nootropic Agents C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent Same as: D01883 Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) is an orally active neuroprotective agent, possessing nootropics effects. Aniracetam potentiates the ionotropic quisqualate (iQA) responses in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. Aniracetam also potentiates the excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in Schaffer collateral-commissural synapses. Aniracetam can prevents the CO2-induced impairment of acquisition in hypercapnia model rats. Aniracetam can be used to research cerebral dysfunctional disorders[1][2][3][4].
Phenylacetone
Phenylacetone is a DEA Schedule II controlled substance. Substances in the DEA Schedule II have a high potential for abuse which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. It is a Immediate precursors substance. Phenylacetone is a propanone that is propan-2-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 1. It is a member of propanones and a methyl ketone. Phenylacetone. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=103-79-7 (retrieved 2024-10-28) (CAS RN: 103-79-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Psilocybine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Diacetoxyscirpenol
Diacetoxyscirpenol is a constituent of Fusarium species Mycotoxin D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins Constituent of Fusarium subspecies Mycotoxin C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Kasugamycin
An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties. Kasugamycin is an amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a protein synthesis inhibitor and an antifungal agrochemical. It is an amino cyclitol glycoside, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, a monosaccharide derivative, a carboxamidine and an antibiotic fungicide. Kasugamycin has been reported in Streptomyces celluloflavus and Streptomyces kasugaensis. Kasugamycin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=6980-18-3 (retrieved 2024-12-11) (CAS RN: 6980-18-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Zaleplon
Zaleplon is a sedative/hypnotic, mainly used for insomnia. It is known as a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. Zaleplon interacts with the GABA receptor complex and shares some of the pharmacological properties of the benzodiazepines. Zaleplon is a schedule IV drug in the United States. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CF - Benzodiazepine related drugs D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants
Nalmefene
N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BB - Drugs used in alcohol dependence D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D009292 - Narcotic Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C681 - Opiate Antagonist
Phencyclidine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Glycine
Glycine (Gly), is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Glycine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glycine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid and is the simplest of all amino acids. In humans, glycine is a nonessential amino acid, although experimental animals show reduced growth on low-glycine diets. The average adult human ingests 3 to 5 grams of glycine daily. Glycine is a colorless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid. Glycine was discovered in 1820 by the French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid. The name comes from the Greek word glucus or "sweet tasting". Glycine is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate. In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). In addition to being synthesized from serine, glycine can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys. Glycine is degraded via three pathways. The predominant pathway in animals and plants is the reverse of the glycine synthase pathway. In this context, the enzyme system involved glycine metabolism is called the glycine cleavage system. The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the oxidative conversion of glycine into carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the remaining one-carbon unit transferred to folate as methylenetetrahydrofolate. It is the main catabolic pathway for glycine and it also contributes to one-carbon metabolism. Patients with a deficiency of this enzyme system have increased glycine in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with an increased CSF:plasma glycine ratio (PMID: 16151895). Glycine levels are effectively measured in plasma in both normal patients and those with inborn errors of glycine metabolism (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). Nonketotic hyperglycinaemia (OMIM: 606899) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by deficient enzyme activity of the glycine cleavage enzyme system (EC 2.1.1.10). The glycine cleavage enzyme system comprises four proteins: P-, T-, H- and L-proteins (EC 1.4.4.2, EC 2.1.2.10, and EC 1.8.1.4 for P-, T-, and L-proteins). Mutations have been described in the GLDC (OMIM: 238300), AMT (OMIM: 238310), and GCSH (OMIM: 238330) genes encoding the P-, T-, and H-proteins respectively. Glycine is involved in the bodys production of DNA, hemoglobin, and collagen, and in the release of energy. The principal function of glycine is as a precursor to proteins. Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine, a notable exception being collagen, which contains about 35\\\\\\% glycine. In higher eukaryotes, delta-aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins (needed for hemoglobin and cytochromes), is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA by the enzyme ALA synthase. Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines, which are key constituents of DNA and RNA. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). Glycine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-40-6 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 56-40-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is orally active. Glycine can be used to study cell protection, cancer, neurological diseases, and angiogenesis[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
Pentetrazol
R - Respiratory system > R07 - Other respiratory system products > R07A - Other respiratory system products > R07AB - Respiratory stimulants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D003292 - Convulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant Same as: D07409
Cysteic acid
Cysteic acid is a crystalline amino acid formed in the oxidation of cysteine; it is a precursor of taurine. A crystalline amino acid formed in the oxidation of cysteine; it is a precursor of taurine. [HMDB]
Pregnanolone
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
γ-Aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the nervous systems of widely divergent species, including humans. It is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. In vertebrates, GABA acts at inhibitory synapses in the brain. It acts by binding to specific transmembrane receptors in the plasma membrane of both pre- and postsynaptic neurons. This binding causes the opening of ion channels to allow either the flow of negatively-charged chloride ions into the cell or positively-charged potassium ions out of the cell. This will typically result in a negative change in the transmembrane potential, usually causing hyperpolarization. Three general classes of GABA receptor are known (PMID: 10561820). These include GABA-A and GABA-C ionotropic receptors, which are ion channels themselves, and GABA-B metabotropic receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors that open ion channels via intermediaries known as G proteins (PMID: 10561820). Activation of the GABA-B receptor by GABA causes neuronal membrane hyperpolarization and a resultant inhibition of neurotransmitter release. In addition to binding sites for GABA, the GABA-A receptor has binding sites for benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and neurosteroids. GABA-A receptors are coupled to chloride ion channels. Therefore, activation of the GABA-A receptor induces increased inward chloride ion flux, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization and neuronal inhibition (PMID: 10561820). After release into the synapse, free GABA that does not bind to either the GABA-A or GABA-B receptor complexes can be taken up by neurons and glial cells. Four different GABA membrane transporter proteins (GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1), which differ in their distribution in the CNS, are believed to mediate the uptake of synaptic GABA into neurons and glial cells. The GABA-A receptor subtype regulates neuronal excitability and rapid changes in fear arousal, such as anxiety, panic, and the acute stress response (PMID: 10561820). Drugs that stimulate GABA-A receptors, such as the benzodiazepines and barbiturates, have anxiolytic and anti-seizure effects via GABA-A-mediated reduction of neuronal excitability, which effectively raises the seizure threshold. GABA-A antagonists produce convulsions in animals and there is decreased GABA-A receptor binding in a positron emission tomography (PET) study of patients with panic disorder. Neurons that produce GABA as their output are called GABAergic neurons and have chiefly inhibitory action at receptors in the vertebrate. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are a typical example of inhibitory CNS GABAergic cells. GABA has been shown to have excitatory roles in the vertebrate, most notably in the developing cortex. Organisms synthesize GABA from glutamate using the enzyme L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor (PMID: 12467378). It is worth noting that this involves converting the principal excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate) into the principal inhibitory one (GABA). Drugs that act as agonists of GABA receptors (known as GABA analogs or GABAergic drugs), or increase the available amount of GABA typically have relaxing, anti-anxiety, and anti-convulsive effects. GABA is found to be deficient in cerebrospinal fluid and the brain in many studies of experimental and human epilepsy. Benzodiazepines (such as Valium) are useful in status epilepticus because they act on GABA receptors. GABA increases in the brain after administration of many seizure medications. Hence, GABA is clearly an antiepileptic nutrient. Inhibitors of GAM metabolism can also produce convulsions. Spasticity and involuntary movement syndromes, such as Parkinsons, Friedreichs ataxia, tardive dyskinesia, and Huntingtons chorea, are all marked by low GABA when amino acid levels are studied. Trials of 2 to 3 g of GABA given orally have been effective in various epilepsy and spasticity syndromes. Agents that elevate GABA are als... Gamma-aminobutyric acid, also known as gaba or 4-aminobutanoic acid, belongs to gamma amino acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are amino acids having a (-NH2) group attached to the gamma carbon atom. Thus, gamma-aminobutyric acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gamma-aminobutyric acid can be synthesized from butyric acid. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, (1S,2S,5S)-2-(4-glutaridylbenzyl)-5-phenylcyclohexan-1-ol, 4-(methylamino)butyric acid, and pregabalin. Gamma-aminobutyric acid can be found in a number of food items such as watercress, sour cherry, peach, and cardoon, which makes gamma-aminobutyric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Gamma-aminobutyric acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and feces, as well as throughout most human tissues. Gamma-aminobutyric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, gamma-aminobutyric acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include glutamate metabolism and homocarnosinosis. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria (D and L form), 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome, and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Moreover, gamma-aminobutyric acid is found to be associated with alzheimers disease, hyper beta-alaninemia, tuberculous meningitis, and hepatic encephalopathy. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (γ-Aminobutyric acid) (GABA ) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Its principal role is reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. In humans, GABA is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone . Chronically high levels of GABA are associated with at least 5 inborn errors of metabolism including: D-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria, 4-Hydroxybutyric Aciduria/Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency, GABA-Transaminase Deficiency, Homocarnosinosis and Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (T3DB). [Spectral] 4-Aminobutanoate (exact mass = 103.06333) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents KEIO_ID A002 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain, binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors. γ-Aminobutyric acid shows calming effect by blocking specific signals of central nervous system[1][2]. γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain, binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors. γ-Aminobutyric acid shows calming effect by blocking specific signals of central nervous system[1][2]. γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain, binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors. γ-Aminobutyric acid shows calming effect by blocking specific signals of central nervous system[1][2].
1-Methylhistamine
1-Methylhistamine, also known as H137, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-arylethylamines. These are primary amines that have the general formula RCCNH2, where R is an organic group. 1-Methylhistamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 1-methylhistamine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, S-adenosylhomocysteine and 1-methylhistamine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethionine and histamine; which is mediated by the enzyme histamine N-methyltransferase. In addition, 1-methylhistamine can be converted into methylimidazole acetaldehyde through its interaction with the enzyme amine oxidase [flavin-containing] a. In humans, 1-methylhistamine is involved in histidine metabolism. 1-Methylhistamine is a potentially toxic compound. 1-Methylhistamine is a histamine metabolite. It is a product of histamine 1-methyltransferase [EC 2.1.1.8] in the pathway histidine metabolism (KEGG). [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Clobenpropit
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists
1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, also known as acc or 1-amino-1-carboxycyclopropane, is a member of the class of compounds known as alpha amino acids. Alpha amino acids are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid can be found in a number of food items such as american cranberry, chayote, sour cherry, and garden rhubarb, which makes 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ACC plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene. It is synthesized by the enzyme ACC synthase ( EC 4.4.1.14) from methionine and converted to ethylene by ACC oxidase (EC 1.14.17.4) . 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid is found in fruits. 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid is isolated from apple and pear juice and cranberries. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents KEIO_ID A047 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
Methionine sulfoximine
Methionine sulfoximine is found in flours treated with NCl3 as a produced of NCl3 action on wheat protein
Dimethylamine
Dimethylamine (DMA) is an organic secondary amine. It is a colorless, liquefied and flammable gas with an ammonia and fish-like odor. Dimethylamine is abundantly present in human urine. Main sources of urinary DMA have been reported to include trimethylamine N-oxide, a common food component, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. ADMA is excreted in the urine in part unmetabolized and in part after hydrolysis to DMA by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). Statistically significant increases in urinary DMA have been found in individuals after the consumption of fish and seafoods. The highest values were obtained for individuals that consumed coley, squid and whiting with cod, haddock, sardine, skate and swordfish (PMID: 18282650). It has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). As a pure chemical substance Dimethylamine is used as dehairing agent in tanning, in dyes, in rubber accelerators, in soaps and cleaning compounds and as an agricultural fungicide. In the body, DMA also undergoes nitrosation under weak acid conditions to give dimethlynitrosamine. Study has shown that DMA is a metabolite of Arthrobacter and Micrococcus (PMID: 11422368 ; PMID: 7191). Aminating agent in the manuf. of ion-exchange resins for food processing KEIO_ID D103
Digenin
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures[1][2]. Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures[1][2].
Nitric oxide
The biologically active molecule nitric oxide (NO) is a simple, membrane-permeable gas with unique chemistry. It is formed by the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline, with the release of NO. The enzymatic oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline takes place in the presence of oxygen and NADPH using flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), heme, thiol, and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. The enzyme responsible for the generation of NO is nitric oxide synthase (E.C. 1.7.99.7; NOS). Three NOS isoforms have been described and shown to be encoded on three distinct genes: neuronal NOS (nNOS, NOS type I), inducible NOS (NOS type II), and endothelial NOS (eNOS, NOS type III). Two of them are constitutively expressed and dependent on the presence of calcium ions and calmodulin to function (nNOS and eNOS), while iNOS is considered non-constitutive and calcium-independent. However, experience has shown that constitutive expression of nNOS and eNOS is not as rigid as previously thought (i.e. either present or absent), but can be dynamically controlled during development and in response to injury. Functionally, NO may act as a hormone, neurotransmitter, paracrine messenger, mediator, cytoprotective molecule, and cytotoxic molecule. NO has multiple cellular molecular targets. It influences the activity of transcription factors, modulates upstream signaling cascades, mRNA stability and translation, and processes the primary gene products. In the brain, many processes are linked to NO. NO activates its receptor, soluble guanylate cyclase by binding to it. The stimulation of this enzyme leads to increased synthesis of the second messenger, cGMP, which in turn activates cGMP-dependent kinases in target cells. NO exerts a strong influence on glutamatergic neurotransmission by directly interacting with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Neuronal NOS is connected to NMDA receptors (see below) and sharply increases NO production following activation of this receptor. Thus, the level of endogenously produced NO around NMDA synapses reflects the activity of glutamate-mediated neurotransmission. However, there is recent evidence showing that non-NMDA glutamate receptors (i.e. AMPA and type I metabotropic receptors) also contribute to NO generation. Besides its influence on glutamate, NO is known to have effects on the storage, uptake and/or release of most other neurotransmitters in the CNS (acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, GABA, taurine, and glycine) as well as of certain neuropeptides. Finally, since NO is a highly diffusible molecule, it may reach extrasynaptic receptors at target cell membranes that are some distance away from the place of NO synthesis. NO is thus capable of mediating both synaptic and nonsynaptic communication processes. NO is a potent vasodilator (a major endogenous regulator of vascular tone), and an important endothelium-dependent relaxing factor. NO is synthesized by NO synthases (NOS) and NOS are inhibited by asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA). ADMA is metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and excreted in the kidneys. Lower ADMA levels in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant controls suggest that ADMA has a role in vascular dilatation and blood pressure changes. Several studies show an increase in ADMA levels in pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia. Elevated ADMA levels in preeclampsia are seen before clinical symptoms have developed; these findings suggest that ADMA has a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In some pulmonary hypertensive states such as ARDS, the production of endogenous NO may be impaired. Nitric oxide inhalation selectively dilates the pulmonary circulation. Significant systemic vasodilation does not occur because NO is inactivated by rapidly binding to hemoglobin. In an injured lung with pulmonary hypertension, inhaled NO produces local vasodilation of well-ventilated lung units and may "steal" blood flow away from unventil... D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents > D045462 - Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D064426 - Gasotransmitters D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants R - Respiratory system
Gentamicinc1A
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
5-O-(1-Carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate
myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate, also known as Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 or inositol pentaphosphate, is an inositol polyphosphate of emerging significance in cellular signalling. Both Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 and its C-2 epimer scyllo-inositol pentakisphosphate (scyllo-InsP(5)) were synthesized from the same myo-inositol-based precursor (PMID: 16755629). InsP6, Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5, and their close metabolic relatives are amongst the more abundant intracellular inositol polyphosphates. They are involved in chromatin organization, DNA maintenance, gene transcription, nuclear mRNA transport, membrane trafficking, and control of cell proliferation (PMID: 14992690). myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P(5)), an inositol polyphosphate of emerging significance in cellular signalling, and its C-2 epimer scyllo-inositol pentakisphosphate (scyllo-InsP(5)) were synthesised from the same myo-inositol-based precursor. (PMID: 16755629)
METHYLAZOXYMETHANOL
D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D009676 - Noxae > D013723 - Teratogens
Leucomethylene blue
C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent
Prostaglandin-c2
This compound belongs to the family of Prostaglandins and related compounds. These are unsaturated carboxylic acids consisting of of a 20 carbon skeleton that also contains a five member ring, and are based upon the fatty acid arachidonic acid.
Cyclohexaneacetic acid, 4-[4-[6-(aminocarbonyl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyrazinyl]phenyl]-, trans-
2,2,2-Trichloroethanol
2,2,2-trichloroethanol belongs to the family of Primary Alcohols. These are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general strucuture RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl). C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol, the active form of Chloral hydrate, is an agonist for the nonclassical K2P channels TREK-1 (KCNK2) and TRAAK (KCNK4)[1]. 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol, the active form of Chloral hydrate, is an agonist for the nonclassical K2P channels TREK-1 (KCNK2) and TRAAK (KCNK4)[1].
Isoflurane
Isoflurane is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [PubChem]Isoflurane induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times. Isoflurane also activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane. Also appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase. Isoflurane also binds to the GABA receptor, the large conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channel, the glutamate receptor and the glycine receptor. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Desflurane
Desflurane is a highly fluorinated methyl ethyl ether used for maintenance of general anaesthesia. Volatile agents such as desflurane may activate GABA channels and hyperpolarize cell membranes. In addition, they may inhibit certain calcium channels and therefore prevent release of neurotransmitters and inhibit glutamate channels. Volatile anesthetics easily partition into cellular membranes and could expand the volume of the cell membrane and subsequently distort channels necessary for sodium ion flux and the development of action potentials necessary for synaptic transmission. Desflurane preconditions human myocardium against ischemia through activation of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels, adenosine A1 receptor, and alpha and beta adrenoceptors. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Sevoflurane
Sevoflurane is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. Sevoflurane (2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[trifluoromethyl]ethyl fluoromethyl ether), also called fluoromethyl, is a sweet-smelling, non-flammable, highly fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Together with desflurane, it is replacing isoflurane and halothane in modern anesthesiology. [Wikipedia]Sevoflurane induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times. Sevoflurane also activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane. It also appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase and also binds to the GABA receptor, the large conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channel, the glutamate receptor, and the glycine receptor. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Resiniferatoxin
Resiniferatoxin is a heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1). It has a role as a TRPV1 agonist, a plant metabolite, a neurotoxin and an analgesic. It is a diterpenoid, an ortho ester, a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone, a member of phenols, a monomethoxybenzene, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a carboxylic ester and an enone. Resiniferatoxin (RTX) is a naturally occurring, ultrapotent capsaicin analog that activates the vanilloid receptor in a subpopulation of primary afferent sensory neurons involved in nociception (the transmission of physiological pain). Resiniferatoxin is a natural product found in Euphorbia resinifera and Euphorbia unispina with data available. Resiniferatoxin is a naturally occurring capsaicin analog found in the latex of the cactus Euphorbia resinifera with analgesic activity. Resiniferatoxin (RTX) binds to and activates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective cation channel in the plasma membrane of primary afferent sensory neurons. This increases the permeability to cations, and leads to an influx of calcium and sodium ions. This results in membrane depolarization, causing an irritant effect, followed by desensitization of the sensory neurons thereby inhibiting signal conduction in afferent pain pathways and causing analgesia. TRPV1, a member of the transient receptor potential channel (TRP) superfamily, is a heat- and chemo-sensitive calcium/sodium ion channel that is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of pain-sensing primary afferent neurons. A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1). C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic
Candicine
Candicine is a member of the class of compounds known as phenethylamines. Phenethylamines are compounds containing a phenethylamine moiety, which consists of a phenyl group substituted at the second position by an ethan-1-amine. Candicine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Candicine can be found in barley, which makes candicine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Candicine is a naturally occurring organic compound that is a quaternary ammonium salt with a phenethylamine skeleton. It is the N,N,N-trimethyl derivative of the well-known biogenic amine tyramine, and, being a natural product with a positively charged nitrogen atom in its molecular structure, it is classed as an alkaloid. Although it is found in a variety of plants, including barley, its properties have not been extensively studied with modern techniques. Candicine is toxic after parenteral administration, producing symptoms of neuromuscular blockade; further details are given in the "Pharmacology" section below . Candicine is a member of the class of compounds known as phenethylamines. Phenethylamines are compounds containing a phenethylamine moiety, which consists of a phenyl group substituted at the second position by an ethan-1-amine. Candicine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Candicine can be found in barley, which makes candicine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Candicine is a naturally occurring organic compound that is a quaternary ammonium salt with a phenethylamine skeleton. It is the N,N,N-trimethyl derivative of the well-known biogenic amine tyramine, and, being a natural product with a positively charged nitrogen atom in its molecular structure, it is classed as an alkaloid. Although it is found in a variety of plants, including barley, its properties have not been extensively studied with modern techniques. Candicine is toxic after parenteral administration, producing symptoms of neuromuscular blockade; further details are given in the "Pharmacology" section below.
Ibotenic acid
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins Ibotenic acid has agonist activity at both the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and trans-ACPD or metabolotropic quisqualate (Qm) receptor sites. Ibotenic acid has agonist activity at both the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and trans-ACPD or metabolotropic quisqualate (Qm) receptor sites.
Isofenphos
Isofenphos is an Agricultural insecticide with contact and stomach actio C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Fluo-3
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D049408 - Luminescent Agents D004396 - Coloring Agents > D005456 - Fluorescent Dyes
Cyclothiazide
As a diuretic, cyclothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like cyclothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of cyclothiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle. Cyclothiazide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy. It is also indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent or to enhance the effectiveness of other antihypertensive drugs in the more severe forms of hypertension. C - Cardiovascular system > C03 - Diuretics > C03A - Low-ceiling diuretics, thiazides > C03AA - Thiazides, plain C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49185 - Thiazide Diuretic D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D045283 - Natriuretic Agents D045283 - Natriuretic Agents > D004232 - Diuretics Same as: D01256 Cyclothiazide, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, is used frequently to block the desensitization of both native and heterologously expressed AMPA receptors. Cyclothiazide is known to produce a fast inhibition of AMPA receptor desensitization and a much slower potentiation of the AMPA current[1].
ST 25:5;O8
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Same as: D01442 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
nemonapride
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66883 - Dopamine Antagonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent Same as: D01468
Bropirimine
D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007369 - Interferon Inducers C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C2139 - Immunostimulant D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D01666
24-Hydroxycholesterol
24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimers disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimers disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism. 24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimers disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimers disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622) [HMDB] 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the major brain cholesterol metabolite, plays an important role to maintain homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is one of the most efficient endogenous LXR agonist known and is present in the brain and in the circulation at relatively high levels. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is a very potent, direct, and selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs with a mechanism that does not overlapthat of other allosteric modulators[1][2][3]. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the major brain cholesterol metabolite, plays an important role to maintain homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is one of the most efficient endogenous LXR agonist known and is present in the brain and in the circulation at relatively high levels. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is a very potent, direct, and selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs with a mechanism that does not overlapthat of other allosteric modulators[1][2][3].
2,3-Dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants NBQX (FG9202) is a highly selective and competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. NBQX has neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activity[1].
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists CNQX (FG9065) is a potent and competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist with IC50s of 0.3 μM and 1.5 μM, respectively. CNQX is a competitive non-NMDA receptor antagonist[1]. CNQX blocks the expression of fear-potentiated startle in rats[5].
alpha-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists (RS)-AMPA ((±)-AMPA) is a glutamate analogue and a potent and selective excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamic acid agonist. (RS)-AMPA does not interfere with binding sites for kainic acid or NMDA receptors[1][2].
2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid
DL-AP5 (2-APV) is a competitive NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist. DL-AP5 shows significantly antinociceptive activity. DL-AP5 specifically blocks on channels in the rabbit retina[1][2][3].
Argiopin
D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D007210 - Indoleacetic Acids
3,4-Dimethoxy-N-(4-(3-nitrophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide
Chloroacetyl chloride
Chloroacetyl chloride is a chlorinated acyl chloride. It is a bifunctional compound, making it a useful building block chemical. (Wikipedia)
4-(8-Methyl-9H-1,3-dioxolo(4,5-h)(2,3)benzodiazepin-5-yl)benzenamine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D020011 - Protective Agents
3beta-Hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one sulfate
3beta-Hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one sulfate is a metabolite of pregnenolone. Pregnenolone, also known as 3α,5β-tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5β-THP), is an endogenous steroid hormone involved in the steroidogenesis of progestogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens, as well as the neuroactive steroids. As such it is a prohormone, though it also has biological effects of its own, behaving namely as a neuroactive steroid in its own right with potent anxiolytic effects. (Wikipedia) D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Pregnenolone monosulfate (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone monosulfate acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone monosulfate can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone monosulfate is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3]. Pregnenolone monosulfate (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone monosulfate acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone monosulfate can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone monosulfate is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3].
DL-Glutamate
DL-Glutamate, also known as E or DL-glutamic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. Glutamic acid and derivatives are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-Glutamate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. DL-Glutamate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as red bell peppers, milk (cow), and wheats and in a lower concentration in eggplants, romaine lettuces, and nanking cherries. DL-Glutamate has also been detected, but not quantified, in a few different foods, such as apples, broccoli, and lettuces. Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E) is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is a non-essential amino acid. Glutamic acid is found in many foods, some of which are garden onion, orange bell pepper, oat, and cucumber. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1].
DL-Proline
Proline, also known as dl-proline or hpro, belongs to proline and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Proline is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Proline can be found in a number of food items such as yellow zucchini, swiss chard, spinach, and cucumber, which makes proline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Proline (abbreviated as Pro or P; encoded by the codons CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated NH2+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain pyrrolidine, classifying it as a nonpolar (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it from the non-essential amino acid L-glutamate . CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 53 (R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite. (R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
flurazepam
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CD - Benzodiazepine derivatives D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C1012 - Benzodiazepine D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1631
Canadine
Canadine is a berberine alkaloid that is 5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10. It is a berberine alkaloid, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an aromatic ether and an oxacycle. Canadine is a natural product found in Glaucium squamigerum, Hydrastis canadensis, and other organisms with data available. A berberine alkaloid that is 5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10. D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Tetrahydroberberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis Corydalis, with uM-level affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors. Tetrahydroberberine is a different kind of living thing that can be extended and divided into parts. Tetrahydroberberine is a kind of effective D2 receptor antagonistic force. Tetrahydroberberine has the ability to strengthen the stomach and relieve the pressure on the stomach[1][2][3]. Tetrahydroberberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis Corydalis, with uM-level affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors.
Neochlorogenic_acid
Trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid is a cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a cyclitol carboxylic acid and a cinnamate ester. It is functionally related to a (-)-quinic acid and a trans-caffeic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinate. Neochlorogenic acid is a natural product found in Eupatorium perfoliatum, Centaurea bracteata, and other organisms with data available. See also: Lonicera japonica flower (part of); Stevia rebaudiuna Leaf (has part); Moringa oleifera leaf (part of). A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid. Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation. Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation.
Alliin
Alliin, also known as (S)-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide or (S)-3-(allylsulphinyl)-L-alanine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Alliin is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Alliin can be found in a number of food items such as red rice, mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine), ceylon cinnamon, and olive, which makes alliin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Garlic has been used since antiquity as a therapeutic remedy for certain conditions now associated with oxygen toxicity, and, when this was investigated, garlic did indeed show strong antioxidant and hydroxyl radical-scavenging properties, it is presumed owing to the alliin contained within. Alliin has also been found to affect immune responses in blood . 3-(Allylsulphinyl)-L-alanine is a L-alpha-amino acid. Alliin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=556-27-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 556-27-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (±)-Alliin is the main active component of garlic. (±)-Alliin is a putative inhibitor of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro)[1]. Alliin, an orally active sulfoxide compound derived from garlic, exhibits hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2]. Alliin, an orally active sulfoxide compound derived from garlic, exhibits hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2].
Flurazepam
Flurazepam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic. [PubChem]Flurazepam binds to an allosteric site on GABA-A receptors. Binding potentiates the action of GABA on GABA-A receptors by opening the chloride channel within the receptor, causing chloride influx and hyperpolarization. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CD - Benzodiazepine derivatives D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C1012 - Benzodiazepine D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent
Pregnenolone sulfate
Pregnenolone sulfate is a sulfated version of the steroid hormone known as pregnenolone. Pregnenolone sulfate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfated steroids. These are sterol lipids containing a sulfate group attached to the steroid skeleton. Pregnenolone sulfate is a neurosteroid found in the brain and central nervous system. Pregnenolone sulfate is a metabolite synthesized from pregnenolone via sulfation. It is known to have cognitive and memory-enhancing, antidepressant, anxiogenic, and proconvulsant effects (PMID: 21094889). As a neurosteroid, pregnenolone sulfate modulates a variety of ion channels, transporters, and enzymes. Interestingly, as a sulfated steroid, pregnenolone sulfate is not the final- or waste-product of pregnenolone being sulfated via a phase II metabolism reaction and renally excreted, as one would presume from pharmacology textbook knowledge. Pregnenolone sulfate is also the source and thereby the starting point for subsequent steroid synthesis pathways. Recently, pregnenolone sulfate has been shown to not only be a modulator of ion channels, but it is also an activating ion channel ligand (PMID: 24084011). Pregnenolone sulfate, a neurosteroid, is a metabolite of Pregnenolone. It is found in the brain and central nervous system. [HMDB] D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Pregnenolone monosulfate (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone monosulfate acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone monosulfate can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone monosulfate is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3]. Pregnenolone monosulfate (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone monosulfate acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone monosulfate can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone monosulfate is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3].
3a-Hydroxy-5b-pregnane-20-one
3alpha-Hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-20-one is an intermediate in C21-Steroid hormone metabolism. 3alpha-Hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-20-one is converted from 5beta-Pregnane-3,20-dione via the enzyme 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50). It is then converted to Pregnanediol via the enzyme 3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.53). [HMDB] 3alpha-Hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-20-one is an intermediate in C21-Steroid hormone metabolism. 3alpha-Hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-20-one is converted from 5beta-Pregnane-3,20-dione via the enzyme 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50). It is then converted to Pregnanediol via the enzyme 3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.53). D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Pregnanolone
Pregnanolone, also known as eltanolone or 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogens, and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure based on a hydroxylated prostane moiety. Pregnanolone is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and basic. Pregnanolone is an endogenous inhibitory neurosteroid that is produced in the body from progesterone. It is closely related to allopregnanolone, which has similar properties (Wikipedia). D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists DHPG ((RS)-3,5-DHPG) is an amino acid, which acts as a selective and potent agonist of group I mGluR (mGluR 1 and mGluR 5), shows no effect on Group II or Group III mGluRs[1]. DHPG ((RS)-3,5-DHPG) is also an effective antagonist of mGluRs linked to phospholipase D[2].
4alpha-Phorbol
Neurogard
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents
L-Cysteic acid
Cysteinesulfonic acid, also known as (2r)-2-amino-3-sulfopropanoic acid or 3-sulfoalanine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Cysteinesulfonic acid is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cysteinesulfonic acid can be found in a number of food items such as roman camomile, pili nut, chicory, and garden tomato, which makes cysteinesulfonic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
FA 9:0
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1]. Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1].
clozapine
N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AH - Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8610 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1600 Clozapine (HF 1854) is an antipsychotic used for the research of schizophrenia. Clozapine has high affinity for a number of neuroreceptors. Clozapine is a potent antagonist of dopamine D2 with a Ki of 75 nM. Clozapine inhibits the muscarinic M1 receptor and serotonin 5HT2A receptor with Kis of 9.5 nM and 4 nM, respectively[1][2][3]. Clozapine is also a potent and selective agonist at the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM)[4].
Kainic acid
Kainic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, a pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, a L-proline derivative and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It has a role as an antinematodal drug and an excitatory amino acid agonist. It is a conjugate acid of a kainate(1-). (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures[1][2]. Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures[1][2].
Methamphetamine
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics > N06BA - Centrally acting sympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1560
ketamine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1586
Dextromethorphan
A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough. R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05D - Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants > R05DA - Opium alkaloids and derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2199 - Adjuvant Analgesic D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2824
amantadine
N - Nervous system > N04 - Anti-parkinson drugs > N04B - Dopaminergic agents > N04BB - Adamantane derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents > D000978 - Antiparkinson Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C38149 - Antiparkinsonian Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2670 INTERNAL_ID 2670; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4147 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3124
Proline
An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.
REMIFENTANIL
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AH - Opioid anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
tripelennamine
D - Dermatologicals > D04 - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04A - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04AA - Antihistamines for topical use R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AC - Substituted ethylene diamines D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents
Kynurenic acid
MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; HCZHHEIFKROPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0005_Kynurenic acid_2000fmol_180410_S2_LC02_MS02_66; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.374 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.376 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.370 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.372 Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Transtorine is a quinoline alkaloid, found from Ephedra transitoria, with antibacterial activity[1]. Transtorine is a quinoline alkaloid, found from Ephedra transitoria, with antibacterial activity[1].
Picrotoxinin
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.577 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.570 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.573 Picrotoxinin, a potent convulsant, is a chloride channel blocker. Picrotoxinin is a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, which negatively modulates the action of GABA on GABAA receptors. Picrotoxinin inhibits α1β2γ2L GABAA receptor with an IC50 of 1.15 μM[1]. Picrotoxinin, a potent convulsant, is a chloride channel blocker. Picrotoxinin is a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, which negatively modulates the action of GABA on GABAA receptors. Picrotoxinin inhibits α1β2γ2L GABAA receptor with an IC50 of 1.15 μM[1].
1-Methylhistamine
A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.042 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.041
Pilocarpine
S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D008916 - Miotics N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist Annotation level-1 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.052 Pilocarpine is a selective M3-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 muscarinic receptor) agonist.
Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
aniracetam
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018697 - Nootropic Agents C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent Same as: D01883 Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) is an orally active neuroprotective agent, possessing nootropics effects. Aniracetam potentiates the ionotropic quisqualate (iQA) responses in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. Aniracetam also potentiates the excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in Schaffer collateral-commissural synapses. Aniracetam can prevents the CO2-induced impairment of acquisition in hypercapnia model rats. Aniracetam can be used to research cerebral dysfunctional disorders[1][2][3][4].
felbamate
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics Felbamate (W-554) is a potent nonsedative anticonvulsant whose clinical effect may be related to the inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA).
haloperidol
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AD - Butyrophenone derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66883 - Dopamine Antagonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C323 - Butyrophenone D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics Haloperidol is a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, widely used as an antipsychotic.
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists
Glycine
B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018684 - Glycine Agents Flavouring ingredient for beverages, baked goods, puddings and candies Alkaloid found on the leaf surfaces of Brassica oleracea cv. botrytis (cauliflower) [DFC]. Cabbage identification factor 2 is found in brassicas. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is orally active. Glycine can be used to study cell protection, cancer, neurological diseases, and angiogenesis[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
quinolinic acid
A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Quinolinic acid is an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist synthesized from L-tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway and thereby has the potential of mediating N-methyl-D-aspartate neuronal damage and dysfunction[1][2]. Quinolinic acid is an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist synthesized from L-tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway and thereby has the potential of mediating N-methyl-D-aspartate neuronal damage and dysfunction[1][2].
L-Methionine sulfoximine
A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.
4-Aminobutyric acid
A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; BTCSSZJGUNDROE_STSL_0138_4-Aminobutyric acid_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_259; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain, binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors. γ-Aminobutyric acid shows calming effect by blocking specific signals of central nervous system[1][2]. γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain, binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors. γ-Aminobutyric acid shows calming effect by blocking specific signals of central nervous system[1][2]. γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain, binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors. γ-Aminobutyric acid shows calming effect by blocking specific signals of central nervous system[1][2].
temephos
D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Inosine triphosphate
The inosine phosphate that has a triphosphate group at the 5-position. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of purine.
Spermine
A polyazaalkane that is tetradecane in which the carbons at positions 1, 5, 10 and 14 are replaced by nitrogens. Spermine has broad actions on cellular metabolism. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects.
clobenpropit
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists
methadone
N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BC - Drugs used in opioid dependence D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Tacrine
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010277 - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06D - Anti-dementia drugs > N06DA - Anticholinesterases D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018697 - Nootropic Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 499; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6299; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6297 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 499; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6327; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6325 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 499; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6332; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6331 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 499; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6338; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6337 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 499; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6352; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6351 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 499; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6355; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6351
Zaleplon
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CF - Benzodiazepine related drugs D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants
cocaine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AD - Anesthetics, local S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02D - Other otologicals > S02DA - Analgesics and anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local > N01BC - Esters of benzoic acid S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01H - Local anesthetics > S01HA - Local anesthetics A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
memantine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018726 - Anti-Dyskinesia Agents > D000978 - Antiparkinson Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C38149 - Antiparkinsonian Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06D - Anti-dementia drugs D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent
PHENCYCLIDINE
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
vigabatrin
N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AG - Fatty acid derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Vigabatrin (γ-Vinyl-GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA vinyl-derivative, is an orally active and irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor. Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic agent, which acts by increasing GABA levels in the brain by inhibiting the catabolism of GABA by GABA transaminase[1][2][3].
cyclothiazide
C - Cardiovascular system > C03 - Diuretics > C03A - Low-ceiling diuretics, thiazides > C03AA - Thiazides, plain C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49185 - Thiazide Diuretic D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D045283 - Natriuretic Agents D045283 - Natriuretic Agents > D004232 - Diuretics Same as: D01256 Cyclothiazide, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, is used frequently to block the desensitization of both native and heterologously expressed AMPA receptors. Cyclothiazide is known to produce a fast inhibition of AMPA receptor desensitization and a much slower potentiation of the AMPA current[1].
Kynurenate
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Transtorine is a quinoline alkaloid, found from Ephedra transitoria, with antibacterial activity[1]. Transtorine is a quinoline alkaloid, found from Ephedra transitoria, with antibacterial activity[1].
pregnenolone sulfate
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Pregnenolone monosulfate (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone monosulfate acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone monosulfate can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone monosulfate is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3]. Pregnenolone monosulfate (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone monosulfate acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone monosulfate can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone monosulfate is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3].
Levorphanol
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Prostaglandin C2
A member of the class of prostaglandins C that is prosta-5,11,13-trien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 5Z,13E,15S-stereoisomer).
Argiotoxin 636
D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D007210 - Indoleacetic Acids
Pentetrazol
R - Respiratory system > R07 - Other respiratory system products > R07A - Other respiratory system products > R07AB - Respiratory stimulants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D003292 - Convulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant Same as: D07409
2-Naphthoic acid
A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.
Gentiopicrin
Gentiopicroside, a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, inhibits P450 activity, with an IC50 and a Ki of 61 μM and 22.8 μM for CYP2A6; Gentiopicroside has anti-inflammatoryand antioxidative effects. Gentiopicroside, a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, inhibits P450 activity, with an IC50 and a Ki of 61 μM and 22.8 μM for CYP2A6; Gentiopicroside has anti-inflammatoryand antioxidative effects.
Bicculine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D003292 - Convulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), as a convulsant alkaloid, is a competitive neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks the slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP) [1][2][3]. Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is A competing neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+ activating potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks slow post-hyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant activity. Bicuculline can be used to induce seizures in mice[1][2][3][4]. Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), as a convulsant alkaloid, is a competitive neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks the slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP) [1][2][3].
Kukoamine A
Kukoamine A is a natural occurring spermine derivative, acts as a potent inhibitor of trypanothione reductase (Ki, 1.8 μM), with antihypertensive activity[1]. Kukoamine A is a natural occurring spermine derivative, acts as a potent inhibitor of trypanothione reductase (Ki, 1.8 μM), with antihypertensive activity[1].
Acid C-9
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1]. Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1].
Echinocystic acid
Echinocystic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from the fruit of Honey Locust. It has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Echinocystic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from the fruit of Honey Locust. It has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.
Spermin
Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects.
Eltanolone
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Unkie
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist > C1657 - Opiate N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AA - Natural opium alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Ethapon
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol, the active form of Chloral hydrate, is an agonist for the nonclassical K2P channels TREK-1 (KCNK2) and TRAAK (KCNK4)[1]. 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol, the active form of Chloral hydrate, is an agonist for the nonclassical K2P channels TREK-1 (KCNK2) and TRAAK (KCNK4)[1].
Monosodium Glutamate
D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
Glutamate monosodium salt
D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
L-BOAA
N(3)-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid is an N(beta)-acyl-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid in which the acyl group is oxalyl. It is functionally related to a propionic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a N(3)-(carboxylatoformyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropionate(1-). Dencichin is a natural product found in Lathyrus latifolius and Lathyrus sativus with data available. See also: Panax notoginseng root (part of). Dencichin is a non-protein amino acid originally extracted from Panax notoginseng, and can inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) activity.
Nootkatone
(+)-nootkatone is a sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer). It has a role as a plant metabolite, a fragrance and an insect repellent. It is a sesquiterpenoid, an enone and a carbobicyclic compound. Nootkatone is a natural product found in Teucrium asiaticum, Teucrium oxylepis, and other organisms with data available. A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer). Nootkatone, a neuroprotective agent from Vitis vinifera, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Nootkatone improves cognitive impairment in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[2]. Nootkatone, a neuroprotective agent from Vitis vinifera, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Nootkatone improves cognitive impairment in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[2].
Picrotoxinin
Picrotoxinin is a picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a GABA antagonist and a serotonergic antagonist. It is an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an epoxide, a tertiary alcohol, a gamma-lactone and a picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid. Picrotoxinin is a natural product found in Picrodendron baccatum and Anamirta cocculus with data available. A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists Picrotoxinin, a potent convulsant, is a chloride channel blocker. Picrotoxinin is a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, which negatively modulates the action of GABA on GABAA receptors. Picrotoxinin inhibits α1β2γ2L GABAA receptor with an IC50 of 1.15 μM[1]. Picrotoxinin, a potent convulsant, is a chloride channel blocker. Picrotoxinin is a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, which negatively modulates the action of GABA on GABAA receptors. Picrotoxinin inhibits α1β2γ2L GABAA receptor with an IC50 of 1.15 μM[1].
muscimol
A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018755 - GABA Agonists D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins
Morphine
A morphinane alkaloid that is a highly potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain but has a high potential for addiction, with tolerance and both physical and psychological dependence developing rapidly. Morphine is the most abundant opiate found in Papaver somniferum (the opium poppy). D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist > C1657 - Opiate N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AA - Natural opium alkaloids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
isoflurane
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
sevoflurane
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
DESFLURANE
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Psilocybine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47794 - Serotonin Agonist Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
DL-Glutamic acid
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1].
1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
gentamycin C1a
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
N-Methyl-D-aspartate
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.
Cerebrosterol
A 24-hydroxycholesterol that has S configuration at position 24. It is the major metabolic breakdown product of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the major brain cholesterol metabolite, plays an important role to maintain homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is one of the most efficient endogenous LXR agonist known and is present in the brain and in the circulation at relatively high levels. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is a very potent, direct, and selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs with a mechanism that does not overlapthat of other allosteric modulators[1][2][3]. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the major brain cholesterol metabolite, plays an important role to maintain homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is one of the most efficient endogenous LXR agonist known and is present in the brain and in the circulation at relatively high levels. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is a very potent, direct, and selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs with a mechanism that does not overlapthat of other allosteric modulators[1][2][3].
DL-AP5
The 5-phosphono derivative of 2-aminopentanoic acid; acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. DL-AP5 (2-APV) is a competitive NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist. DL-AP5 shows significantly antinociceptive activity. DL-AP5 specifically blocks on channels in the rabbit retina[1][2][3].
UNII:0514MAW53A
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Ibotenic acid
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins Ibotenic acid has agonist activity at both the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and trans-ACPD or metabolotropic quisqualate (Qm) receptor sites. Ibotenic acid has agonist activity at both the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and trans-ACPD or metabolotropic quisqualate (Qm) receptor sites.
3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine
D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents Alliin, an orally active sulfoxide compound derived from garlic, exhibits hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2]. Alliin, an orally active sulfoxide compound derived from garlic, exhibits hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2].
(RS)-AMPA
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists (RS)-AMPA ((±)-AMPA) is a glutamate analogue and a potent and selective excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamic acid agonist. (RS)-AMPA does not interfere with binding sites for kainic acid or NMDA receptors[1][2].
nbqx
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants NBQX (FG9202) is a highly selective and competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. NBQX has neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activity[1].
CNQX
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists CNQX (FG9065) is a potent and competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist with IC50s of 0.3 μM and 1.5 μM, respectively. CNQX is a competitive non-NMDA receptor antagonist[1]. CNQX blocks the expression of fear-potentiated startle in rats[5].
GYKI 52466
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D020011 - Protective Agents
Fluo-3
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D049408 - Luminescent Agents D004396 - Coloring Agents > D005456 - Fluorescent Dyes
