Vigabatrin (BioDeep_00000002507)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000408803, BioDeep_00000897843

human metabolite blood metabolite Chemicals and Drugs


代谢物信息卡片


Acid, gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric

化学式: C6H11NO2 (129.0789746)
中文名称: 氨己烯酸
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 0.3%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C=CC(CCC(=O)O)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H11NO2/c1-2-5(7)3-4-6(8)9/h2,5H,1,3-4,7H2,(H,8,9)

描述信息

Vigabatrin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)It is believed that vigabatrin increases brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by irreversibly inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase GABA-T) or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. Vigabatrin may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels.
N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AG - Fatty acid derivatives
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents
CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3626
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Vigabatrin (γ-Vinyl-GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA vinyl-derivative, is an orally active and irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor. Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic agent, which acts by increasing GABA levels in the brain by inhibiting the catabolism of GABA by GABA transaminase[1][2][3].

同义名列表

30 个代谢物同义名

Acid, gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric; gamma Vinyl gamma aminobutyric acid; gamma-Vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid; gamma-Vinyl-gamma-aminobutyrate; Yamanouchi brand OF vigabatrin; Vigabatrin yamanouchi brand; g-Vinyl-g-aminobutyric acid; Γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid; Hoechst brand OF vigabatrin; Aventis brand OF vigabatrin; Vigabatrin aventis brand; Vigabatrin hoechst brand; Γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyrate; 4-aminohex-5-enoic acid; 4-Amino-5-hexenoic acid; g-Vinyl-g-aminobutyrate; 4-Amino-5-hexenoate; gamma-Vinyl-gaba; gamma Vinyl gaba; gamma-Vinyl gaba; g-Vinyl gaba; Vigabatrinum; Γ-vinyl gaba; Vigabatrine; Vigabatrina; vigabatrin; Sabrilex; Sabril; GVG; γ-Vinyl-GABA



数据库引用编号

27 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

1 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Azusa Ikeda, Moyoko Tomiyasu, Ayako Yamamoto, Yu Tsuyusaki, Yasuhiro Kawai, Masahiko Tanabe, Megumi Tsuji, Mizue Iai, Noriko Aida, Tomohide Goto. Elevation of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid levels is associated with vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. Epilepsy research. 2022 Mar; 181(?):106881. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106881. [PMID: 35183975]
  • Mayu Onozato, Shusuke Uekusa, Tatsuya Sakamoto, Maho Umino, Hideaki Ichiba, Takeshi Fukushima. Separation of vigabatrin enantiomers using mixed-mode chromatography and its application to determine the vigabatrin enantiomer levels in rat plasma. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2021 Aug; 1179(?):122866. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122866. [PMID: 34348203]
  • Mark J Henderson, Kathleen A Trychta, Shyh-Ming Yang, Susanne Bäck, Adam Yasgar, Emily S Wires, Carina Danchik, Xiaokang Yan, Hideaki Yano, Lei Shi, Kuo-Jen Wu, Amy Q Wang, Dingyin Tao, Gergely Zahoránszky-Kőhalmi, Xin Hu, Xin Xu, David Maloney, Alexey V Zakharov, Ganesha Rai, Fumihiko Urano, Mikko Airavaara, Oksana Gavrilova, Ajit Jadhav, Yun Wang, Anton Simeonov, Brandon K Harvey. A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome. Cell reports. 2021 04; 35(4):109040. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109040. [PMID: 33910017]
  • Dana C Walters, Erwin E W Jansen, Gajja S Salomons, Erland Arning, Paula Ashcraft, Teodoro Bottiglieri, Jean-Baptiste Roullet, K Michael Gibson. Preferential accumulation of the active S-(+) isomer in murine retina highlights novel mechanisms of vigabatrin-associated retinal toxicity. Epilepsy research. 2021 02; 170(?):106536. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106536. [PMID: 33385945]
  • Reem Odi, Valentina Franco, Emilio Perucca, Meir Bialer. Bioequivalence and switchability of generic antiseizure medications (ASMs): A re-appraisal based on analysis of generic ASM products approved in Europe. Epilepsia. 2021 02; 62(2):285-302. doi: 10.1111/epi.16802. [PMID: 33426641]
  • Rahul Sinha, Vaishakh Anand, Juhi Gupta, Sonali Singh, Sheffali Gulati. Infantile spasms and COVID-19: Challenges and solutions in resource-limited settings. Epilepsy research. 2020 11; 167(?):106441. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106441. [PMID: 32877881]
  • Jitendra Kumar Sahu, Priyanka Madaan, Prem Chand, Amit Kumar, Kyaw Linn, Mimi Lhamu Mynak, Prakash Poudel, Jithangi Wanigasinghe. Management of West syndrome during COVID-19 pandemic: A viewpoint from South Asian West Syndrome Research Group. Epilepsy research. 2020 11; 167(?):106453. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106453. [PMID: 32927329]
  • Zachary M Grinspan, John R Mytinger, Fiona M Baumer, Michael A Ciliberto, Bruce H Cohen, Dennis J Dlugos, Chellamani Harini, Shaun A Hussain, Sucheta M Joshi, Cynthia G Keator, Kelly G Knupp, Patricia E McGoldrick, Katherine C Nickels, Jun T Park, Archana Pasupuleti, Anup D Patel, Scott L Pomeroy, Asim M Shahid, Renee A Shellhaas, Daniel W Shrey, Rani K Singh, Steven M Wolf, Elissa G Yozawitz, Christopher J Yuskaitis, Jeff L Waugh, Phillip L Pearl. Crisis Standard of Care: Management of Infantile Spasms during COVID-19. Annals of neurology. 2020 08; 88(2):215-217. doi: 10.1002/ana.25792. [PMID: 32445204]
  • Mariusz J Świąder, Katarzyna Świąder, Izabela Zakrocka, Maciej Krzyżanowski, Andrzej Wróbel, Jarogniew J Łuszczki, Stanisław J Czuczwar. Long-term vigabatrin treatment modifies pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: focused on GABA brain concentration. Pharmacological reports : PR. 2020 Apr; 72(2):322-330. doi: 10.1007/s43440-019-00037-6. [PMID: 32048251]
  • Tobie D Lee, Olivia W Lee, Kyle R Brimacombe, Lu Chen, Rajarshi Guha, Sabrina Lusvarghi, Bethilehem G Tebase, Carleen Klumpp-Thomas, Robert W Robey, Suresh V Ambudkar, Min Shen, Michael M Gottesman, Matthew D Hall. A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Molecular pharmacology. 2019 11; 96(5):629-640. doi: 10.1124/mol.119.115964. [PMID: 31515284]
  • Dana C Walters, Erland Arning, Teodoro Bottiglieri, Erwin E W Jansen, Gajja S Salomons, Madalyn N Brown, Michelle A Schmidt, Garrett R Ainslie, Jean-Baptiste Roullet, K Michael Gibson. Metabolomic analyses of vigabatrin (VGB)-treated mice: GABA-transaminase inhibition significantly alters amino acid profiles in murine neural and non-neural tissues. Neurochemistry international. 2019 05; 125(?):151-162. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.015. [PMID: 30822440]
  • Dana C Walters, Erwin E W Jansen, Garrett R Ainslie, Gajja S Salomons, Madalyn N Brown, Michelle A Schmidt, Jean-Baptiste Roullet, K M Gibson. Preclinical tissue distribution and metabolic correlations of vigabatrin, an antiepileptic drug associated with potential use-limiting visual field defects. Pharmacology research & perspectives. 2019 02; 7(1):e00456. doi: 10.1002/prp2.456. [PMID: 30631446]
  • Tiantian Xie, Jing Ji, Wei Chen, Jianyun Yue, Changjian Du, Jiacheng Sun, Lanzhen Chen, Zeping Jiang, Shengqing Shi. γ-Aminobutyric acid is closely associated with accumulation of flavonoids. Plant signaling & behavior. 2019; 14(7):1604015. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1604015. [PMID: 30999791]
  • Emre Durdag, Zuhal Yildirim, Nese Lortlar Unlu, Aydemir Kale, Necdet Ceviker. Neuroprotective Effects of Vigabatrin on Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. World neurosurgery. 2018 Dec; 120(?):e33-e41. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.103. [PMID: 30031958]
  • Anitha Police, Vijay Kumar Shankar, S Narasimha Murthy. RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of vigabatrin, gamma-aminobutyric acid and taurine in biological samples. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2018 Feb; 1076(?):44-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.010. [PMID: 29396367]
  • Paul Duhamel, Marwa Ounissi, Thomas Le Saux, Hugues Bienayme, Catherine Chiron, Vincent Jullien. Determination of the R(-) and S(+)-enantiomers of vigabatrin in human plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass-spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2017 Dec; 1070(?):31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.037. [PMID: 29107733]
  • Dwain Tolbert, Susan Reid, Stuart Harris, Ihor Bekersky. Vigabatrin Lacks Proarrhythmic Potential: Results from a Thorough QT/QTc Study in Healthy Volunteers. Clinical therapeutics. 2017 Aug; 39(8):1639-1648. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.06.006. [PMID: 28668627]
  • Tomáš Hložek, Miroslava Bursová, Pavel Coufal, Radomír Čabala. Gabapentin, Pregabalin and Vigabatrin Quantification in Human Serum by GC-MS After Hexyl Chloroformate Derivatization. Journal of analytical toxicology. 2016 Nov; 40(9):749-753. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw070. [PMID: 27590034]
  • Laura Blancquaert, Shahid P Baba, Sebastian Kwiatkowski, Jan Stautemas, Sanne Stegen, Silvia Barbaresi, Weiliang Chung, Adjoa A Boakye, J David Hoetker, Aruni Bhatnagar, Joris Delanghe, Bert Vanheel, Maria Veiga-da-Cunha, Wim Derave, Inge Everaert. Carnosine and anserine homeostasis in skeletal muscle and heart is controlled by β-alanine transamination. The Journal of physiology. 2016 09; 594(17):4849-63. doi: 10.1113/jp272050. [PMID: 27062388]
  • Emily M Spelbrink, Tarub S Mabud, Richard Reimer, Brenda E Porter. Plasma taurine levels are not affected by vigabatrin in pediatric patients. Epilepsia. 2016 08; 57(8):e168-72. doi: 10.1111/epi.13447. [PMID: 27344989]
  • Marwa Y Sallam, Sahar M El-Gowilly, Abdel-Galil A Abdel-Galil, Mahmoud M El-Mas. Central GABAA receptors are involved in inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of endotoxemia in conscious rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology. 2016 Mar; 389(3):279-88. doi: 10.1007/s00210-015-1201-7. [PMID: 26685896]
  • Poorella Lingeshwar, Gurpreet Kaur, Neetu Singh, Seema Singh, Akanksha Mishra, Shubha Shukla, Rachumallu Ramakrishna, Tulsankar Sachin Laxman, Rabi Sankar Bhatta, Hefazat H Siddiqui, Kashif Hanif. A study on the involvement of GABA-transaminase in MCT induced pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2016 Feb; 36(?):10-21. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.11.002. [PMID: 26608704]
  • Rune Nørgaard Rasmussen, Candela Lagunas, Jakob Plum, René Holm, Carsten Uhd Nielsen. Interaction of GABA-mimetics with the taurine transporter (TauT, Slc6a6) in hyperosmotic treated Caco-2, LLC-PK1 and rat renal SKPT cells. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016 Jan; 82(?):138-46. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.020. [PMID: 26631583]
  • Lei Ding, Run Gao, Xiao-Qing Xiong, Xing-Ya Gao, Qi Chen, Yue-Hua Li, Yu-Ming Kang, Guo-Qing Zhu. GABA in Paraventricular Nucleus Regulates Adipose Afferent Reflex in Rats. PloS one. 2015; 10(8):e0136983. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136983. [PMID: 26317425]
  • Richard J Shannon, Ivan Timofeev, Jürgens Nortje, Peter J Hutchinson, Keri L H Carpenter. Monitoring vigabatrin in head injury patients by cerebral microdialysis: obtaining pharmacokinetic measurements in a neurocritical care setting. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2014 Nov; 78(5):981-95. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12414. [PMID: 24802902]
  • Jakob Plum, Martha Kampp Nøhr, Steen H Hansen, René Holm, Carsten Uhd Nielsen. The anti-epileptic drug substance vigabatrin inhibits taurine transport in intestinal and renal cell culture models. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2014 Oct; 473(1-2):395-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.023. [PMID: 25062867]
  • Martha Kampp Nøhr, Sidsel Frølund, René Holm, Carsten Uhd Nielsen. Pharmacokinetic aspects of the anti-epileptic drug substance vigabatrin: focus on transporter interactions. Therapeutic delivery. 2014 Aug; 5(8):927-42. doi: 10.4155/tde.14.55. [PMID: 25337649]
  • Boštjan Martinc, Robert Roškar, Iztok Grabnar, Tomaž Vovk. Simultaneous determination of gabapentin, pregabalin, vigabatrin, and topiramate in plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2014 Jul; 962(?):82-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.030. [PMID: 24907547]
  • Nađa Kostić, Yannis Dotsikas, Nebojša Jović, Galina Stevanović, Anđelija Malenović, Mirjana Medenica. Vigabatrin in dried plasma spots: validation of a novel LC-MS/MS method and application to clinical practice. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2014 Jul; 962(?):102-108. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.037. [PMID: 24908379]
  • Martha Kampp Nøhr, René Holm, Zia Irene Thale, Carsten Uhd Nielsen. Intestinal absorption of the antiepileptic drug substance vigabatrin in Göttingen mini-pigs is unaffected by co-administration of amino acids. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2014 May; 466(1-2):18-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.004. [PMID: 24607206]
  • Zvonka Rener-Primec, Valerija Balkovec. Valproate-related erythrodermia with reversible encephalopathy: a rare but serious adverse reaction, case report. Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica. 2014; 23(2):35-8. doi: 10.15570/actaapa.2014.9. [PMID: 24964948]
  • Eugene C Somoza, Douglas Winship, Charles W Gorodetzky, Daniel Lewis, Domenic A Ciraulo, Gantt P Galloway, Scott D Segal, Michael Sheehan, John D Roache, Warren K Bickel, Donald Jasinski, Donnie W Watson, Steven R Miller, Peggy Somoza, Theresa Winhusen. A multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vigabatrin for treating cocaine dependence. JAMA psychiatry. 2013 Jun; 70(6):630-7. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.872. [PMID: 23575810]
  • Abdel Chahbouni, Arno Sinjewel, Jeroen C G den Burger, René M Vos, Abraham J Wilhelm, Agnes I Veldkamp, Eleanora L Swart. Rapid quantification of gabapentin, pregabalin, and vigabatrin in human serum by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection. Therapeutic drug monitoring. 2013 Feb; 35(1):48-53. doi: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31827788c0. [PMID: 23188183]
  • Nicolas Froger, Firas Jammoul, David Gaucher, Lucia Cadetti, Henri Lorach, Julie Degardin, Dorothée Pain, Elisabeth Dubus, Valérie Forster, Ivana Ivkovic, Manuel Simonutti, José-Alain Sahel, Serge Picaud. Taurine is a crucial factor to preserve retinal ganglion cell survival. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2013; 775(?):69-83. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6130-2_6. [PMID: 23392925]
  • Mai Shibata, Sachiyo Hashi, Haruka Nakanishi, Satohiro Masuda, Toshiya Katsura, Ikuko Yano. Detection of 22 antiepileptic drugs by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry applicable to routine therapeutic drug monitoring. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 2012 Dec; 26(12):1519-28. doi: 10.1002/bmc.2726. [PMID: 22383262]
  • David Gaucher, Emilie Arnault, Zoé Husson, Nicolas Froger, Elisabeth Dubus, Pauline Gondouin, Diane Dherbécourt, Julie Degardin, Manuel Simonutti, Stéphane Fouquet, M A Benahmed, K Elbayed, Izzie-Jacques Namer, Pascale Massin, José-Alain Sahel, Serge Picaud. Taurine deficiency damages retinal neurones: cone photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells. Amino acids. 2012 Nov; 43(5):1979-93. doi: 10.1007/s00726-012-1273-3. [PMID: 22476345]
  • Dorota Nieoczym, Katarzyna Socała, Jarogniew J Luszczki, Stanisław J Czuczwar, Piotr Wlaź. Sildenafil influences the anticonvulsant activity of vigabatrin and gabapentin in the timed pentylenetetrazole infusion test in mice. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2012 Oct; 39(1):129-35. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.020. [PMID: 22683320]
  • Yue Pan, Madina R Gerasimov, Trine Kvist, Petrine Wellendorph, Karsten K Madsen, Elena Pera, Hyunbeom Lee, Arne Schousboe, Mary Chebib, Hans Bräuner-Osborne, Cheryl M Craft, Jonathan D Brodie, Wynne K Schiffer, Stephen L Dewey, Steven R Miller, Richard B Silverman. (1S, 3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115), a potent γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase inactivator for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2012 Jan; 55(1):357-66. doi: 10.1021/jm201231w. [PMID: 22128851]
  • Joanie K Tulloch, Roxane R Carr, Mary H H Ensom. A systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in neonates with refractory seizures. The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG. 2012 Jan; 17(1):31-44. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-17.1.31. [PMID: 23118657]
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  • Gisela Skopp, Gisela Zimmer. [Pregabalin--a drug with abuse potential?]. Archiv fur Kriminologie. 2012 Jan; 229(1-2):44-54. doi: NULL. [PMID: 22448469]
  • David T Thwaites, Catriona M H Anderson. The SLC36 family of proton-coupled amino acid transporters and their potential role in drug transport. British journal of pharmacology. 2011 Dec; 164(7):1802-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01438.x. [PMID: 21501141]
  • R Nageswara Rao, Pawan K Maurya, Dhananjay D Shinde, Sara Khalid. Precolumn derivatization followed by liquid chromatographic separation and determination of tramiprosate in rat plasma by fluorescence detector: application to pharmacokinetics. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2011 May; 55(2):282-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.013. [PMID: 21324628]
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  • Muhannad R M Salih, Mohd Baidi Bahari, Arwa Y Abd. Selected pharmacokinetic issues of the use of antiepileptic drugs and parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients. Nutrition journal. 2010 Dec; 9(?):71. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-71. [PMID: 21194458]
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  • Iiris Sorri, Mitchell G Brigell, Miklos Mályusz, Eija Mahlamäki, Capucine de Meynard, Reetta Kälviäinen. Is reduced ornithine-δ-aminotransferase activity the cause of vigabatrin-associated visual field defects?. Epilepsy research. 2010 Nov; 92(1):48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.08.006. [PMID: 20850272]
  • Fatima A Nasrallah, Anthony D Maher, Jane R Hanrahan, Vladimir J Balcar, Caroline D Rae. γ-Hydroxybutyrate and the GABAergic footprint: a metabolomic approach to unpicking the actions of GHB. Journal of neurochemistry. 2010 Oct; 115(1):58-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06901.x. [PMID: 20681954]
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