Reaction Process: Plant Reactome:R-OME-2744344
Secondary metabolism related metabolites
find 123 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Secondary metabolism
ATP + CoA-SH + ferulate ⟶ AMP + PPi + feruloyl-CoA
Umbelliferone
Umbelliferone is a hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. It has a role as a fluorescent probe, a plant metabolite and a food component. Umbelliferone is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Artemisia ordosica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Chamomile (part of). Occurs widely in plants including Angelica subspecies Phytoalexin of infected sweet potato. Umbelliferone is found in many foods, some of which are macadamia nut, silver linden, quince, and capers. Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_50eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_40eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_30eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_10eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_20eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_40eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_10eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_30eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_20eV_000039.txt Umbelliferone. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=93-35-6 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 93-35-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent. Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent.
Isoliquiritigenin
Isoliquiritigenin is a member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone hydroxylated at C-2, -4 and -4. It has a role as an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor, a biological pigment, a NMDA receptor antagonist, a GABA modulator, a metabolite, an antineoplastic agent and a geroprotector. It is functionally related to a trans-chalcone. It is a conjugate acid of an isoliquiritigenin(1-). Isoliquiritigenin is a precursor to several flavonones in many plants. Isoliquiritigenin is a natural product found in Pterocarpus indicus, Dracaena draco, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of); Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root (part of); Pterocarpus marsupium wood (part of). Isolated from Medicago subspecies Isoliquiritigenin is found in many foods, some of which are cocoa bean, purple mangosteen, blackcurrant, and chives. A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone hydroxylated at C-2, -4 and -4. Isoliquiritigenin is found in pulses. Isoliquiritigenin is isolated from Medicago specie D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Isoliquiritigenin is an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which inhibits aldose reductase with an IC50 of 320 nM. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication with an EC50 of 24.7 μM. Isoliquiritigenin is an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which inhibits aldose reductase with an IC50 of 320 nM. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication with an EC50 of 24.7 μM.
Naringenin
Naringenin is a flavorless, colorless flavanone, a type of flavonoid. It is the predominant flavanone in grapefruit, and is found in a variety of fruits and herbs. Naringenin has the skeleton structure of a flavanone with three hydroxy groups at the 4, 5, and 7 carbons. It may be found both in the aglycol form, naringenin, or in its glycosidic form, naringin, which has the addition of the disaccharide neohesperidose attached via a glycosidic linkage at carbon 7. Naringenin (not to be confused with naringin) is a flavanone that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, immunity system modulater. This substance has also been shown to repair DNA. Scientists exposed cells to 80 micomoles of naringenin per liter, for 24 hours, and found that the amount of hydroxyl damage to the DNA was reduced by 24 percent in that very short period of time. Unfortunately, this bioflavonoid is difficult to absorb on oral ingestion. Only 15\\\\\\\% of ingested naringenin will get absorbed, in the human gastrointestinal tract, in the best case scenario. A full glass of orange juice will supply about enough naringenin to achieve a concentration of about 0.5 micromoles per liter. Naringenin is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits. (S)-naringenin is the (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. It has a role as an expectorant and a plant metabolite. It is a naringenin and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. It is a conjugate acid of a (S)-naringenin(1-). It is an enantiomer of a (R)-naringenin. Naringenin is a natural product found in Elaeodendron croceum, Garcinia multiflora, and other organisms with data available. See also: Naringin (related). Most widely distributed flavanone. Citrus fruits (grapefruit, oranges and pummelos) are especially good sources. Glycosides also widely distributed The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_20eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_10eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_40eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_30eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_50eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_10eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_30eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_50eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_20eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_40eV_000021.txt (±)-Naringenin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=67604-48-2 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 67604-48-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (±)-Naringenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid. (±)-Naringenin displays vasorelaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vessels via the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes[1]. (±)-Naringenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid. (±)-Naringenin displays vasorelaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vessels via the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes[1]. Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity. Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity.
Cinnamic acid
Cinnamic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a member of styrenes and a member of cinnamic acids. It is a conjugate acid of a cinnamate. Cinnamic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Cinnamic acid is a natural product found in Marsypopetalum crassum, Aiouea brenesii, and other organisms with data available. Cinnamic acid has the formula C6H5CHCHCOOH and is an odorless white crystalline acid, which is slightly soluble in water. It has a melting point of 133 degree centigrade and a boiling point of 300 degree centigrade. Cinnamic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Cinnamon (part of); Chinese Cinnamon (part of); Stevia rebaudiuna Leaf (part of) ... View More ... Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID C016 Cinnamic acid has potential use in cancer intervention, with IC50s of 1-4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells. Cinnamic acid has potential use in cancer intervention, with IC50s of 1-4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells. trans-Cinnamic acid is a natural antimicrobial, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 μg/mL against fish pathogen A. sobria, SY-AS1[1]. trans-Cinnamic acid is a natural antimicrobial, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 μg/mL against fish pathogen A. sobria, SY-AS1[1].
4-Hydroxycinnamic acid
4-Hydroxycinnamic acid, also known as p-Coumaric acid, is a coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a 4-coumarate. p-coumaric acid is an organic compound that is a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid. There are three isomers of coumaric acid: o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid, that differ by the position of the hydroxy substitution of the phenyl group. p-Coumaric acid is the most abundant isomer of the three in nature. p-Coumaric acid exists in two forms trans-p-coumaric acid and cis-p-coumaric acid. It is a crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and diethyl ether. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids are compounds containing an cinnamic acid where the benzene ring is hydroxylated. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as pepper (Capsicum frutescens), pineapples, and sunflowers and in a lower concentration in spinachs, kiwis, and sweet oranges. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as wild rices, soursops, garden onions, hyssops, and avocado. 4-coumaric acid is a coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a 4-coumarate. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. trans-4-Coumaric acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Black Cohosh (part of); Galium aparine whole (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of) ... View More ... Coumaric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound that is a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid. There are three isomers, o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid, that differ by the position of the hydroxy substitution of the phenyl group. p-Coumaric acid is the most abundant isomer of the three in nature. p-Coumaric acid is found in many foods, some of which are garden onion, turmeric, green bell pepper, and common thyme. D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 168 KEIO_ID C024 p-Coumaric acid is the abundant isomer of cinnamic acid which has antitumor and anti-mutagenic activities. p-Coumaric acid is the abundant isomer of cinnamic acid which has antitumor and anti-mutagenic activities. p-Hydroxycinnamic acid, a common dietary phenol, could inhibit platelet activity, with IC50s of 371 μM, 126 μM for thromboxane B2 production and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 generation, respectively. p-Hydroxycinnamic acid, a common dietary phenol, could inhibit platelet activity, with IC50s of 371 μM, 126 μM for thromboxane B2 production and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 generation, respectively. p-Coumaric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7400-08-0 (retrieved 2024-09-04) (CAS RN: 7400-08-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Tryptamine
Tryptamine, also known as TrpN, is a catabolite of tryptophan converted by the gut microbiota. After absorption through the intestinal epithelium, tryptophan catabolites enter the bloodstream and are later excreted in the urine. Both Clostridium sp. and Ruminococcus sp. have been found to convert tryptophan into tryptamine (PMID: 30120222). Tryptamine is a monoamine compound that is a common precursor molecule to many hormones and neurotransmitters. Biosynthesis generally proceeds from the amino acid tryptophan, with tryptamine acting as a precursor for other compounds. Substitutions to the tryptamine molecule give rise to a group of compounds collectively known as tryptamines. The most well-known tryptamines are serotonin, an important neurotransmitter, and melatonin, a hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Tryptamine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as onion-family vegetables, acerola, Japanese walnuts, custard apples, and green zucchinis. This could make tryptamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Tryptamine is an aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an aminoalkylindole, an indole alkaloid, an aralkylamino compound and a member of tryptamines. It is a conjugate base of a tryptaminium. Tryptamine is a natural product found in Mus musculus, Prosopis glandulosa, and other organisms with data available. Occurs widely in plants, especies Lens esculenta (lentil) and the fungi Coprinus micaceus (glistening ink cap) An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position. KEIO_ID T031
Quinic acid
Quinic acid, also known as quinate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as quinic acids and derivatives. Quinic acids and derivatives are compounds containing a quinic acid moiety (or a derivative thereof), which is a cyclitol made up of a cyclohexane ring that bears four hydroxyl groups at positions 1,3, 4, and 5, as well as a carboxylic acid at position 1. Quinic acid is a sugar acid. It is also a cyclitol, or cyclic polyol. More specifically, quinic acid is a crystalline acid obtained from cinchona bark, coffee beans, tobacco leaves, carrot leaves, apples, peaches, pears, plums, vegetables, etc. Quinic acid can also be made synthetically by hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid. Quinic acid is implicated in the perceived acidity of coffee. (-)-quinic acid is the (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a (-)-quinate. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-quinic acid. Quinate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Quinic acid is a natural product found in Gamblea innovans, Pterocaulon virgatum, and other organisms with data available. An acid which is found in cinchona bark and elsewhere in plants. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Quinic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=36413-60-2 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 36413-60-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). D-(-)-Quinic acid is a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and is implicated in the perceived acidity of coffee. D-(-)-Quinic acid is a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and is implicated in the perceived acidity of coffee.
Luteolin
Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid. (PMID:17168665). The flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found as integral components of the human diet. They are universally present as constituents of flowering plants, particularly of food plants. The flavonoids are phenyl substituted chromones (benzopyran derivatives) consisting of a 15-carbon basic skeleton (C6-C3-C6), composed of a chroman (C6-C3) nucleus (the benzo ring A and the heterocyclic ring C), also shared by the tocopherols, with a phenyl (the aromatic ring B) substitution usually at the 2-position. Different substitutions can typically occur in the rings, A and B. Several plants and spices containing flavonoid derivatives have found application as disease preventive and therapeutic agents in traditional medicine in Asia for thousands of years. The selection of a particular food plant, plant tissue or herb for its potential health benefits appears to mirror its flavonoid composition. The much lower risk of colon, prostate and breast cancers in Asians, who consume more vegetables, fruits and tea than populations in the Western hemisphere do, raises the question of whether flavonoid components mediate the protective effects of diets rich in these foodstuffs by acting as natural chemopreventive and anticancer agents. An impressive body of information exists on the antitumoral action of plant flavonoids. In vitro work has concentrated on the direct and indirect actions of flavonoids on tumor cells, and has found a variety of anticancer effects such as cell growth and kinase activity inhibition, apoptosis induction, suppression of the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and of tumor invasive behavior. Furthermore, some studies have reported the impairment of in vivo angiogenesis by dietary flavonoids. Experimental animal studies indicate that certain dietary flavonoids possess antitumoral activity. The hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavones and flavonols, such as luteolin seems to critically influence their activities, especially the inhibition of protein kinase activity and antiproliferation. The different mechanisms underlying the potential anticancer action of plant flavonoids await further elucidation. Certain dietary flavonols and flavones targeting cell surface signal transduction enzymes, such as protein tyrosine and focal adhesion kinases, and the processes of angiogenesis appear to be promising candidates as anticancer agents. Further in vivo studies of these bioactive constituents is deemed necessary in order to develop flavonoid-based anticancer strategies. In view of the increasing interest in the association between dietary flavonoids and cancer initiation and progression, this important field is likely to witness expanded effort and to attract and stimulate further vigorous investigations (PMID:16097445). Luteolin is a tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 4, 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers. It has a role as an EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist, a plant metabolite, a nephroprotective agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, a radical scavenger and an immunomodulator. It is a 3-hydroxyflavonoid and a tetrahydroxyflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a luteolin-7-olate. Luteolin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Carex fraseriana, and other organisms with data available. Luteolin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid, with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-inducing and chemopreventive activities. Upon administration, luteolin scavenges free radicals, protects cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage and induces direct cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation and suppresses metastasis. 5,7,3,4-tetrahydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. See also: Chamomile (part of); Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of). A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 4, 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers. Flavone v. widespread in plant world; found especies in celery, peppermint, rosemary, thyme and Queen Annes Lace leaves (wild carrot). Potential nutriceutical. Luteolin is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, ginger, abalone, and swiss chard. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. IPB_RECORD: 361; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 48 Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells[1][2][3]. Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells[1][2][3].
linolenate(18:3)
alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). It is a member of the group of essential fatty acids called omega-3 fatty acids. alpha-Linolenic acid, in particular, is not synthesized by mammals and therefore is an essential dietary requirement for all mammals. Certain nuts (English walnuts) and vegetable oils (canola, soybean, flaxseed/linseed, olive) are particularly rich in alpha-linolenic acid. Omega-3 fatty acids get their name based on the location of one of their first double bond. In all omega-3 fatty acids, the first double bond is located between the third and fourth carbon atom counting from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-3). Although humans and other mammals can synthesize saturated and some monounsaturated fatty acids from carbon groups in carbohydrates and proteins, they lack the enzymes necessary to insert a cis double bond at the n-6 or the n-3 position of a fatty acid. Omega-3 fatty acids like alpha-linolenic acid are important structural components of cell membranes. When incorporated into phospholipids, they affect cell membrane properties such as fluidity, flexibility, permeability, and the activity of membrane-bound enzymes. Omega-3 fatty acids can modulate the expression of a number of genes, including those involved with fatty acid metabolism and inflammation. alpha-Linolenic acid and other omega-3 fatty acids may regulate gene expression by interacting with specific transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs). alpha-Linolenic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. α-Linolenic acid can be obtained by humans only through their diets. Humans lack the desaturase enzymes required for processing stearic acid into A-linoleic acid or other unsaturated fatty acids. Dietary α-linolenic acid is metabolized to stearidonic acid, a precursor to a collection of polyunsaturated 20-, 22-, 24-, etc fatty acids (eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, tetracosapentaenoic acid, 6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid).[12] Because the efficacy of n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) synthesis decreases down the cascade of α-linolenic acid conversion, DHA synthesis from α-linolenic acid is even more restricted than that of EPA.[13] Conversion of ALA to DHA is higher in women than in men.[14] α-Linolenic acid, also known as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (from Greek alpha meaning "first" and linon meaning flax), is an n−3, or omega-3, essential fatty acid. ALA is found in many seeds and oils, including flaxseed, walnuts, chia, hemp, and many common vegetable oils. In terms of its structure, it is named all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid.[2] In physiological literature, it is listed by its lipid number, 18:3 (n−3). It is a carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain and three cis double bonds. The first double bond is located at the third carbon from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain, known as the n end. Thus, α-linolenic acid is a polyunsaturated n−3 (omega-3) fatty acid. It is a regioisomer of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an 18:3 (n−6) fatty acid (i.e., a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid with three double bonds). Alpha-linolenic acid is a linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical and a mouse metabolite. It is an omega-3 fatty acid and a linolenic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an alpha-linolenate and a (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoate. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. It is a component of many common vegetable oils and is important to human nutrition. alpha-Linolenic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Linolenic Acid is a natural product found in Prunus mume, Dipteryx lacunifera, and other organisms with data available. Linolenic Acid is an essential fatty acid belonging to the omega-3 fatty acids group. It is highly concentrated in certain plant oils and has been reported to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin resulting in reduced inflammation and prevention of certain chronic diseases. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. It is a component of many common vegetable oils and is important to human nutrition. A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. Seed oils are the richest sources of α-linolenic acid, notably those of hempseed, chia, perilla, flaxseed (linseed oil), rapeseed (canola), and soybeans. α-Linolenic acid is also obtained from the thylakoid membranes in the leaves of Pisum sativum (pea leaves).[3] Plant chloroplasts consisting of more than 95 percent of photosynthetic thylakoid membranes are highly fluid due to the large abundance of ALA, evident as sharp resonances in high-resolution carbon-13 NMR spectra.[4] Some studies state that ALA remains stable during processing and cooking.[5] However, other studies state that ALA might not be suitable for baking as it will polymerize with itself, a feature exploited in paint with transition metal catalysts. Some ALA may also oxidize at baking temperatures. Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Perilla frutescens. Gamma-linolenic acid supplements could restore needed PUFAs and mitigate the disease[1]. Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Perilla frutescens. Gamma-linolenic acid supplements could restore needed PUFAs and mitigate the disease[1]. α-Linolenic acid, isolated from Perilla frutescens, is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by humans. α-Linolenic acid can affect the process of thrombotic through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. α-Linolenic acid possess the anti-arrhythmic properties and is related to cardiovascular disease and cancer[1]. α-Linolenic acid, isolated from Perilla frutescens, is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by humans. α-Linolenic acid can affect the process of thrombotic through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. α-Linolenic acid possess the anti-arrhythmic properties and is related to cardiovascular disease and cancer[1]. α-Linolenic acid, isolated from Perilla frutescens, is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by humans. α-Linolenic acid can affect the process of thrombotic through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. α-Linolenic acid possess the anti-arrhythmic properties and is related to cardiovascular disease and cancer[1].
Coniferaldehyde
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223). Coniferyl aldehyde, also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or 4-hm-ca, is a member of the class of compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferyl aldehyde is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Coniferyl aldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as pear, common walnut, kelp, and citrus, which makes coniferyl aldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Coniferyl aldehyde is a low molecular weight phenolic compound susceptible to be extracted from cork stoppers into wine . Coniferyl aldehyde is a member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3. It has a role as an antifungal agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of cinnamaldehydes, a phenylpropanoid and a member of guaiacols. It is functionally related to an (E)-cinnamaldehyde. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Microtropis japonica, and other organisms with data available. A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Coniferaldehyde (Ferulaldehyde) is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Coniferaldehyde exerts anti-inflammatory properties in response to LPS. Coniferaldehyde inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis through the PKCα/β II/Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells[1]. Coniferaldehyde (Ferulaldehyde) is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Coniferaldehyde exerts anti-inflammatory properties in response to LPS. Coniferaldehyde inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis through the PKCα/β II/Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells Coniferaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=458-36-6 (retrieved 2024-09-04) (CAS RN: 458-36-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Apigenin
Apigenin is a trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells. It has a role as a metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is a conjugate acid of an apigenin-7-olate. Apigenin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Carex fraseriana, and other organisms with data available. Apigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. Apigenin inhibits the expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, is increased by differentiating agents via a protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), Ras, MEKK1, MEK3 cascade that increases AP1 factor level and AP1 factor binding to DNA elements in the hINV promoter. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter and the increase in hINV promoter activity. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311. Activation of hINV promoter activity by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigellocathecin-3-gallate, is also inhibited by apigenin, suggesting that the two chemopreventive agents can produce opposing actions in keratinocytes. (A7924). Apigenin, a flavone abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, exhibits antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic activities through poorly defined mechanisms. This flavonoid provides selective activity to promote caspase-dependent-apoptosis of leukemia cells and uncover an essential role of PKCdelta during the induction of apoptosis by apigenin. (A7925). Apigenin markedly induces the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and synergistically acts with exogenous soluble recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. On the other hand, apigenin-mediated induction of DR5 expression is not observed in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, apigenin does not sensitize normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. (A7926). 5,7,4-trihydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. See also: Chamomile (part of); Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of). Apigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. Apigenin inhibits the expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, is increased by differentiating agents via a protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), Ras, MEKK1, and MEK3 cascade that increases AP1 factor level and AP1 factor binding to DNA elements in the hINV promoter. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311. Activation of hINV promoter activity by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigellocathecin-3-gallate, is also inhibited by apigenin, suggesting that the two chemopreventive agents can produce opposing actions in keratinocytes (PMID: 16982614). Apigenin, a flavone abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, exhibits antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic activities through poorly defined mechanisms. This flavonoid provides selective activity to promote caspase-dependent-apoptosis of leukemia cells and uncover an essential role of PKCdelta during the induction of apoptosis by apigenin (PMID: 16844095). Apigenin markedly induces the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and synergistically acts with exogenous soluble recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. On the other hand, apigenin-mediated induction of DR5 expression is not observed in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, apigenin does not sensitize normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis (PMID: 16648565). Flavone found in a wide variety of foodstuffs; buckwheat, cabbage, celeriac, celery, lettuce, oregano, parsley, peppermint, perilla, pummelo juice, thyme, sweet potatoes, green tea and wild carrot [DFC] A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8558; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8556 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5097; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5094 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5096; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5093 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8561; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8559 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5082; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5079 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5104; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5099 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8572; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8570 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8556; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8554 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5085; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5082 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8554; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8550 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8540; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8539 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5090; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5089 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_10eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_40eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_20eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_30eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_50eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_40eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_20eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_10eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_50eV_000005.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 151 [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_30eV_000005.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 26 Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM. Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM.
Shikimic acid
Shikimic acid is a cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a cyclohexenecarboxylic acid, a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and an alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a shikimate. Shikimic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Shikimic acid is a natural product found in Quercus mongolica, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. Shikimic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it. Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. It is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi (the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated. Shikimic acid is a precursor for: the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine; indole, indole derivatives and tryptophan; many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites; tannins; and lignin. In pharmaceutical industry, shikimic acid from chinese star anise is used as a base material for production of Tamiflu (oseltamivir). Although shikimic acid is present in most autotrophic organisms, it is a biosynthetic intermediate and generally found in very low concentrations. A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 175 KEIO_ID S012 Shikimic acid is a key metabolic intermediate of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway, found in microbes and plants. Shikimic acid is a key metabolic intermediate of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway, found in microbes and plants.
Ferulic acid
trans-Ferulic acid is a highly abundant phenolic phytochemical which is present in plant cell walls. Ferulic acid is a phenolic acid that can be absorbed by the small intestine and excreted through the urine. It is one of the most abundant phenolic acids in plants, varying from 5 g/kg in wheat bran to 9 g/kg in sugar-beet pulp and 50 g/kg in corn kernel. It occurs primarily in seeds and leaves both in its free form (albeit rarely) and covalently linked to lignin and other biopolymers. It is usually found as ester cross-links with polysaccharides in the cell wall, such as arabinoxylans in grasses, pectin in spinach and sugar beet, and xyloglucans in bamboo. It also can cross-link with proteins. Due to its phenolic nucleus and an extended side chain conjugation (carbohydrates and proteins), it readily forms a resonance-stabilized phenoxy radical which accounts for its potent antioxidant potential. Food supplementation with curcumin and ferulic acid is considered a nutritional approach to reducing oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer disease (PMID:17127365, 1398220, 15453708, 9878519). Ferulic acid can be found in Pseudomonas and Saccharomyces (PMID:8395165). Ferulic acid is a ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring. It has a role as an antioxidant, a MALDI matrix material, a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent. It is a conjugate acid of a ferulate. Ferulic acid is a natural product found in Haplophyllum griffithianum, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. Ferulic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Angelica sinensis root (part of). Widely distributed in plants, first isolated from Ferula foetida (asafoetida). Antioxidant used to inhibit oxidn. of fats, pastry products, etc. Antifungal agent used to prevent fruit spoilage. trans-Ferulic acid is found in many foods, some of which are deerberry, peach, shea tree, and common bean. A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID H074 (E)-Ferulic acid is a isomer of Ferulic acid which is an aromatic compound, abundant in plant cell walls. (E)-Ferulic acid causes the phosphorylation of β-catenin, resulting in proteasomal degradation of β-catenin and increases the expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bax and decreases the expression of pro-survival factor survivin. (E)-Ferulic acid shows a potent ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ferulic acid exerts both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299[1]. (E)-Ferulic acid is a isomer of Ferulic acid which is an aromatic compound, abundant in plant cell walls. (E)-Ferulic acid causes the phosphorylation of β-catenin, resulting in proteasomal degradation of β-catenin and increases the expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bax and decreases the expression of pro-survival factor survivin. (E)-Ferulic acid shows a potent ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ferulic acid exerts both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299[1]. Ferulic acid is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively. Ferulic acid is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively.
Coniferyl alcohol
Coniferyl alcohol (CAS: 458-35-5), also known as coniferol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound. When copolymerized with related aromatic compounds, coniferyl alcohol forms lignin or lignans. Coniferyl alcohol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of eugenol, stilbenoids, and coumarin. Outside of the human body, coniferyl alcohol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common sages, chestnuts, cereals and cereal products, gingers, and cashew nuts. This could make coniferyl alcohol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Gum benzoin contains a significant amount of coniferyl alcohol and its esters. Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound. This colourless crystalline solid is a phytochemical, one of the monolignols. It is synthesized via the phenylpropanoid biochemical pathway. Coniferol is a phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring. It has a role as a monolignol, a mouse metabolite, a pheromone, an animal metabolite, a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. It is a phenylpropanoid and a member of guaiacols. It is functionally related to an (E)-cinnamyl alcohol. Coniferyl alcohol is a natural product found in Asparagus cochinchinensis, Xanthium spinosum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Polignate Sodium (monomer of); Ammonium lignosulfonate (monomer of); Calcium lignosulfonate (50000 MW) (monomer of) ... View More ... Coniferyl alcohol is an intermediate in biosynthesis of eugenol and of stilbene and coumarin. Gum benzoin contains significant amount of coniferyl alcohol and its esters.; Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound. This colourless crystalline solid is a phytochemical, one of the monolignols. It is synthetized via the phenylpropanoid biochemical pathway. When copolymerized with related aromatic compounds, coniferyl alcohol forms lignin or lignans. [HMDB]. Coniferyl alcohol is found in many foods, some of which are canada blueberry, eggplant, winged bean, and flaxseed. A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring. Coniferyl alcohol is an intermediate in biosynthesis of eugenol and of stilbenoids and coumarin[1]. Coniferyl alcohol specifically inhibits fungal growth[1]. Coniferyl alcohol is an intermediate in biosynthesis of eugenol and of stilbenoids and coumarin[1]. Coniferyl alcohol specifically inhibits fungal growth[1].
D-Pinitol
Widely distributed in plants. Pinitol is a cyclitol, a cyclic polyol. It is a known anti-diabetic agent isolated from Sutherlandia frutescens leaves. D-Pinitol is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products. D-Pinitol is found in many foods, some of which are ginkgo nuts, carob, soy bean, and common pea. D-Pinitol is found in carob. D-Pinitol is widely distributed in plants.Pinitol is a cyclitol, a cyclic polyol. It is a known anti-diabetic agent isolated from Sutherlandia frutescens leaves. (Wikipedia). D-Pinitol is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products. D-pinitol (3-O-Methyl-D-chiro-inositol) is a natural compound presented in several plants, like Pinaceae and Leguminosae plants. D-pinitol exerts hypoglycemic activity and protective effects in the cardiovascular system[1][2]. D-pinitol has antiviral and larvicidal activities[3]. D-pinitol (3-O-Methyl-D-chiro-inositol) is a natural compound presented in several plants, like Pinaceae and Leguminosae plants. D-pinitol exerts hypoglycemic activity and protective effects in the cardiovascular system[1][2]. D-pinitol has antiviral and larvicidal activities[3].
beta-Carotene
Beta-carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. It has a role as a biological pigment, a provitamin A, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a cofactor, a ferroptosis inhibitor and an antioxidant. It is a cyclic carotene and a carotenoid beta-end derivative. Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors. It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits. Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS). Beta-Carotene is a natural product found in Epicoccum nigrum, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. Beta-Carotene is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (NCI04) beta-Carotene is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). See also: Lycopene (part of); Broccoli (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis. Yellow food colour, dietary supplement, nutrient, Vitamin A precursor. Nutriceutical with antioxidation props. beta-Carotene is found in many foods, some of which are summer savory, gram bean, sunburst squash (pattypan squash), and other bread product. A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins
Lycopene
Lycopene is an acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It contains a carotenoid psi-end derivative. Lycopene is a naturally occuring red carotenoid pigment that is responsible in red to pink colors seen in tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and other foods. Having a chemical formula of C40H56, lycopene is a tetraterpene assembled from eight isoprene units that are solely composed of carbon and hydrogen. Lycophene may undergo extensive isomerization that allows 1056 theoretical cis-trans configurations; however the all-trans configuration of lycopene is the most predominant isomer found in foods that gives the red hue. Lycopene is a non-essential human nutrient that is classified as a non-provitamin A carotenoid pigment since it lacks a terminal beta ionone ring and does not mediate vitamin A activity. However lycophene is a potent antioxidant molecule that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) singlet oxygen. Tomato lycopene extract is used as a color additive in food products. Lycopene is a natural product found in Rhodobacter capsulatus, Afifella marina, and other organisms with data available. Lycopene is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. (NCI04) A carotenoid and red pigment produced by tomatoes, other red fruits and vegetables, and photosynthetic algae. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other carotenoids, and has antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, radioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Lycopene (molecular formula: C40H56) is a bright red carotenoid pigment. It is a phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits. Lycopene is the most common carotenoid in the human body and is one of the most potent carotenoid antioxidants. Its name is derived from the tomatos species classification, Solanum lycopersicum. Lycopene is a terpene assembled from 8 isoprene units. Lycopene is the most powerful carotenoid quencher of singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen from ultraviolet light is a primary cause of skin aging (Wikipedia). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits. D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents It is used as food colouring
Lutein
Lutein is a common carotenoid xanthophyll found in nature. Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid-soluble antioxidants. Lutein is one of the two carotenoids (the other is zeaxanthin) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli, and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataracts (up to 20\\\\\%) and age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\\\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations (PMID: 11023002). Lutein is a carotenol. It has a role as a food colouring and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a (6R)-beta,epsilon-carotene. Lutein is an xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots. In green plants, xanthophylls act to modulate light energy and serve as non-photochemical quenching agents to deal with triplet chlorophyll (an excited form of chlorophyll), which is overproduced at very high light levels, during photosynthesis. Lutein is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Hibiscus syriacus, and other organisms with data available. Lutein is lutein (LOO-teen) is a oxygenated carotenoid found in vegetables and fruits. lutein is found in the macula of the eye, where it is believed to act as a yellow filter. Lutein acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells against the damaging effects of free radicals. A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Corn (part of); Chicken; lutein (component of) ... View More ... Pigment from egg yolk and leaves. Found in all higher plants. Nutriceutical with anticancer and antioxidation props. Potentially useful for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) of the eye Lutein A. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=127-40-2 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 127-40-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4]. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4].
myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate
myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate is an intermediate in inositol phosphate metabolism. It can be generated from D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate via the enzyme inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (EC 2.7.1.158). myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate is also known as phytic acid. It can be used clinically as a complexing agent for the removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. Phytic acid is a strong chelator of important minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc and can, therefore, contribute to mineral deficiencies in developing countries. For people with a particularly low intake of essential minerals, especially young children and those in developing countries, this effect can be undesirable. However, dietary mineral chelators help prevent over-mineralization of joints, blood vessels, and other parts of the body, which is most common in older persons. Phytic acid is a plant antioxidant (PMID: 3040709). Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate is a myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated. It has a role as an iron chelator, an antineoplastic agent, a signalling molecule, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a cofactor. It is a conjugate acid of a myo-inositol hexakisphosphate(12-). Phytic acid is under investigation in clinical trial NCT01000233 (Value of Oral Phytate (InsP6) in the Prevention of Progression of the Cardiovascular Calcifications). Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Phytic acid is a natural product found in Chloris gayana, Vachellia nilotica, and other organisms with data available. Myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. Widely distributed in many higher plants. The Ca salt is used as a sequestrant in food flavouring C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant
alpha-Carotene
alpha-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. alpha-Carotene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. alpha-Carotene is one of the primary isomers of carotene. Plasma levels of alpha-carotene are positively associated with the detection rate of AFB1-DNA adducts in a dose-dependent manner, whereas plasma lycopene level was inversely related to the presence of the adducts in urine (PMID: 9214602). (6R)-beta,epsilon-carotene is an alpha-carotene. It is an enantiomer of a (6S)-beta,epsilon-carotene. alpha-Carotene is a natural product found in Hibiscus syriacus, Scandix stellata, and other organisms with data available. Widespread carotenoid, e.g. in carrots and palm oil. Has vitamin A activity but less than that of b-Carotene A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid xanthophyll and is one of the most common carotenoid found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color. Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma of saffron Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid soluble antioxidants. Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids (the other is lutein) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataract (up to 20\\%) and for age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations. (PMID: 11023002). Zeaxanthin has been found to be a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Algibacter, Aquibacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Formosa, Gramella, Hyunsoonleella, Kordia, Mesoflavibacter, Muricauda, Nubsella, Paracoccus, Siansivirga, Sphingomonas, Zeaxanthinibacter and yeast (https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0924224417302571?token=DE6BC6CC7DCDEA6150497AA3E375097A00F8E0C12AE03A8E420D85D1AC8855E62103143B5AE0B57E9C5828671F226801). It is a marker for the activity of Bacillus subtilis and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Bacillus or Pseudomonas. (PMID: 17555270; PMID: 12147474) Zeaxanthin is a carotenol. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a cofactor and an antioxidant. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. Zeaxanthin is a most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature that is involved in the xanthophyll cycle. As a coexistent isomer of lutein, zeaxanthin is synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms. It gives the distinct yellow color to many vegetables and other plants including paprika, corn, saffron and wolfberries. Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye and plays a predominant component in the central macula. It is available as a dietary supplement for eye health benefits and potential prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Zeaxanthin is also added as a food dye. Zeaxanthin is a natural product found in Bangia fuscopurpurea, Erythrobacter longus, and other organisms with data available. Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Saffron (part of); Corn (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Chrysoeriol
Chrysoeriol, also known as 3-O-methylluteolin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-O-methylated flavonoids. These are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C3 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, chrysoeriol is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Chrysoeriol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Chrysoeriol is a bitter-tasting compound. Outside of the human body, chrysoeriol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as wild celeries, ryes, hard wheat, alfalfa, and triticales. This could make chrysoeriol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4,5,7-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone is the 3-O-methyl derivative of luteolin. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an antioxidant and a metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavone and a monomethoxyflavone. It is functionally related to a luteolin. It is a conjugate acid of a 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyflavon-7-olate(1-). Chrysoeriol is a natural product found in Haplophyllum ramosissimum, Myoporum tenuifolium, and other organisms with data available. See also: Acai (part of); Acai fruit pulp (part of). Widespread flavone. Chrysoeriol is found in many foods, some of which are peanut, german camomile, tarragon, and alfalfa. The 3-O-methyl derivative of luteolin. Chrysoeriol, a natural flavonoid extracted from the tropical plant Coronopus didymus, exhibits potent antioxidant activity. Chrysoeriol shows significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation[1]. Chrysoeriol, a natural flavonoid extracted from the tropical plant Coronopus didymus, exhibits potent antioxidant activity. Chrysoeriol shows significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation[1].
secologanin
C17H24O10 (388.13694039999996)
Secologanin is a member of the class of compounds known as terpene glycosides. Terpene glycosides are prenol lipids containing a carbohydrate moiety glycosidically bound to a terpene backbone. Thus, secologanin is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Secologanin is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Secologanin can be found in a number of food items such as oyster mushroom, flaxseed, nectarine, and cereals and cereal products, which makes secologanin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Secologanin is a secoiridoid monoterpene synthesized from geranyl pyrophosphate in the mevalonate pathway. Secologanin then proceeds with dopamine or tryptamine to form ipecac and terpene indole alkaloids, respectively . Secologanin, a secoiridoid glucoside, is a pivotal terpenoid intermediate in the biosynthesis of biologically active monoterpenoid indole alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmaline, and vinblastine. Secologanin synthase (cytochrome P450 isoform CYP72A1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of loganin into Secologanin[1][2]. Secologanin, a secoiridoid glucoside, is a pivotal terpenoid intermediate in the biosynthesis of biologically active monoterpenoid indole alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmaline, and vinblastine. Secologanin synthase (cytochrome P450 isoform CYP72A1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of loganin into Secologanin[1][2].
Dimethylallylpyrophosphate
Prenyl diphosphate is a prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol. It has a role as an epitope, a phosphoantigen, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a prenyl diphosphate(3-). Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Dimethylallyl diphosphate is a natural product found in Centaurium erythraea, Streptomyces albidoflavus, and other organisms with data available. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate, also known as 2-isopentenyl diphosphate or delta-prenyl diphosphoric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isoprenoid phosphates. These are prenol lipids containing a phosphate group linked to an isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) unit. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (or -diphosphate) (DMAPP) is an intermediate product of both mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and DOXP/MEP pathway. It is an isomer of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and exists in virtually all life forms. A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as atp or atriphos, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside triphosphates. Purine ribonucleoside triphosphates are purine ribobucleotides with a triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Adenosine triphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Adenosine triphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as lichee, alpine sweetvetch, pecan nut, and black mulberry, which makes adenosine triphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Adenosine triphosphate can be found primarily in blood, cellular cytoplasm, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Adenosine triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, adenosine triphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis PE(16:0/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), carteolol action pathway, phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis PE(20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/15:0), and carfentanil action pathway. Adenosine triphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (wolman disease), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1 (PEPCK1), propionic acidemia, and the oncogenic action of d-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria. Moreover, adenosine triphosphate is found to be associated with rachialgia, neuroinfection, stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Adenosine triphosphate is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Adenosine triphosphate is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalanc. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes. Found in all forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts to either the di- or monophosphates, respectively ADP and AMP. Other processes regenerate ATP such that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA . ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids. ATP can be produced by various cellular processes, most typically in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation under the catalytic influence of ATP synthase. The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mole. The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 200 to 300 moles of ATP daily. This means that each ATP molecule is recycled 2000 to 3000 times during a single day. ATP cannot be stored, hence its consumption must closely follow its synthesis (DrugBank). Metabolism of organophosphates occurs principally by oxidation, by hydrolysis via esterases and by reaction with glutathione. Demethylation and glucuronidation may also occur. Oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides may result in moderately toxic products. In general, phosphorothioates are not directly toxic but require oxidative metabolism to the proximal toxin. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of organophosphate exposure (T3DB). ATP is an adenosine 5-phosphate in which the 5-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a fundamental metabolite and a cofactor. It is an adenosine 5-phosphate and a purine ribonucleoside 5-triphosphate. It is a conjugate acid of an ATP(3-). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. Adenosine triphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenosine-5-triphosphate is a natural product found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arabidopsis thaliana, and other organisms with data available. Adenosine Triphosphate is an adenine nucleotide comprised of three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety, found in all living cells. Adenosine triphosphate is involved in energy production for metabolic processes and RNA synthesis. In addition, this substance acts as a neurotransmitter. In cancer studies, adenosine triphosphate is synthesized to examine its use to decrease weight loss and improve muscle strength. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (A3367, A3368, A3369, A3370, A3371). Adenosine triphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473). 5′-ATP. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-65-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-65-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
cis-Melilotoside
cis-Melilotoside, also known as cis-beta-D-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate or cis-coumarinic acid-beta-D-glucoside, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenolic glycosides. These are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans and flavonoids. cis-Melilotoside is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa) and is a beta-D-glucoside consisting of cis-2-coumaric acid having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached to the phenolic hydroxy group. cis-Melilotoside has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as globe artichokes, mentha (mint), Malabar spinach, plains prickly pears, and winter savouries. This could make cis-melilotoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Cis-beta-d-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate, also known as beta-D-glucosyl-2-coumarinic acid or cis-coumarinic acid-beta-D-glucoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenolic glycosides. Phenolic glycosides are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. Cis-beta-d-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cis-beta-d-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate can be found in a number of food items such as banana, black-eyed pea, common hazelnut, and cherimoya, which makes cis-beta-d-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-(beta-D-glucosyloxy)-cis-cinnamic acid is a beta-D-glucoside consisting of cis-2-coumaric acid having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached to the phenolic hydroxy group. It is functionally related to a cis-2-coumaric acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 2-(beta-D-glucosyloxy)-cis-cinnamate. cis-coumarinic acid-beta-D-glucoside is a natural product found in Dendrobium and Homo sapiens with data available.
Squalene
Squalene is an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon (carotenoid) with six unconjugated double bonds found in human sebum (5\\\\%), fish liver oils, yeast lipids, and many vegetable oils (e.g. palm oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil). Squalene is a volatile component of the scent material from Saguinus oedipus (cotton-top tamarin monkey) and Saguinus fuscicollis (saddle-back tamarin monkey) (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Reference). Squalene is a component of adult human sebum that is principally responsible for fixing fingerprints (ChemNetBase). It is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanical sources as well, including rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. It is a hydrocarbon and a triterpene. Squalene is a biochemical precursor to the whole family of steroids. Oxidation of one of the terminal double bonds of squalene yields 2,3-squalene oxide which undergoes enzyme-catalyzed cyclization to afford lanosterol, which is then elaborated into cholesterol and other steroids. Squalene is a low-density compound often stored in the bodies of cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, which lack a swim bladder and must therefore reduce their body density with fats and oils. Squalene, which is stored mainly in the sharks liver, is lighter than water with a specific gravity of 0.855 (Wikipedia) Squalene is used as a bactericide. It is also an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, rubber chemicals, and colouring materials (Physical Constants of Chemical Substances). Trans-squalene is a clear, slightly yellow liquid with a faint odor. Density 0.858 g / cm3. Squalene is a triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. Squalene is originally obtained from shark liver oil. It is a natural 30-carbon isoprenoid compound and intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of cholesterol. It is not susceptible to lipid peroxidation and provides skin protection. It is ubiquitously distributed in human tissues where it is transported in serum generally in association with very low density lipoproteins. Squalene is investigated as an adjunctive cancer therapy. Squalene is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Garcinia multiflora, and other organisms with data available. squalene is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A natural 30-carbon triterpene. See also: Olive Oil (part of); Shark Liver Oil (part of). A triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity. Squalene also has anti-fungal activity and can be used for the research of Trichophyton mentagrophytes research[2]. Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity. Squalene also has anti-fungal activity and can be used for the research of Trichophyton mentagrophytes research[2].
Sinapaldehyde
(E)-sinapaldehyde is a member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. It has a role as an antifungal agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of cinnamaldehydes, a dimethoxybenzene and a member of phenols. It is functionally related to an (E)-cinnamaldehyde. Sinapaldehyde is a natural product found in Stereospermum colais, Aralia bipinnata, and other organisms with data available. A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Sinapaldehyde, also known as (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenal or (E)-sinapoyl aldehyde, is a member of the class of compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Sinapaldehyde is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Sinapaldehyde can be synthesized from cinnamaldehyde. Sinapaldehyde can also be synthesized into 4-acetoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-trans-cinnamaldehyde. Sinapaldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as angelica, saskatoon berry, rubus (blackberry, raspberry), and lemon verbena, which makes sinapaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this compound is part of the lignin biosynthesis pathway. The enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase uses sinapaldehyde and NADPH to produce sinapyl alcohol and NADP+ . Annotation level-2 Sinapaldehyde exhibits moderate antibacterial against Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and E. coli with MIC values of 128 and 128 μg/mL[1]. Sinapaldehyde exhibits moderate antibacterial against Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and E. coli with MIC values of 128 and 128 μg/mL[1].
Caffeoyl-CoA
C30H42N7O19P3S (929.1468972000001)
Caffeoyl-CoA is an acyl CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of caffeic acid. It is functionally related to a caffeic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a caffeoyl-CoA(4-). An acyl CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of caffeic acid.
(-)-Limonene
Limonene is a monoterpene with a clear colourless liquid at room temperature, a naturally occurring chemical which is the major component in oil of oranges. Limonene is widely used as a flavour and fragrance and is listed to be generally recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (21 CFR 182.60 in the Code of Federal Regulations, U.S.A.). Limonene is a botanical (plant-derived) solvent of low toxicity. Mild skin irritation may occur from exposure to limonene and oxidation products of limonene may produce dermal sensitization, and may have irritative and bronchoconstrictive airway effects; however, data are scant and more studies are required. Limonene has been shown to cause a male rat-specific kidney toxicity referred to as hyaline droplet nephropathy. Furthermore, chronic exposure to limonene causes a significant incidence of renal tubular tumours exclusively in male rats. Limonene is one of the active components of dietary phytochemicals that appears to be protective against cancer (PMID:16563357, 15499193, 15325315, 2024047). (4S)-limonene is an optically active form of limonene having (4S)-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a (4R)-limonene. (-)-Limonene is a natural product found in Poiretia latifolia, Kippistia suaedifolia, and other organisms with data available. A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). See also: Spearmint Oil (part of). An optically active form of limonene having (4S)-configuration. (-)-Limonene ((S)-(-)-Limonene) is a monoterpene found in citrus plants like lemon, orange, and grape. (-)-Limonene can induce a mild bronchoconstrictive effect[1]. (-)-Limonene ((S)-(-)-Limonene) is a monoterpene found in citrus plants like lemon, orange, and grape. (-)-Limonene can induce a mild bronchoconstrictive effect[1]. (-)-Limonene ((S)-(-)-Limonene) is a monoterpene found in citrus plants like lemon, orange, and grape. (-)-Limonene can induce a mild bronchoconstrictive effect[1]. (-)-Limonene ((S)-(-)-Limonene) is a monoterpene found in citrus plants like lemon, orange, and grape. (-)-Limonene can induce a mild bronchoconstrictive effect[1].
Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a molecule that belongs to the class of compounds known as indoleamines. An indoleamine consists of an indole ring that bears an amino group or an alkyl amino group attached to the indole ring. Serotonin has an aminoethyl at position 2 and a hydroxyl group at position 5 of the indole ring. Serotonin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In mammals, serotonin functions as a monoamine neurotransmitter, a biochemical messenger and regulator. It is synthesized from the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan. Approximately 90\\\\% of the human bodys total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it regulates intestinal movements. About 8\\\\% is found in platelets and 1–2\\\\% in the CNS. Serotonin in the nervous system acts as a local transmitter at synapses, and as a paracrine or hormonal modulator of circuits upon diffusion, allowing a wide variety of "state-dependent" behavioral responses to different stimuli. Serotonin is widely distributed in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates and some of its behavioral effects have been preserved along evolution. Such is the case of aggressive behavior and rhythmic motor patterns, including those responsible for feeding. In vertebrates, which display a wider and much more sophisticated behavioral repertoire, serotonin also modulates sleep, the arousal state, sexual behavior, and others. Deficiencies of the serotonergic system causes disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, and generalized anxiety disorder. Serotonin has three different modes of action in the nervous system: as transmitter, acting locally at synaptic boutons; upon diffusion at a distance from its release sites, producing paracrine (also called volume) effects, and by circulating in the blood stream, producing hormonal effects. The three modes can affect a single neuronal circuit. (PMID: 16047543). Serotonin is also a microbial metabolite that can be found in the feces and urine of mammals. Urinary serotonin is produced by Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Enterococcus (PMID: 24621061). In plants, serotonin was first found and reported in a legume called Mucuna pruriens. The greatest concentration of serotonin in plants has been found in walnuts and hickory. In pineapples, banana, kiwi fruit, plums and tomatoes the concentration of serotonin is around 3 to 30 mg/kg. Isolated from bananas and other fruitsand is also from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) [DFC]. Serotonin is found in many foods, some of which are common pea, eggplant, swiss chard, and dill. Serotonin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-67-9 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 50-67-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as adenylic acid or amp, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. Purine ribonucleoside monophosphates are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenosine monophosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Adenosine monophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as kiwi, taro, alaska wild rhubarb, and skunk currant, which makes adenosine monophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Adenosine monophosphate can be found primarily in most biofluids, including blood, feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout all human tissues. Adenosine monophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, adenosine monophosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include josamycin action pathway, methacycline action pathway, nevirapine action pathway, and aspartate metabolism. Adenosine monophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria [hhh-syndrome], molybdenum cofactor deficiency, xanthinuria type I, and mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Adenosine monophosphate is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalanc. Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a Bitter Blocker additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem sweeter. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable. [Spectral] AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) and Guanine (exact mass = 151.04941) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and Glutathione disulfide (exact mass = 612.15196) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) and Glutathione disulfide (exact mass = 612.15196) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) and Adenine (exact mass = 135.0545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Adenosine monophosphate. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=67583-85-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 61-19-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction. Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction. Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction.
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1’ carbon. ADP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. Adenosine diphosphate is a nucleotide. ADP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ADP is involved in d4-gdi signaling pathway. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. 5′-ADP. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-64-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 58-64-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors.
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate, and adenosine triphosphate. It is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, tetracosanoyl-CoA, and 6-hydroxyhex-3-enoyl-CoA. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process from pantothenate and cysteine. In the first step pantothenate (vitamin B5) is phosphorylated to 4-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK, CoaA, CoaX). In the second step, a cysteine is added to 4-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPC-DC, CoaB) to form 4-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC). In the third step, PPC is decarboxylated to 4-phosphopantetheine by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (CoaC). In the fourth step, 4-phosphopantetheine is adenylylated to form dephospho-CoA by the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyl transferase (CoaD). Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated using ATP to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (CoaE). Since coenzyme A is, in chemical terms, a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. CoA assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group, it is usually referred to as CoASH or HSCoA. Coenzyme A is also the source of the phosphopantetheine group that is added as a prosthetic group to proteins such as acyl carrier proteins and formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production (Wikipedia). Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate and adenosine triphosphate. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine, in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Coenzyme A is found in many foods, some of which are grape, cowpea, pili nut, and summer savory. Coenzyme A (CoASH) is a ubiquitous and essential cofactor, which is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle and the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids[1]. Coenzyme A (CoASH) is a ubiquitous and essential cofactor, which is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle and the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids[1]. Coenzyme A, a ubiquitous essential cofactor, is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids. Coenzyme A. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=85-61-0 (retrieved 2024-10-17) (CAS RN: 85-61-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH)
C14H20N6O5S (384.12158300000004)
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is formed by the demethylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy or SAH) is also the immediate precursor of all of the homocysteine produced in the body. The reaction is catalyzed by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and is reversible with the equilibrium favoring formation of SAH. In vivo, the reaction is driven in the direction of homocysteine formation by the action of the enzyme adenosine deaminase which converts the second product of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase reaction, adenosine, to inosine. Except for methyl transfer from betaine and from methylcobalamin in the methionine synthase reaction, SAH is the product of all methylation reactions that involve S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. Methylation is significant in epigenetic regulation of protein expression via DNA and histone methylation. The inhibition of these SAM-mediated processes by SAH is a proven mechanism for metabolic alteration. Because the conversion of SAH to homocysteine is reversible, with the equilibrium favoring the formation of SAH, increases in plasma homocysteine are accompanied by an elevation of SAH in most cases. Disturbances in the transmethylation pathway indicated by abnormal SAH, SAM, or their ratio have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, depression, and Parkinsons disease (PMID:18065573, 17892439). Therefore, when present in sufficiently high levels, S-adenosylhomocysteine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine are associated with S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency. S-Adenosylhomocysteine forms when there are elevated levels of homocysteine and adenosine. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation reactions. It is toxic to immature lymphocytes and can lead to immunosuppression (PMID:221926). S-adenosylhomocysteine, also known as adohcy or sah, is a member of the class of compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. S-adenosylhomocysteine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). S-adenosylhomocysteine can be found in a number of food items such as rapini, european plum, rambutan, and pepper (c. pubescens), which makes S-adenosylhomocysteine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. S-adenosylhomocysteine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. S-adenosylhomocysteine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, S-adenosylhomocysteine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(14:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/22:0), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/22:2(13Z,16Z)), and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). S-adenosylhomocysteine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, hawkinsinuria, non ketotic hyperglycinemia, and tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Moreover, S-adenosylhomocysteine is found to be associated with neurodegenerative disease and parkinsons disease. S-adenosylhomocysteine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is an amino acid derivative used in several metabolic pathways in most organisms. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine . [Spectral] S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) and Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine) is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine[1]. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC50 of 0.9 μM[2]. SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine) is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine[1]. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC50 of 0.9 μM[2].
Malonyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl-CoAs. These are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to an acyl chain. Thus, malonyl-CoA is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Malonyl-CoA is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Within humans, malonyl-CoA participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, malonyl-CoA can be biosynthesized from acetyl-CoA; which is mediated by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1. In addition, malonyl-CoA can be converted into malonic acid and coenzyme A; which is catalyzed by the enzyme fatty acid synthase. Outside of the human body, malonyl-CoA has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as rapes, mamey sapotes, jews ears, pepper (C. chinense), and Alaska wild rhubarbs. This could make malonyl-CoA a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. Malonyl-coa, also known as malonyl coenzyme a or coenzyme a, s-(hydrogen propanedioate), is a member of the class of compounds known as acyl coas. Acyl coas are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to an acyl chain. Thus, malonyl-coa is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Malonyl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Malonyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as root vegetables, sourdock, ceylon cinnamon, and buffalo currant, which makes malonyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Malonyl-coa exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).
Geranylgeranyl-PP
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, also known as geranylgeranyl-PP or GGPP, is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. This compound belongs to the family of acyclic diterpenes. These are diterpenes (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Thus, GGPP is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. GGPP is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. [HMDB]. Geranylgeranyl-PP is found in many foods, some of which are burdock, longan, calabash, and cloves.
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, also known as delta3-isopentenyl diphosphate or ipp, is a member of the class of compounds known as isoprenoid phosphates. Isoprenoid phosphates are prenol lipids containing a phosphate group linked to an isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) unit. Thus, isopentenyl pyrophosphate is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Isopentenyl pyrophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as american butterfish, conch, tea leaf willow, and butternut, which makes isopentenyl pyrophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate can be found primarily in human spleen tissue. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, isopentenyl pyrophosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include ibandronate action pathway, lovastatin action pathway, fluvastatin action pathway, and pravastatin action pathway. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hypercholesterolemia, hyper-igd syndrome, lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (wolman disease), and wolman disease. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate, or IDP) is an isoprenoid precursor. IPP is an intermediate in the classical, HMG-CoA reductase pathway (commonly called the mevalonate pathway) and in the non-mevalonate MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Isoprenoid precursors such as IPP, and its isomer DMAPP, are used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids . Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP or isopentenyl diphosphate, is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. IPP is formed from Mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase. (wikipedia).
Mevalonic acid
Mevalonic acid, also known as MVA, mevalonate, or hiochic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Mevalonic acid is a key organic compound in biochemistry. It is found in most higher organisms ranging from plants to animals. Mevalonic acid is a precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway that produces terpenes (in plants) and steroids (in animals). Mevalonic acid is the primary precursor of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), that is in turn the basis for all terpenoids. The production of mevalonic acid by the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, is the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol (PMID: 12872277). The cholesterol biosynthetic pathway has three major steps: (1) acetate to mevalonate, (2) mevalonate to squalene, and (3) squalene to cholesterol. In the first step, which catalyzed by thiolase, two acetyl-CoA molecules form acetoacetyl-CoA and one CoA molecule is released, then the acetoacetyl-CoA reacts with another molecule of acetyl-CoA and generates 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMGCoA). The enzyme responsible for this reaction is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMG-CoA synthase): In the pathway to synthesize cholesterol, one of the HMG-CoA carboxyl groups undergoes reduction to an alcohol, releasing CoA, leading to the formation of mevalonate, a six carbon compound. This reaction is catalyzed by hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, In the second step (mevalonate to squalene) mevalonate receives a phosphoryl group from ATP to form 5-phosphomevalonate. This compound accepts another phosphate to generate mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate. After a third phosphorylation, the compound is decarboxylated, loses water, and generates isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). Then through successive condensations, IPP forms squalene, a terpene hydrocarbon that contains 30 carbon atoms. By cyclization and other changes, this compound will finally result in cholesterol. Mevalonic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as apples, corns, and wild carrots and in a lower concentration in garden tomato (var.), pepper (C. frutescens), and cucumbers. Mevalonic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sweet oranges, potato, milk (cow), cabbages, and white cabbages. This could make mevalonic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of MVA are decreased by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor drugs such as pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin (PMID: 8808497). Mevalonic acid (MVA) is a key organic compound in biochemistry. The anion of mevalonic acid, the predominant form in biological media, is known as mevalonate. This compound is of major pharmaceutical importance. Drugs, such as the statins, stop the production of mevalonate by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. [Wikipedia]. Mevalonic acid is found in many foods, some of which are pepper (c. frutescens), cabbage, wild carrot, and white cabbage.
Farnesyl pyrophosphate
Farnesyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Farnesyl pyrophosphate is found in many foods, some of which are kumquat, macadamia nut, sweet bay, and agave. Farnesyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. -- Wikipedia.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+, and NADP+ is the oxidized form of NADPH. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled with a pyrophosphate linkage to 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. NADP serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage (Dorland, 27th ed). This extra phosphate is added by the enzyme NAD+ kinase and removed via NADP+ phosphatase. NADP is also known as TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide) and it is an important cofactor used in anabolic reactions in all forms of cellular life. Examples include the Calvin cycle, cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid elongation, and nucleic acid synthesis (Wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) [HMDB]. NADPH is found in many foods, some of which are american pokeweed, rice, ginseng, and ostrich fern. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Glucose 6-phosphate
Glucose 6 phosphate (alpha-D-glucose 6 phosphate or G6P) is the alpha-anomer of glucose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of glucose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Glucose 6 phosphate is an ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed). Glucose-6-phosphate is a phosphorylated glucose molecule on carbon 6. When glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated to G6P. This is catalyzed with hexokinase enzymes, thus consuming one ATP. A major reason for immediate phosphorylation of the glucose is so that it cannot diffuse out of the cell. The phosphorylation adds a charged group so the G6P cannot easily cross cell membranes. G6P can travel down two metabolic pathways, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition to the metabolic pathways, G6P can also be stored as glycogen in the liver if blood glucose levels are high. If the body needs energy or carbon skeletons for syntheses, G6P can be isomerized to Fructose-6-phosphate and then phosphorylated to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Note, the molecule now has 2 phosphoryl groups attached. The addition of the 2nd phosphoryl group is an irreversible step, so once this happens G6P will enter glycolysis and be turned into pyruvate (ATP production occurs). If blood glucose levels are high, the body needs a way to store the excess glucose. After being converted to G6P, phosphoglucose mutase (isomerase) can turn the molecule into glucose-1-phosphate. Glucose-1-phosphate can then be combined with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose. This reaction is driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate that is released in the reaction. Now, the activated UDP-glucose can add to a growing glycogen molecule with the help of glycogen synthase. This is a very efficient storage mechanism for glucose since it costs the body only 1 ATP to store the 1 glucose molecule and virtually no energy to remove it from storage. It is important to note that glucose-6-phosphate is an allosteric activator of glycogen synthase, which makes sense because when the level of glucose is high the body should store the excess glucose as glycogen. On the other hand, glycogen synthase is inhibited when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase a during times of high stress or low blood glucose levels. -- Wikipedia [HMDB] Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P, sometimes called the Robison ester) is a glucose sugar phosphorylated at the hydroxy group on carbon 6. Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) has two anomers: the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Glucose 6-phosphate is an ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose 6-phosphate (Stedman, 26th ed). When glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated to G6P. This is catalyzed with hexokinase enzymes, thus consuming one ATP. A major reason for immediate phosphorylation of the glucose is so that it cannot diffuse out of the cell. The phosphorylation adds a charged group so the G6P cannot easily cross cell membranes. G6P can travel down two metabolic pathways: glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition to the metabolic pathways, G6P can also be stored as glycogen in the liver if blood glucose levels are high. If the body needs energy or carbon skeletons for syntheses, G6P can be isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate and then phosphorylated to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Note, the molecule now has 2 phosphoryl groups attached. The addition of the 2nd phosphoryl group is an irreversible step, so once this happens G6P will enter glycolysis and be turned into pyruvate (ATP production occurs). If blood glucose levels are high, the body needs a way to store the excess glucose. After being converted to G6P, phosphoglucose mutase (an isomerase) can turn the molecule into glucose 1-phosphate. Glucose 1-phosphate can then be combined with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose. This reaction is driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate that is released in the reaction. Now, the activated UDP-glucose can add to a growing glycogen molecule with the help of glycogen synthase. This is a very efficient storage mechanism for glucose since it costs the body only 1 ATP to store the 1 glucose molecule and virtually no energy to remove it from storage. It is important to note that glucose 6-phosphate is an allosteric activator of glycogen synthase, which makes sense because when the level of glucose is high the body should store the excess glucose as glycogen. On the other hand, glycogen synthase is inhibited when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase during times of high stress or low blood glucose levels. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 237 KEIO_ID G003; [MS2] KO009109 KEIO_ID G003
Glucose
Glucose, also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moiety. Glucose contains an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In aqueous solution, both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is predominant. Glucose is a neutral, hydrophilic molecule that readily dissolves in water. It exists as a white crystalline powder. Glucose is the primary source of energy for almost all living organisms. As such, it is the most abundant monosaccharide and the most widely used aldohexose in living organisms. When not circulating freely in blood (in animals) or resin (in plants), glucose is stored as a polymer. In plants it is mainly stored as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose is produced by plants through the photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide where it is used as an energy and a carbon source Glucose is particularly abundant in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. Foods that are particularly rich in glucose are honey, agave, molasses, apples (2g/100g), grapes (8g/100g), oranges (8.5g/100g), jackfruit, dried apricots, dates (32 g/100g), bananas (5.8 g/100g), grape juice, sweet corn, Glucose is about 75\\\\% as sweet as sucrose and about 50\\\\% as sweet as fructose. Sweetness is detected through the binding of sugars to the T1R3 and T1R2 proteins, to form a G-protein coupled receptor that is the sweetness receptor in mammals. Glucose was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf. It was discovered in grapes by Johann Tobias Lowitz in 1792 and recognized as different from cane sugar (sucrose). Industrially, glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and in the production of glucose-containing foods. In foods, it is used as a sweetener, humectant, to increase the volume and to create a softer mouthfeel. Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of alcoholic beverages. Glucose is found in many plants as glucosides. A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolyzed by purely chemical means or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. Glucose can be obtained by the hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (lactose), cane sugar (sucrose), maltose, cellulose, and glycogen. Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of oligosaccharides such as raffinose and of polysaccharides such as starch and amylopectin, glycogen or cellulose. For most animals, while glucose is normally obtained from the diet, it can also be generated via gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate, glycerol (which is a part of the triacylglycerol molecule), alanine and glutamine. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CA - Tests for diabetes V - Various > V06 - General nutrients > V06D - Other nutrients > V06DC - Carbohydrates COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 226 KEIO_ID G002 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.
Linoleic acid
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Linoleic acid (LA) is an organic compound with the formula HOOC(CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)4CH3. Both alkene groups (−CH=CH−) are cis. It is a fatty acid sometimes denoted 18:2 (n-6) or 18:2 cis-9,12. A linoleate is a salt or ester of this acid.[5] Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated, omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid that is virtually insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents.[2] It typically occurs in nature as a triglyceride (ester of glycerin) rather than as a free fatty acid.[6] It is one of two essential fatty acids for humans, who must obtain it through their diet,[7] and the most essential, because the body uses it as a base to make the others. The word "linoleic" derives from Latin linum 'flax', and oleum 'oil', reflecting the fact that it was first isolated from linseed oil.
Acetyl-CoA
C23H38N7O17P3S (809.1257688000001)
The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia). acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia)
Glucosamine 6-phosphate
C6H14NO8P (259.04570140000004)
Glucosamine 6-phosphate (CAS: 3616-42-0) is normally produced in endothelial cells via de novo glucosamine synthesis by the enzyme fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase and the modulation of this pathway by hyperglycemia and glutamine. Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway for biosynthesis of hexosamines in mammals.It is a member of the N-terminal nucleophile class of amidotransferases, GFAT transfers the amino group from the L-glutamine amide to D-fructose 6-phosphate, producing glutamic acid and glucosamine 6-phosphate. As glucosamine inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthesis it has important implications for impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus (PMID:11270676, 11842094). Glucosamine 6-phosphate is normally produced in endothelial cells via the de novo glucosamine synthesis by the enzyme fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase and the modulation of this pathway by hyperglycemia and glutamine. glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway for biosynthesis of hexosamines in mammals. A member of the N-terminal nucleophile class of amidotransferases, GFAT transfers the amino group from the L-glutamine amide to D-fructose 6-phosphate, producing glutamic acid and glucosamine 6-phosphate. As glucosamine inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthesis it has important implications for impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. (PMID 11270676, 11842094) [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID G021; [MS2] KO008968 KEIO_ID G021
N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate
N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate is an intermediate in aminosugar metabolism. It is a substrate for the enzymes phosphoglucomutase 3 [EC:5.4.2.2 and EC:5.4.2.3] and UDP-N-acteylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 [EC:2.7.7.23] (KEGG). It is involved in UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine biosynthesis (BioCyc). N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate is an intermeiate in the Aminosugars metabolism, a substrate for the enzymes phosphoglucomutase 3 [EC:5.4.2.2 5.4.2.3] and UDP-N-acteylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 [EC:2.7.7.23] (KEGG), in UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine biosynthesis (BioCyc) [HMDB] COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Myo-Inositol
myo-Inositol is an inositol isoform. Inositol is a derivative of cyclohexane with six hydroxyl groups, making it a polyol. It also is known as a sugar alcohol, having exactly the same molecular formula as glucose or other hexoses. Inositol exists in nine possible stereoisomers, of which cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, or myo-inositol is the most widely occurring form in nature. The other known inositols include scyllo-inositol, muco-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, L-chiro-inositol, neo-inositol, allo-inositol, epi-inositol and cis-inositol. myo-Inositol is found naturally in many foods (particularly in cereals with high bran content) and can be used as a sweetner as it has half the sweetness of sucrose (table sugar). myo-Inositol was once considered a member of the vitamin B complex and given the name: vitamin B8. However, because it is produced by the human body from glucose, it is not an essential nutrient, and therefore cannot be called a vitamin. myo-Inositol is a precursor molecule for a number of secondary messengers including various inositol phosphates. In addition, inositol/myo-inositol is an important component of the lipids known as phosphatidylinositol (PI) phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP). myo-Inositol is synthesized from glucose, via glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in two steps. First, G-6-P is isomerised by an inositol-3-phosphate synthase enzyme to myo-inositol 1-phosphate, which is then dephosphorylated by an inositol monophosphatase enzyme to give free myo-inositol. In humans, myo-inositol is primarily synthesized in the kidneys at a rate of a few grams per day. myo-Inositol can be used in the management of preterm babies who have or are at a risk of infant respiratory distress syndrome. It is also used as a treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It works by increasing insulin sensitivity, which helps to improve ovarian function and reduce hyperandrogenism. Reduced levels of myo-inositol have been found in the spinal fluid of depressed patients and levels are significantly reduced in brain samples of suicide victims. Of common occurrence in plants and animals . obtained comly. from phytic acid in corn steep liquor. Dietary supplement C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity. D-chiro-Inositol is used clinically for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus, which can reduce hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance[1][2][3]. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1]. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1].
13-L-Hydroperoxylinoleic acid
(9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate, also known as 13s-hydroperoxy-9z,11e-octadecadienoic acid or 13(S)-hpode, belongs to lineolic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are derivatives of lineolic acid. Lineolic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 18 carbon long fatty acid, with two CC double bonds at the 9- and 12-positions. Thus, (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate is considered to be an octadecanoid lipid molecule (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate can be synthesized from octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate can also be synthesized into pinellic acid and 13(S)-HPODE methyl ester (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate can be found in a number of food items such as lingonberry, lemon thyme, watermelon, and agave, which makes (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (9z,11e)-(13s)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate can be found primarily in blood. 13-L-Hydroperoxylinoleic acid (13(S)-HPODE) is one of the primary products of the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and arachidonic acid) from the 15-lipoxygenase pathway (EC 1.13.11.31). 13(S)-HPODE is a rather unstable metabolite and is rapidly metabolized to more stable secondary products such as diverse forms of hydroxy fatty acids (via reduction of the hydroperoxy group), alkoxy radicals (via homolytic cleavage of the peroxy group), forms of dihydro(pero)xy fatty acids (via lipoxygenase-catalysed double and triple oxygenation), or epoxy leukotrienes (via a hydrogen abstraction from a doubly allylic methylene group and a homolytic cleavage of the hydroperoxy group) (PMID: 9082450). D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides
13(S)-Hydroperoxylinolenic acid
13(s)-hydroperoxylinolenic acid, also known as 13(S)-hpotre or 13-hpot, belongs to lineolic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are derivatives of lineolic acid. Lineolic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 18 carbon long fatty acid, with two CC double bonds at the 9- and 12-positions. Thus, 13(s)-hydroperoxylinolenic acid is considered to be an octadecanoid lipid molecule. 13(s)-hydroperoxylinolenic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 13(s)-hydroperoxylinolenic acid can be found in a number of food items such as grass pea, garden tomato (variety), american butterfish, and black crowberry, which makes 13(s)-hydroperoxylinolenic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. . D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides
Tricin
[Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_50eV_1-6_01_1424.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_50eV_1-6_01_1397.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_10eV_1-6_01_1368.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_40eV_1-6_01_1396.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_20eV_1-6_01_1394.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_30eV_1-6_01_1422.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_20eV_1-6_01_1421.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_10eV_1-6_01_1357.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_30eV_1-6_01_1488.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_40eV_1-6_01_1423.txt Tricin is a natural flavonoid present in large amounts in Triticum aestivum. Tricin can inhibit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by inhibiting CDK9. Tricin inhibits the proliferation and invasion of C6 glioma cells via the upregulation of focal-adhesion-finase (FAK)-targeting microRNA-7[1][2][3]. Tricin is a natural flavonoid present in large amounts in Triticum aestivum. Tricin can inhibit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by inhibiting CDK9. Tricin inhibits the proliferation and invasion of C6 glioma cells via the upregulation of focal-adhesion-finase (FAK)-targeting microRNA-7[1][2][3].
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate is an intermediate in the metabolism of Aminosugars. It is a substrate for Glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase. [HMDB] N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate is an intermediate in the metabolism of Aminosugars. It is a substrate for Glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase. KEIO_ID A144
β-D-Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. F6P is a derivative of fructose, which has been phosphorylated at the 6-hydroxy group. Fructose 6-phosphate is a fundamental metabolite and exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The great majority of glucose is converted to fructose 6-phosphate as part of the glycolytic metabolic pathway (glycolysis). Specifically, F6P is produce is produced by the isomerisation of glucose 6-phosphate via the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. F6P is in turn further phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvic acid. The free energy released in this process is used to form ATP and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In addition to its key involvement in glycolysis, fructose 6-phosphate can also be biosynthesized from glucosamine 6-phosphate via the enzyme glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase 1. In addition, fructose 6-phosphate and L-glutamine can be converted into glucosamine 6-phosphate and L-glutamic acid through the action of the enzyme glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase. An important intermediate in the Carbohydrates pathway. The interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate, the second step of the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway, is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). In gluconeogenesis, fructose-6-phosphate is the immediate precursor of glucose-6-phosphate (wikipedia) [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID F001
NADP+
[C21H29N7O17P3]+ (744.0832754)
[Spectral] NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) and NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Galactinol
C12H22O11 (342.11620619999997)
Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Delphinidin
Delphinidin, also known as delphinidin chloride (CAS: 528-53-0), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 7-hydroxyflavonoids. These are flavonoids that bear one hydroxyl group at the C-7 position of the flavonoid skeleton. Thus, delphinidin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Delphinidin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as bilberries, cowpea, and blackcurrants, and in a lower concentration in common beans, common pea, and wheats. Delphinidin has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as Brussel sprouts, fruits, horseradish tree, pepper (C. pubescens), and macadamia nuts. This could make delphinidin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Delphinidin is an anthocyanin and a primary plant pigment. Delphinidin gives blue hues to flowers like violas and delphiniums. It also gives the blue-red colour of the grape that produces Cabernet Sauvignon, and can be found in cranberries (Wikipedia). BioTransformer predicts that delphinidin is a product of 5,7-dihydroxy-3-{oxy}-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-1λ⁴-chromen-1-ylium metabolism via a glycoside-hydrolysis reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by an EC.3.2.1.X enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Widespread anthocyanidin found especies in blueberries, raspberries and red table wine. Glycosides also widespread. Delphinidin is found in many foods, some of which are macadamia nut (m. tetraphylla), oval-leaf huckleberry, napa cabbage, and sunburst squash (pattypan squash). 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=13270-61-6 (retrieved 2024-09-18) (CAS RN: 13270-61-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Antheraxanthin A
Antheraxanthin a is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Antheraxanthin a is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Antheraxanthin a can be found in herbs and spices, which makes antheraxanthin a a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Antheraxanthin A is found in herbs and spices. Antheraxanthin A is a constituent of Capsicum fruit; potential nutriceutical D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Violaxanthin
Violaxanthin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthophylls. These are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Thus, violaxanthin is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Violaxanthin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Violaxanthin is an orange-coloured pigment that is found in brown algae and various plants (e.g. pansies). It is biosynthesized from the epoxidation of zeaxanthin. Violaxanthin is a food additive that is only approved for use in Australia and New Zealand (INS: 161e) (PMID: 29890662). 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as violaxanthin cycle; Xanthophyll; a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of abscisic acid biosynthesis; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution). (all-E)-Violaxanthin is found in many foods, some of which are orange bell pepper, passion fruit, pepper (c. annuum), and italian sweet red pepper. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Phytoene
Phytoene, also known as all-trans-phytoene or 15-cis-phytoene, is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Thus, phytoene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Phytoene can be found in a number of food items such as turmeric, garden onion, winter squash, and coconut, which makes phytoene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Phytoene can be found primarily in blood and breast milk. Phytoene (FY-toe-een) is a 40-carbon intermediate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. The synthesis of phytoene is the first committed step in the synthesis of carotenoids in plants. Phytoene is produced from two molecules of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) by the action of the enzyme phytoene synthase. The two GGPP molecules are condensed together followed by removal of diphosphate and proton shift leading to the formation of phytoene . Phytoene, also known as 7,7,8,8,11,11,12,12-octahydrocarotene, is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer-preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Cyanidin
[C15H11O6]+ (287.05556060000004)
Cyanidin, also known as cyanidin chloride (CAS: 528-58-5), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 7-hydroxyflavonoids. These are flavonoids that bear one hydroxyl group at the C-7 position of the flavonoid skeleton. Thus, cyanidin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Cyanidin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Cyanidin (and its glycosides) is the most commonly occurring of the anthocyanins, a widespread group of pigments responsible for the red-blue colour of many fruits and vegetables (PMID: 14711454). BioTransformer predicts that cyanidin is a product of cyanidin 3-glucoside metabolism via a glycoside-hydrolysis reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the EC.3.2.1.X enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Widely distributed anthocyanidin, found especies in Vaccinium subspecies (blueberries, bilberries, whortleberries), cherries, raspberries, red onions, red wine and black tea. Cyanidin is found in many foods, some of which are papaya, hyacinth bean, sweet basil, and abalone.
Strictosidine
D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D014748 - Vinca Alkaloids Annotation level-3 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.677 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.675 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.666
gamma-Carotene
gamma-Carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by the cyclization of lycopene. It is found in human serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer-preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). Gamma-carotene, also known as γ-carotene, is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Gamma-carotene can be found in a number of food items such as corn, yellow bell pepper, fig, and papaya, which makes gamma-carotene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Lactucaxanthin
Lactucaxanthin is a tunaxanthin that consists of ε,ε-carotene bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3 (the 3S,3S,6S,6S-diastereomer) (ChEBI: 6357). It is a carotenoid found in human serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396) Lactucaxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Thus, lactucaxanthin is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Lactucaxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lactucaxanthin can be found in a number of food items such as pepper (c. baccatum), caraway, japanese persimmon, and lambsquarters, which makes lactucaxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Lactucaxanthin can be found primarily in blood and breast milk. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Feruloyl-CoA
An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of ferulic acid.
Geranyl-PP
Geranyl diphosphate is the precursor of monoterpenes, a large family of natural occurring C10 compounds predominately found in plants and animals. Geranyl diphosphate is regarded as a key intermediate in the steroid, isoprene and terpene biosynthesis pathways and is used by organisms in the biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, cholesterol, terpenes and terpenoids. (wikipedia). In humans, geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) catalyzes the condensation of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to form geranyl diphosphate. Animals produce IPP through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Isoprenoid compounds have been implicated in several human disease states including coronary heart disease, blindness, infectious hepatitis and cancer.; ; Geranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. -- Wikipedia; Geranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, cholesterol, terpenes and terpenoids. Geranyl diphosphate is the precursor of monoterpenes, a large family of natural occurring C10 compounds predominately found in plants and animals. Geranyl diphosphate is regarded as a key intermediate in the steroid, isoprene and terpene biosynthesis pathways and is used by organisms in the biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, cholesterol, terpenes and terpenoids. (wikipedia). In humans, geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) catalyzes the condensation of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to form geranyl diphosphate. Animals produce IPP through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Isoprenoid compounds have been implicated in several human disease states including coronary heart disease, blindness, infectious hepatitis and cancer. Geranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. -- Wikipedia.
4-Coumaroyl-CoA
C30H42N7O18P3S (913.1519822000001)
4-Coumaroyl-CoA (CAS: 30802-00-7), also known as p-coumaroyl-CoA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-enoyl CoAs. These are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to a 2-enoyl chain. 4-Coumaroyl-CoA is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). (E)-p-Coumaroyl-CoA, also known as trans-p-coumaroyl-CoA, is an important intermediate in various biological pathways, particularly in plants. It plays a key role in the biosynthesis of numerous secondary metabolites, including flavonoids and lignins. Structurally, it consists of a Coenzyme A (CoA) molecule esterified with trans-p-coumaric acid, a type of hydroxycinnamic acid. This compound is involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, where it serves as a precursor for the synthesis of a wide range of compounds with diverse biological functions. The presence of the CoA group allows it to participate in enzymatic reactions, facilitating the transfer of the p-coumaroyl group to other molecules, thereby contributing to the synthesis of complex biochemical compounds. Coenzyme A, S-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=119785-99-8 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 119785-99-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Water
Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71\\% of Earths surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the bodys solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the suns energy to split off waters hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the suns energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia). Water, also known as purified water or dihydrogen oxide, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Water can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, oxheart cabbage, alaska wild rhubarb, and japanese walnut, which makes water a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Water can be found primarily in most biofluids, including ascites Fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymph, as well as throughout all human tissues. Water exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, water is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-15:0/i-20:0/i-24:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(18:0/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/i-18:0/i-13:0/i-19:0). Water is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/i-13:0/21:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(22:0/20:0/i-20:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(a-21:0/i-20:0/i-14:0), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/a-17:0/i-12:0). Water is a drug which is used for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered [fda label]. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70\\% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving .
Oxygen
Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131) [HMDB]. Oxygen is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, watermelon, sweet basil, and spinach. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131). V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially. Leavening agent, propellant, aerating agent, preservative. Solvent for supercritical extraction e.g. of caffeine in manufacture of caffeine-free instant coffee. It is used in carbonation of beverages, in the frozen food industry and as a component of controlled atmosphere packaging (CAD) to inhibit bacterial growth. Especies effective against Gram-negative spoilage bacteria, e.g. Pseudomonas V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases
Pyrophosphate
The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout. COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
ammonia
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms. Ammonia, also known as nh3 or ammonia solution, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Ammonia can be found in a number of food items such as rose hip, yardlong bean, cereals and cereal products, and ceylon cinnamon, which makes ammonia a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ammonia can be found primarily in blood, cellular cytoplasm, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout all human tissues. Ammonia exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, ammonia is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include glucose-alanine cycle, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, homocysteine degradation, and d-arginine and d-ornithine metabolism. Ammonia is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include ureidopropionase deficiency, hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria [hhh-syndrome], non ketotic hyperglycinemia, and beta-mercaptolactate-cysteine disulfiduria. Moreover, ammonia is found to be associated with 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, 3-Methyl-crotonyl-glycinuria, citrullinemia type I, and short bowel syndrome. Ammonia is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Ammonia or azane is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. The simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products . Acute Exposure: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration. (z)-n-coumaroyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid is a member of the class of compounds known as avenanthramides. Avenanthramides are a group of phenolic alkaloids consisting of conjugate of three phenylpropanoids (ferulic, caffeic, or p-coumaric acid) and anthranilic acid (z)-n-coumaroyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (z)-n-coumaroyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid can be found in cereals and cereal products and oat, which makes (z)-n-coumaroyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Formic acid
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It takes part in the metabolism of one-carbon compounds and its carbon may appear in methyl groups undergoing transmethylation. It is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Formate is typically produced as a byproduct in the production of acetate. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain. In nature, formic acid is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer. Urinary formate is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PMID: 22292465). It is used as a flavouring adjunct, an animal feed additive, a brewing antiseptic and as a food preservative
Acetoacetyl-CoA
Acetoacetyl-CoA is an intermediate in the metabolism of Butanoate. It is a substrate for Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase 1 (mitochondrial), Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (mitochondrial), Short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (mitochondrial), Trifunctional enzyme beta subunit (mitochondrial), Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (cytoplasmic), Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme, Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (cytosolic), Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (mitochondrial), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type II, Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase 2 (mitochondrial), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (mitochondrial), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (peroxisomal) and Trifunctional enzyme alpha subunit (mitochondrial). [HMDB]. Acetoacetyl-CoA is found in many foods, some of which are bog bilberry, lemon balm, pineapple, and pak choy. Acetoacetyl-CoA belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminopiperidines. Aminopiperidines are compounds containing a piperidine that carries an amino group. Acetoacetyl-CoA is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, acetoacetyl-CoA is involved in the metabolic disorder called the short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (HADH) pathway. Acetoacetyl-CoA is an intermediate in the metabolism of butanoate. It is a substrate for succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase.
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) (CAS: 1553-55-5) is formed when acetyl-CoA condenses with acetoacetyl-CoA in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase in the mevalonate pathway or mevalonate-dependent (MAD) route, an important cellular metabolic pathway present in virtually all organisms. HMG-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) inhibitors, more commonly known as statins, are cholesterol-lowering drugs that have been widely used for many years to reduce the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway and these agents lower cholesterol by inhibiting its synthesis in the liver and in peripheral tissues. Androgen also stimulates lipogenesis in human prostate cancer cells directly by increasing transcription of the fatty acid synthase and HMG-CoA-reductase genes (PMID: 14689582). (s)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa, also known as hmg-coa or hydroxymethylglutaroyl coenzyme a, is a member of the class of compounds known as (s)-3-hydroxy-3-alkylglutaryl coas (s)-3-hydroxy-3-alkylglutaryl coas are 3-hydroxy-3-alkylglutaryl-CoAs where the 3-hydroxy-3-alkylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration. Thus, (s)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule (s)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as watercress, burdock, spirulina, and chicory, which makes (s)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (s)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite.
Cinnamoyl-CoA
C30H42N7O17P3S (897.1570672000001)
Cinnamoyl-coa is a member of the class of compounds known as 2-enoyl coas. 2-enoyl coas are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to a 2-enoyl chain. Cinnamoyl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cinnamoyl-coa can be found in sorghum, which makes cinnamoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A is an intermediate in the phenylpropanoids metabolic pathway .
Mevalonic acid-5P
Mevalonic acid-5p, also known as (R)-5-phosphomevalonate or mevalonate-5p, is a member of the class of compounds known as monoalkyl phosphates. Monoalkyl phosphates are organic compounds containing a phosphate group that is linked to exactly one alkyl chain. Thus, mevalonic acid-5p is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Mevalonic acid-5p is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Mevalonic acid-5p can be found in a number of food items such as rowanberry, common oregano, caraway, and cherry tomato, which makes mevalonic acid-5p a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Mevalonic acid-5p can be found primarily throughout most human tissues. Mevalonic acid-5p exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, mevalonic acid-5p is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include pamidronate action pathway, rosuvastatin action pathway, pravastatin action pathway, and lovastatin action pathway. Mevalonic acid-5p is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hypercholesterolemia, lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (wolman disease), hyper-igd syndrome, and mevalonic aciduria. Mevalonic acid-5P (CAS: 1189-94-2), also known as 5-phosphomevalonic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monoalkyl phosphates. These are organic compounds containing a phosphate group that is linked to exactly one alkyl chain. Within humans, mevalonic acid-5P participates in many enzymatic reactions. In particular, mevalonic acid-5P can be biosynthesized from mevalonate; which is mediated by the enzyme mevalonate kinase. In addition, mevalonic acid-5P can be converted into mevalonic acid-5-pyrophosphate through its interaction with the enzyme phosphomevalonate kinase. In humans, mevalonic acid-5P is involved in the mevalonate pathway. Outside of the human body, mevalonic acid-5P has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as oriental wheat, devilfish, pepper (spice), redcurrants, and star fruits. This could make mevalonic acid-5P a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(R)-5-Diphosphomevalonic acid
Mevalonate-diphosphate, also known as 5-diphosphomevalonic acid or mevelonic acid-5-diphosphoric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as organic pyrophosphates. Organic pyrophosphates are organic compounds containing the pyrophosphate oxoanion, with the structure OP([O-])(=O)OP(O)([O-])=O. Thus, mevalonate-diphosphate is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Mevalonate-diphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Mevalonate-diphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as kohlrabi, enokitake, avocado, and redcurrant, which makes mevalonate-diphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Mevalonate-diphosphate exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, mevalonate-diphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include zoledronate action pathway, lovastatin action pathway, pamidronate action pathway, and desmosterolosis. Mevalonate-diphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include wolman disease, lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (wolman disease), cholesteryl ester storage disease, and CHILD syndrome. 5-Diphosphomevalonic acid (CAS: 1492-08-6) is a metabolic intermediate in the mevalonate pathway, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphomevalonate kinase from 5-phosphomevalonate (Wikipedia).
myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate, also known as Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 or inositol pentaphosphate, is an inositol polyphosphate of emerging significance in cellular signalling. Both Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 and its C-2 epimer scyllo-inositol pentakisphosphate (scyllo-InsP(5)) were synthesized from the same myo-inositol-based precursor (PMID: 16755629). InsP6, Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5, and their close metabolic relatives are amongst the more abundant intracellular inositol polyphosphates. They are involved in chromatin organization, DNA maintenance, gene transcription, nuclear mRNA transport, membrane trafficking, and control of cell proliferation (PMID: 14992690). myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P(5)), an inositol polyphosphate of emerging significance in cellular signalling, and its C-2 epimer scyllo-inositol pentakisphosphate (scyllo-InsP(5)) were synthesised from the same myo-inositol-based precursor. (PMID: 16755629)
Prephytoene diphosphate
C40H68O7P2 (722.4440038000001)
Phytoene is a precursor to carotenoids. Prephytoene comes from geranyl geranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Carotenoids are essential for life. Prephytoene diphosphate is involved in the following two reactions: 1) Prephytoene diphosphate + H+ + NADPH <=> Pyrophosphate + cis-Phytoene + NADP+ and 2) Geranylgeranyl diphosphate <=> Pyrophosphate + Prephytoene diphosphate + H+ [HMDB]. Prephytoene diphosphate is found in many foods, some of which are brassicas, wasabi, cocoa bean, and black elderberry. Phytoene is a precursor to carotenoids. Prephytoene comes from geranyl geranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Carotenoids are essential for life. Prephytoene diphosphate is involved in the following two reactions: 1) Prephytoene diphosphate + H+ + NADPH <=> Pyrophosphate + cis-Phytoene + NADP+ and 2) Geranylgeranyl diphosphate <=> Pyrophosphate + Prephytoene diphosphate + H+.
Presqualene diphosphate
Presqualene diphosphate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of Terpenoid. It is a substrate for Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase. [HMDB]. Presqualene diphosphate is found in many foods, some of which are soft-necked garlic, pomes, roman camomile, and white cabbage. Presqualene diphosphate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of Terpenoid. It is a substrate for Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase.
Leucopelargonidin
Leucopelargonidin (CAS: 520-17-2) is a colourless chemical compound belonging to the family of leucoanthocyanidins. Leucoanthocyanidins are flavonoids consisting of a flavan (3,4-dihydro-2-phenyl-2H-1-benzopyran) moiety that carries two hydroxy groups at the C3- and C4-positions. Leucopelargonidin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Leucopelargonidin can be found in a number of food items such as narrowleaf cattail, pepper (C. pubescens), macadamia nut (M. tetraphylla), and abiyuch, which makes leucopelargonidin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (FooDB). Leucopelargonidin can also be found in Albizia lebbeck (East Indian walnut), in the fruit of Anacardium occidentale (cashew), in the fruit of Areca catechu (Areca nut), in the fruit of Hydnocarpus wightiana (Hindi Chaulmoogra), in the rhizome of Rumex hymenosepalus (Arizona dock), in Zea Mays (corn), and in Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese date) (Wikipedia).
D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate
D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as inositol phosphates. Inositol phosphates are compounds containing a phosphate group attached to an inositol (or cyclohexanehexol) moiety. D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). In humans, D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate can be biosynthesized from inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate through the action of the enzyme inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase. D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is an intermediate in inositol phosphate metabolism. D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is converted from D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate via inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.66). 1D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is an intermediate in inositol phosphate metabolism. 1D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is converted from 1D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate via inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.66]. [HMDB]
D-myo-Inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate
C6H16O18P4 (499.92871560000003)
Inositol phosphates are a family of water-soluble intracellular signalling molecules derived from membrane inositol phospholipids. They undergo a variety of complex interconversion pathways, and their levels are dynamically regulated within the cytosol in response to a variety of agonists. D-myo-Inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate, also known as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4, has a direct biphasic (activation/inhibition) effect on an epithelial Ca2+-activated chloride channel. The effect of Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is not mimicked by other inositol tetrakisphosphate isomers, is dependent on the prevailing calcium concentration, and is influenced when channels are phosphorylated by calmodulin kinase II. The predominant effect of Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 on phosphorylated channels is inhibitory at levels of intracellular calcium observed in stimulated cells. Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 activity acts to inhibit calcium-dependent chloride secretion. The secretion of fluid and electrolytes across intestinal epithelial cells in response to Ca2+-dependent secretagogues is a tightly regulated process that is subject to both positive and negative influences. Agonists of Gq protein-coupled receptor (GqPCRs) appear to have the ability to evoke antisecretory mechanisms. One is mediated by the generation of Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 and serves to chronically downregulate epithelial responsiveness to subsequent challenges with Ca2+-dependent agonists (PMID: 12388102, 11408264). Inositol phosphates are a family of water-soluble intracellular signaling molecules derived from membrane inositol phospholipids. They undergo a variety of complex interconversion pathways, and their levels are dynamically regulated within the cytosol in response to a variety of agonists. D-Myo-inositol (3,4,5,6) tetrakisphosphate (Ins(3,4,5,6)P4) has a direct biphasic (activation/inhibition) effect on an epithelial Ca2+-activated chloride channel. The effect of Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is not mimicked by other inositol tetrakisphosphate isomers, is dependent on the prevailing calcium concentration, and is influenced when channels are phosphorylated by calmodulin kinase II. The predominant effect of Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 on phosphorylated channels is inhibitory at levels of intracellular calcium observed in stimulated cells. Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 activity acts to inhibit calcium-dependent chloride secretion. The secretion of fluid and electrolytes across intestinal epithelial cells in response to Ca2+-dependent secretagogues is a tightly regulated process that is subject to both positive and negative influences. Agonists of Gq protein-coupled receptor (GqPCRs) appear to have the ability to evoke antisecretory mechanisms. One is mediated by the generation of Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 and serves to chronically downregulate epithelial responsiveness to subsequent challenge with Ca2+-dependent agonists. (PMID: 12388102, 11408264) [HMDB]
Phytyl diphosphate
Phytyl diphosphate participates in biosynthesis of steroids as well as porphyrin and metabolism. Phytyl diphosphate is produced from Geranylgeranyl diphosphate in biosynthesis of steroids. [HMDB]. Phytyl diphosphate is found in many foods, some of which are highbush blueberry, wild leek, evergreen huckleberry, and allium (onion). Phytyl diphosphate participates in biosynthesis of steroids as well as porphyrin and metabolism. Phytyl diphosphate is produced from Geranylgeranyl diphosphate in biosynthesis of steroids.
Leucocyanidin
Leucocyanidin is an active anti-ulcerogenic ingredient was extracted from Litchi Chinensis. Leucocyanidin demonstrates a significant protective effect against Aspirin-induced erosions in rat models[1]. Leucocyanidin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=480-17-1 (retrieved 2024-09-18) (CAS RN: 480-17-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Leukoefdin
Flavan-3,3',4,4',5,5',7-heptol is a flavanol that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene which is substituted at positions 3, 4, 5, and 7 by hydroxy groups, and at position 2 by a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group. It is a hydroxyflavan, a member of catechols, a glycol, a member of resorcinols, a secondary alcohol and a polyphenol. Leucodelphinidin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=491-52-1 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 491-52-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
ent-Copalyl diphosphate
Ent-copalyl diphosphate, also known as (-)-copalyl diphosphoric acid or 5a,9a,10b-labda-8(20),13-dien-15-yl diphosphate, is a member of the class of compounds known as diterpenoids. Diterpenoids are terpene compounds formed by four isoprene units. Thus, ent-copalyl diphosphate is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Ent-copalyl diphosphate is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ent-copalyl diphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as german camomile, sweet basil, eggplant, and cardoon, which makes ent-copalyl diphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
beta-Caryophyllene
beta-Caryophyllene, also known as caryophyllene or (−)-β-caryophyllene, is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many essential oils including that of Syzygium aromaticum (cloves), Cannabis sativa, rosemary, and hops. It is usually found as a mixture with isocaryophyllene (the cis double bond isomer) and α-humulene (obsolete name: α-caryophyllene), a ring-opened isomer. beta-Caryophyllene is notable for having both a cyclobutane ring and a trans-double bond in a nine-membered ring, both rarities in nature (Wikipedia). beta-Caryophyllene is a sweet and dry tasting compound that can be found in a number of food items such as allspice, fig, pot marjoram, and roman camomile, which makes beta-caryophyllene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. beta-Caryophyllene can be found in feces and saliva. (-)-Caryophyllene. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=87-44-5 (retrieved 2024-08-07) (CAS RN: 87-44-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). β-Caryophyllene is a CB2 receptor agonist. β-Caryophyllene is a CB2 receptor agonist.
delta8,14-Sterol
delta8,14-Sterol, also known as 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3beta-ol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergosterols and derivatives. These are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton. Thus, delta8,14-sterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. delta8,14-Sterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. delta8,14-Sterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids and is converted from O-butusifoliol via the enzyme cytochrome P450, family 51, subfamily A (sterol 14-demethylase) (EC 1.14.13.70). It is then converted into 4-alpha-methylfecosterol via the enzyme delta14-sterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.70). Constituent of wheat germ oil (Triticum aestivum)
24-Methylenelophenol
24-Methylenelophenol is involved in the biosynthesis of steroids. 24-Methylenelophenol is converted from 4alpha-methylfecosterol by cholestenol delta-isomerase (EC: 5.3.3.5). 24-Methylenelophenol is converted into 24-ethylidenelophenol by 24-methylenesterol C-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.143). 24-Methylenelophenol can also be converted into episterol.
(3beta,4beta,5alpha)-4-Methylergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3-ol
(3beta,4beta,5alpha)-4-Methylergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3-ol is isolated from marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers.
24-Methylenecholesterol
24-Methylenecholesterol, also known as chalinasterol or ostreasterol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergosterols and derivatives. These are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton. Thus, 24-methylenecholesterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. 24-Methylenecholesterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. 24-Methylenecholesterol is involved in the biosynthesis of steroids. 24-Methylenecholesterol is converted from 5-dehydroepisterol by 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.21). 24-Methylenecholesterol is converted into campesterol by delta24-sterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.72). 24-methylenecholesterol is a 3beta-sterol having the structure of cholesterol with a methylene group at C-24. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol and a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid. It is functionally related to a cholesterol. 24-Methylenecholesterol is a natural product found in Echinometra lucunter, Ulva fasciata, and other organisms with data available. A 3beta-sterol having the structure of cholesterol with a methylene group at C-24. Constituent of clams and oysters 24-Methylenecholesterol (Ostreasterol), a natural marine sterol, stimulates cholesterol acyltransferase in human macrophages. 24-Methylenecholesterol possess anti-aging effects in yeast. 24-methylenecholesterol enhances honey bee longevity and improves nurse bee physiology[1][2][3].
Stemar-13-ene
Stemar-13-ene is a member of the class of compounds known as stemarane diterpenoids. Stemarane diterpenoids are diterpenoids with a structure characterized by a stemarane skeleton. Some characteristics include the bicyclic system C/D that is constituted by a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane fused to the bicyclic A/B system in a different fashion with respect to other tetracyclic diterpenes possessing the bicyclo[3.2.1]octane system. Moreover, the two contiguous quaternary carbon atoms, C(9) and C(10), are present, the former being a spirocyclic atom. Oxygenation can happen at positions C(2), C(7), C(13), C(17), C(18), and C(19). Thus, stemar-13-ene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Stemar-13-ene can be found in rice, which makes stemar-13-ene a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
ent-Cassa-12,15-diene
Ent-cassa-12,15-diene is a member of the class of compounds known as isocopalane and spongiane diterpenoids. Isocopalane and spongiane diterpenoids are diterpenoids with a structure based on the isocopalane (Tetradecahydro-1,1,4a,7,8,8a-hexamethylphenanthrene) or the 15,16-epoxyisocopalane skeleton. Thus, ent-cassa-12,15-diene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Ent-cassa-12,15-diene can be found in rice, which makes ent-cassa-12,15-diene a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
D-myo-Inositol 3-phosphate
D-myo-Inositol 3-phosphate, also known as inositol 3-phosphoric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as inositol phosphates. Inositol phosphates are compounds containing a phosphate group attached to an inositol (or cyclohexanehexol) moiety. D-myo-Inositol 3-phosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). D-myo-Inositol 3-phosphate is involved in the inositol phosphate metabolism and the phosphatidylinositol signalling systems. D-myo-Inositol 3-phosphate is created from D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate by inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.66) and is converted into myo-inositol by myo-inositol-1(or 4)-monophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.25). Myo-inositol 1-phosphate is a metabolite of the Inositol phosphate metabolism and the Phosphatidylinositol signaling system. Inositol phosphatases [EC:3.1.3.25] play a crucial role in the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway; in brain, the expression is substantially higher in the subcortical regions, most prominently in the caudate. The phosphatidylinositol pathway is thought to be modified by lithium, a commonly prescribed medication in treating bipolar disorder. (OMIM 605922) [HMDB]
Hydrogen Ion
Hydrogen ion, also known as proton or h+, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal hydrides. Other non-metal hydrides are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen ion can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, groundcherry, parsley, and tarragon, which makes hydrogen ion a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen ion exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen ion is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/a-21:0/i-15:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-17:0/i-13:0/a-25:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-13:0/a-17:0/a-15:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/18:1(11Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). Hydrogen ion is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(20:3(8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(24:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/24:0). A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions . Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [Wikipedia])
syn-Copalyl diphosphate
Syn-copalyl diphosphate is a member of the class of compounds known as diterpenoids. Diterpenoids are terpene compounds formed by four isoprene units. Thus, syn-copalyl diphosphate is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Syn-copalyl diphosphate is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Syn-copalyl diphosphate can be found in rice, which makes syn-copalyl diphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
S-Adenosylmethionine
S-adenosylmethionine, also known as sam or adomet, is a member of the class of compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. S-adenosylmethionine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). S-adenosylmethionine can be found in a number of food items such as common grape, half-highbush blueberry, jerusalem artichoke, and thistle, which makes S-adenosylmethionine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. S-adenosylmethionine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. S-adenosylmethionine exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, S-adenosylmethionine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(22:1(13Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(22:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(24:0/24:0), and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/20:0). S-adenosylmethionine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency (MTHFRD), 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), and aromatic l-aminoacid decarboxylase deficiency. Moreover, S-adenosylmethionine is found to be associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 and neurodegenerative disease. S-adenosylmethionine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. S-Adenosyl methionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation. Although these anabolic reactions occur throughout the body, most SAM-e is produced and consumed in the liver. More than 40 methyl transfers from SAM-e are known, to various substrates such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and secondary metabolites. It is made from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and methionine by methionine adenosyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.6). SAM was first discovered by Giulio Cantoni in 1952 . Significant first-pass metabolism in the liver. Approximately 50\\\% of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is metabolized in the liver. SAMe is metabolized to S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is then metabolized to homocysteine. Homocysteine can either be metabolized to cystathionine and then cysteine or to methionine. The cofactor in the metabolism of homocysteine to cysteine is vitamin B6. Cofactors for the metabolism of homocysteine to methionine are folic acid, vitamin B12 and betaine (T3DB). S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.
cis-Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid, also known as caffeate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids are compounds containing an cinnamic acid where the benzene ring is hydroxylated. Caffeic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. It is the precursor to ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol, all of which are significant building blocks in lignin. Outside of the human body, caffeic acid has been detected, but not quantified in fats and oils and nuts. Caffeic acid is formally rated as a possible carcinogen (by IARC 2B) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Caffeic acid has a variety of potential pharmacological effects in in vitro studies and in animal models, and the inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on cancer cell proliferation by an oxidative mechanism in the human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line has recently been established. It occurs at high levels in black chokeberry (141 mg per 100 g) and in fairly high level in lingonberry (6 mg per 100 g). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Found in olive oil, peanuts and other plant sources Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).
Pelargonidin
Pelargonidin chloride is an anthocyanidin chloride that has pelargonidin as the cationic counterpart. It has a role as a phytoestrogen and a plant metabolite. It contains a pelargonidin. An anthocyanidin chloride that has pelargonidin as the cationic counterpart. Pelargonidin chloride is a scavenger of nitric oxide radical and has antioxidant activities[1]. Pelargonidin chloride is a scavenger of nitric oxide radical and has antioxidant activities[1].
1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate
C6H15O15P3 (419.96238300000005)
[Hydroxy(oxido)phosphoryl] phosphate
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L-glutamate(1-)
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
2-(beta-D-glucosyloxy)-cis-cinnamate
C15H17O8- (325.09233820000003)