NCBI Taxonomy: 1385

L-Valine

C5H11NO2 (117.0789746)

L-valine is the L-enantiomer of valine. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a valine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-valinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-valinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-valine. It is a tautomer of a L-valine zwitterion. Valine is a branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. L-Valine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Valine is an aliphatic and extremely hydrophobic essential amino acid in humans related to leucine, Valine is found in many proteins, mostly in the interior of globular proteins helping to determine three-dimensional structure. A glycogenic amino acid, valine maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm. Valine is obtained from soy, cheese, fish, meats and vegetables. Valine supplements are used for muscle growth, tissue repair, and energy. (NCI04) Valine (abbreviated as Val or V) is an -amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH(CH3)2. It is named after the plant valerian. L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. Along with leucine and isoleucine, valine is a branched-chain amino acid. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point. These three amino acids are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAA denotes valine, isoleucine and leucine which are branched chain essential amino acids. Despite their structural similarities, the branched amino acids have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates, leucine solely to fats and isoleucine to both. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist, and are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is the maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary restriction of BCAA and at least one form is correctable by supplementation with 10 mg of biotin daily. BCAA are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia or portacaval shunt; aromatic amino acids (AAA) tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, as well as methionine are increased in these conditions. Valine in particular, has been established as a useful supplemental therapy to the ailing liver. All the BCAA probably compete with AAA for absorption into the brain. Supplemental BCAA with vitamin B6 and zinc help normalize the BCAA:AAA ratio. In sickle-cell disease, valine substitutes for the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid in hemoglobin. Because valine is hydrophobic, the hemoglobin does not fold correctly. Valine is an essential amino acid, hence it must be ingested, usually as a component of proteins. A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and ... Valine (Val) or L-valine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Valine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Valine was first isolated from casein in 1901 by Hermann Emil Fischer. The name valine comes from valeric acid, which in turn is named after the plant valerian due to the presence of valine in the roots of the plant. Valine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. L-valine is a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). The BCAAs consist of leucine, valine and isoleucine (and occasionally threonine). BCAAs are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point at the beta-carbon position. BCAAs are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. Like other branched-chain amino acids, the catabolism of valine starts with the removal of the amino group by transamination, giving alpha-ketoisovalerate, an alpha-keto acid, which is converted to isobutyryl-CoA through oxidative decarboxylation by the branched-chain Œ±-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. This is further oxidised and rearranged to succinyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist, and are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is the maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary restriction of BCAA and at least one form is correctable by supplementation with 10 mg of biotin daily. BCAA are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia or portacaval shunt. Valine in particular, has been established as a useful supplemental therapy to the ailing liver. Valine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of valine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID: 25287287). Mice fed a valine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity and feeding of a valine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels (PMID: 24684822). In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of valine and the other branched-chain amino acids results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity (PMID: 29266268). In sickle-cell disease, valine substitutes for the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid in hemoglobin. Because valine ... L-valine, also known as (2s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid or L-(+)-alpha-aminoisovaleric acid, belongs to valine and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing valine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-valine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-valine can be found in watermelon, which makes L-valine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. L-valine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), breast milk, urine, and blood, as well as in human epidermis and fibroblasts tissues. L-valine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-valine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include streptomycin action pathway, tetracycline action pathway, methacycline action pathway, and kanamycin action pathway. L-valine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include methylmalonic aciduria due to cobalamin-related disorders, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III, isovaleric aciduria, and methylmalonic aciduria. Moreover, L-valine is found to be associated with schizophrenia, alzheimers disease, paraquat poisoning, and hypervalinemia. L-valine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Valine (abbreviated as Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isopropyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. In the genetic code it is encoded by all codons starting with GU, namely GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG (Applies to Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine)
This group of essential amino acids are identified as the branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs. Because this arrangement of carbon atoms cannot be made by humans, these amino acids are an essential element in the diet. The catabolism of all three compounds initiates in muscle and yields NADH and FADH2 which can be utilized for ATP generation. The catabolism of all three of these amino acids uses the same enzymes in the first two steps. The first step in each case is a transamination using a single BCAA aminotransferase, with a-ketoglutarate as amine acceptor. As a result, three different a-keto acids are produced and are oxidized using a common branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase, yielding the three different CoA derivatives. Subsequently the metabolic pathways diverge, producing many intermediates.
The principal product from valine is propionylCoA, the glucogenic precursor of succinyl-CoA. Isoleucine catabolism terminates with production of acetylCoA and propionylCoA; thus isoleucine is both glucogenic and ketogenic. Leucine gives rise to acetylCoA and acetoacetylCoA, and is thus classified as strictly ketogenic.
There are a number of genetic diseases associated with faulty catabolism of the BCAAs. The most common defect is in the branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase. Since there is only one dehydrogenase enzyme for all three amino acids, all three a-keto acids accumulate and are excreted in the urine. The disease is known as Maple syrup urine disease because of the characteristic odor of the urine in afflicted individuals. Mental retardation in these cases is extensive. Unfortunately, since these are essential amino acids, they cannot be heavily restricted in the diet; ultimately, the life of afflicted individuals is short and development is abnormal The main neurological pr... L-Valine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7004-03-7 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 72-18-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1]. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1].

Sucrose

C12H22O11 (342.1162062)

Sucrose is a nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. Sucrose is derived by crushing and extracting sugarcane with water or by extracting sugar beet with water, evaporating, and purifying with lime, carbon, and various liquids. Sucrose is also obtainable from sorghum. Sucrose occurs in low percentages in honey and maple syrup. Sucrose is used as a sweetener in foods and soft drinks, in the manufacture of syrups, in invert sugar, confectionery, preserves and jams, demulcent, pharmaceutical products, and caramel. Sucrose is also a chemical intermediate for detergents, emulsifying agents, and other sucrose derivatives. Sucrose is widespread in the seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, and roots of plants, where it functions as an energy store for metabolism and as a carbon source for biosynthesis. The annual world production of sucrose is in excess of 90 million tons mainly from the juice of sugar cane (20\\\%) and sugar beet (17\\\%). In addition to its use as a sweetener, sucrose is used in food products as a preservative, antioxidant, moisture control agent, stabilizer, and thickening agent. BioTransformer predicts that sucrose is a product of 6-O-sinapoyl sucrose metabolism via a hydrolysis-of-carboxylic-acid-ester-pattern1 reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the liver carboxylesterase 1 (P23141) enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Sucrose appears as white odorless crystalline or powdery solid. Denser than water. Sucrose is a glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. It has a role as an osmolyte, a sweetening agent, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. A nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from sugarcane, sugar beet (beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. Sucrose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Sucrose is a natural product found in Haplophyllum ramosissimum, Cyperus esculentus, and other organisms with data available. Sucrose is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. See also: Anise; ferrous disulfide; sucrose (component of); Phosphoric acid; sucrose (component of); Sucrose caramel (related) ... View More ... In chemistry, sugar loosely refers to a number of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or oligosaccharides. In food, sugar refers to a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose characterized by a sweet flavor. Other sugars are used in industrial food preparation, but are usually known by more specific names - glucose, fructose or fruit sugar, high fructose corn syrup, etc. Sugars is found in many foods, some of which are ucuhuba, butternut squash, common walnut, and miso. A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar. It has the molecular formula C 12H 22O 11. For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either sugarcane or sugar beet. Sugar mills – typically located in tropical regions near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. Sugar beet factories are located in temperate climates where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar. The sugar-refining process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour. The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet. Sugar is often an added ingredient in food production and recipes. About 185 million tonnes of sugar were produced worldwide in 2017.[6] Sucrose is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for tooth decay because Streptococcus mutans bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular, dextran-based polysaccharide that allows them to cohere, forming plaque. Sucrose is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide.[7] Sucrose. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=8030-20-4 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 57-50-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

L-Tryptophan

C11H12N2O2 (204.0898732)

Tryptophan (Trp) or L-tryptophan is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-tryptophan is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aromatic amino acid. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. The minimum daily requirement for adults is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. There is 400 mg of tryptophan in a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low-fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg of tryptophan per pound (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Tryptophan is particularly plentiful in chocolate, oats, dried dates, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, eggs, fish, poultry, sesame, chickpeas, almonds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, buckwheat, spirulina, and peanuts. Tryptophan is the precursor of both serotonin and melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in animals, which regulates sleep and wakefulness. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor, and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan into serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin, and glutathione. Niacin (also known as vitamin B3) is an important metabolite of tryptophan. It is synthesized via kynurenine and quinolinic acids, which are products of tryptophan degradation. There are a number of conditions or diseases that are characterized by tryptophan deficiencies. For instance, fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, which reduces levels of tryptophan in the blood and leads to depression. High corn diets or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Hartnups disease is a disorder in which tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Symptoms of Hartnups disease include skin rashes, difficulty coordinating movements (cerebellar ataxia), and psychiatric symptoms such as depression or psychosis. Tryptophan supplements may be useful for treating Hartnups disease. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan breakdown products (such as kynurenine) correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension, and anxiety states. Tryptophan plays a role in "feast-induced" drowsiness. Ingestion of a meal rich in carbohydrates triggers the release of insulin. Insulin, in turn, stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) into muscle, increasing the ratio of tryptophan to BCAA in the bloodstream. The increased tryptophan ratio reduces competition at the large neutral amino acid transporter (which transports both BCAAs and tryptophan), resulting in greater uptake of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Once in the CSF, tryptophan is converted into serotonin and the resulting serotonin is further metabolized into melatonin by the pineal gland, which promotes sleep. Because tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) which is then converted into the neurotransmitter serotonin, it has been proposed th... L-tryptophan is a white powder with a flat taste. An essential amino acid; occurs in isomeric forms. (NTP, 1992) L-tryptophan is the L-enantiomer of tryptophan. It has a role as an antidepressant, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tryptophan and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-tryptophanium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tryptophanate. It is an enantiomer of a D-tryptophan. It is a tautomer of a L-tryptophan zwitterion. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor of indole alkaloids in plants. It is a precursor of serotonin (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to niacin, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. L-Tryptophan is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Tryptophan is the least plentiful of all 22 amino acids and an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Tryptophan is found in most proteins and a precursor of serotonin. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), converted in turn to serotonin, a neurotransmitter essential in regulating appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. Tryptophan is a natural sedative and present in dairy products, meats, brown rice, fish, and soybeans. (NCI04) Tryptophan is an essential amino acid which is the precursor of serotonin. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan to serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin and glutathione. Niacin is an important metabolite of tryptophan. High corn or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Inborn errors of tryptophan metabolism exist where a tumor (carcinoid) makes excess serotonin. Hartnups disease is a disease where tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Tryptophan supplements may be useful in each condition, in carcinoid replacing the over-metabolized nutrient and in Hartnups supplementing a malabsorbed nutrient. Some disorders of excess tryptophan in the blood may contribute to mental retardation. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan fragments correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension and anxiety states. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. Adults minimum daily requirement is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. This may be an underestimation, for there are 400 mg of tryptophan in just a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg per pound. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. See also: Serotonin; tryptophan (component of); Chamomile; ginger; melatonin; thiamine; tryptophan (component of) ... View More ... Constituent of many plants. Enzymatic hydrolysis production of most plant and animal proteins. Dietary supplement, nutrient D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank The L-enantiomer of tryptophan. Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_30eV_1-1_01_662.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_20eV_1-1_01_661.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_30eV_1-1_01_716.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_10eV_1-1_01_660.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_10eV_1-1_01_714.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_40eV_1-1_01_717.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_20eV_1-1_01_715.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_50eV_1-1_01_664.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_50eV_1-1_01_718.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_40eV_1-1_01_663.txt IPB_RECORD: 253; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID T003 DL-Tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1]. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO3 (181.0738896)

Tyrosine (Tyr) or L-tyrosine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-tyrosine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tyrosine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aromatic amino acid. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it – usually from phenylalanine. The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, a monooxygenase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction causing the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine. Tyrosine is found in many high-protein food products such as chicken, turkey, fish, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, cheese, peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, soy products, lima beans, avocados and bananas. Tyrosine is one of the few amino acids that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the bodys sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folic acid, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, including thyroid hormones (diiodotyrosine), catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the bodys natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism have been identified, such as hawkinsinuria and tyrosinemia I. The most common feature of these diseases is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements can help reverse these disease symptoms. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This typically indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can help aleviate biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for treating psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-Dopa, which is directly used in Parkinsons, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinsons. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-Dopa (http://www.dcnutrition.com). In addition to its role as a precursor for neurotransmitters, tyrosine plays an important role for the function of many proteins. Within many proteins or enzymes, certain tyrosine residues can be tagged (at the hydroxyl group) with a phosphate group (phosphorylated) by specialized protein kinases. In its phosphorylated form, tyrosine is called phosphotyrosine. Tyrosine phosphorylation is considered to be one of the key steps in signal transduction and regulation of enzymatic activity. Tyrosine (or its precursor phenylalanine) is also needed to synthesize the benzoquinone structure which forms part of coenzyme Q10. L-tyrosine is an optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. It has a role as an EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tyrosine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is functionally related to a L-tyrosinal. It is a conjugate base of a L-tyrosinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tyrosinate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-tyrosine. It is a tautomer of a L-tyrosine zwitterion. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from [phenylalanine]. It is also the precursor of [epinephrine], thyroid hormones, and melanin. L-Tyrosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). L-Tyrosine is the levorotatory isomer of the aromatic amino acid tyrosine. L-tyrosine is a naturally occurring tyrosine and is synthesized in vivo from L-phenylalanine. It is considered a non-essential amino acid; however, in patients with phenylketonuria who lack phenylalanine hydroxylase and cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, it is considered an essential nutrient. In vivo, tyrosine plays a role in protein synthesis and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines, thyroxine, and melanin. Tyrosine is an essential amino acid that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the bodys sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folic acid, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, thyroid, catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the bodys natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism occur. Most common is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood of premature infants, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements reverse the disease. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can cure biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-dopa, which is directly used in Parkinsons, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinsons. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-dopa. A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Flavouring ingredient. L-Tyrosine is found in many foods, some of which are blue crab, sweet rowanberry, lemon sole, and alpine sweetvetch. An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. L-Tyrosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=60-18-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 60-18-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3 (119.0582404)

L-threonine is an optically active form of threonine having L-configuration. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an aspartate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a threonine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-threoninium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-threoninate. It is an enantiomer of a D-threonine. It is a tautomer of a L-threonine zwitterion. An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. L-Threonine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Threonine is an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Threonine is an important residue of many proteins, such as tooth enamel, collagen, and elastin. An important amino acid for the nervous system, threonine also plays an important role in porphyrin and fat metabolism and prevents fat buildup in the liver. Useful with intestinal disorders and indigestion, threonine has also been used to alleviate anxiety and mild depression. (NCI04) Threonine is an essential amino acid in humans. It is abundant in human plasma, particularly in newborns. Severe deficiency of threonine causes neurological dysfunction and lameness in experimental animals. Threonine is an immunostimulant which promotes the growth of thymus gland. It also can probably promote cell immune defense function. This amino acid has been useful in the treatment of genetic spasticity disorders and multiple sclerosis at a dose of 1 gram daily. It is highly concentrated in meat products, cottage cheese and wheat germ. The threonine content of most of the infant formulas currently on the market is approximately 20\\\\\\% higher than the threonine concentration in human milk. Due to this high threonine content the plasma threonine concentrations are up to twice as high in premature infants fed these formulas than in infants fed human milk. The whey proteins which are used for infant formulas are sweet whey proteins. Sweet whey results from cheese production. Threonine catabolism in mammals appears to be due primarily (70-80\\\\\\%) to the activity of threonine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.103) that oxidizes threonine to 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate, which forms glycine and acetyl CoA, whereas threonine dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.16) that catabolizes threonine into 2-oxobutyrate and ammonia, is significantly less active. Increasing the threonine plasma concentrations leads to accumulation of threonine and glycine in the brain. Such accumulation affects the neurotransmitter balance which may have consequences for the brain development during early postnatal life. Thus, excessive threonine intake during infant feeding should be avoided. (A3450). An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. See also: Amlisimod (monomer of) ... View More ... Threonine (Thr) or L-threonine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-threonine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Threonine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. Threonine is sometimes considered as a branched chain amino acid. Threonine was actually the last of the 20 amino acids to be discovered (in 1938). It was named threonine because it was similar in structure to threonic acid, a four-carbon monosaccharide. Threonine is an essential amino acid in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it and that it must be obtained from the diet. Foods high in threonine include cottage cheese, poultry, fish, meat, lentils, black turtle bean and sesame seeds. Adult humans require about 20 mg/kg body weight/day. In plants and microorganisms, threonine is synthesized from aspartic acid via alpha-aspartyl-semialdehyde and homoserine. In proteins, the threonine residue is susceptible to numerous posttranslational modifications. The hydroxyl side-chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation and phosphorylation through the action of a threonine kinase. Threonine is abundant in human plasma, particularly in newborns. Severe deficiency of threonine causes neurological dysfunction and lameness in experimental animals. Threonine is an immunostimulant which promotes the growth of thymus gland. It also can probably promote cell immune defense function. The threonine content of most of the infant formulas currently on the market is approximately 20\\\\\\% higher than the threonine concentration in human milk. Due to this high threonine content the plasma threonine concentrations are up to twice as high in premature infants fed these formulas than in infants fed human milk. The whey proteins which are used for infant formulas are sweet whey proteins. Sweet whey results from cheese production. Increasing the threonine plasma concentrations leads to accumulation of threonine and glycine in the brain. Such accumulation affects the neurotransmitter balance which may have consequences for the brain development during early postnatal life. Thus, excessive threonine intake during infant feeding should be avoided. (PMID 9853925). Threonine is metabolized in at least two ways. In many animals it is converted to pyruvate via threonine dehydrogenase. An intermediate in this pathway can undergo thiolysis with CoA to produce acetyl-CoA and glycine. In humans the gene for threonine dehydrogenase is an inactive pseudogene, so threonine is converted to alpha-ketobutyrate. From wide variety of protein hydrolysates. Dietary supplement, nutrient L-Threonine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=72-19-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 72-19-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Threonine, an essential amino acid, has the potential to treat hypostatic leg ulceration[1]. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed[1]. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed[1].

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946238)

Leucine (Leu) or L-leucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-leucine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Leucine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. L-Leucine is a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). The BCAAs consist of leucine, valine and isoleucine (and occasionally threonine). BCAAs are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point at the beta-carbon position. BCAAs are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism are acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; consequently, it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, with lysine being the other. Leucine is the most important ketogenic amino acid in humans. The vast majority of l-leucine metabolism is initially catalyzed by the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase enzyme, producing alpha-ketoisocaproate (alpha-KIC). alpha-KIC is metabolized by the mitochondrial enzyme branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, which converts it to isovaleryl-CoA. Isovaleryl-CoA is subsequently metabolized by the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase and converted to beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MC-CoA), which is used in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA and other compounds. During biotin deficiency, HMB can be synthesized from MC-CoA via enoyl-CoA hydratase and an unknown thioesterase enzyme, which convert MC-CoA into HMB-CoA and HMB-CoA into HMB respectively. Leucine has the capacity to directly stimulate myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis (PMID 15051860). This effect of leucine arises results from its role as an activator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PMID 23551944) a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates protein biosynthesis and cell growth. The activation of mTOR by leucine is mediated through Rag GTPases. Leucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of leucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287). BCAAs such as leucine have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Persistently low leucine levels can result in decreased appetite, poor feeding, lethargy, poor growth, weight loss, skin rashes, hair loss, and desquamation. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist and these are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary res... L-leucine is the L-enantiomer of leucine. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a leucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-leucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-leucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-leucine. It is a tautomer of a L-leucine zwitterion. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. L-Leucine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Leucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare. (NCI04) Leucine (abbreviated as Leu or L)[2] is a branched-chain л±-amino acid with the chemical formulaHO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH(CH3)2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons (UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG) and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin, and other buffer proteins. Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning that the human body cannot synthesize it, and it therefore must be ingested. It is important for hemoglobin formation. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. See also: Isoleucine; Leucine (component of) ... View More ... Dietary supplement, nutrient [DFC]. (±)-Leucine is found in many foods, some of which are green bell pepper, italian sweet red pepper, green zucchini, and red bell pepper. L-Leucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=61-90-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 61-90-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].

L-Proline

C5H9NO2 (115.0633254)

Proline (Pro), also known as L-proline is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Proline is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Proline is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Proline is derived from the amino acid L-glutamate in which glutamate-5-semialdehyde is first formed by glutamate 5-kinase and glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (which requires NADH or NADPH). This semialdehyde can then either spontaneously cyclize to form 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, which is reduced to proline by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, or turned into ornithine by ornithine aminotransferase, followed by cyclization by ornithine cyclodeaminase to form proline. L-Proline has been found to act as a weak agonist of the glycine receptor and of both NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors. It has been proposed to be a potential endogenous excitotoxin/neurotoxin. Studies in rats have shown that when injected into the brain, proline non-selectively destroys pyramidal and granule cells (PMID: 3409032 ). Therefore, under certain conditions proline can act as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of proline are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including hyperprolinemia type I, hyperprolinemia type II, iminoglycinuria, prolinemia type II, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. People with hyperprolinemia type I often do not show any symptoms even though they have proline levels in their blood between 3 and 10 times the normal level. Some individuals with hyperprolinemia type I exhibit seizures, intellectual disability, or other neurological or psychiatric problems. Hyperprolinemia type II results in proline levels in the blood between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Hyperprolinemia type II has signs and symptoms that vary in severity and is more likely than type I to involve seizures or intellectual disability. L-proline is pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a member of compatible osmolytes. It is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a proline and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-prolinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-prolinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-proline. It is a tautomer of a L-proline zwitterion. Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. L-Proline is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Proline is a cyclic, nonessential amino acid (actually, an imino acid) in humans (synthesized from glutamic acid and other amino acids), Proline is a constituent of many proteins. Found in high concentrations in collagen, proline constitutes almost a third of the residues. Collagen is the main supportive protein of skin, tendons, bones, and connective tissue and promotes their health and healing. (NCI04) L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles. Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.

Benzoic acid

C7H6O2 (122.0367776)

Benzoic acid appears as a white crystalline solid. Slightly soluble in water. The primary hazard is the potential for environmental damage if released. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Used to make other chemicals, as a food preservative, and for other uses. Benzoic acid is a compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent. It has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, an algal metabolite and a drug allergen. It is a conjugate acid of a benzoate. A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. As the sodium salt form, sodium benzoate is used as a treatment for urea cycle disorders due to its ability to bind amino acids. This leads to excretion of these amino acids and a decrease in ammonia levels. Recent research shows that sodium benzoate may be beneficial as an add-on therapy (1 gram/day) in schizophrenia. Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores dropped by 21\\\\\% compared to placebo. Benzoic acid is a Nitrogen Binding Agent. The mechanism of action of benzoic acid is as an Ammonium Ion Binding Activity. Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is a colourless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species. Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05\\\\\%). Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit. Benzoic acid is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It often is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. Benzoic acid is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria. It is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages). A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. See also: Salicylic Acid (active moiety of); Benzoyl Peroxide (active moiety of); Sodium Benzoate (active moiety of) ... View More ... Widespread in plants especies in essential oils and fruits, mostly in esterified formand is also present in butter, cooked meats, pork fat, white wine, black and green tea, mushroom and Bourbon vanilla. It is used in foodstuffs as antimicrobial and flavouring agent and as preservative. In practical food preservation, the Na salt of benzoic acid is the most widely used form (see MDQ71-S). The antimicrobial activity comprises a wide range of microorganisms, particularly yeasts and moulds. Undissociated benzoic acid is more effective than dissociated, thus the preservative action is more efficient in acidic foodstuffs. Typical usage levels are 500-2000 ppm. Benzoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are animal foods, common grape, lovage, and fruits. Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is a colourless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species. Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05\\\\\%). Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit. Benzoic acid is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It often is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. Benzoic acid is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria. It is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages). It can be found in Serratia (PMID:23061754). Benzoic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=65-85-0 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 65-85-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Benzoic acid is an aromatic alcohol existing naturally in many plants and is a common additive to food, drinks, cosmetics and other products. It acts as preservatives through inhibiting both bacteria and fungi. Benzoic acid is an aromatic alcohol existing naturally in many plants and is a common additive to food, drinks, cosmetics and other products. It acts as preservatives through inhibiting both bacteria and fungi.

L-Glutamic acid

C5H9NO4 (147.0531554)

Glutamic acid (Glu), also known as L-glutamic acid or as glutamate, the name of its anion, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-glutamic acid is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glutamic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an acidic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans it is a non-essential amino acid and can be synthesized via alanine or aspartic acid via alpha-ketoglutarate and the action of various transaminases. Glutamate also plays an important role in the bodys disposal of excess or waste nitrogen. Glutamate undergoes deamination, an oxidative reaction catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase leading to alpha-ketoglutarate. In many respects glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid). Glutamate was discovered in 1866 when it was extracted from wheat gluten (from where it got its name. Glutamate has an important role as a food additive and food flavoring agent. In 1908, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth (a Japanese soup) as glutamic acid. These crystals, when tasted, reproduced a salty, savory flavor detected in many foods, most especially in seaweed. Professor Ikeda termed this flavor umami. He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. L-glutamic acid is an optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a ferroptosis inducer and a neurotransmitter. It is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a glutamic acid and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate acid of a L-glutamate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-glutamic acid. A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. See also: Monosodium Glutamate (active moiety of); Glatiramer Acetate (monomer of); Glatiramer (monomer of) ... View More ... obtained from acid hydrolysis of proteins. Since 1965 the industrial source of glutamic acid for MSG production has been bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate sources such as molasses and corn starch hydrolysate in the presence of a nitrogen source such as ammonium salts or urea. Annual production approx. 350000t worldwide in 1988. Seasoning additive in food manuf. (as Na, K and NH4 salts). Dietary supplement, nutrient Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E;[4] the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use. It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. Its molecular formula is C 5H 9NO 4. Glutamic acid exists in two optically isomeric forms; the dextrorotatory l-form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of gluten or from the waste waters of beet-sugar manufacture or by fermentation.[5][full citation needed] Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COOH, with two carboxyl groups −COOH and one amino group −NH 2. However, in the solid state and mildly acidic water solutions, the molecule assumes an electrically neutral zwitterion structure −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COOH. It is encoded by the codons GAA or GAG. The acid can lose one proton from its second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base, the singly-negative anion glutamate −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COO−. This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions. The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation.[6] This anion creates the savory umami flavor of foods and is found in glutamate flavorings such as MSG. In Europe, it is classified as food additive E620. In highly alkaline solutions the doubly negative anion −OOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COO− prevails. The radical corresponding to glutamate is called glutamyl. The one-letter symbol E for glutamate was assigned in alphabetical sequence to D for aspartate, being larger by one methylene –CH2– group.[7] DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

L-Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.0789746)

Phenylalanine (Phe), also known as L-phenylalanine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-phenylalanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Phenylalanine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aromatic, non-polar amino acid. In humans, phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine. Like tyrosine, phenylalanine is also a precursor for catecholamines including tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Catecholamines are neurotransmitters that act as adrenalin-like substances. Interestingly, several psychotropic drugs (mescaline, morphine, codeine, and papaverine) also have phenylalanine as a constituent. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in the human brain and plasma. Normal metabolism of phenylalanine requires biopterin, iron, niacin, vitamin B6, copper, and vitamin C. An average adult ingests 5 g of phenylalanine per day and may optimally need up to 8 g daily. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in a number of high protein foods, such as meat, cottage cheese, and wheat germ. An additional dietary source of phenylalanine is artificial sweeteners containing aspartame (a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide). As a general rule, aspartame should be avoided by phenylketonurics and pregnant women. When present in sufficiently high levels, phenylalanine can act as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural cells and neural tissue. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of phenylalanine are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including Hartnup disorder, hyperphenylalaninemia due to guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase deficiency, phenylketonuria (PKU), tyrosinemia type 2 (or Richner-Hanhart syndrome), and tyrosinemia type III (TYRO3). Phenylketonurics have elevated serum plasma levels of phenylalanine up to 400 times normal. High plasma concentrations of phenylalanine influence the blood-brain barrier transport of large neutral amino acids. The high plasma phenylalanine concentrations increase phenylalanine entry into the brain and restrict the entry of other large neutral amino acids (PMID: 19191004). Phenylalanine has been found to interfere with different cerebral enzyme systems. Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) can lead to intellectual disability, seizures, behavioural problems, and mental disorders. It may also result in a musty smell and lighter skin. Classic PKU dramatically affects myelination and white matter tracts in untreated infants; this may be one major cause of neurological disorders associated with phenylketonuria. Mild phenylketonuria can act as an unsuspected cause of hyperactivity, learning problems, and other developmental problems in children. It has been recently suggested that PKU may resemble amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease, due to the formation of toxic amyloid-like assemblies of phenylalanine (PMID: 22706200). Phenylalanine also has some potential benefits. Phenylalanine can act as an effective pain reliever. Its use in premenstrual syndrome and Parkinsons may enhance the effects of acupuncture and electric transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS). Phenylalanine and tyrosine, like L-DOPA, produce a catecholamine-like effect. Phenylalanine is better absorbed than tyrosine and may cause fewer headaches. Low phenylalanine diets have been prescribed for certain cancers with mixed results. For instance, some tumours use more phen... L-phenylalanine is an odorless white crystalline powder. Slightly bitter taste. pH (1\\\\\\% aqueous solution) 5.4 to 6. (NTP, 1992) L-phenylalanine is the L-enantiomer of phenylalanine. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite and an EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a phenylalanine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-phenylalaninium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-phenylalaninate. It is an enantiomer of a D-phenylalanine. It is a tautomer of a L-phenylalanine zwitterion. Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of melanin, [dopamine], [noradrenalin] (norepinephrine), and [thyroxine]. L-Phenylalanine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid in humans (provided by food), Phenylalanine plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids and is important in the structure and function of many proteins and enzymes. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine, used in the biosynthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters. The L-form of Phenylalanine is incorporated into proteins, while the D-form acts as a painkiller. Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by Phenylalanine is used to quantify protein amounts. (NCI04) Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and the precursor for the amino acid tyrosine. Like tyrosine, it is the precursor of catecholamines in the body (tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine). The psychotropic drugs (mescaline, morphine, codeine, and papaverine) also have phenylalanine as a constituent. Phenylalanine is a precursor of the neurotransmitters called catecholamines, which are adrenalin-like substances. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in the human brain and plasma. Normal metabolism of phenylalanine requires biopterin, iron, niacin, vitamin B6, copper and vitamin C. An average adult ingests 5 g of phenylalanine per day and may optimally need up to 8 g daily. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in high protein foods, such as meat, cottage cheese and wheat germ. A new dietary source of phenylalanine is artificial sweeteners containing aspartame. Aspartame appears to be nutritious except in hot beverages; however, it should be avoided by phenylketonurics and pregnant women. Phenylketonurics, who have a genetic error of phenylalanine metabolism, have elevated serum plasma levels of phenylalanine up to 400 times normal. Mild phenylketonuria can be an unsuspected cause of hyperactivity, learning problems, and other developmental problems in children. Phenylalanine can be an effective pain reliever. Its use in premenstrual syndrome and Parkinsons may enhance the effects of acupuncture and electric transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS). Phenylalanine and tyrosine, like L-dopa, produce a catecholamine effect. Phenylalanine is better absorbed than tyrosine and may cause fewer headaches. Low phenylalanine diets have been prescribed for certain cancers with mixed results. Some tumors use more phenylalanine (particularly melatonin-producing tumors called melanoma). One strategy is to exclude this amino acid from the diet, i.e., a Phenylketonuria (PKU) diet (compliance is a difficult issue; it is hard to quantify and is under-researched). The other strategy is just to increase phenylalanines competing amino acids, i.e., tryptophan, valine, isoleucine and leucine, but not tyrosine. An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE. See also: Plovamer (monomer of); Plovamer Acetate (monomer of) ... View More ... L-phenylalanine, also known as phe or f, belongs to phenylalanine and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-phenylalanine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-phenylalanine can be found in watermelon, which makes L-phenylalanine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. L-phenylalanine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including sweat, blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as throughout all human tissues. L-phenylalanine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-phenylalanine is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism and transcription/Translation. L-phenylalanine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia type 2 (or richner-hanhart syndrome), and tyrosinemia type 3 (TYRO3). Moreover, L-phenylalanine is found to be associated with viral infection, dengue fever, hypothyroidism, and myocardial infarction. L-phenylalanine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Phenylalanine (Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula C 9H 11NO 2. It can be viewed as a benzyl group substituted for the methyl group of alanine, or a phenyl group in place of a terminal hydrogen of alanine. This essential amino acid is classified as neutral, and nonpolar because of the inert and hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. The L-isomer is used to biochemically form proteins, coded for by DNA. The codons for L-phenylalanine are UUU and UUC. Phenylalanine is a precursor for tyrosine; the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline); and the skin pigment melanin . Hepatic. L-phenylalanine that is not metabolized in the liver is distributed via the systemic circulation to the various tissues of the body, where it undergoes metabolic reactions similar to those that take place in the liver (DrugBank). If PKU is diagnosed early, an affected newborn can grow up with normal brain development, but only by managing and controlling phenylalanine levels through diet, or a combination of diet and medication. The diet requires severely restricting or eliminating foods high in phenylalanine, such as meat, chicken, fish, eggs, nuts, cheese, legumes, milk and other dairy products. Starchy foods, such as potatoes, bread, pasta, and corn, must be monitored. Optimal health ranges (or "target ranges") of serum phenylalanine are between 120 and 360 µmol/L, and aimed to be achieved during at least the first 10 years of life. Recently it has been found that a chiral isomer of L-phenylalanine (called D-phenylalanine) actually arrests the fibril formation by L-phenylalanine and gives rise to flakes. These flakes do not propagate further and prevent amyloid formation by L-phenylalanine. D-phenylalanine may qualify as a therapeutic molecule in phenylketonuria (A8161) (T3DB). L-Phenylalanine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=63-91-2 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 63-91-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].

DL-Mannitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

D-mannitol appears as odorless white crystalline powder or free-flowing granules. Sweet taste. (NTP, 1992) D-mannitol is the D-enantiomer of mannitol. It has a role as an osmotic diuretic, a sweetening agent, an antiglaucoma drug, a metabolite, an allergen, a hapten, a food bulking agent, a food anticaking agent, a food humectant, a food stabiliser, a food thickening agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a member of compatible osmolytes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and occurs naturally, as a sugar or sugar alcohol, in fruits and vegetables. Mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, into interstitial fluid and plasma. As a result, cerebral edema, elevated intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid volume and pressure may be reduced. Mannitol may also be used for the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established; the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances; as an Antiglaucoma agent; and as a renal function diagnostic aid. On October 30, 2020, mannitol was approved by the FDA as add-on maintenance therapy for the control of pulmonary symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis in adult patients and is currently marketed for this indication under the name BRONCHITOL® by Chiesi USA Inc. Mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Mannitol is an Osmotic Diuretic. The mechanism of action of mannitol is as an Osmotic Activity. The physiologic effect of mannitol is by means of Increased Diuresis. Mannitol is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Scoparia dulcis, and other organisms with data available. Mannitol is a naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. An increase in osmolarity limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, thereby promoting diuresis. In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma. D-mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. See also: Mannitol; sorbitol (component of); Mannitol; menthol (component of). Mannitol, or hexan-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (C6H8(OH)6), is an alcohol and a sugar (sugar alcohol), or a polyol, it is a stereoisomer of sorbitol and is similar to the C5 xylitol. The structure of mannitol is made of a straight chain of six carbon atoms, each of which is substituted with a hydroxyl group. Mannitol is one of the most abundant energy and carbon storage molecules in nature, it is produced by a wide range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants (PMID: 19578847). In medicine, mannitol is used as a diuretic and renal diagnostic aid. Mannitol has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. Mannitol has a tendency to lose a hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions, which causes the solution to become acidic. For this, it is not uncommon to add a weak base, such as sodium bicarbonate, to the solution to adjust its pH. Mannitol is a non-permeating molecule i.e., it cannot cross biological membranes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator. Mannitol is found to be associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Mannitol is also a microbial metabolite found in Aspergillus, Candida, Clostridium, Gluconobacter, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pseudomonas, Rhodobacteraceae, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Torulaspora and Zymomonas (PMID: 15240312; PMID: 29480337). Mannitol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=85085-15-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 69-65-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity.

Succinic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266076)

Succinic acid appears as white crystals or shiny white odorless crystalline powder. pH of 0.1 molar solution: 2.7. Very acid taste. (NTP, 1992) Succinic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a radiation protective agent, an anti-ulcer drug, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite. It is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a C4-dicarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a succinate(1-). A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851) Succinic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. The anion, succinate, is a component of the citric acid cycle capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain. Succinic acid is created as a byproduct of the fermentation of sugar. It lends to fermented beverages such as wine and beer a common taste that is a combination of saltiness, bitterness and acidity. Succinate is commonly used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. Succinate plays a role in the citric acid cycle, an energy-yielding process and is metabolized by succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) plays an important role in the mitochondria, being both part of the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle. SDH with a covalently attached FAD prosthetic group, binds enzyme substrates (succinate and fumarate) and physiological regulators (oxaloacetate and ATP). Oxidizing succinate links SDH to the fast-cycling Krebs cycle portion where it participates in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA throughout the whole Krebs cycle. Succinate can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e.g. malate. (A3509) Mutations in the four genes encoding the subunits of succinate dehydrogenase are associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations (i.e.: Huntingtons disease. (A3510). Succinate also acts as an oncometabolite. Succinate inhibits 2-oxoglutarate-dependent histone and DNA demethylase enzymes, resulting in epigenetic silencing that affects neuroendocrine differentiation. A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851) Succinic acid (succinate) is a dicarboxylic acid. It is an important component of the citric acid or TCA cycle and is capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain. Succinate is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to mammals. In eukaryotes, succinate is generated in the mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Succinate can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e. g. malate (PMID 16143825). Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space. Succinate has multiple biological roles including roles as a metabolic intermediate and roles as a cell signalling molecule. Succinate can alter gene expression patterns, thereby modulating the epigenetic landscape or it can exhibit hormone-like signaling functions (PMID: 26971832). As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function. Succinate can be broken down or metabolized into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which is part of the electron transport chain involved in making ATP. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, can happen in a number of genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome. Succinate has been found to be associated with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Succinic acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite. High levels of this organic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors. Its oncogenic action appears to due to its ability to inhibit prolyl hydroxylase-containing enzymes. In many tumours, oxygen availability becomes limited (hypoxia) very quickly due to rapid cell proliferation and limited blood vessel growth. The major regulator of the response to hypoxia is the HIF transcription factor (HIF-alpha). Under normal oxygen levels, protein levels of HIF-alpha are very low due to constant degradation, mediated by a series of post-translational modification events catalyzed by the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes PHD1, 2 and 3, (also known as EglN2, 1 and 3) that hydroxylate HIF-alpha and lead to its degradation. All three of the PHD enzymes are inhibited by succinate. In humans, urinary succinic acid is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis (PMID: 22292465). Succinic acid is also found in Actinobacillus, Anaerobiospirillum, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium and Basfia (PMID: 22292465; PMID: 18191255; PMID: 26360870). Succinic acid is widely distributed in higher plants and produced by microorganisms. It is found in cheeses and fresh meats. Succinic acid is a flavouring enhancer, pH control agent [DFC]. Succinic acid is also found in yellow wax bean, swamp cabbage, peanut, and abalone. An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID S004 Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2]. Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2].

Galactitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

Galactitol or dulcitol is a sugar alcohol that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Galactose is derived from lactose in food (such as dairy products). When lactose is broken down by the enzyme lactase it produces glucose and galactose. Galactitol has a slightly sweet taste. It is produced from galactose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase. When present in sufficiently high levels, galactitol can act as a metabotoxin, a neurotoxin, and a hepatotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural cells and neural tissue. A hepatotoxin as a compound that disrupts or attacks liver tissue or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of galactitol are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including galactosemia and galactosemia type II. Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects an individuals ability to metabolize the sugar galactose properly. Excess lactose consumption in individuals with galactose intolerance or galactosemia activates aldose reductase to produce galactitol, thus depleting NADPH and leading to lowered glutathione reductase activity. As a result, hydrogen peroxide or other free radicals accumulate causing serious oxidative damage to various cells and tissues. In individuals with galactosemia, the enzymes needed for the further metabolism of galactose (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase) are severely diminished or missing entirely, leading to toxic levels of galactose 1-phosphate, galactitol, and galactonate. High levels of galactitol in infants are specifically associated with hepatomegaly (an enlarged liver), cirrhosis, renal failure, cataracts, vomiting, seizure, hypoglycemia, lethargy, brain damage, and ovarian failure. Galactitol is an optically inactive hexitol having meso-configuration. It has a role as a metabolite, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. Galactitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Galactitol is a natural product found in Elaeodendron croceum, Salacia chinensis, and other organisms with data available. Galactitol is a naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of galactose. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in galactosemias a deficiency of galactokinase. A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of GALACTOSE. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in GALACTOSEMIAS, a deficiency of GALACTOKINASE. A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of galactose. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste.; Dulcitol (or galactitol) is a sugar alcohol, the reduction product of galactose. Galactitol in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of milk. Galactitol is found in many foods, some of which are elliotts blueberry, italian sweet red pepper, catjang pea, and green bean. An optically inactive hexitol having meso-configuration. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose.

Palmitic acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402172)

Palmitic acid, also known as palmitate or hexadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, palmitic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Palmitic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Palmitic acid can be found in a number of food items such as sacred lotus, spinach, shallot, and corn salad, which makes palmitic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Palmitic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including feces, sweat, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Palmitic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, palmitic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include alendronate action pathway, rosuvastatin action pathway, simvastatin action pathway, and cerivastatin action pathway. Palmitic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hypercholesterolemia, familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency (I). Moreover, palmitic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Palmitic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and dairy products. Palmitate is the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4) . Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation (DrugBank). Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30\\\% (molar) of human depot fat (PMID: 13756126), and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk (PMID: 352132). Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate. Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid (Wikipedia). Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent. Hexadecanoic acid is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. It has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. Palmitic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. It occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin and is usually obtained from palm oil, which is widely distributed in plants. Palmitic acid is used in determination of water hardness and is an active ingredient of *Levovist*TM, used in echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging and as an ultrasound contrast medium. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. Palmitic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-10-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 57-10-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Lycopene

C40H56 (536.4381776)

Lycopene is an acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It contains a carotenoid psi-end derivative. Lycopene is a naturally occuring red carotenoid pigment that is responsible in red to pink colors seen in tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and other foods. Having a chemical formula of C40H56, lycopene is a tetraterpene assembled from eight isoprene units that are solely composed of carbon and hydrogen. Lycophene may undergo extensive isomerization that allows 1056 theoretical cis-trans configurations; however the all-trans configuration of lycopene is the most predominant isomer found in foods that gives the red hue. Lycopene is a non-essential human nutrient that is classified as a non-provitamin A carotenoid pigment since it lacks a terminal beta ionone ring and does not mediate vitamin A activity. However lycophene is a potent antioxidant molecule that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) singlet oxygen. Tomato lycopene extract is used as a color additive in food products. Lycopene is a natural product found in Rhodobacter capsulatus, Afifella marina, and other organisms with data available. Lycopene is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. (NCI04) A carotenoid and red pigment produced by tomatoes, other red fruits and vegetables, and photosynthetic algae. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other carotenoids, and has antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, radioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Lycopene (molecular formula: C40H56) is a bright red carotenoid pigment. It is a phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits. Lycopene is the most common carotenoid in the human body and is one of the most potent carotenoid antioxidants. Its name is derived from the tomatos species classification, Solanum lycopersicum. Lycopene is a terpene assembled from 8 isoprene units. Lycopene is the most powerful carotenoid quencher of singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen from ultraviolet light is a primary cause of skin aging (Wikipedia). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits. D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents It is used as food colouring

Biotin

C10H16N2O3S (244.0881586)

Biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H) is one of the B vitamins.[1][2][3] It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids.[4] The name biotin, borrowed from the German Biotin, derives from the Ancient Greek word βίοτος (bíotos; 'life') and the suffix "-in" (a suffix used in chemistry usually to indicate 'forming').[5] Biotin appears as a white, needle-like crystalline solid.[6] Biotin is an organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins. It has a role as a prosthetic group, a coenzyme, a nutraceutical, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a cofactor and a fundamental metabolite. It is a member of biotins and a vitamin B7. It is a conjugate acid of a biotinate. A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. Biotin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Biotin is a natural product found in Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Aspergillus nidulans, and other organisms with data available. Biotin is hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. Biotin is an enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. Biotin is also known as vitamin H or B7 or coenzyme R. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. Biotin has been recognized as an essential nutrient. Our biotin requirement is fulfilled in part through diet, through endogenous reutilization of biotin and perhaps through capture of biotin generated in the intestinal flora. The utilization of biotin for covalent attachment to carboxylases and its reutilization through the release of carboxylase biotin after proteolytic degradation constitutes the biotin cycle. Biotin deficiency is associated with neurological manifestations, skin rash, hair loss and metabolic disturbances that are thought to relate to the various carboxylase deficiencies (metabolic ketoacidosis with lactic acidosis). It has also been suggested that biotin deficiency is associated with protein malnutrition, and that marginal biotin deficiency in pregnant women may be teratogenic. Biotin acts as a carboxyl carrier in carboxylation reactions. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC) and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a Lysine residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC) and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a Lys residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signaling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signaling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in ... Biotin is an enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. Biotin is also known as coenzyme R and vitamin H or B7. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. Biotin has been recognized as an essential nutrient. Humans fulfill their biotin requirement through their diet through endogenous reutilization of biotin and perhaps through the capture of biotin generated in the intestinal flora. The utilization of biotin for covalent attachment to carboxylases and its reutilization through the release of carboxylase biotin after proteolytic degradation constitutes the biotin cycle. Biotin deficiency is associated with neurological manifestations, skin rash, hair loss, and metabolic disturbances that are thought to relate to the various carboxylase deficiencies (metabolic ketoacidosis with lactic acidosis). It has also been suggested that biotin deficiency is associated with protein malnutrition, and that marginal biotin deficiency in pregnant women may be teratogenic. Biotin acts as a carboxyl carrier in carboxylation reactions. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC), and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a lysine residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signalling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signalling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in modulating these cell signals, greater than 2000 biotin-dependent genes have been identified in various human tissues. Many biotin-dependent gene products play roles in signal transduction and localize to the cell nucleus, consistent with a role for biotin in cell signalling. Posttranscriptional events related to ribosomal activity and protein folding may further contribute to the effects of biotin on gene expression. Finally, research has shown that biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthetase mediate covalent binding of biotin to histones (DNA-binding proteins), affecting chromatin structure; at least seven biotinylation sites have been identified in human histones. Biotinylation of histones appears to play a role in cell proliferation, gene silencing, and the cellular response to DNA repair. Roles for biotin in cell signalling and chromatin structure are consistent with the notion that biotin has a unique significance in cell biology (PMID: 15992684, 16011464). Present in many foods; particularly rich sources include yeast, eggs, liver, certain fish (e.g. mackerel, salmon, sardines), soybeans, cauliflower and cow peas. Dietary supplement. Isolated from various higher plant sources, e.g. sweet corn seedlings and radish leaves An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins. [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_50eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_30eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_40eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_20eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_pos_10eV_CB000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_neg_10eV_000006.txt [Raw Data] CB004_Biotin_neg_20eV_000006.txt Biosynthesis Biotin, synthesized in plants, is essential to plant growth and development.[22] Bacteria also synthesize biotin,[23] and it is thought that bacteria resident in the large intestine may synthesize biotin that is absorbed and utilized by the host organism.[18] Biosynthesis starts from two precursors, alanine and pimeloyl-CoA. These form 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA). KAPA is transported from plant peroxisomes to mitochondria where it is converted to 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid (DAPA) with the help of the enzyme, BioA. The enzyme dethiobiotin synthetase catalyzes the formation of the ureido ring via a DAPA carbamate activated with ATP, creating dethiobiotin with the help of the enzyme, BioD, which is then converted into biotin which is catalyzed by BioB.[24] The last step is catalyzed by biotin synthase, a radical SAM enzyme. The sulfur is donated by an unusual [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin.[25] Depending on the species of bacteria, Biotin can be synthesized via multiple pathways.[24] Biotin (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B vitamin and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids[1][2][3]. Biotin, vitamin B7 and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids[1][2][3]. Biotin (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B vitamin and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids[1][2][3].

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

C27H33N9O15P2 (785.1571288)

FAD is a flavin adenine dinucleotide in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group. It has a role as a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a prosthetic group and a cofactor. It is a vitamin B2 and a flavin adenine dinucleotide. It is a conjugate acid of a FAD(3-). A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972) Flavin adenine dinucleotide is approved for use in Japan under the trade name Adeflavin as an ophthalmic treatment for vitamin B2 deficiency. Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a natural product found in Bacillus subtilis, Eremothecium ashbyi, and other organisms with data available. FAD is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group. A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972) [HMDB]. FAD is found in many foods, some of which are common sage, kiwi, spearmint, and ceylon cinnamon. A flavin adenine dinucleotide in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group. FAD. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=146-14-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 146-14-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox cofactor, more specifically a prosthetic group of a protein, involved in several important enzymatic reactions in metabolism.

Galactose

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

D-galactopyranose is a galactopyranose having D-configuration. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a D-galactose and a galactopyranose. D-Galactose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). D-Galactose is a natural product found in Vigna subterranea, Lilium tenuifolium, and other organisms with data available. An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CE - Tests for liver functional capacity Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society

D-Xylitol

C5H12O5 (152.06847019999998)

Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that is obtained through the diet. It is not endogenously produced by humans. Xylitol is used as a diabetic sweetener which is roughly as sweet as sucrose with 33\\\\\\% fewer calories. Xylitol is naturally found in many fruits (strawberries, plums, raspberries) and vegetables (e.g. cauliflower). Because of fruit and vegetable consumption the human body naturally processes 15 grams of xylitol per day. Xylitol can be produced industrially starting from primary matters rich in xylan which is hydrolyzed to obtain xylose. It is extracted from hemicelluloses present in the corn raids, the almond hulls or the barks of birch (or of the by-products of wood: shavings hard, paper pulp). Of all polyols, it is the one that has the sweetest flavor (it borders that of saccharose). It gives a strong refreshing impression, making xylitol an ingredient of choice for the sugarless chewing gum industry. In addition to his use in confectionery, it is used in the pharmaceutical industry for certain mouthwashes and toothpastes and in cosmetics (creams, soaps, etc.). Xylitol is produced starting from xylose, the isomaltose, by enzymatic transposition of the saccharose (sugar). Xylitol is not metabolized by cariogenic (cavity-causing) bacteria and gum chewing stimulates the flow of saliva; as a result, chewing xylitol gum may prevent dental caries. Chewing xylitol gum for 4 to 14 days reduces the amount of dental plaque. The reduction in the amount of plaque following xylitol gum chewing within 2 weeks may be a transient phenomenon. Chewing xylitol gum for 6 months reduced mutans streptococci levels in saliva and plaque in adults (PMID:17426399, 15964535). Studies have also shown xylitol chewing gum can help prevent acute otitis media (ear aches and infections) as the act of chewing and swallowing assists with the disposal of earwax and clearing the middle ear, while the presence of xylitol prevents the growth of bacteria in the eustachian tubes. Xylitol is well established as a life-threatening toxin to dogs. The number of reported cases of xylitol toxicosis in dogs has significantly increased since the first reports in 2002. Dogs that have ingested foods containing xylitol (greater than 100 milligrams of xylitol consumed per kilogram of bodyweight) have presented with low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which can be life-threatening. Xylitol is found to be associated with ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Occurs in a variety of plants, berries and fruits including plums, raspberries, cauliflower and endive; sweetening agent used in sugar free sweets and chewing gum D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946238)

Isoleucine (Ile) or L-isoleucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-isolecuine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Isoleucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Isoleucine is an essential amino acid in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it and that it must be obtained from the diet. In plants and microorganisms, isoleucine is synthesized starting from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate. Isoleucine is classified as a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). BCAAs include three amino acids: isoleucine, leucine and valine. They are alpha amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a beta branch point. Despite their structural similarities, BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. Isoleucine is catabolized via with alpha-ketoglutarate where upon it is oxidized and split into propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is converted into succinyl-CoA, a TCA cycle intermediate which can be converted into oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis (hence glucogenic). The acetyl-CoA can be fed into the TCA cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate or used in the synthesis of ketone bodies or fatty acids. The different metabolism of BCAAs accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine are required respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. BCAAs are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia. An inability to break down isoleucine, along with other amino acids, is associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) (PMID: 34125801). Isoleucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287). Mice fed an isoleucine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity, and feeding of an isoleucine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels (PMID: 24684822). L-isoleucine is the L-enantiomer of isoleucine. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an aspartate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, an isoleucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-isoleucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-isoleucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-isoleucine. It is a tautomer of a L-isoleucine zwitterion. An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of leucine. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-Isoleucine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Isoleucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (present in dietary proteins), Isoleucine has diverse physiological functions, such as assisting wound healing, detoxification of nitrogenous wastes, stimulating immune function, and promoting secretion of several hormones. Necessary for hemoglobin formation and regulating blood sugar and energy levels, isoleucine is concentrated in muscle tissues in humans. Isoleucine is found especially in meats, fish, cheese, eggs, and most seeds and nuts. (NCI04) L-Isoleucine is one of the essential amino acids that cannot be made by the body and is known for its ability to help endurance and assist in the repair and rebuilding of muscle. This amino acid is important to body builders as it helps boost energy and helps the body recover from training. L-Isoleucine is also classified as a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA). It helps promote muscle recovery after exercise. Isoleucine is actually broken down for energy within the muscle tissue. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-Isoleucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=73-32-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 73-32-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

Squalene

C30H50 (410.39123)

Squalene is an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon (carotenoid) with six unconjugated double bonds found in human sebum (5\\\\%), fish liver oils, yeast lipids, and many vegetable oils (e.g. palm oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil). Squalene is a volatile component of the scent material from Saguinus oedipus (cotton-top tamarin monkey) and Saguinus fuscicollis (saddle-back tamarin monkey) (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Reference). Squalene is a component of adult human sebum that is principally responsible for fixing fingerprints (ChemNetBase). It is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanical sources as well, including rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. It is a hydrocarbon and a triterpene. Squalene is a biochemical precursor to the whole family of steroids. Oxidation of one of the terminal double bonds of squalene yields 2,3-squalene oxide which undergoes enzyme-catalyzed cyclization to afford lanosterol, which is then elaborated into cholesterol and other steroids. Squalene is a low-density compound often stored in the bodies of cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, which lack a swim bladder and must therefore reduce their body density with fats and oils. Squalene, which is stored mainly in the sharks liver, is lighter than water with a specific gravity of 0.855 (Wikipedia) Squalene is used as a bactericide. It is also an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, rubber chemicals, and colouring materials (Physical Constants of Chemical Substances). Trans-squalene is a clear, slightly yellow liquid with a faint odor. Density 0.858 g / cm3. Squalene is a triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. Squalene is originally obtained from shark liver oil. It is a natural 30-carbon isoprenoid compound and intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of cholesterol. It is not susceptible to lipid peroxidation and provides skin protection. It is ubiquitously distributed in human tissues where it is transported in serum generally in association with very low density lipoproteins. Squalene is investigated as an adjunctive cancer therapy. Squalene is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Garcinia multiflora, and other organisms with data available. squalene is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A natural 30-carbon triterpene. See also: Olive Oil (part of); Shark Liver Oil (part of). A triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity. Squalene also has anti-fungal activity and can be used for the research of Trichophyton mentagrophytes research[2]. Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity. Squalene also has anti-fungal activity and can be used for the research of Trichophyton mentagrophytes research[2].

Indole-3-carboxaldehyde

C9H7NO (145.0527612)

Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (IAld or I3A), also known as 3-formylindole or 3-indolealdehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indoles. Indoles are compounds containing an indole moiety, which consists of a pyrrole ring fused to benzene to form 2,3-benzopyrrole. In humans, I3A is a biologically active metabolite which acts as a receptor agonist at the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in intestinal immune cells. It stimulates the production of interleukin-22 which facilitates mucosal reactivity (PMID:27102537). I3A is a microbially derived tryptophan metabolite produced by Clostridium and Lactobacillus (PMID:30120222, 27102537). I3A has also been found in the urine of patients with untreated phenylketonuria (PMID:5073866). I3A has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as beans, Brussels sprouts, cucumbers, cereals and cereal products, and white cabbages. This could make I3A a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Indole-3-carbaldehyde is a heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a bacterial metabolite and a marine metabolite. It is a heteroarenecarbaldehyde, an indole alkaloid and a member of indoles. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde is a natural product found in Euphorbia hirsuta, Derris ovalifolia, and other organisms with data available. A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group. Found in barley and tomato seedlings and cotton Indole-3-carboxaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=487-89-8 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 487-89-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole), a banlangen extract, is the product of the oxidative degradation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by crude enzyme preparations from etiolated pea seedlings. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole) is a biochemical used to prepare analogs of the indole phytoalexin cyclobrassinin[1]. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole), a banlangen extract, is the product of the oxidative degradation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by crude enzyme preparations from etiolated pea seedlings. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole) is a biochemical used to prepare analogs of the indole phytoalexin cyclobrassinin[1].

2-Aminobenzoic acid

C7H7NO2 (137.0476762)

2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is an organic compound. It is a substrate of enzyme anthranilate hydroxylase [EC 1.14.13.35] in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). [HMDB]. Anthranilic acid is found in many foods, some of which are butternut squash, sunflower, ginger, and hyssop. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8844 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8009 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 115 KEIO_ID A010

Tryptophol

C10H11NO (161.0840596)

Tryptophol, also known as indole-3-ethanol, is an indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an auxin and a plant metabolite. Tryptophol is a catabolite of tryptophan converted by the gut microbiota. After absorption through the intestinal epithelium, tryptophan catabolites enter the bloodstream and are later excreted in the urine (PMID:30120222). Tryptophol production was negatively associated with interferon-gamma production (IFNγ) which suggests that tryptophol has anti-inflammatory properties (PMID:27814509). Tryptophol has also been identified as the hypnotic agent in trypanosomal sleeping sickness, and because it is formed in vivo after ethanol or disulfiram treatment, it is also associated with the study of alcoholism (PMID:7241135). Indole-3-ethanol is a dietary indole present in cruciferous vegetables that has been shown to influence estradiol metabolism in humans and may provide a new chemopreventive approach to estrogen-dependent diseases. (PMID 2342128) Tryptophol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=526-55-6 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 526-55-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite. Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite.

Glycerate

C3H6O4 (106.0266076)

Glyceric acid is a colourless syrupy acid, obtained from oxidation of glycerol. It is a compound that is secreted excessively in the urine by patients suffering from D-glyceric aciduria, an inborn error of metabolism, and D-glycerate anemia. Deficiency of human glycerate kinase leads to D-glycerate acidemia/D-glyceric aciduria. Symptoms of the disease include progressive neurological impairment, hypotonia, seizures, failure to thrive, and metabolic acidosis. At sufficiently high levels, glyceric acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Glyceric acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated glyceric aciduria. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. Elevated values may also be due to microbial sources such as yeast (Aspergillus, Penicillium, probably Candida) or due to dietary sources containing glycerol (glycerine). Glyceric acid is isolated from various plants (e.g. brassicas, pulses, and Vicia faba). A colorless syrupy acid, obtained from oxidation of glycerol. It is a compound that is secreted excessively in the urine by patients suffering from D-glyceric aciduria and D-glycerate anemia. Deficiency of human glycerate kinase leads to D-glycerate acidemia/D-glyceric aciduria. Symptoms of the disease include progressive neurological impairment, hypotonia, seizures, failure to thrive and metabolic acidosis.; Glyceric acid is a natural three-carbon sugar acid. Salts and esters of glyceric acid are known as glycerates. Glyceric acid is found in many foods, some of which are peanut, common grape, garden tomato (variety), and french plantain. Glyceric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=473-81-4 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 473-81-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Indole-3-lactic acid

C11H11NO3 (205.0738896)

Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502). Indolelactic acid is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma and serum and normal urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical foetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form. (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722) [HMDB] Indolelactic acid (Indole-3-lactic acid) is a tryptophan (Trp) catabolite in Azotobacter vinelandii cultures. Indolelactic acid has anti-inflammation and potential anti-viral activity[1][3][4].

L-Aspartic acid

C4H7NO4 (133.0375062)

Aspartic acid (Asp), also known as L-aspartic acid or as aspartate, the name of its anion, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-aspartic acid is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Aspartic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an acidic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans, aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid derived from glutamic acid by enzymes using vitamin B6. However, in the human body, aspartate is most frequently synthesized through the transamination of oxaloacetate. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. As its name indicates, aspartic acid is the carboxylic acid analog of asparagine. The D-isomer of aspartic acid (D-aspartic acid) is one of two D-amino acids commonly found in mammals. Aspartic acid was first discovered in 1827 by Auguste-Arthur Plisson and Étienne Ossian Henry by hydrolysis of asparagine, which had been isolated from asparagus juice in 1806. Aspartate has many biochemical roles. It is a neurotransmitter, a metabolite in the urea cycle and it participates in gluconeogenesis. It carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which utilizes the ready interconversion of aspartate and oxaloacetate, which is the oxidized (dehydrogenated) derivative of malic acid. Aspartate donates one nitrogen atom in the biosynthesis of inosine, the precursor to the purine bases which are key to DNA biosynthesis. In addition, aspartic acid acts as a hydrogen acceptor in a chain of ATP synthase. Aspartic acid is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, which is sometimes found to be increased in epileptic and stroke patients. It is decreased in depressed patients and in patients with brain atrophy. As a neurotransmitter, aspartic acid may provide resistance to fatigue and thus lead to endurance, although the evidence to support this idea is not strong (Wikipedia). Aspartic acid supplements are being evaluated. Five grams can raise blood levels. Magnesium and zinc may be natural inhibitors of some of the actions of aspartic acid. Aspartic acid, when chemically coupled with the amino acid D-phenylalanine, is a part of a natural sweetener, aspartame. This sweetener is an advance in artificial sweeteners, and is probably safe in normal doses to all except phenylketonurics. Aspartic acid may be a significant immunostimulant of the thymus and can protect against some of the damaging effects of radiation. Aspartic acid is found in higher abundance in: oysters, luncheon meats, sausage meat, wild game, sprouting seeds, oat flakes, avocado, asparagus, young sugarcane, and molasses from sugar beets. [Spectral] L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) and Taurine (exact mass = 125.01466) and L-Asparagine (exact mass = 132.05349) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) and L-Threonine (exact mass = 119.05824) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly.

L-Cystine

C6H12N2O4S2 (240.0238472)

Cystine is an oxidized dimeric form of cysteine. It is formed by linking two cysteine residues via a disulfide bond (Cys-S-S-Cys) between the -SH groups. Cystine is found in high concentrations in digestive enzymes and in the cells of the immune system, skeletal and connective tissues, skin, and hair. Hair and skin are 10-14\\\% cystine. Cystine is the preferred form of cysteine for the synthesis of glutathione in cells involved in the immune system (e.g. macrophages and astrocytes). Lymphocytes and neurons prefer cysteine for glutathione production. Optimizing glutathione levels in macrophages and astrocytes with cystine allows these cells to provide cysteine to lymphocytes and neurons directly upon demand (Wikipedia). (-)-Cystine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-89-3 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 56-89-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 (155.0694734)

Histidine (His), also known as L-histidine, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Histidine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Histidine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, positively charged or basic amino acid. Histidine is a unique amino acid with an imidazole functional group. The acid-base properties of the imidazole side chain are relevant to the catalytic mechanism of many enzymes such as proteases. In catalytic triads, the basic nitrogen of histidine abstracts a proton from serine, threonine, or cysteine to activate it as a nucleophile. In a histidine proton shuttle, histidine is used to quickly shuttle protons. It can do this by abstracting a proton with its basic nitrogen to make a positively charged intermediate and then use another molecule to extract the proton from its acidic nitrogen. Histidine forms complexes with many metal ions. The imidazole sidechain of the histidine residue commonly serves as a ligand in metalloproteins. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans and other mammals. It was initially thought that it was only essential for infants, but longer-term studies established that it is also essential for adults. Infants four to six months old require 33 mg/kg of histidine. It is not clear how adults make small amounts of histidine, and dietary sources probably account for most of the histidine in the body. Histidine is a precursor for histamine and carnosine biosynthesis. Inborn errors of histidine metabolism, including histidinemia, maple syrup urine disease, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I, exist and are marked by increased histidine levels in the blood. Elevated blood histidine is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, from mental and physical retardation to poor intellectual functioning, emotional instability, tremor, ataxia and psychosis. Histidine and other imidazole compounds have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory properties (PMID: 9605177 ). The efficacy of L-histidine in protecting inflamed tissue is attributed to the capacity of the imidazole ring to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cells during acute inflammatory response (PMID: 9605177 ). Histidine, when administered in therapeutic quantities is able to inhibit cytokines and growth factors involved in cell and tissue damage (US patent 6150392). Histidine in medical therapies has its most promising trials in rheumatoid arthritis where up to 4.5 g daily have been used effectively in severely affected patients. Arthritis patients have been found to have low serum histidine levels, apparently because of very rapid removal of histidine from their blood (PMID: 1079527 ). Other patients besides arthritis patients that have been found to be low in serum histidine are those with chronic renal failure. Urinary levels of histidine are reduced in pediatric patients with pneumonia (PMID: 2084459 ). Asthma patients exhibit increased serum levels of histidine over normal controls (PMID: 23517038 ). Serum histidine levels are lower and are negatively associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women (PMID: 23361591 ). Histidine supplementation has been shown to reduce insulin resistance, reduce BMI and fat mass and suppress inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women with metabolic syndrome. Histidine appears to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, possibly via the NF-κB pathway, in adipocytes (PMID: 23361591 ). Low plasma concentrations of histidine are associated with protein-energy... [Spectral] L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) and L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) and L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) and L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement, nutrient L-Histidine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=71-00-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 71-00-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.

L-Homoserine

C4H9NO3 (119.0582404)

L-homoserine, also known as 2-amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid or isothreonine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-homoserine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-homoserine can be found in common pea, which makes L-homoserine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. L-homoserine can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. L-homoserine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-homoserine is involved in the methionine metabolism. L-homoserine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include glycine n-methyltransferase deficiency, hypermethioninemia, cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency (MTHFRD). Homoserine (also called isothreonine) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2OH. L-Homoserine is not one of the common amino acids encoded by DNA. It differs from the proteinogenic amino acid serine by insertion of an additional -CH2- unit into the backbone. Homoserine, or its lactone form, is the product of a cyanogen bromide cleavage of a peptide by degradation of methionine . Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite. L-Homoserine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=672-15-1 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 672-15-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Homoserine is a non - protein amino acid, which is an important biosynthetic intermediate of threonine, methionine and lysine. L-Homoserine is a non - protein amino acid, which is an important biosynthetic intermediate of threonine, methionine and lysine.

L-Serine

C3H7NO3 (105.0425912)

Serine (Ser) or L-serine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-serine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Serine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans, serine is a nonessential amino acid that can be easily derived from glycine. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. Like all the amino acid building blocks of protein and peptides, serine can become essential under certain conditions, and is thus important in maintaining health and preventing disease. L-Serine may be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake; biosynthesis from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate; from glycine; and by protein and phospholipid degradation. Little data is available on the relative contributions of each of these four sources of l-serine to serine homoeostasis. It is very likely that the predominant source of l-serine will be very different in different tissues and during different stages of human development. In the biosynthetic pathway, the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into phosphohydroxypyruvate, in a reaction catalyzed by 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3- PGDH; EC 1.1.1.95). Phosphohydroxypyruvate is metabolized to phosphoserine by phosphohydroxypyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.52) and, finally, phosphoserine is converted into l-serine by phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP; EC 3.1.3.3). In liver tissue, the serine biosynthetic pathway is regulated in response to dietary and hormonal changes. Of the three synthetic enzymes, the properties of 3-PGDH and PSP are the best documented. Hormonal factors such as glucagon and corticosteroids also influence 3-PGDH and PSP activities in interactions dependent upon the diet. L-serine is the predominant source of one-carbon groups for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and deoxythymidine monophosphate. It has long been recognized that, in cell cultures, L-serine is a conditional essential amino acid, because it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet the cellular demands for its utilization. In recent years, L-serine and the products of its metabolism have been recognized not only to be essential for cell proliferation, but also to be necessary for specific functions in the central nervous system. The findings of altered levels of serine and glycine in patients with psychiatric disorders and the severe neurological abnormalities in patients with defects of L-serine synthesis underscore the importance of L-serine in brain development and function. (PMID 12534373). [Spectral] L-Serine (exact mass = 105.04259) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) and 4-Aminobutanoate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dietary supplement. L-Serine is found in many foods, some of which are cold cut, mammee apple, coho salmon, and carrot. L-Serine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-45-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-45-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.

L-Lysine

C6H14N2O2 (146.1055224)

Lysine (Lys), also known as L-lysine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Lysine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Lysine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, positively charged or basic amino acid. In humans, lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Lysine is high in foods such as wheat germ, cottage cheese and chicken. Of meat products, wild game and pork have the highest concentration of lysine. Fruits and vegetables contain little lysine, except avocados. Normal requirements for lysine have been found to be about 8 g per day or 12 mg/kg in adults. Children and infants need more, 44 mg/kg per day for an eleven to-twelve-year old, and 97 mg/kg per day for three-to six-month old. In organisms that synthesise lysine, it has two main biosynthetic pathways, the diaminopimelate and α-aminoadipate pathways, which employ distinct enzymes and substrates and are found in diverse organisms. Lysine catabolism occurs through one of several pathways, the most common of which is the saccharopine pathway. Lysine plays several roles in humans, most importantly proteinogenesis, but also in the crosslinking of collagen polypeptides, uptake of essential mineral nutrients, and in the production of carnitine, which is key in fatty acid metabolism. Lysine is also often involved in histone modifications, and thus, impacts the epigenome. Lysine is highly concentrated in muscle compared to most other amino acids. Normal lysine metabolism is dependent upon many nutrients including niacin, vitamin B6, riboflavin, vitamin C, glutamic acid and iron. Excess arginine antagonizes lysine. Several inborn errors of lysine metabolism are known, such as cystinuria, hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I, lysinuric protein intolerance, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I. Most are marked by mental retardation with occasional diverse symptoms such as absence of secondary sex characteristics, undescended testes, abnormal facial structure, anemia, obesity, enlarged liver and spleen, and eye muscle imbalance. Lysine also may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of osteoporosis. Although high protein diets result in loss of large amounts of calcium in urine, so does lysine deficiency. Lysine may be an adjunct therapy because it reduces calcium losses in urine. Lysine deficiency also may result in immunodeficiency. Requirements for lysine are probably increased by stress. Lysine toxicity has not occurred with oral doses in humans. Lysine dosages are presently too small and may fail to reach the concentrations necessary to prove potential therapeutic applications. Lysine metabolites, amino caproic acid and carnitine have already shown their therapeutic potential. Thirty grams daily of amino caproic acid has been used as an initial daily dose in treating blood clotting disorders, indicating that the proper doses of lysine, its precursor, have yet to be used in medicine. Low lysine levels have been found in patients with Parkinsons, hypothyroidism, kidney disease, asthma and depression. The exact significance of these levels is unclear, yet lysine therapy can normalize the level and has been associated with improvement of some patients with these conditions. Abnormally elevated hydroxylysines have been found in virtually all chronic degenerative diseases and those treated with coumadin therapy. The levels of this stress marker may be improved by high doses of vitamin C. Lysine is particularly useful in therapy for marasmus (wasting) (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Lysine has also been sh... [Spectral] L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) and Carnosine (exact mass = 226.10659) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Found widely in protein hydrolysates, e.g. casein, egg albumen, fibrin, gelatin, beet molasses. Flavouring agent for a variety of foods L-Lysine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-87-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-87-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2]. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2].

L-Methionine

C5H11NO2S (149.0510466)

Methionine (Met), also known as L-methionine, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Methionine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Methionine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. Methionine is an essential amino acid (there are 9 essential amino acids), meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. It is required for normal growth and development of humans, other mammals, and avian species. In addition to being a substrate for protein synthesis, methionine is an intermediate in transmethylation reactions, serving as the major methyl group donor in vivo, including the methyl groups for DNA and RNA intermediates. Methionine is a methyl acceptor for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthase), the only reaction that allows for the recycling of this form of folate, and is also a methyl acceptor for the catabolism of betaine. Methionine is the metabolic precursor for cysteine. Only the sulfur atom from methionine is transferred to cysteine; the carbon skeleton of cysteine is donated by serine (PMID: 16702340 ). There is a general consensus concerning normal sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirements. WHO recommendations amount to 13 mg/kg per 24 h in healthy adults. This amount is roughly doubled in artificial nutrition regimens. In disease or after trauma, requirements may be altered for methionine, cysteine, and taurine. Although in specific cases of congenital enzyme deficiency, prematurity, or diminished liver function, hypermethioninemia or hyperhomocysteinemia may occur, SAA supplementation can be considered safe in amounts exceeding 2-3 times the minimum recommended daily intake. Apart from some very specific indications (e.g. acetaminophen poisoning) the usefulness of SAA supplementation is not yet established (PMID: 16702341 ). Methionine is known to exacerbate psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenic patients, but there is no evidence of similar effects in healthy subjects. The role of methionine as a precursor of homocysteine is the most notable cause for concern. Acute doses of methionine can lead to acute increases in plasma homocysteine, which can be used as an index of the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. Sufficiently high doses of methionine can actually result in death. Longer-term studies in adults have indicated no adverse consequences of moderate fluctuations in dietary methionine intake, but intakes higher than 5 times the normal amount resulted in elevated homocysteine levels. These effects of methionine on homocysteine and vascular function are moderated by supplements of vitamins B-6, B-12, C, and folic acid (PMID: 16702346 ). When present in sufficiently high levels, methionine can act as an atherogen and a metabotoxin. An atherogen is a compound that when present at chronically high levels causes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of methionine are associated with at least ten inborn errors of metabolism, including cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency, homocystinuria, tyrosinemia, galactosemia, homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defects in cobalamin metabolism, methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency, and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency. Chronically elevated levels of methionine in infants can lead to intellectual disability and othe... [Spectral] L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) and Tyramine (exact mass = 137.08406) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. l-Methionine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=63-68-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 63-68-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant. L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant.

L-Ornithine

C5H12N2O2 (132.0898732)

Ornithine, also known as (S)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid or ornithine, (L)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Ornithine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ornithine can be found in a number of food items such as pine nut, lingonberry, turnip, and cassava, which makes ornithine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ornithine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Ornithine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ornithine is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include arginine and proline metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, spermidine and spermine biosynthesis, and urea cycle. Ornithine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency), prolidase deficiency (PD), citrullinemia type I, and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (AGAT deficiency). Moreover, ornithine is found to be associated with cystinuria, alzheimers disease, leukemia, and uremia. Ornithine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Ornithine is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. it has been claimed that ornithine improves athletic performance, has anabolic effects, has wound-healing effects, and is immuno-enhancing. Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The radical is ornithyl . L-Ornithine is metabolised to L-arginine. L-arginine stimulates the pituitary release of growth hormone. Burns or other injuries affect the state of L-arginine in tissues throughout the body. As De novo synthesis of L-arginine during these conditions is usually not sufficient for normal immune function, nor for normal protein synthesis, L-ornithine may have immunomodulatory and wound-healing activities under these conditions (by virtue of its metabolism to L-arginine) (DrugBank). Chronically high levels of ornithine are associated with at least 9 inborn errors of metabolism including: Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Deficiency, Hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Hyperprolinemia Type II, Lysinuric Protein Intolerance, Ornithine Aminotransferase Deficiency, Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency and Prolinemia Type II (T3DB). Ornithine or L-ornithine, also known as (S)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-ornithine is soluble (in water) and a moderately basic compound. Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. It is considered to be a non-essential amino acid. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. L-Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea. Therefore, ornithine is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen. Outside the human body, L-ornithine is abundant in a number of food items such as wild rice, brazil nuts, common oregano, and common grapes. L-ornithine can be found throughout most human tissues; and in most biofluids, some of which include blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sweat, saliva, and feces. L-ornithine exists in all living species, from bacteria to plants to humans. L-Ornithine is also a precursor of citrulline and arginine. In order for ornithine that is produced in the cytosol to be converted to citrulline, it must first cross the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix where it is carbamylated by the enzyme known as ornithine transcarbamylase. This transfer is mediated by the mitochondrial ornithine transporter (SLC25A15; AF112968; ORNT1). Mutations in the mitochondrial ornithine transporter result in hyperammonemia, hyperornithinemia, homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, a disorder of the urea cycle (PMID: 16256388). The pathophysiology of the disease may involve diminished ornithine transport into mitochondria, resulting in ornithine accumulation in the cytoplasm and reduced ability to clear carbamoyl phosphate and ammonia loads (OMIM 838970). In humans, L-ornithine is involved in a number of other metabolic disorders, some of which include, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency), argininemia, and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT deficiency). Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Moreover, Ornithine is found to be associated with cystinuria, hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I, and lysinuric protein intolerance, which are inborn errors of metabolism. It has been claimed that ornithine improves athletic performance, has anabolic effects, has wound-healing effects, and is immuno-enhancing. L-Ornithine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=70-26-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 70-26-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2]. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2].

Stearic acid

C18H36O2 (284.2715156)

Stearic acid, also known as stearate or N-octadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, stearic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Stearic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Stearic acid can be synthesized from octadecane. Stearic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, 3-oxooctadecanoic acid, (9S,10S)-10-hydroxy-9-(phosphonooxy)octadecanoic acid, and 16-methyloctadecanoic acid. Stearic acid can be found in a number of food items such as green bell pepper, common oregano, ucuhuba, and babassu palm, which makes stearic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Stearic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and sweat, as well as throughout most human tissues. Stearic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, stearic acid is involved in the plasmalogen synthesis. Stearic acid is also involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain saturated fatty acids, which is a metabolic disorder. Moreover, stearic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Stearic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Stearic acid ( STEER-ik, stee-ARR-ik) is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid and its chemical formula is C17H35CO2H. Its name comes from the Greek word στέαρ "stéar", which means tallow. The salts and esters of stearic acid are called stearates. As its ester, stearic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in nature following palmitic acid. The triglyceride derived from three molecules of stearic acid is called stearin . Stearic acid, also known as octadecanoic acid or C18:0, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Stearic acid (its ester is called stearate) is a saturated fatty acid that has 18 carbons and is therefore a very hydrophobic molecule that is practically insoluble in water. It exists as a waxy solid. In terms of its biosynthesis, stearic acid is produced from carbohydrates via the fatty acid synthesis machinery wherein acetyl-CoA contributes two-carbon building blocks, up to the 16-carbon palmitate, via the enzyme complex fatty acid synthase (FA synthase), at which point a fatty acid elongase is needed to further lengthen it. After synthesis, there are a variety of reactions it may undergo, including desaturation to oleate via stearoyl-CoA desaturase (PMID: 16477801). Stearic acid is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. For example, it is a component of cocoa butter and shea butter. It is used as a food additive, in cleaning and personal care products, and in lubricants. Its name comes from the Greek word stear, which means ‚Äòtallow‚Äô or ‚Äòhard fat‚Äô. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils.

D-Ribose 5-phosphate

C5H11O8P (230.0191536)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

L-Cysteine

C3H7NO2S (121.0197482)

Cysteine (Cys), also known as L-cysteine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-alanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Cysteine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar, sulfur-containing amino acid. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine can occasionally be considered as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid. Cysteine is unique amongst the twenty natural amino acids as it contains a thiol group. Thiol groups can undergo oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions; when cysteine is oxidized it can form cystine, which is two cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bond. This reaction is reversible since the reduction of this disulphide bond regenerates two cysteine molecules. The disulphide bonds of cystine are crucial to defining the structures of many proteins. Cysteine is often involved in electron-transfer reactions, and help the enzyme catalyze its reaction. Cysteine is also part of the antioxidant glutathione. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a form of cysteine where an acetyl group is attached to cysteines nitrogen atom and is sold as a dietary supplement. Cysteine is named after cystine, which comes from the Greek word kustis meaning bladder (cystine was first isolated from kidney stones). Oxidation of cysteine can produce a disulfide bond with another thiol and further oxidation can produce sulphfinic or sulfonic acids. The cysteine thiol group is also a nucleophile and can undergo addition and substitution reactions. Thiol groups become much more reactive when they are ionized, and cysteine residues in proteins have pKa values close to neutrality, so they are often in their reactive thiolate form in the cell. The thiol group also has a high affinity for heavy metals and proteins containing cysteine will bind metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium tightly. Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is important in energy metabolism. As cystine, it is a structural component of many tissues and hormones. Cysteine has clinical uses ranging from treating baldness to psoriasis to preventing smokers hack. In some cases, oral cysteine therapy has proved excellent for treatment of asthmatics, enabling them to stop theophylline and other medications. Cysteine also enhances the effect of topically applied silver, tin, and zinc salts in preventing dental cavities. In the future, cysteine may play a role in the treatment of cobalt toxicity, diabetes, psychosis, cancer, and seizures (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). Cysteine has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). [Spectral] L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) and Creatine (exact mass = 131.06948) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Detoxicant, dietary supplement, dough strengthener, yeast nutrient for leavened bakery products. Flavouring agent. Enzymic browning inhibitor. L-Cysteine is found in many foods, some of which are bilberry, mugwort, cowpea, and sweet bay. L-(+)-Cysteine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=52-90-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 52-90-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1]. L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1].

Glucose

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

Glucose, also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moiety. Glucose contains an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In aqueous solution, both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is predominant. Glucose is a neutral, hydrophilic molecule that readily dissolves in water. It exists as a white crystalline powder. Glucose is the primary source of energy for almost all living organisms. As such, it is the most abundant monosaccharide and the most widely used aldohexose in living organisms. When not circulating freely in blood (in animals) or resin (in plants), glucose is stored as a polymer. In plants it is mainly stored as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose is produced by plants through the photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide where it is used as an energy and a carbon source Glucose is particularly abundant in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. Foods that are particularly rich in glucose are honey, agave, molasses, apples (2g/100g), grapes (8g/100g), oranges (8.5g/100g), jackfruit, dried apricots, dates (32 g/100g), bananas (5.8 g/100g), grape juice, sweet corn, Glucose is about 75\\\\% as sweet as sucrose and about 50\\\\% as sweet as fructose. Sweetness is detected through the binding of sugars to the T1R3 and T1R2 proteins, to form a G-protein coupled receptor that is the sweetness receptor in mammals. Glucose was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf. It was discovered in grapes by Johann Tobias Lowitz in 1792 and recognized as different from cane sugar (sucrose). Industrially, glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and in the production of glucose-containing foods. In foods, it is used as a sweetener, humectant, to increase the volume and to create a softer mouthfeel. Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of alcoholic beverages. Glucose is found in many plants as glucosides. A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolyzed by purely chemical means or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. Glucose can be obtained by the hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (lactose), cane sugar (sucrose), maltose, cellulose, and glycogen. Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of oligosaccharides such as raffinose and of polysaccharides such as starch and amylopectin, glycogen or cellulose. For most animals, while glucose is normally obtained from the diet, it can also be generated via gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate, glycerol (which is a part of the triacylglycerol molecule), alanine and glutamine. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CA - Tests for diabetes V - Various > V06 - General nutrients > V06D - Other nutrients > V06DC - Carbohydrates COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 226 KEIO_ID G002 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

C7H12O2 (128.0837252)

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a flavouring ingredien Flavouring ingredient KEIO_ID C180 Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a Valproate structural analogue with anticonvulsant action[1].

Menadione

C11H8O2 (172.0524268)

Menadione is a synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. -- Pubchem; Despite the fact that it can serve as a precursor to various types of vitamin K, menadione is generally not used as a nutritional supplement. Large doses of menadione have been reported to cause adverse outcomes including hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency, neonatal brain or liver damage, or neonatal death in some cases. Moreover, menadione supplements have been banned by the FDA because of their high toxicity. It is sometimes called vitamin K3, although derivatives of naphthoquinone without the sidechain in the 3-position cannot exert all the functions of the K vitamins. Menadione is a vitamin precursor of K2 which utilizes alkylation in the liver to yield menaquinones (MK-n, n=1-13; K2 vitamers), and hence, is better classified as a provitamin. -- Wikipedia. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B02 - Antihemorrhagics > B02B - Vitamin k and other hemostatics > B02BA - Vitamin k D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D003029 - Coagulants > D006490 - Hemostatics D050299 - Fibrin Modulating Agents > D000933 - Antifibrinolytic Agents D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Prothrombogenic vitamin (synthetic) Menadione is a naphthoquinone that is converted into active vitamin K2 in the body. Menadione is a naphthoquinone that is converted into active vitamin K2 in the body.

Indole-3-carboxylic acid

C9H7NO2 (161.0476762)

Indole-3-carboxylic acid, also known as 3-carboxyindole or 3-indolecarboxylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indolecarboxylic acids and derivatives. Indolecarboxylic acids and derivatives are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group (or a derivative thereof) linked to an indole. Naphthylmethylindoles: Any compound containing a 1H-indol-3-yl-(1-naphthyl)methane structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent. One example given is JWH-250. Outside of the human body, indole-3-carboxylic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as brassicas, broccoli, pulses, common beets, and barley. This could make indole-3-carboxylic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Notice the pentyl group substituted onto the nitrogen atom of the indole ring. Note that this definition encompasses only those compounds that have OH groups attached to both the phenyl and the cyclohexyl rings, and so does not include compounds such as O-1871 which lacks the cyclohexyl OH group, or compounds such as JWH-337 or JWH-344 which lack the phenolic OH group. Present in plants, e.g. apple (Pyrus malus), garden pea (Pisum sativum) and brassicas Indole-3-carboxylic acid is a normal urinary indolic tryptophan metabolite and has been found elevated in patients with liver diseases[1][2]. Indole-3-carboxylic acid is a normal urinary indolic tryptophan metabolite and has been found elevated in patients with liver diseases[1][2].

Kanosamine

C6H13NO5 (179.0793688)

Isobutyric acid

C4H8O2 (88.0524268)

Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism. Small amounts may also be found in certain foods or fermented beverages. There is anosmia (genetic inability to smell) for the odor of isobutyric acid with a frequency of about 2.5\\%. (OMIM 207000). Isobutyric acid is slightly soluble in water but much more soluble in ethanol, ether and organic solvents. Isobutyric acid can affect people if breathed in and may be absorbed through the skin. Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing Isobutyric acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath. Present in apple, morello cherry, guava fruit, wine grapes, pineapple, crispbread, other breads, cheeses, wines, scallop and several essential oils, e.g. Roman chamomile. Acid and simple esters used as flavouring agents KEIO_ID I012

L-Alanine

C3H7NO2 (89.0476762)

Alanine (Ala), also known as L-alanine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-alanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Alanine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. In humans, alanine is a non-essential amino acid that can be easily made in the body from either the conversion of pyruvate or the breakdown of the dipeptides carnosine and anserine. Alanine can be also synthesized from branched chain amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Alanine is produced by reductive amination of pyruvate through a two-step process. In the first step, alpha-ketoglutarate, ammonia and NADH are converted by the enzyme known glutamate dehydrogenase to glutamate, NAD+ and water. In the second step, the amino group of the newly-formed glutamate is transferred to pyruvate by an aminotransferase enzyme, regenerating the alpha-ketoglutarate, and converting the pyruvate to alanine. The net result is that pyruvate and ammonia are converted to alanine. In mammals, alanine plays a key role in glucose–alanine cycle between tissues and liver. In muscle and other tissues that degrade amino acids for fuel, amino groups are collected in the form of glutamate by transamination. Glutamate can then transfer its amino group to pyruvate, a product of muscle glycolysis, through the action of alanine aminotransferase, forming alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate. The alanine enters the bloodstream and is transported to the liver. The alanine aminotransferase reaction takes place in reverse in the liver, where the regenerated pyruvate is used in gluconeogenesis, forming glucose which returns to the muscles through the circulation system. Alanine is highly concentrated in muscle and is one of the most important amino acids released by muscle, functioning as a major energy source. Plasma alanine is often decreased when the BCAA (branched-chain amino acids) are deficient. This finding may relate to muscle metabolism. Alanine is highly concentrated in meat products and other high-protein foods like wheat germ and cottage cheese. Alanine is an important participant as well as a regulator of glucose metabolism. Alanine levels parallel blood sugar levels in both diabetes and hypoglycemia, and alanine is reduced in both severe hypoglycemia and the ketosis of diabetes. Alanine is an important amino acid for lymphocyte reproduction and immunity. Alanine therapy has helped dissolve kidney stones in experimental animals. Normal alanine metabolism, like that of other amino acids, is highly dependent upon enzymes that contain vitamin B6. Alanine, like GABA, taurine, and glycine, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). L-Alanine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-41-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-41-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system.

Indole

C8H7N (117.0578462)

Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. The participation of the nitrogen lone electron pair in the aromatic ring means that indole is not a base, and it does not behave like a simple amine. Indole is a microbial metabolite and it can be produced by bacteria as a degradation product of the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal smell. At very low concentrations, however, indole has a flowery smell and is a constituent of many flower scents (such as orange blossoms) and perfumes. As a volatile organic compound, indole has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Natural jasmine oil, used in the perfume industry, contains around 2.5\\\\\% of indole. Indole also occurs in coal tar. Indole has been found to be produced in a number of bacterial genera including Alcaligenes, Aspergillus, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 23194589, 2310183, 9680309). Indole plays a role in bacterial biofilm formation, bacterial motility, bacterial virulence, plasmid stability, and antibiotic resistance. It also functions as an intercellular signalling molecule (PMID: 26115989). Recently, it was determined that the bacterial membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase (HK) known as CpxA acts as a bacterial indole sensor to facilitate signalling (PMID: 31164470). It has been found that decreased indole concentrations in the gut promote bacterial pathogenesis, while increased levels of indole in the gut decrease bacterial virulence gene expression (PMID: 31164470). As a result, enteric pathogens sense a gradient of indole concentrations in the gut to migrate to different niches and successfully establish an infection. Constituent of several flower oils, especies of Jasminum and Citrus subspecies (Oleaceae) production of bacterial dec. of proteins. Flavouring ingredientand is also present in crispbread, Swiss cheese, Camembert cheese, wine, cocoa, black and green tea, rum, roasted filbert, rice bran, clary sage, raw shrimp and other foodstuffs Indole. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=120-72-9 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 120-72-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

C3H7O6P (169.9980252)

An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.; Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a biochemical compound involved in many reactions, from the Calvin cycle in plants to the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in Leishmania mexicana. Its major biochemical role is in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. DHAP may be referred to as glycerone phosphate in older texts.; Dihydroxyacetone phosphate lies in the glycolysis metabolic pathway, and is one of the two products of breakdown of fructose 1,6-phosphate, along with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is rapidly and reversibly isomerised to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.; In the Calvin cycle, DHAP is one of the products of the sixfold reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by NADPH. It is also used in the synthesis of sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate which are both used to reform ribulose 5-phosphate, the key carbohydrate of the Calvin cycle. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are sesame, mexican groundcherry, parsley, and common wheat. [Spectral] Glycerone phosphate (exact mass = 169.99802) and beta-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (exact mass = 339.99605) and NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found to be associated with transaldolase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). KEIO_ID D014

Isovaleric acid

C5H10O2 (102.068076)

Isovaleric acid, is a natural fatty acid found in a wide variety of plants and essential oils. Isovaleric acid is clear colorless liquid that is sparingly soluble in water, but well soluble in most common organic solvents. It has been suggested that isovaleric acid from pilot whales, a species frequently consumed in the Faroe Islands, may be the unusual dietary factor in prolonged gestation in the population of the Faroe Islands. Previous studies suggested that was due to the high intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been, but fatty acid data for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) in blood lipids of Faroese and Norwegians was reviewed in terms of the type of fish eaten (mostly lean white fish with DHA much greater than EPA); the popular lean fish, thus, probably provides too little EPA to produce a marked effect on human biochemistry (PMID 2646392). Isovaleric acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Flavouring agent. Simple esters are used in flavourings. Constituent of hops, cheese etc.; an important component of cheese aroma and flavour CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 152 KEIO_ID I018 Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human. Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human.

6-Phosphogluconic acid

C6H13O10P (276.0246328)

6-phosphogluconic acid, also known as 6-phospho-D-gluconate or D-gluconic acid 6-(dihydrogen phosphate), is a member of the class of compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. Monosaccharide phosphates are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. 6-phosphogluconic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 6-phosphogluconic acid can be found in a number of food items such as purple mangosteen, nopal, chicory leaves, and common sage, which makes 6-phosphogluconic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 6-phosphogluconic acid can be found primarily in blood, cellular cytoplasm, and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. 6-phosphogluconic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway. 6-phosphogluconic acid is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, transaldolase deficiency, and warburg effect. 6-phosphogluconic acid is formed by 6-phosphogluconolactonase, and acted upon by phosphogluconate dehydrogenase to produce ribulose 5-phosphate. It may also be acted upon by 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase to produce 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate . 6-Phosphogluconic acid, also known as 6-phospho-D-gluconate or gluconic acid-6-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. 6-Phosphogluconic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be biosynthesized from gluconolactone; which is mediated by the enzyme 6-phosphogluconolactonase. In addition, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be converted into D-ribulose 5-phosphate through the action of the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating. In humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder called the transaldolase deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, 6-Phosphogluconic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cascade huckleberries, common chokecherries, half-highbush blueberries, american cranberries, and okra. [Spectral] 6-Phospho-D-gluconate (exact mass = 276.02463) and Phosphoenolpyruvate (exact mass = 167.98237) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. KEIO_ID P031

Norspermidine

C6H17N3 (131.1422402)

Norspermidine, also known as caldine or dipropylentriamin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. Norspermidine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Norspermidine has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as narrowleaf cattails, agaves, hickory nuts, sour cherries, and european chestnuts. Norspermidine is a polyamine of similar structure to the more common spermidine. While norspermidine has been found to occur naturally in some species of plants, bacteria, and algae, it is not known to be a natural product in humans as spermidine is. [HMDB]. Norspermidine is found in many foods, some of which are lentils, sweet bay, sea-buckthornberry, and lemon thyme. KEIO_ID B040

Erythrose

C4H8O4 (120.0422568)

Erythrose is a tetrose saccharide with the chemical formula C4H8O4. It has one aldehyde group, and is thus part of the aldose family. The natural isomer is D-erythrose. It is a member of the class of compounds known as pentoses. Pentoses are monosaccharides in which the carbohydrate moiety contains five carbon atoms. Erythrose is very soluble (in water). Erythrose can be found in blood, as well as in human cartilage tissue. Within the cell, erythrose is primarily located in the cytoplasm (predicted from logP). Erythrose exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Erythrose is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Erythrose was first isolated in 1849 from rhubarb by the French pharmacist Louis Feux Joseph Garot (1798-1869) and was named as such because of its red hue in the presence of alkali metals. D-erythrose is a tetrose carbohydrate with chemical formula C4H8O4. It has one aldehyde group and so is part of the aldose family. It is a syrupy liquid at room temperature. [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

D-Erythrose 4-phosphate

C4H9O7P (200.00858939999998)

D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphorylated derivative of erythrose that serves as an important intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also used in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and it plays a role in vitamin B6 metabolism (KEGG); Erythrose 4-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle. In addition, it serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are shea tree, bog bilberry, arrowhead, and dock. D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphorylated derivative of erythrose that serves as an important intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also used in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and it plays a role in vitamin B6 metabolism (KEGG). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

Cholesterol

C27H46O (386.3548466)

Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol. This is because researchers first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1784. In the body, cholesterol can exist in either the free form or as an ester with a single fatty acid (of 10-20 carbons in length) covalently attached to the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol ring. Due to the mechanism of synthesis, plasma cholesterol esters tend to contain relatively high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the cholesterol consumed as a dietary lipid exists as cholesterol esters. Cholesterol esters have a lower solubility in water than cholesterol and are more hydrophobic. They are hydrolyzed by the pancreatic enzyme cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol has vital structural roles in membranes and in lipid metabolism in general. It is a biosynthetic precursor of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogens, progesterones, androgens and aldosterone). In addition, it contributes to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, and it has major functions in signal transduction and sperm development. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous component of all animal tissues where much of it is located in the membranes, although it is not evenly distributed. The highest proportion of unesterified cholesterol is in the plasma membrane (roughly 30-50\\\\% of the lipid in the membrane or 60-80\\\\% of the cholesterol in the cell), while mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have very low cholesterol contents. Cholesterol is also enriched in early and recycling endosomes, but not in late endosomes. The brain contains more cholesterol than any other organ where it comprises roughly a quarter of the total free cholesterol in the human body. Of all the organic constituents of blood, only glucose is present in a higher molar concentration than cholesterol. Cholesterol esters appear to be the preferred form for transport in plasma and as a biologically inert storage (de-toxified) form. They do not contribute to membranes but are packed into intracellular lipid particles. Cholesterol molecules (i.e. cholesterol esters) are transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol that are from food, especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile. In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol. They are then converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. There is a worldwide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though some studies refute this idea). As a result, cholesterol has become a very large focus for the scientific community trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with c... Constituent either free or as esters, of fish liver oils, lard, dairy fats, egg yolk and bran Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].

Maculosin

C14H16N2O3 (260.1160866)

A homodetic cyclic peptide that is a dipeptide composed of L-proline and L-tyrosine joined by peptide linkages. Maculosin is a host-specific phytotoxin for spotted knapweed from Alternaria alternata. Maculosin is a quorum-sensing molecule involved in cell-cell communication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maculosin also acts as a signaling molecule regulating virulence gene expression in Lactobacillus reuteri. Maculosin shows antioxidant, anti-cancer and non-toxicity properties. Maculosin shows cytotoxic activity against the human liver cancer cell lines, with an IC50 of 48.90 μg/mL[1][2][3]. Maculosin is a host-specific phytotoxin for spotted knapweed from Alternaria alternata. Maculosin is a quorum-sensing molecule involved in cell-cell communication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maculosin also acts as a signaling molecule regulating virulence gene expression in Lactobacillus reuteri. Maculosin shows antioxidant, anti-cancer and non-toxicity properties. Maculosin shows cytotoxic activity against the human liver cancer cell lines, with an IC50 of 48.90 μg/mL[1][2][3].

Coenzyme Q10

C59H90O4 (862.683874)

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring compound widely distributed in animal organisms and in humans. The primary compounds involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone are 4-hydroxybenzoate and the polyprenyl chain. An essential role of coenzyme Q10 is as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Moreover, coenzyme Q10 is one of the most important lipophilic antioxidants, preventing the generation of free radicals as well as oxidative modifications of proteins, lipids, and DNA, it and can also regenerate the other powerful lipophilic antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol. Antioxidant action is a property of the reduced form of coenzyme Q10, ubiquinol (CoQ10H2), and the ubisemiquinone radical (CoQ10H*). Paradoxically, independently of the known antioxidant properties of coenzyme Q10, the ubisemiquinone radical anion (CoQ10-) possesses prooxidative properties. Decreased levels of coenzyme Q10 in humans are observed in many pathologies (e.g. cardiac disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, AIDS, cancer) associated with intensive generation of free radicals and their action on cells and tissues. In these cases, treatment involves pharmaceutical supplementation or increased consumption of coenzyme Q10 with meals as well as treatment with suitable chemical compounds (i.e. folic acid or B-group vitamins) which significantly increase ubiquinone biosynthesis in the organism. Estimation of coenzyme Q10 deficiency and efficiency of its supplementation requires a determination of ubiquinone levels in the organism. Therefore, highly selective and sensitive methods must be applied, such as HPLC with UV or coulometric detection. For a number of years, coenzyme Q (CoQ10 in humans) was known for its key role in mitochondrial bioenergetics; later studies demonstrated its presence in other subcellular fractions and in plasma, and extensively investigated its antioxidant role. These two functions constitute the basis on which research supporting the clinical use of CoQ10 is founded. Also at the inner mitochondrial membrane level, coenzyme Q is recognized as an obligatory co-factor for the function of uncoupling proteins and a modulator of the transition pore. Furthermore, recent data reveal that CoQ10 affects expression of genes involved in human cell signalling, metabolism, and transport and some of the effects of exogenously administered CoQ10 may be due to this property. Coenzyme Q is the only lipid soluble antioxidant synthesized endogenously. In its reduced form, CoQH2, ubiquinol, inhibits protein and DNA oxidation but it is the effect on lipid peroxidation that has been most deeply studied. Ubiquinol inhibits the peroxidation of cell membrane lipids and also that of lipoprotein lipids present in the circulation. Dietary supplementation with CoQ10 results in increased levels of ubiquinol-10 within circulating lipoproteins and increased resistance of human low-density lipoproteins to the initiation of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, CoQ10 has a direct anti-atherogenic effect, which has been demonstrated in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed with a high-fat diet. (PMID: 15928598, 17914161). COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Same as: D01065 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Rubixanthin

C40H56O (552.4330926)

Rubixanthin is found in apricot. Rubixanthin, or natural yellow 27, is a natural xanthophyll pigment with a red-orange color found in rose hips. As a food additive it used under the E number E161d as a food coloring. (Wikipedia Rubixanthin, or natural yellow 27, is a natural xanthophyll pigment with a red-orange color found in rose hips. As a food additive it used under the E number E161d as a food coloring.

2-Heptanone

C7H14O (114.10445940000001)

2-Heptanone, also known as butylacetone or heptan-2-one, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ketones. These are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms R2C=O (neither R may be a hydrogen atom). Ketones that have one or more alpha-hydrogen atoms undergo keto-enol tautomerization, the tautomer being an enol. Thus, 2-heptanone is considered to be an oxygenated hydrocarbon lipid molecule. 2-Heptanone is a ketone with the molecular formula C7H14O. 2-Heptanone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. 2-Heptanone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 2-Heptanone is a sweet, cinnamon, and coconut tasting compound. 2-Heptanone is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as corns, cow milk, and peppermints. 2-Heptanone has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as tarragons, blackberries, tortilla chips, ceylon cinnamons, and evergreen blackberries. 2-Heptanone is one of the metabolites of n-heptane found in the urine of employees exposed to heptane in shoe and tire factories. 2-Heptanone, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, crohns disease, and hepatic encephalopathy; 2-heptanone has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. It is a colorless to white liquid with a banana-like, fruity odor. Present in apple, morello cherry, feijoa fruit, grapes, quince, clove bud, cheeses, wines, black tea, raw shrimp, Ceylon cinnamon, rancid coconut oil and other foodstuffsand is also a minor constituent of plant oils. Flavour ingredient

Acetoin

C4H8O2 (88.0524268)

Acetoin, also known as dimethylketol or 2,3-butanolone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyloins. These are organic compounds containing an alpha hydroxy ketone. Acyloins are formally derived from reductive coupling of carboxylic acyl groups. Thus, acetoin is considered to be an oxygenated hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Acetoin is used as an external energy store by a number of fermentive bacteria. Acetoin, along with diacetyl, is one of the compounds giving butter its characteristic flavor. Acetoin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Acetoin is used as a food flavoring (in baked goods) and a fragrance. Acetoin is a sweet, buttery, and creamy tasting compound. Outside of the human body, Acetoin has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cocoa and cocoa products, evergreen blackberries, orange bell peppers, tortilla chips, and pomes. This could make acetoin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Constituent of beer, wine, fresh or cooked apple, fresh or cooked leak, corn, honey, cocoa, butter, cheeses, roasted coffee and other foodstuffs. Acetoin, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as eosinophilic esophagitis and ulcerative colitis; acetoin has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Acetoin is a colorless or pale yellow to green yellow liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor. It can be found in apples, butter, yogurt, asparagus, black currants, blackberry, wheat, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cantaloupe. Constituent of beer, wine, fresh or cooked apple, fresh or cooked leak, corn, honey, cocoa, butter, cheeses, roasted coffee and other foodstuffs. Flavouring ingredient. [DFC]

Isovaleraldehyde

C5H10O (86.07316100000001)

Iso-Valeraldehyde, also known as isoamyl aldehyde or 3-methyl-butanal, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-hydrogen aldehydes. These are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organyl group. Iso-Valeraldehyde exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Iso-Valeraldehyde is an aldehydic, chocolate, and ethereal tasting compound. Iso-Valeraldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as milk (cow), beers, and taco and in a lower concentration in kohlrabis, corns, and tortilla. Iso-Valeraldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as muskmelons, highbush blueberries, fenugreeks, hazelnuts, and dills. This could make iso-valeraldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. Iso-Valeraldehyde, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis, crohns disease, perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment, and hepatic encephalopathy; iso-valeraldehyde has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Occurs in orange, bergamot, lemon, sandalwood, citronella, peppermint, eucalyptus and other oilsand is also in apple, grape, peach cider, vinegar, wines, wheatbreads, scallops and ginger

isochorismate

C10H10O6 (226.04773600000001)

Isochorismate, also known as isochorismic acid, belongs to beta hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. Isochorismate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Isochorismate can be found in a number of food items such as cucurbita (gourd), cherry tomato, chinese chestnut, and chinese water chestnut, which makes isochorismate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isochorismate may be a unique E.coli metabolite.

myo-Inositol 1-phosphate

C6H13O9P (260.0297178)

myo-Inositol 1-phosphate, also known as I1P or ins(1)p, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as inositol phosphates. Inositol phosphates are compounds containing a phosphate group attached to an inositol (or cyclohexanehexol) moiety. myo-Inositol 1-phosphate is a metabolite of inositol phosphate metabolism and the phosphatidylinositol signalling system. Inositol phosphatases (EC:3.1.3.25) play a crucial role in the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway. Expression is substantially higher in the subcortical regions of the brain, most prominently in the caudate. The phosphatidylinositol pathway is thought to be modified by lithium, a commonly prescribed medication in treating bipolar disorder (OMIM: 605922). Myo-inositol 1-phosphate is a metabolite of the Inositol phosphate metabolism and the Phosphatidylinositol signaling system. Inositol phosphatases [EC:3.1.3.25] play a crucial role in the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway; in brain, the expression is substantially higher in the subcortical regions, most prominently in the caudate. The phosphatidylinositol pathway is thought to be modified by lithium, a commonly prescribed medication in treating bipolar disorder. (OMIM 605922) [HMDB]

6-Acetyl-D-glucose

C8H14O7 (222.0739494)

Neurosporene

C40H58 (538.4538268)

Neurosporene, also known as all-trans-neurosporene or 7,8-dihydro-ψ,ψ-carotene, is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Thus, neurosporene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Neurosporene can be found in a number of food items such as chicory, poppy, silver linden, and towel gourd, which makes neurosporene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Neurosporene can be found primarily in blood and breast milk. Neurosporene is a carotenoid pigment. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of lycopene and a variety of bacterial carotenoids . Neurosporene is a triterpenoid carotenoid identified in human plasma, (PMID: 1416048), serum (PMID: 1416048), milk (PMID: 9164160), and tissues of the human eye (PMID: 11180970). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Selenohomocystine

C8H16N2O4Se2 (363.9440436)

A diselenide resulting from the dehydrogenation reaction between two units of 2-amino-4-selanylbutanoic acid.

Pentadecane

C15H32 (212.2503872)

Pentadecane, also known as ch3-[ch2]13-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, pentadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Pentadecane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as dill, papaya, yellow bell pepper, and pepper (c. annuum), which makes pentadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Pentadecane can be found primarily in saliva. Pentadecane is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Pentadecane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C15H32 . Pentadecane belongs to the family of Acyclic Alkanes. These are acyclic hydrocarbons consisting only of n carbon atoms and m hydrogen atoms where m=2*n + 2

Glycosminine

C15H12N2O (236.09495819999998)

Specific inhibitor of serine protease and human leucocyte elastase. Specific inhibitor of serine protease and human leucocyte elastase

Tyrocidine

C66H87N13O13 (1269.6545972)

A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Phe, D-Phe, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents

alpha-Zeacarotene

C40H58 (538.4538268)

alpha-Zeacarotene is found in cereals and cereal products. alpha-Zeacarotene is a constituent of corn gluten. Constituent of corn gluten. alpha-Zeacarotene is found in cereals and cereal products and corn. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Dehydrosqualene

C30H48 (408.37558079999997)

epsilon-Carotene

C40H56 (536.4381776)

Epsilon-carotene is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Epsilon-carotene can be found in a number of food items such as winged bean, enokitake, broad bean, and kiwi, which makes epsilon-carotene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Epsilon-carotene is a carotene .

brevianamide F

C16H17N3O2 (283.1320702)

A pyrrolopyrazine that is hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione bearing an indol-3-ylmethyl substituent at position 3 (the 3S,8aS-diastereomer, obtained by formal cyclocondensation of L-tryptophan and L-proline). Brevianamide F (Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Trp)) is a mycotoxin isolated from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, with antibacterial activity. Brevianamide F shows potent PI3Kα inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 4.8 μM[1][2].

Caldopentamine

C12H31N5 (245.2579326)

A polyazaalkane that is the 1,5,9,13,17-pentaaza derivative of heptodecane.

Glucose

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

D-Galactose (CAS: 59-23-4) is an aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. D-Galactose is an energy-providing nutrient and also a necessary basic substrate for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in the body. Metabolic pathways for D-galactose are important not only for the provision of these pathways but also for the prevention of D-galactose metabolite accumulation. The main source of D-galactose is lactose in the milk of mammals, but it can also be found in some fruits and vegetables. Utilization of D-galactose in all living cells is initiated by the phosphorylation of the hexose by the enzyme galactokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.6) (GALK) to form D-galactose-1-phosphate. In the presence of D-galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12) (GALT) D-galactose-1-phosphate is exchanged with glucose-1-phosphate in UDP-glucose to form UDP-galactose. Glucose-1-phosphate will then enter the glycolytic pathway for energy production. Deficiency of the enzyme GALT in galactosemic patients leads to the accumulation of D-galactose-1-phosphate. Classic galactosemia, a term that denotes the presence of D-galactose in the blood, is the rare inborn error of D-galactose metabolism, diagnosed by the deficiency of the second enzyme of the D-galactose assimilation pathway, GALT, which, in turn, is caused by mutations at the GALT gene (PMID: 15256214, 11020650, 10408771). Galactose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of milk. Alpha-D-Pyranose-form of the compound Galactose [CCD]. alpha-D-Galactose is found in many foods, some of which are kelp, fig, spelt, and rape. Galactose. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-23-4 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 59-23-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Maltose

C12H22O11 (342.1162062)

D-Maltose, also known as maltose, maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an alpha (1‚Üí4) bond. Its name comes from malt, combined with the suffix -ose which is used in names of sugars. Maltose is a key structural motif of starch. When alpha-amylase breaks down starch, it removes two glucose units at a time, producing maltose. Maltose can be further broken down to glucose by the maltase enzyme, which catalyses the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond. D-maltose exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, D-maltose participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, maltose can be converted into glucose; which is mediated by the enzyme maltase-glucoamylase. In addition, maltose can be converted into glucose through its interaction with the enzyme glycogen debranching enzyme. Maltose is found in high concentrations in oriental wheats and in a lower concentrations in sweet potato, grape wines, yellow pond-lilies, sunflowers, and spinach. Maltose is a component of malt, a substance which is obtained in the process of allowing grain to soften in water and germinate. It is also present in highly variable quantities in partially hydrolysed starch products like maltodextrin, corn syrup and acid-thinned starch. Maltose has a sweet taste but is only about 30‚Äì60\\\\% as sweet as sucrose, depending on the concentration. Sweetening agent, dietary supplement. Occurs in some plants as hydrolytic dec. production of starch. Production in high yield (80\\\\%) by the action of diastase (a- and b-amylase) on starch, a process used in brewing D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.

Sorbitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

Sorbitol is a polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. Ascorbic acid fermentation; in solution form for moisture-conditioning of cosmetic creams and lotions, toothpaste, tobacco, gelatin; bodying agent for paper, textiles, and liquid pharmaceuticals; softener for candy; sugar crystallization inhibitor; surfactants; urethane resins and rigid foams; plasticizer, stabilizer for vinyl resins; food additive (sweetener, humectant, emulsifier, thickener, anticaking agent); dietary supplement. (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary) Biological Source: Occurs widely in plants ranging from algae to the higher orders. Fruits of the plant family Rosaceae, which include apples, pears, cherries, apricots, contain appreciable amounts. Rich sources are the fruits of the Sorbus and Crataegus species Use/Importance: Used for manufacturing of sorbose, propylene glycol, ascorbic acid, resins, plasticizers and as antifreeze mixtures with glycerol or glycol. Tablet diluent, sweetening agent and humectant, other food uses. Sorbitol is used in photometric determination of Ru(VI) and Ru(VIII); in acid-base titration of borate (Dictionary of Organic Compounds). Occurs widely in plants ranging from algae to the higher orders. Fruits of the plant family Rosaceae, which include apples, pears, cherries, apricots, contain appreciable amounts. Rich sources are the fruits of the Sorbus and Crataegus subspecies Sweetening agent and humectant and many other food uses. D-Glucitol is found in many foods, some of which are common salsify, other bread, wild rice, and common chokecherry. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AG - Enemas B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CC - Tests for bile duct patency Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and can used as a sugar substitute. D-Sorbitol can be used as a stabilizing excipient and/or isotonicity agent, sweetener, humectant, thickener and dietary supplement[1]. D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and can used as a sugar substitute. D-Sorbitol can be used as a stabilizing excipient and/or isotonicity agent, sweetener, humectant, thickener and dietary supplement[1].

Lactic acid

C3H6O3 (90.0316926)

D-lactic acid, also known as D-lactate or D-2-hydroxypropanoic acid, belongs to alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon. D-lactic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). D-lactic acid can be found in a number of food items such as tamarind, onion-family vegetables, allspice, and acerola, which makes D-lactic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. D-lactic acid can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. D-lactic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, D-lactic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include pyruvaldehyde degradation and pyruvate metabolism. D-lactic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include pyruvate kinase deficiency, pyruvate decarboxylase E1 component deficiency (PDHE1 deficiency), pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, and leigh syndrome. Moreover, D-lactic acid is found to be associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 and schizophrenia. D-lactic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. In animals, L-lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of fermentation during normal metabolism and exercise. It does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including monocarboxylate transporters, concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues. The concentration of blood lactate is usually 1–2 mmol/L at rest, but can rise to over 20 mmol/L during intense exertion and as high as 25 mmol/L afterward . Lactic acid is an organic acid. It is a chiral molecule, consisting of two optical isomers, L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, with the L-isomer being the most common in living organisms. Lactic acid plays a role in several biochemical processes and is produced in the muscles during intense activity. D-Lactic acid is the end product of the enzyme glyoxalase II (or hydroxyacyl-glutathione hydrolase) (EC 3.1.2.6), which converts the intermediate substrate S-lactoyl-glutathione to reduced glutathione and D-lactate (OMIM: 138790). Lactic acid is a microbial metabolite found in Aerococcus, Bacillus, Carnobacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus and Weissella (PMID:26287368; PMID:26360870).

D-Xylulose

C5H10O5 (150.052821)

D-xylulose is a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms. D-xylulose is converted from xylitol by the enzyme NAD+-linked xylitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.9) in the glucuronate pathway, the most important xylitol-handling metabolic pathway in mammals. This activity has been described in human erythrocytes. Most likely, D-xylulose (as well as D-arabinose or D-ribulose) is a precursor of the pentiol D-arabitol, since pentitols are derived from their corresponding pentose phosphate precursors via pentoses. This pathway can play a role in inherited metabolic disorders underlying the accumulation of pentitols e.g., ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency and transaldolase deficiency. Although pentitols are present in all living organisms, knowledge concerning their metabolism is limited. (PMID: 15234337, Mol Genet Metabolite 2004 Jul;82(3):231-7.) [HMDB]. D-Xylulose is found in many foods, some of which are garden onion, american cranberry, cucumber, and radish. D-Xylulose (CAS: 551-84-8) is a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms. D-Xylulose is converted from xylitol by the enzyme NAD+-linked xylitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.9) in the glucuronate pathway, the most important xylitol-handling metabolic pathway in mammals. This activity has been described in human erythrocytes. Most likely, D-xylulose (as well as D-arabinose or D-ribulose) is a precursor of the pentiol D-arabitol, since pentitols are derived from their corresponding pentose phosphate precursors via pentoses. This pathway can play a role in inherited metabolic disorders underlying the accumulation of pentitols (e.g. ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency and transaldolase deficiency). Although pentitols are present in all living organisms, knowledge concerning their metabolism is limited (PMID:15234337, Mol Genet Metab. 2004 Jul;82(3):231-7.).

1-Deoxynojirimycin

C6H13NO4 (163.0844538)

1-Deoxynojirimycin is found in fruits. 1-Deoxynojirimycin is an alkaloid from Morus specie Alkaloid from Morus subspecies 1-Deoxynojirimycin is found in fruits. Same as: D09605 1-Deoxynojirimycin (Duvoglustat) is a potent and orally active α-glucosidase inhibitor. 1-Deoxynojirimycin suppresses postprandial blood glucose and is widely used for diabetes mellitus. 1-Deoxynojirimycin possesses antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity, and antiviral features[1][2]. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (Duvoglustat) is a potent and orally active α-glucosidase inhibitor. 1-Deoxynojirimycin suppresses postprandial blood glucose and is widely used for diabetes mellitus. 1-Deoxynojirimycin possesses antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity, and antiviral features[1][2].

Maltose

C12H22O11 (342.11620619999997)

A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents A maltose that has beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.050 D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3 (119.0582404)

An optically active form of threonine having L-configuration. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; AYFVYJQAPQTCCC_STSL_0105_Threonine_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_275; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 10 DL-Threonine, an essential amino acid, has the potential to treat hypostatic leg ulceration[1]. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed[1]. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed[1].

L-Rhamnose

C6H12O5 (164.06847019999998)

Any rhamnose having L-configuration. L-rhamnose occurs naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 234 Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].

2-Undecanol

C11H24O (172.18270539999997)

(S)-2-Undecanol, also known as 2-hendecanol or 2-hydroxyundecane, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as fatty alcohols. These are aliphatic alcohols consisting of a chain of a least six carbon atoms. Thus, (S)-2-undecanol is considered to be a fatty alcohol lipid molecule (S)-2-Undecanol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Undecan-2-ol is a secondary alcohol that is undecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a flavouring agent, a volatile oil component, a pheromone and an animal metabolite. It is an undecanol and a secondary alcohol. 2-Undecanol is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum kauaense, Zingiber mioga, and other organisms with data available. A secondary alcohol that is undecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. 2-Undecanol (Undecan-2-ol) is a male specific volatile identified from the sap beetle Lobiopa insularis. 2-undecanol is a flower emitted volatile, used by various species of Hymenoptera as a pheromone component[1]. 2-Undecanol (Undecan-2-ol) is a male specific volatile identified from the sap beetle Lobiopa insularis. 2-undecanol is a flower emitted volatile, used by various species of Hymenoptera as a pheromone component[1].

Ribitol

C5H12O5 (152.06847019999998)

Xylitol is a pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. It has a role as a sweetening agent, an allergen, a hapten, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. Xylitol is a naturally occurring five-carbon sugar alcohol found in most plant material, including many fruits and vegetables. Xylitol-rich plant materials include birch and beechwood. It is widely used as a sugar substitute and in "sugar-free" food products. The effects of xylitol on dental caries have been widely studied, and xylitol is added to some chewing gums and other oral care products to prevent tooth decay and dry mouth. Xylitol is a non-fermentable sugar alcohol by most plaque bacteria, indicating that it cannot be fermented into cariogenic acid end-products. It works by inhibiting the growth of the microorganisms present in plaque and saliva after it accummulates intracellularly into the microorganism. The recommended dose of xylitol for dental caries prevention is 6–10 g/day, and most adults can tolerate 40 g/day without adverse events. Ribitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Xylitol is a natural product found in Rubus parvifolius with data available. Xylitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from XYLOSE by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and used as a noncariogenic sweetener. A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from ribose by reduction of the carbonyl group. It occurs naturally in the plant Adonis vernalis. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.

Docosane

C22H46 (310.3599316)

N-docosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]20-ch3 or dokosan, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, N-docosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. N-docosane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as lemon balm, linden, allspice, and sunflower, which makes N-docosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-docosane can be found primarily in saliva. The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions . Docosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]20-CH3 or dokosan, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Docosane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, docosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Docosane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound. Docosane is found, on average, in the highest concentration within lemon balms. Docosane has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as allspices, lindens, papaya, and sunflowers. This could make docosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A straight-chain alkane with 22 carbon atoms. N-docosane is a solid. Insoluble in water. Used in organic synthesis, calibration, and temperature sensing equipment. Docosane is a straight-chain alkane with 22 carbon atoms. It has a role as a plant metabolite. Docosane is a natural product found in Lonicera japonica, Erucaria microcarpa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Moringa oleifera leaf oil (part of). A straight-chain alkane with 22 carbon atoms. Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2]. Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2].

2-Tridecanone

C13H26O (198.1983546)

2-tridecanone is a white crystalline solid. (NTP, 1992) Tridecan-2-one is a methyl ketone that is tridecane in which the methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a flavouring agent. It derives from a hydride of a tridecane. 2-Tridecanone is a natural product found in Hedychium spicatum, Azadirachta indica, and other organisms with data available. 2-Tridecanone is found in citrus. 2-Tridecanone is isolated from plant oils, e.g. palm oil, coconut oil. Also found in American cranberry, rabbiteye, blueberry, raspberry, grapefruit, onion, ginger and cheeses. 2-Tridecanone is used as a flavouring essence. Isolated from plant oils, e.g. palm oil, coconut oiland is also found in American cranberry, rabbiteye, blueberry, raspberry, grapefruit, onion, ginger and cheeses. It is used as a flavouring essence. A methyl ketone that is tridecane in which the methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. 2-Tridecanone, a nonalkaloid insecticide, is isolated from the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum. 2-Tridecanone is a volatile organic compound[1][2]. 2-Tridecanone, a nonalkaloid insecticide, is isolated from the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum. 2-Tridecanone is a volatile organic compound[1][2].

Ribitol

C5H12O5 (152.06847019999998)

Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808). Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418). Ribitol is a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes (pentitol, sugar alcohol, polyol). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion. (PMID 15234337) D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.

Ubiquinone-2

C19H26O4 (318.1830996)

Ubiquinone-2 is a member of the chemical class known as Polyprenylbenzoquinones. These are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a quinone at the second ring position. Ubiquione-2 has just 2 isoprene units. Normally in humans it has 10. Ubiquinone-2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ubiquionone 10. Ubiquionone is involved in cellular respiration. It is fat-soluble and is therefore mobile in cellular membranes; it plays a unique role in the electron transport chain (ETC). In the inner bacterial membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the ETC to the oxygen, which is then reduced to water. The transfer of electrons through ETC results in the pumping of H+ across the membrane creating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthase (located on the membrane) to generate ATP. Coenzyme Q functions as an electron carrier and reversibly changes to either an oxidized (CoQ), intermediate (CoQ), or reduced (CoQH2) form within a biomembrane. The Coenzyme Q2 (CoQH2) form also acts as an antioxidant and prevents cell death, and thus has been successfully used as a supplement. On the other hand, the value of the CoQ/CoQH2 ratio has been shown to increase in a number of diseases, presumably due to an anti-proliferative effect involving CoQ. Induction of apoptosis by CoQ2 is dependent on p53 protein levels. Moreover, CoQ2 induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phosphorylation of p53. An antioxidant, l-ascorbic acid, inhibited CoQ2-induced p53 phosphorylation and further apoptotic stimuli. (PMID: 15905035) [HMDB] D020011 - Protective Agents > D000931 - Antidotes

Butyl butyrate

C8H16O2 (144.1150236)

Butyl butyrate, or butyl butanoate, is an organic compound that is an ester formed by the condensation of butyric acid and n-butanol. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is insoluble in water, but miscible with ethanol and diethyl ether. Its refractive index is 1.406 at 20 °C. Butyl butyrate is found in alcoholic beverages. Butyl butyrate is present in many fruits, e.g. banana, cherry, melon, plum, also present in gruyere de comte cheese, cider, soybean etc. Butyl butyrate is used in fruit flavour compositions Butyl butyrate is an organic compound which is an ester formed by the condensation of butyric acid and butanol. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is insoluble in water, but miscible with ethanol and diethyl ether. Present in many fruits, e.g. banana, cherry, melon, plum, also present in gruyere de comte cheese, cider, soybean etc. It is used in fruit flavour compositions

L,L-Cyclo(leucylprolyl)

C11H18N2O2 (210.1368208)

L,L-Cyclo(leucylprolyl) is found in alcoholic beverages. L,L-Cyclo(leucylprolyl) is produced by microorganisms and is a bitter component of sake and contributes to the flavour of beer. L,L-Cyclo(leucylprolyl), also known as cyclo(leu-pro) or cyclo(L-prolyl-L-leucyl), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. L,L-Cyclo(leucylprolyl) is a secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules. In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on L,L-Cyclo(leucylprolyl). L-Leucyl-L-proline lactam. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2873-36-1 (retrieved 2024-07-10) (CAS RN: 2873-36-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) is an inhibitory substance targeting to production of norsolorinic acid (NA，a precursor of aflatoxin)，which can be isolated from A. xylosoxidans NFRI-A1. Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) inhibits accumulation of NA by A. parasiticus NFRI-95 and inhibits spore formation. Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) inhibits aflatoxin production with an IC50 of 0.2 mg/mL in A. parasiticus SYS-4[1].

2,3-Butanediol

C4H10O2 (90.068076)

2,3-Butanediol is an isomer of butanediol. The 2R,3R stereoisomer of 2,3-butanediol is produced by a variety of microorganisms, in a process known as butanediol fermentation. 2,3-Butanediol fermentation is the anaerobic fermentation of glucose with 2,3-butanediol as one of the end products. The overall stoichiometry of the reaction is 2 pyruvate + NADH --> 2CO2 + 2,3-butanediol. Butanediol fermentation is typical for Enterobacter species or microbes found in the gut. 2,3-butanediol has been identified in the sera of alcoholics and it may be a specific marker of alcohol abuse (PMID:6139706). In humans, 2,3-butanediol is oxidized to acetyl-CoA via acetoin. 2,3-Butanediol is also found in cocoa butter. 2,3-Butanediol can also be found in Bacillus, Klebsiella and Serratia (PMID:21272631). 2,3-Butanediol is one of the constitutional isomers of butanediol. The 2R,3R stereoisomer of 2,3-butanediol is produced by a variety of microorganisms, in a process known as butanediol fermentation. It is found in cocoa butter and in the roots of Ruta graveolens. (2R,3R)-Butane-2,3-diol is an endogenous metabolite. (2R,3R)-Butane-2,3-diol is an endogenous metabolite. 2,3-Butanediol is a butanediol derived from the bioconversion of natural resources[1]. 2,3-Butanediol is a butanediol derived from the bioconversion of natural resources[1].

2-Phosphoglyceric acid

C3H7O7P (185.9929402)

2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PGA) is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Enolase catalyzes the beta-elimination reaction in a stepwise manner wherein OH- is eliminated from C3 of a discrete carbanion (enolate) intermediate. This intermediate is created by removal of the proton from C2 of 2PGA by a base in the active site. (PMID: 8994873, Wikipedia) [HMDB] 2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PGA) is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Enolase catalyzes the beta-elimination reaction in a stepwise manner wherein OH- is eliminated from C3 of a discrete carbanion (enolate) intermediate. This intermediate is created by removal of the proton from C2 of 2PGA by a base in the active site (PMID: 8994873, Wikipedia). 2-Phosphoglyceric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2553-59-5 (retrieved 2024-11-04) (CAS RN: 2553-59-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

2-Nonanone

C9H18O (142.1357578)

2-Nonanone is found in alcoholic beverages. 2-Nonanone is present in banana, ginger, Brazil nut, attar of rose, clove oil, coconut oil, passionflower, sorghum, asparagus, tomato, corn, wine, cheese, beer, blackcurrant buds, melon, and strawberry jam. 2-Nonanone is a flavor and fragrance agent. It is a clear slightly yellow liquid. Ketones, such as 2-Nonanone, are reactive with many acids and bases liberating heat and flammable gases (e.g., H2). The amount of heat may be sufficient to start a fire in the unreacted portion of the ketone. Ketones react with reducing agents such as hydrides, alkali metals, and nitrides to produce flammable gas (H2) and heat. Present in banana, ginger, Brazil nut, attar of rose, clove oil, coconut oil, passionflower, sorghum, asparagus, tomato, corn, wine, cheese, beer, blackcurrant buds, melon, strawberry jam etc. Flavouring ingredient. 2-Nonanone is found in many foods, some of which are green vegetables, cereals and cereal products, watermelon, and cloves.

Tetradecane

C14H30 (198.234738)

Tetradecane, also known as CH3-[CH2]12-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Tetradecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, tetradecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Tetradecane is a mild, alkane, and waxy tasting compound. Tetradecane is found, on average, in the highest concentration within black walnuts. Tetradecane has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as lemon balms, common buckwheats, cucumbers, allspices, and green bell peppers. This could make tetradecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Tetradecane, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and asthma; tetradecane has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. These are acyclic hydrocarbons consisting only of n carbon atoms and m hydrogen atoms where m=2*n + 2. TETRADECANE, also known as N-tetradecane or ch3-[ch2]12-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, tetradecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. TETRADECANE is a mild, alkane, and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as sweet bay, summer savory, green bell pepper, and lemon balm, which makes tetradecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Tetradecane can be found primarily in feces and saliva. Tetradecane is an alkane containing 14 carbon atoms[1].

Sesaminol glucosyl-(1->2)-[glucosyl-(1->6)]-glucoside

C38H48O22 (856.2637107999999)

Sesaminol glucosyl-(1->2)-[glucosyl-(1->6)]-glucoside is found in cereals and cereal products. Sesaminol glucosyl-(1->2)-[glucosyl-(1->6)]-glucoside is a constituent of sesame seed. Constituent of sesame seed. Sesaminol glucosyl-(1->2)-[glucosyl-(1->6)]-glucoside is found in cereals and cereal products.

Sesaminol glucosyl-(1->2)-glucoside

C32H38O17 (694.2108898)

Sesaminol glucosyl-(1->2)-glucoside is found in cereals and cereal products. Sesaminol glucosyl-(1->2)-glucoside is a constituent of sesame seed. Constituent of sesame seed. Sesaminol glucosyl-(1->2)-glucoside is found in cereals and cereal products.

2-Nonanol

C9H20O (144.151407)

2-Nonanol, also known as 2-hydroxynonane or 2-nonyl alcohol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as fatty alcohols. These are aliphatic alcohols consisting of a chain of a least six carbon atoms. 2-Nonanol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, 2-nonanol is considered to be a fatty alcohol lipid molecule. Isolated from various essential oils, orange (Citrus sinensis), ginger (Zingiber officinale), coconut (Coces nucifera)and is also present in guava fruit, raw asparagus, various cheeses and wines. 2-Nonanol is found in many foods, some of which are tea, cloves, milk and milk products, and citrus.

Nonadecane

C19H40 (268.31298400000003)

Nonadecane, also known as CH3-[CH2]17-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Nonadecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, nonadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Nonadecane is an alkane and bland tasting compound. nonadecane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as pomes, watermelons, yellow bell peppers, allspices, and papaya. This could make nonadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Nonadecane has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including celiac disease. Isolated from apple wax. Nonadecane is found in many foods, some of which are pepper (c. annuum), red bell pepper, papaya, and dill.

scyllo-Inositol

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

scyllo-Inositol or scyllitol is an inositol isoform. Inositol is a derivative of cyclohexane with six hydroxyl groups, making it a polyol. It also is known as a sugar alcohol, having exactly the same molecular formula as glucose or other hexoses. Inositol exists in nine possible stereoisomers, including scyllo-inositol, myo-inositol (the most abundant), muco-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, L-chiro-inositol, neo-inositol, allo-inositol, epi-inositol, and cis-inositol. scyllo-Inositol was first isolated from the kidneys of fish in 1858 by Staedeler and Freierchs. scyllo-Inositol is a naturally occurring plant sugar alcohol found most abundantly in the coconut palm. It appears to accumulate in a number of human tissues and biofluids through dietary consumption. It has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379). Results reported by Viola et al (PMID: 15340856) suggest that high CSF concentrations of scyllo-inositol can be induced by chronic alcoholism. scyllo-Inositol when fed to transgenic mice that exhibit a memory disease very similar to human Alzheimers disease, can block the accumulation of soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain. scyllo-Inositol was found to reverse memory deficits in the mice, reduce the amount of Aβ plaque in the brains of the mice, and reversed other symptoms associated with the presence of Aβ in the brain (PMID: 16767098). Scyllitol is an isomer of cyclohexanehexol or inositol. It was first isolated from the kidneys of fish in 1858 by Staedeler and Freierchs. Scyllitol is a naturally occurring plant sugar alcohol found most abundantly in the coconut palm. It appears to accumulate in a number of human tissues and biofluids through dietary consumption. It has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379). Results reported by Viola et al (PMID: 15340856) suggest that high CSF concentrations of scyllo-inositol can be induced by chronic alcoholism. scyllo-Inositol (also called "scyllitol") when fed to transgenic mice that exhibit a memory disease very similar to human Alzheimers disease, can block the accumulation of soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain. Scyllitol was found to reverse memory deficits in the mice, reduce the amount of Aβ plaque in the brains of the mice, and reversed other symptoms associated with the presence of Aβ in the brain (PMID: 16767098). [HMDB] C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity. D-chiro-Inositol is used clinically for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus, which can reduce hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance[1][2][3]. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. i-Inositol is a chemical compound related to lipids found in many foods, especially fruits such as cantaloupe and oranges. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1]. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1].

4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetate

C8H7NO5 (197.0324212)

4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetate, also known as 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, is slightly soluble (in water). It is a mildly acidic compound. This metabolite is a member of the class of compounds known as nitrophenols. Nitrophenols are compounds containing a nitrophenol moiety, which consists of a benzene ring bearing both a hydroxyl group and a nitro group on two different ring carbon atoms. Free nitrotyrosine undergoes metabolism to form 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (NHPA) which is excreted in the urine (Wikipedia). However, it is not known whether NHPA is derived exclusively from metabolism of nitrotyrosine, or whether it can be formed by nitration of circulating para -hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PHPA), a metabolite of tyrosine (PMID: 12797864). Since the plasma concentration of PHPA is markedly higher than free nitrotyrosine (approx. 400-fold), the nitration of high-circulating endogenous PHPA to form NHPA becomes very significant and accounts for the majority of NHPA excreted in urine (PMID: 12797864).

epi-Inositol

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

epi-Inositol is an inositol isoform. Inositol is a derivative of cyclohexane with six hydroxyl groups, making it a polyol. It also is known as a sugar alcohol, having exactly the same molecular formula as glucose or other hexoses. Inositol exists in nine possible stereoisomers, including scyllo-inositol, myo-inositol (the most abundant), muco-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, L-chiro-inositol, neo-inositol, allo-inositol, epi-inositol, and cis-inositol. In humans, most inositol is synthesized in the kidneys, typically in amounts of a few grams per day.

allo-Inositol

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

allo-Inositol is an inositol isoform. Inositol is a derivative of cyclohexane with six hydroxyl groups, making it a polyol. It also is known as a sugar alcohol, having exactly the same molecular formula as glucose or other hexoses. Inositol exists in nine possible stereoisomers, including scyllo-inositol, myo-inositol (the most abundant), muco-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, L-chiro-inositol, neo-inositol, allo-inositol, epi-inositol, and cis-inositol.

Cyclo(pro-val)

C10H16N2O2 (196.1211716)

Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) is a 2,5-diketopiperazine, with toxic activity against phytopathogenic microorganisms (such as R. fascians LMG 3605). Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) shows toxicity similar to Chloramphenicol (HY-B0239) with comparable concentration. Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) can also inhibit gram-positive phytopathogenic bacterium. Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) has potential development as biopesticide[1]. Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) is a 2,5-diketopiperazine, with toxic activity against phytopathogenic microorganisms (such as R. fascians LMG 3605). Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) shows toxicity similar to Chloramphenicol (HY-B0239) with comparable concentration. Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) can also inhibit gram-positive phytopathogenic bacterium. Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) has potential development as biopesticide[1]. Cyclo(Pro-Val) can be isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens GcM5-1A and has cytotoxicity[1].

1-Deoxy-D-manno-heptulose

C7H14O6 (194.0790344)

7-O-Succinyl macrolactin A

C28H38O8 (502.2566548)

cis-Lycopene

C40H56 (536.4381776)

Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro)

C14H16N2O2 (244.1211716)

Exotoxin

C22H32N5O19P (701.1429052)

Menaquinone-7

C46H64O2 (648.4906043999999)

Menaquinone-9

C56H80O2 (784.615798)

Selenohomocystine

C8H16N2O4Se2 (363.9440436)

Selenohomocystine is a member of the class of compounds known as alpha amino acids. Alpha amino acids are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Selenohomocystine is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Selenohomocystine can be found in garden onion, which makes selenohomocystine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

PHENYLACETIC ACID

C8H8O2 (136.0524268)

D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

3-phenylpropanoic acid

C9H10O2 (150.06807600000002)

Hydrocinnamic acid is the major rhizospheric compound with known growth regulatory activities. Hydrocinnamic acid is the major rhizospheric compound with known growth regulatory activities.

Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.0789746)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].

1-Deoxynojirimycin

C6H13NO4 (163.0844538)

Duvoglustat is an optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration. It has a role as an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an anti-HIV agent, an anti-obesity agent, a bacterial metabolite, a hypoglycemic agent, a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol and a piperidine alkaloid. An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor with antiviral action. Derivatives of deoxynojirimycin may have anti-HIV activity. 1-Deoxynojirimycin is a natural product found in Dorstenia psilurus, Cichorium intybus, and other organisms with data available. An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor with antiviral action. Derivatives of deoxynojirimycin may have anti-HIV activity. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C87006 - Pharmacological Chaperone D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Same as: D09605 1-Deoxynojirimycin (Duvoglustat) is a potent and orally active α-glucosidase inhibitor. 1-Deoxynojirimycin suppresses postprandial blood glucose and is widely used for diabetes mellitus. 1-Deoxynojirimycin possesses antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity, and antiviral features[1][2]. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (Duvoglustat) is a potent and orally active α-glucosidase inhibitor. 1-Deoxynojirimycin suppresses postprandial blood glucose and is widely used for diabetes mellitus. 1-Deoxynojirimycin possesses antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity, and antiviral features[1][2].

Palmitic Acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402172)

COVID info from WikiPathways D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

lactic acid

C3H6O3 (90.0316926)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, also known as lactic acid or lactate, belongs to alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid can be synthesized from propionic acid. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, 3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactic acid, and lactate ester. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is an odorless tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as sunflower, potato, apple, and ginkgo nuts, which makes 2-hydroxypropanoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is a drug which is used for use as an alkalinizing agent. In animals, L-lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of fermentation during normal metabolism and exercise. It does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including monocarboxylate transporters, concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues. The concentration of blood lactate is usually 1–2 mmol/L at rest, but can rise to over 20 mmol/L during intense exertion and as high as 25 mmol/L afterward . Lactate (Lactate acid) is the product of glycolysis. Lactate is produced by oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle in vivo, and can be removed under fully aerobic conditions. Lactate can be as a hemodynamic marker in the critically ill[1][2]. Lactate (Lactate acid) is the product of glycolysis. Lactate is produced by oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle in vivo, and can be removed under fully aerobic conditions. Lactate can be as a hemodynamic marker in the critically ill[1][2].

6-Phosphogluconic acid

C6H13O10P (276.0246328)

6-METHYL-5-HEPTEN-2-ONE

C8H14O (126.10445940000001)

Sulcatone is an endogenous metabolite. Sulcatone is an endogenous metabolite.

menadione

C11H8O2 (172.0524268)

A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B02 - Antihemorrhagics > B02B - Vitamin k and other hemostatics > B02BA - Vitamin k D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D003029 - Coagulants > D006490 - Hemostatics D050299 - Fibrin Modulating Agents > D000933 - Antifibrinolytic Agents D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Menadione is a naphthoquinone that is converted into active vitamin K2 in the body. Menadione is a naphthoquinone that is converted into active vitamin K2 in the body.

2,4-Di-t-butylphenol

C14H22O (206.1670562)

A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 4. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5472; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5470 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4899; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4898 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4900; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4898 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5475; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5474 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5519; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5518 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5507; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5506 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol is an endogenous metabolite. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol is an endogenous metabolite.

Glucose

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CA - Tests for diabetes V - Various > V06 - General nutrients > V06D - Other nutrients > V06DC - Carbohydrates COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.

13-Cycloheptyl-2-hydroxytridecanoic acid

C20H38O3 (326.2820798)

Exotoxin

C22H32N5O19P (701.1429052)

Squalene

C30H50 (410.39123)

Squalene, also known as (e,e,e,e)-squalene or all-trans-squalene, is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Squalene can be found in a number of food items such as apricot, savoy cabbage, peach (variety), and bitter gourd, which makes squalene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Squalene can be found primarily in blood, feces, and sweat, as well as throughout most human tissues. In humans, squalene is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include risedronate action pathway, steroid biosynthesis, alendronate action pathway, and fluvastatin action pathway. Squalene is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include cholesteryl ester storage disease, CHILD syndrome, hyper-igd syndrome, and wolman disease. Squalene is a natural 30-carbon organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil (hence its name, as Squalus is a genus of sharks), although plant sources (primarily vegetable oils) are now used as well, including amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. Yeast cells have been genetically engineered to produce commercially useful quantities of "synthetic" squalene . COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE was 20 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity. Squalene also has anti-fungal activity and can be used for the research of Trichophyton mentagrophytes research[2]. Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity. Squalene also has anti-fungal activity and can be used for the research of Trichophyton mentagrophytes research[2].

Difficidin

C31H45O6P (544.29536)

Difficidin is a natural product found in Bacillus subtilis

9-Cycloheptylnonanoic acid

C16H30O2 (254.224568)

Cholesterol

C27H46O (386.3548466)

A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].

2-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methylhexan-3-one

C13H18O3 (222.1255878)

13-cycloheptyltridecanoic acid

C20H38O2 (310.28716479999997)

thermorubin

C32H24O12 (600.1267703999999)

1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid

C9H7NO2 (161.0476762)

IPB_RECORD: 302; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE confident structure; IPB_RECORD: 302

Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.0789746)

An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. Annotation level-2 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS IPB_RECORD: 2701; CONFIDENCE confident structure L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].

Sorbitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AG - Enemas B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CC - Tests for bile duct patency D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 229 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and can used as a sugar substitute. D-Sorbitol can be used as a stabilizing excipient and/or isotonicity agent, sweetener, humectant, thickener and dietary supplement[1]. D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and can used as a sugar substitute. D-Sorbitol can be used as a stabilizing excipient and/or isotonicity agent, sweetener, humectant, thickener and dietary supplement[1].

Biotin

C10H16N2O3S (244.08815859999999)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2876; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2873 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2877; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2875 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2896; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2894 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2875; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2872 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2894; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2891 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2908; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2906 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6231; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6229 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6248; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6246 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6251; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6246 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6253; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6251 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6265; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6263 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6256; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6253 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 219 INTERNAL_ID 219; CONFIDENCE standard compound relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.474 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.471 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.469 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.470 Biotin (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B vitamin and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids[1][2][3]. Biotin, vitamin B7 and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids[1][2][3]. Biotin (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B vitamin and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids[1][2][3].

L-Tryptophan

C11H12N2O2 (204.0898732)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N_STSL_0010_L-Tryptophan_8000fmol_180410_S2_LC02_MS02_83; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 5 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.178 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.176 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.170 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.171 L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1]. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946238)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N_STSL_0101_Isoleucine_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_58; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8 COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

L-Methionine

C5H11NO2S (149.0510466)

The L-enantiomer of methionine. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N_STSL_0047_Methionine_8000fmol_180416_S2_LC02_MS02_69; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant. L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant.

L-alanine

C3H7NO2 (89.0476762)

The L-enantiomer of alanine. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system.

L-proline

C5H9NO2 (115.0633254)

A human metabolite taken as a putative food compound of mammalian origin [HMDB] MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ONIBWKKTOPOVIA_STSL_0035_Proline_2000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_282; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.

L-Lysine

C6H14N2O2 (146.1055224)

An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2]. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2].

L-Valine

C5H11NO2 (117.0789746)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; KZSNJWFQEVHDMF_STSL_0100_Valine_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_131; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1]. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1].

Galactitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose.

L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 (155.06947340000002)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; HNDVDQJCIGZPNO_STSL_0107_Histidine_8000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_142; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

C27H33N9O15P2 (785.1571288000001)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox cofactor, more specifically a prosthetic group of a protein, involved in several important enzymatic reactions in metabolism.

L-Ornithine

C5H12N2O2 (132.0898732)

L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2]. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2].

L-Serine

C3H7NO3 (105.0425912)

The L-enantiomer of serine. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; MTCFGRXMJLQNBG_STSL_0098_Serine_8000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_174; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.

D-Glyceric acid

C3H6O4 (106.0266076)

The D-enantiomer of glyceric acid.

Tryptophol

C10H11NO (161.0840596)

An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2. Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite. Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite.

PHENYLACETIC ACID

C8H8O2 (136.0524268)

A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Sucrose

C12H22O11 (342.11620619999997)

D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946238)

Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement, nutrient. L-Leucine is found in many foods, some of which are lettuce, common bean, pacific herring, and kefir. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N_STSL_0102_Leucine_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_19; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].

L-Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.0789746)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; COLNVLDHVKWLRT_STSL_0103_Phenylalanine_2000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_290; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO3 (181.0738896)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N_STSL_0110_L-Tyrosine_0500fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_57; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.

Indole

C8H7N (117.0578462)

Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.

Indole-3-carboxaldehyde

C9H7NO (145.0527612)

Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole), a banlangen extract, is the product of the oxidative degradation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by crude enzyme preparations from etiolated pea seedlings. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole) is a biochemical used to prepare analogs of the indole phytoalexin cyclobrassinin[1]. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole), a banlangen extract, is the product of the oxidative degradation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by crude enzyme preparations from etiolated pea seedlings. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole) is a biochemical used to prepare analogs of the indole phytoalexin cyclobrassinin[1].

L-glutamic acid

C5H9NO4 (147.0531554)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N_STSL_0113_Glutamic acid_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_66; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

L-Homoserine

C4H9NO3 (119.0582404)

The L-enantiomer of homoserine. L-Homoserine is a non - protein amino acid, which is an important biosynthetic intermediate of threonine, methionine and lysine. L-Homoserine is a non - protein amino acid, which is an important biosynthetic intermediate of threonine, methionine and lysine.

Succinic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266076)

Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2]. Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2].

GLYCERIC ACID

C3H6O4 (106.0266076)

A trionic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.

hydrocinnamic acid

C9H10O2 (150.06807600000002)

Hydrocinnamic acid is the major rhizospheric compound with known growth regulatory activities. Hydrocinnamic acid is the major rhizospheric compound with known growth regulatory activities.

stearic acid

C18H36O2 (284.2715156)

Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils.

L-Aspartic Acid

C4H7NO4 (133.0375062)

The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; CKLJMWTZIZZHCS_STSL_0112_Aspartic acid_2000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_26; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly.

L-Cystine

C6H12N2O4S2 (240.02384719999998)

The L-enantiomer of the sulfur-containing amino acid cystine.

Benzoic Acid

C7H6O2 (122.0367776)

Benzoic acid is an aromatic alcohol existing naturally in many plants and is a common additive to food, drinks, cosmetics and other products. It acts as preservatives through inhibiting both bacteria and fungi. Benzoic acid is an aromatic alcohol existing naturally in many plants and is a common additive to food, drinks, cosmetics and other products. It acts as preservatives through inhibiting both bacteria and fungi.

L-cysteine

C3H7NO2S (121.0197482)

An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration. L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1]. L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1].

ribitol

C5H12O5 (152.0684702)

D-Arabitol is a polyol and its accumulation may cause a neurotoxic effect in human. D-Arabitol is a polyol and its accumulation may cause a neurotoxic effect in human. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol. Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol.

Indolelactic acid

C11H11NO3 (205.0738896)

ISOVALERIC ACID

C5H10O2 (102.068076)

A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid. Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human. Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human.

3-Phosphoglyceric acid

C3H7O7P (185.9929402)

The D-enantiomer of 3-phosphoglyceric acid

D-Xylulose

C5H10O5 (150.052821)

The D-enantiomer of xylulose.

ISOBUTYRIC ACID

C4H8O2 (88.0524268)

A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.

Erythrose

C4H8O4 (120.0422568)

2,3-butanediol

C4H10O2 (90.068076)

2,3-Butanediol is a butanediol derived from the bioconversion of natural resources[1]. 2,3-Butanediol is a butanediol derived from the bioconversion of natural resources[1].

acetoin

C4H8O2 (88.0524268)

A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.

2-HEPTANONE

C7H14O (114.10445940000001)

Isovaleraldehyde

C5H10O (86.07316100000001)

A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It occurs as a volatile constituent in olives.

Norspermidine

C6H17N3 (131.1422402)

DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE

C3H7O6P (169.9980252)

A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.

bis(3-aminopropyl)amine

C6H17N3 (131.1422402)

4-Hydroxy-L-proline

C5H9NO3 (131.0582404)

The L-stereoisomer of 4-hydroxyproline.

2-methylquinazolin-4-ol

C9H8N2O (160.06365979999998)

2-Methylquinazolin-4-ol is a potent competitive poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor, with a Ki of 1.1 μM. 2-Methylquinazolin-4-ol mammalian aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) inhibitor, with 0.20 mM[1][2]. 2-Methylquinazolin-4-ol is a potent competitive poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor, with a Ki of 1.1 μM. 2-Methylquinazolin-4-ol mammalian aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) inhibitor, with 0.20 mM[1][2].

2-aminobenzoic acid

C7H7NO2 (137.0476762)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; RWZYAGGXGHYGMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0017_Anthranilic Acid_8000fmol_180410_S2_LC02_MS02_91; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I.

Lycopene

C40H56 (536.4381776)

Lycopene, also known as all-trans-lycopene or e160d, is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Thus, lycopene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Lycopene can be found in a number of food items such as american butterfish, babassu palm, scup, and condensed milk, which makes lycopene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Lycopene can be found primarily in blood and breast milk, as well as throughout most human tissues. Moreover, lycopene is found to be associated with endometrial cancer. In plants, algae, and other photosynthetic organisms, lycopene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids, including beta-carotene, which is responsible for yellow, orange, or red pigmentation, photosynthesis, and photoprotection. Like all carotenoids, lycopene is a tetraterpene. It is insoluble in water. Eleven conjugated double bonds give lycopene its deep red color. Owing to the strong color, lycopene is a useful as a food coloring (registered as E160d) and is approved for use in the USA, Australia and New Zealand (registered as 160d) and the European Union . D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16HP2005 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.

scyllo-Inositol

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1]. Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1].

Hexadecanoic acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402172)

Octadecanoic acid

C18H36O2 (284.2715156)

A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.

UNII:933ANU3H2S

C18H36O3 (300.26643060000004)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 398; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5750; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5748 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 398; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5785; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5783 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 398; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5769; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5767 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 398; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5858; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5856 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 398; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5768; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5766

shikimate

C7H10O5 (174.052821)

Shikimic acid, also known as shikimate or 3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as shikimic acids and derivatves. Shikimic acids and derivatves are cyclitols containing a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid substituted with three hydroxyl groups at positions 3, 4, and 5. Shikimic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Shikimic acid can be found in a number of food items such as date, rocket salad, redcurrant, and poppy, which makes shikimic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Shikimic acid can be found primarily in blood and urine. Shikimic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi (シキミ, the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman. The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later . Shikimic acid is a key metabolic intermediate of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway, found in microbes and plants. Shikimic acid is a key metabolic intermediate of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway, found in microbes and plants.

2-phosphoglyceric acid

C3H7O7P (185.9929402)

A monophosphoglyceric acid having the phospho group at the 2-position.

2-Methylbutan-1-ol

C5H12O (88.0888102)

A primary alcohol that is isopentane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol, also known as active amyl alcohol or 2-methylbutyl alcohol, is a member of the class of compounds known as primary alcohols. Primary alcohols are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general structure RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl). Thus, (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol is considered to be a fatty alcohol lipid molecule (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol can be synthesized from isopentane (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol can also be synthesized into 2-methylbutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl decanoate (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol is a malt tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as turmeric, salmonberry, garden cress, and horseradish tree, which makes (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol can be found primarily in feces (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans.

2-Undecanol

C11H24O (172.18270539999997)

Isolated from leaf oil of Litsea odorifera, rue (Ruta graveolens) and a few other sources. (R)-2-Undecanol is found in herbs and spices. Present in apple, banana, papaya, strawberry, chive, roasted onion, cheeses, ginger, cognac, hop oil and other foodstuffs. Flavouring agent with fruity taste at low concentration. 2-Undecanol is found in many foods, some of which are fats and oils, herbs and spices, ginger, and fruits. 2-Undecanol (Undecan-2-ol) is a male specific volatile identified from the sap beetle Lobiopa insularis. 2-undecanol is a flower emitted volatile, used by various species of Hymenoptera as a pheromone component[1]. 2-Undecanol (Undecan-2-ol) is a male specific volatile identified from the sap beetle Lobiopa insularis. 2-undecanol is a flower emitted volatile, used by various species of Hymenoptera as a pheromone component[1].

2-NONANOL

C9H20O (144.151407)

1-nonadecanol is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty alcohols. Long-chain fatty alcohols are fatty alcohols that have an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 1-nonadecanol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1-nonadecanol can be found in black elderberry and potato, which makes 1-nonadecanol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

2-Tridecanone

C13H26O (198.1983546)

2-Tridecanone, a nonalkaloid insecticide, is isolated from the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum. 2-Tridecanone is a volatile organic compound[1][2]. 2-Tridecanone, a nonalkaloid insecticide, is isolated from the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum. 2-Tridecanone is a volatile organic compound[1][2].

Butyl butyrate

C8H16O2 (144.1150236)

Sesaminol glucosyl-(1->2)-glucoside

C32H38O17 (694.2108898)

Docosane

C22H46 (310.3599316)

Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2]. Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2].

Tetradecane

C14H30 (198.234738)

A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms. Tetradecane is an alkane containing 14 carbon atoms[1].

Ieodomycin D

C10H16O3 (184.1099386)

A natural product found in Bacillus species.

Ieodomycin C

C12H20O4 (228.136152)

A natural product found in Bacillus species.

Ieodomycin A

C13H22O4 (242.1518012)

A natural product found in Bacillus species.

Ieodomycin B

C12H18O3 (210.1255878)

A natural product found in Bacillus species.

Pentadecane

C15H32 (212.2503872)

A straight-chain alkane with 15 carbon atoms. It is a component of volatile oils isolated from plants species like Scandix balansae.

NONADECANE

C19H40 (268.31298400000003)

A straight-chain alkane with 19 carbon atoms. It has been found as a component of essential oils isolated from Artemisia armeniaca.

Heptan-2-one

C7H14O (114.10445940000001)

A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.

3-Hydroxybutan-2-one

C4H8O2 (88.0524268)

Nonan-2-one

C9H18O (142.1357578)

A methyl ketone that is nonane in which the methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group.

3-Octanone

C8H16O (128.1201086)

A dialkyl ketone that is octane in which the two methylene protons at position 3 have been replaced by an oxo group.

Neurosporene

C40H58 (538.4538268)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Rubixanthin

C40H56O (552.4330926)

A carotenol that is a natural xanthophyll pigment. It was formerly used as a food colourant (E161d), but approval for this purpose has been withdrawn throughout the European Union.

3-phenylpropanoic acid

C9H10O2 (150.06807600000002)

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group. Hydrocinnamic acid is the major rhizospheric compound with known growth regulatory activities. Hydrocinnamic acid is the major rhizospheric compound with known growth regulatory activities.

dodecan-1-ol

C12H26O (186.1983546)

A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.

D-Sorbitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

3-Cyanoindole

C9H6N2 (142.0530956)

3-Methylbutanal

C5H10O (86.07316100000001)

2-Methylpropanoic acid

C4H8O2 (88.0524268)

2,5-Di-tert-butylphenol

C14H22O (206.1670562)

A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.

epsilon-Carotene

C40H56 (536.4381776)

Oxetanocin A

C10H13N5O3 (251.10183480000003)

A nucleoside analogue found in Bacillus megaterium in which an adenine moiety is attached to position 2 of a of an oxetane ring which is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxymethyl groups. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents

Azoxybacilin

C5H11N3O3 (161.0800376)

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is (2S)-2-aminobutanoic acid substituted by a (Z)-methyl-NNO-azoxy moiety at position 4. It is an antibiotic isolated from the culture broth of Bacillus cereus and exhibits antifungal activity.

Bacilysocin

C21H43O9P (470.2644558)

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 12-methyltetradecanoic acide with one of the primary alcoholic hydroxy groups of glycerophosphoglycerol. An antibiotic obtained from Bacillus subtilis 168, it has particular activity against certain fungi. The stereochemistries of the hydroxy groups at positions C-2 and C-2 and the methyl group at position C-12 have not been determined.

coenzyme Q10

C59H90O4 (862.683874)

A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Same as: D01065 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Isolated from beef heart. Ubiquinone 10 is found in animal foods.

1-Nonanol

C9H20O (144.151407)

Methionol

C4H10OS (106.045233)

(2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoic acid

C30H40O2 (432.302814)

18,19-Epoxy Macrolactin A

C24H34O6 (418.2355264)

A natural product found in Bacillus species.

N(5)-Hydroxy-L-arginine

C6H14N4O3 (190.1065854)

CYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLIC ACID

C7H12O2 (128.0837252)

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a Valproate structural analogue with anticonvulsant action[1].

2-Methylbutyric acid

C5H10O2 (102.068076)

A methylbutyric acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a 2-methyl substituent. Produced from amino acid leucine during nutrient starvation in bacteria.

(2R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid

C3H6O4 (106.0266076)

Indole-3-lactic Acid

C11H11NO3 (205.0738896)

Indolelactic acid (Indole-3-lactic acid) is a tryptophan (Trp) catabolite in Azotobacter vinelandii cultures. Indolelactic acid has anti-inflammation and potential anti-viral activity[1][3][4].

D-Erythrose 4-phosphate

C4H9O7P (200.00858939999998)

An erythrose phosphate that is D-erythrose carrying a phosphate group at position 4. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and Calvin cycle.

Inositol 1-phosphate

C6H13O9P (260.0297178)

2-deoxy-D-ribofuranose

C5H10O4 (134.057906)

A deoxypentose that is D-ribofuranose in which the hydroxy group at position C-2 is replaced by hydrogen. Thyminose is an endogenous metabolite. Thyminose is an endogenous metabolite.

Isochorismic acid

C10H10O6 (226.04773600000001)

D-Ribofuranose 5-phosphate

C5H11O8P (230.0191536)

The furanose form of D-ribose 5-phosphate. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

(2S)-2-Hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid

C11H11NO3 (205.0738896)

Butyl acetate

C6H12O2 (116.08372519999999)

The acetate ester of butanol.

1-Cyclohexenecarboxylic Acid

C7H10O2 (126.068076)

12-HYDROXYOCTADECANOIC ACID

C18H36O3 (300.26643060000004)

A hydroxy fatty acid that is stearic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 12.

Glycosminine

C15H12N2O (236.09495819999998)

(3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl)methyl acetate

C8H14O7 (222.0739494)

nonan-2-ol

C9H20O (144.151407)

A secondary alcohol that is nonane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid

C3H6O3 (90.0316926)

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.

Butyl butanoate

C8H16O2 (144.1150236)

A butanoate ester of butan-1-ol.

Butane-2,3-diol

C4H10O2 (90.068076)

A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.

shikimate

C7H9O5 (173.0449964)

A cyclohexenecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of shikimic acid.

{6-hydroxy-2-[hydroxy({[1-(8-hydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-benzopyran-3-yl)-3-methylbutyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl})methyl]-5,6-dimethylmorpholin-3-yl}acetic acid

C24H34N2O9 (494.22641940000005)

n-[(3r,6r,9r,12s,15r,18s,19r)-12-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-9-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-isopropyl-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl]-15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxypentadecanimidic acid

C43H78N10O11 (910.5851238)

6-amino-n-(1-{[3,6-bis(4-aminobutyl)-5,8,11,14-tetrahydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-16-methyl-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13-tetraazacyclohexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraen-15-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-3-methylbutyl)-2-[(2-{[2-({2-[(5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxy-2-{[1-hydroxy-2-({1-hydroxy-2-[(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-hydroxy-2-({1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-[(1,2,3-trihydroxypropylidene)amino]pentylidene}amino)propylidene]amino}-4-methylpentylidene)amino]-4-methylpentylidene}amino)-3-methylpentylidene]amino}pentylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]hexanimidic acid

C90H166N22O21 (1891.2597266)

(2r)-2-[(2r,5s)-5-[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-[(2s,5r)-5-[(2r)-2-hydroxypropyl]oxolan-2-yl]propanoyl]oxy}butyl]oxolan-2-yl]propanoic acid

C21H36O7 (400.2460906)

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18r,21s,25r)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octahydroxy-15,21-bis(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-3-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-6,12-bis(hydroxymethyl)-18-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-25-(9-methylundecyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaen-9-yl]propanoic acid

C47H74N10O16 (1034.5284004)

[(3s,6s,13s,16s,19s,22s,27as)-1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-22-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-3,19-bis(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-(11-methyldodecyl)-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-13-yl]acetic acid

C50H77N11O15 (1071.5600332000001)

(2z,4e,7s,8s,9r,10s)-7-hydroxy-8,10-dimethyl-9-{[(2e)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]oxy}trideca-2,4-dienimidic acid

C24H33NO4 (399.2409458000001)

(1e,10z,12e,15z,17e)-3,20,22-trihydroxy-7-methyl-3,4,5,6,7,14,18a,19,20,21,22,22a-dodecahydro-8-benzoxacycloicosin-9-one

C24H34O5 (402.24061140000003)

4-amino-3-hydroxy-n-[1-(8-hydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-benzopyran-3-yl)-3-methylbutyl]-2-(phosphonooxy)hexanediimidic acid

C20H30N3O10P (503.16687300000007)

2-{[(2-{2-[26-ethylidene-14,21,28,31-tetrahydroxy-29-(1-hydroxyethyl)-19-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-12-(1-methoxyethyl)-10,17,24,34-tetrathia-6,13,20,27,30,35,36,37,38-nonaazahexacyclo[30.2.1.1⁸,¹¹.1¹⁵,¹⁸.1²²,²⁵.0²,⁷]octatriaconta-1(35),2,4,6,8,11(38),13,15,18(37),20,22,25(36),27,30,32-pentadecaen-5-yl]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl}-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-n-(2-hydroxypropyl)but-2-enimidic acid

C49H51N13O10S6 (1173.2205986000001)

(3r)-n-[(3r,6r,9r,12s,15r,18s,19r)-12-[(2r)-butan-2-yl]-15-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-9-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl]-15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxypentadecanimidic acid

C44H80N10O11 (924.6007730000001)

3-[(17z)-7-[({22-[(2-{[(6-amino-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,4-thiazepin-3-yl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene)amino]-1,4,7,10,13,16,23-heptahydroxy-15-isopropyl-21-methyl-25-(2-methylpropyl)-26-oxo-3h,6h,9h,12h,15h,18h,19h,21h,22h,25h,28h,29h,30h,30ah-pyrrolo[2,1-u]1-thia-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclooctacosan-18-yl}(hydroxy)methylidene)amino]-3,6,12,15,21,24,27-heptahydroxy-8,20-dimethyl-23-methylidene-4-(2-methylpropyl)-14-(sec-butyl)-9,19-dithia-2,5,13,16,22,25,28-heptaazabicyclo[9.9.8]octacosa-2,5,12,15,17,21,24,27-octaen-26-yl]propanoic acid

C80H120N20O21S4 (1824.7819350000002)

3,9,15-trimethyl-6,12-bis(2-methylpropyl)-18-(sec-butyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclooctadeca-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaene-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexol

C27H48N6O6 (552.3635148)

2-(heptan-3-yl)-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-4-ol

C15H22N2O (246.1732042)

methyl 4,13-dimethyltetradecanoate

C17H34O2 (270.2558664)

(2s)-n-[(2s,3s)-2-[(s)-hydroxy({[(1s)-1-[(3s)-8-hydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-benzopyran-3-yl]-3-methylbutyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl})methyl]-5-oxooxolan-3-yl]-2-[(1-hydroxy-10-methylundecylidene)amino]butanediimidic acid

C36H54N4O10 (702.3839744)

5,11,17,23,29,35-hexahydroxy-3,9,15,21,27,33-hexaisopropyl-6,18,30-trimethyl-12-(2-methylpropyl)-24,36-bis(sec-butyl)-1,7,13,19,25,31-hexaoxa-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaazacyclohexatriaconta-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaene-2,8,14,20,26,32-hexone

C57H96N6O18 (1152.6780756)

2-hydroxy-3-{[3-(n-hydroxyacetamido)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-({[3-(n-hydroxyacetamido)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}methyl)propanoic acid

C16H28N4O9 (420.18561980000004)

methyl (2e,4e,6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e)-2,6,11,15,19,23-hexamethyl-23-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}tetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20-decaenoate

C37H52O8 (624.3661992)

(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino}-n-[(2s)-1-{[(2s,3s)-2-{[(2s,3s)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino}-3-methylpentanoyl]oxy}-1,5-dioxo-5-(phosphonooxy)pentan-2-yl]pentanediimidic acid

C25H45N6O13P (668.278209)

3-[12-(4-aminobutyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-nonahydroxy-27-({1-hydroxy-2-[(1-hydroxy-2-{[hydroxy(pyrrolidin-2-yl)methylidene]amino}-4-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene)amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene}amino)-18-(1-hydroxyethyl)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,15-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-24-methyl-2-oxo-3-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclotriaconta-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C69H98N14O22 (1474.6979768)

[(2r,3r,4r,5s)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-6-oxoheptyl]oxyphosphonic acid

C7H15O9P (274.045367)

(1r,2r,5s,8r)-5-[(4r)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-11-methyl-4,10-dithia-6,11-diazatricyclo[6.2.1.0²,⁶]undecan-7-one

C17H19N3O2S3 (393.0639354)

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s,25r)-9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-12-isopropyl-3,6,15,18-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-25-[(9s)-9-methylundecyl]-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C53H93N7O13 (1035.6831008)

3-[12-(3-aminopropyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-nonahydroxy-27-({1-hydroxy-2-[(1-hydroxy-2-{[hydroxy(pyrrolidin-2-yl)methylidene]amino}-4-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene)amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene}amino)-18-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6,15-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-24-isopropyl-9-methyl-2-oxo-3-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclotriaconta-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C70H100N14O21 (1472.718711)

4-[(4-amino-1-{[22-(2-carboxyethyl)-6,9,12,21,24,27-hexahydroxy-10-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-25-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-19-methyl-3,18-dioxo-4-(sec-butyl)-2-oxa-5,8,11,17,20,23,26-heptaazatricyclo[28.2.2.0¹³,¹⁷]tetratriaconta-1(32),5,8,11,20,23,26,30,33-nonaen-28-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-4-[(1-hydroxyhexadecylidene)amino]butanoic acid

C72H110N12O19 (1446.800979)

(2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-6-oxoheptyl)oxyphosphonic acid

C7H15O9P (274.045367)

(6s)-n-[3-amino-1-({1-[(3-amino-1-{[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,12-bis(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclotricosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaen-21-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-hydroxypropyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-6-methyloctanimidic acid

C54H94N16O14 (1190.7135064)

(4r)-4,11-dimethyldodecanoic acid

C14H28O2 (228.20891880000002)

n-[(1s,2r)-2-hydroxy-1-[({[(1s)-1-{[(3s,6s,9s,12s)-5,8,11-trihydroxy-3,6-bis[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-9-(3h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10-triazacyclotrideca-4,7,10-trien-12-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}ethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}methyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]propyl]-11-methyldodecanimidic acid

C41H67N11O12 (905.4970422)

[(3s,6s,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s,25r)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-3,12-diisopropyl-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-25-(10-methylundecyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl]acetic acid

C52H92N8O12 (1020.6834352)

n-{1-[(1-{[1-({1-[(5-carbamimidamido-1-ethoxy-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-3-methylbutyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-hydroxyethyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl}-7-methyloctanimidic acid

C46H69N9O9 (891.5217984)

(4e,6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e)-2,6,10,14,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22-decaen-2-ol

C30H42O (418.3235482)

9-methyl-n-[1-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl]decanimidic acid

C19H34N2O3 (338.2569294)

(3r,6s,9s,12s,15r,18r,21s,24s,27r,30r,33s,36s)-6,18-bis[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexahydroxy-3,9,15,21,27,33-hexaisopropyl-12,24,36-trimethyl-30-(2-methylpropyl)-1,7,13,19,25,31-hexaoxa-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaazacyclohexatriaconta-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaene-2,8,14,20,26,32-hexone

C57H96N6O18 (1152.6780756)

3-[(3r,7s,10r,13s,16s,19s,22s,27ar)-1,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-7,13,22-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-19-(hydroxymethyl)-10-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-23-oxo-3-undecyl-3h,4h,7h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-c]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-16-yl]propanimidic acid

C48H74N12O14 (1042.5447184)

4-(1h-indol-3-yl)-6-(1h-indol-3-ylmethyl)pyridin-3-ol

C22H17N3O (339.1371552)

(2r,3s)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-2-(3h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid

C11H19N3O3 (241.1426344)

n-[3-amino-1-({1-[(3-amino-1-{[9,20,23-tris(2-aminoethyl)-6-benzyl-5,8,11,16,19,22-hexahydroxy-17-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,15,18,21-hexaazacyclotricosa-4,7,10,15,18,21-hexaen-12-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-hydroxypropyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-6-methyloctanimidic acid

C56H97N15O14 (1203.7339062)

4-[(4-amino-1-{[22-(2-carboxyethyl)-6,9,12,21,24,27-hexahydroxy-10-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-25-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-19-isopropyl-3,18-dioxo-4-(sec-butyl)-2-oxa-5,8,11,17,20,23,26-heptaazatricyclo[28.2.2.0¹³,¹⁷]tetratriaconta-1(32),5,8,11,20,23,26,30,33-nonaen-28-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-4-[(1,3-dihydroxy-15-methylhexadecylidene)amino]butanoic acid

C75H116N12O20 (1504.8428416000002)

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18r,21s,25r)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octahydroxy-15,21-bis(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-3-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-6,12-bis(hydroxymethyl)-18-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-25-(10-methylundecyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaen-9-yl]propanoic acid

C47H74N10O16 (1034.5284004)

n-{7,11-bis[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-2,6,10-trimethyl-4,8,12-trioxo-1,5,9-trioxacyclododecan-3-yl}-2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}ethanimidic acid

C39H42N6O18 (882.2555472000001)

(2s,3z)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino}-5-phosphonopent-3-enoic acid

C17H33N6O7P (464.21482380000003)

14,16-dihydroxy-24-methyl-8-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,17-pentaen-2-one

C30H46O10 (566.3090816)

2,4b,7,7,10a,12a-hexamethyl-1-[3-(4-methylphenyl)butyl]-dodecahydro-1h-chrysen-2-ol

C35H56O (492.4330926)

(2s)-2-amino-3-(1h-indol-2-yl)propanoic acid

C11H12N2O2 (204.0898732)

(2s)-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(2r)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid

C23H26N4O4 (422.19539560000004)

ethyl (2r)-2-[(2r,5s)-5-[(2s)-2-hydroxybutyl]oxolan-2-yl]propanoate

C13H24O4 (244.16745039999998)

[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s)-3,12,18-tris[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-6,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-25-(10-methylundecyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl]acetic acid

C54H96N8O12 (1048.7147335999998)

n-[3-amino-1-({1-[(3-amino-1-{[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-12-ethyl-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-15-(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclotricosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaen-21-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-hydroxypropyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-6-methylheptanimidic acid

C50H94N16O13 (1126.7185914)

13-[21-(2-carboxyethyl)-9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-12-isopropyl-3,6,15,18-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-25-yl]-3-hydroxytridecanoic acid

C54H93N7O16 (1095.6678458000001)

6-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-3-isopropyl-1h-pyrazin-2-one

C14H16N2O2 (244.1211716)

2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

C13H16N2O7 (312.0957466)

3-[(5-{[2-({2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1,2,3,4,6-pentahydroxyhexylidene)amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid

C32H53N5O10 (667.3792238)

3-[(3r,6s,9r,13s,16r,19r,22s,27as)-1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-(10-methylundecyl)-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C49H76N12O14 (1056.5603676)

3-[(3r,6s,13s,16r,19r,22s,27as)-1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-(9-methyldecyl)-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C48H74N12O14 (1042.5447184)

[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s)-3,12-bis[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-25-(10-methylundecyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl]acetic acid

C54H96N8O12 (1048.7147335999998)

17-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxy-n-[5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-9-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3,19-dimethyl-15-(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-12-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl]heptadecanimidic acid

C45H82N10O11 (938.6164222000001)

3-[1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-23-oxo-9-tridecyl-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C50H78N12O14 (1070.5760168)

3-isopropyl-6-(sec-butyl)-3,6-dihydropyrazine-2,5-diol

C11H20N2O2 (212.15247000000002)

(6s)-3,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(2-methylpropyl)-7-oxa-2-azatricyclo[7.4.0.0²,⁶]trideca-1(13),3,9,11-tetraene-5,8-dione

C27H23NO5 (441.15761480000003)

8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1-oxoisochromene-3-carboxylic acid

C11H8O6 (236.0320868)

(2e)-n-[(2s,3r,4r,5r,6r)-2-{[(2s,3s,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-6-[(2r)-2-[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]-10-methylundec-2-enimidic acid

C35H56N4O16 (788.3691136)

2-[(2-{[2-({2-[(6-amino-2-{[2-({2-[(2-{[2-({2-[(1,3-dihydroxy-8-methyldecylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyhexylidene)amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene}amino)-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propylidene)amino]-3-methylpentanoic acid

C66H101N15O17 (1375.7499496)

2-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)benzene-1,4-diol

C7H7ClO3 (174.0083702)

3-[1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-(10-methylundecyl)-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C49H76N12O14 (1056.5603676)

3-[(3r,6s,9r,13s,16r,19r,22s,27as)-1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-[(9s)-9-methylundecyl]-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C49H76N12O14 (1056.5603676)

n-(1,4-dimethoxy-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl)-10-methyldodecanimidic acid

C19H35NO5 (357.25151000000005)

(3e,5e,7z)-8-{[(4z,6z,8e,10e,12z)-16-[(1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylpentylidene)amino]-1,3-dihydroxy-4,9-dimethylhexadeca-4,6,8,10,12-pentaen-1-ylidene]amino}-2-methylnona-3,5,7-trienoic acid

C34H50N2O6 (582.3668680000001)

2-[({1-carboxy-4-[(3,4-dicarboxy-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene)amino]butyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)methyl]-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid

C17H24N2O14 (480.1227484)

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18r,21s)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octahydroxy-15,21-bis(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-3-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-6,12-bis(hydroxymethyl)-18-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-25-(11-methyldodecyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaen-9-yl]propanoic acid

C48H76N10O16 (1048.5440496)

(3s,6s,9r,12s,15s,18r,21s,24s,27s)-12,21,27-tris(2-aminoethyl)-18-benzyl-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-nonahydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,24-diisopropyl-6,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-31-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28-nonaazacyclohentriaconta-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28-nonaen-2-one

C53H90N12O12 (1086.6800819999999)

(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-3-carboxy-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-4-carboxy-1-hydroxy-2-{[(2e)-1-hydroxy-7,9-dimethylundec-2-en-1-ylidene]amino}butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-4-methylpentanoic acid

C51H89N7O13 (1007.6518024000001)

2-acetyl-n-[2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboximidic acid

C16H15N3O2S (313.088493)

4-amino-4-[(4-carbamimidamido-1-{[({1-[(1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-3-(methylsulfanyl)propyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)methyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]butanoic acid

C22H40N8O9S (592.2638830000001)

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12s,18s,21r)-9-(carboxymethyl)-25-dodecyl-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-3,12-bis(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C54H95N7O13 (1049.69875)

4-[(14-hydroxy-24-methyl-2,16-dioxo-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,19-pentaen-8-yl)oxy]-4-oxobutanoic acid

C28H38O8 (502.2566548)

n-[(2s)-1-{[(6z,8e,10e,14s,15s,16e)-3,15-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-14,16-dimethyl-22,24-dioxo-2-azabicyclo[18.3.1]tetracosa-1(23),2,6,8,10,16,20-heptaen-13-yl]oxy}-1-oxopropan-2-yl]cyclohexanecarboximidic acid

C36H48N2O8 (636.3410488)

[(3s,6s,9s,12r,15s,16r)-6-(2-aminoethyl)-12-benzyl-9-[(2r)-butan-2-yl]-15-[(19-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxynonadecylidene)amino]-5,8,11,14-tetrahydroxy-16-methyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13-tetraazacyclohexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraen-3-yl]acetic acid

C47H79N9O9 (913.6000444)

14,16-dihydroxy-24-methyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,17,19-hexaen-8-yl 1-methyl butanedioate

C29H40O8 (516.2723040000001)

3,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(2-methylpropyl)-7-oxa-2-azatricyclo[7.4.0.0²,⁶]trideca-1(13),3,9,11-tetraene-5,8-dione

C27H23NO5 (441.15761480000003)

(5s,6s)-6-[(2z,4z,6e,11e,13z,19e)-10,16-dihydroxy-11,19-dimethyldocosa-2,4,6,11,13,19,21-heptaen-1-yl]-4,5-dimethyl-5,6-dihydropyran-2-one

C31H44O4 (480.3239424)

[(3s,6s,9s,12s,15r)-15-{[(2s,3r)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene]amino}-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino}-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino}-9-benzyl-6-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14-tetrahydroxy-3-[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-2-oxo-1-thia-4,7,10,13-tetraazacyclohexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraen-12-yl]acetic acid

C43H60N8O13S2 (960.372107)

3-[(9s,12s,18s,21r)-9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-25-(8-methylnonyl)-3,6,15,18-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-12-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C52H91N7O13 (1021.6674516)

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s)-9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,17,20,23-hexahydroxy-3-isopropyl-6,12,15,18-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-25-(12-methyltridecyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,16,19,22-hexaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C55H99N7O12 (1049.7351334)

2-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-n-[2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboximidic acid

C16H17N3O2S (315.1041422)

n-[(3r,6r,9r,12s,15r,18s,19r)-15-[(2r)-butan-2-yl]-12-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-9-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl]-15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxypentadecanimidic acid

C44H80N10O11 (924.6007730000001)

(4as,4br,6ar,7s,10ar,10br,12as)-1,1,4a,6a,8,10b-hexamethyl-7-[(3r)-3-(4-methylphenyl)butyl]-2,3,4,4b,5,6,7,8,10a,11,12,12a-dodecahydrochrysene

C35H54 (474.4225284)

6-amino-n-(1-{[3,6-bis(4-aminobutyl)-5,8,11,14-tetrahydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-16-methyl-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13-tetraazacyclohexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraen-15-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-3-methylbutyl)-2-[(2-{[2-({2-[(5-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxy-2-{[1-hydroxy-2-({1-hydroxy-2-[(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-hydroxy-2-({1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-[(1,2,3-trihydroxypropylidene)amino]pentylidene}amino)propylidene]amino}-4-methylpentylidene)amino]-4-methylpentylidene}amino)-3-methylbutylidene]amino}pentylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]hexanimidic acid

C89H164N22O21 (1877.2440774000002)

1-hydroxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-3h,6h,7h,8h,8ah-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-4-one

C11H18N2O2 (210.1368208)

(3r)-15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxy-n-[(3r,6r,9r,12s,15r,18s,19r)-5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-9-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-isopropyl-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl]pentadecanimidic acid

C46H76N10O12 (960.5643896)

(2s)-n-[(2s)-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-2-[(1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-phenylpropanimidic acid

C17H25N5O3 (347.19573)

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s)-3-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,17,20,23-hexahydroxy-6,12,15,18-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-25-(10-methylundecyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,16,19,22-hexaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C54H97N7O12 (1035.7194842)

2-amino-3-(1h-indol-2-yl)propanoic acid

C11H12N2O2 (204.0898732)

3-[9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-18-isopropyl-12-methyl-3,6,15-tris(2-methylpropyl)-25-(11-methyltridecyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C52H91N7O13 (1021.6674516)

2-hydroxy-n-[(1s)-1-[(3s)-8-hydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-benzopyran-3-yl]-3-methylbutyl]ethanimidic acid

C16H21NO5 (307.1419656)

3-[12-(4-aminobutyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-nonahydroxy-27-({1-hydroxy-2-[(1-hydroxy-2-{[hydroxy(pyrrolidin-2-yl)methylidene]amino}-4-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene)amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene}amino)-18-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6,15-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-24-isopropyl-9-methyl-2-oxo-3-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclotriaconta-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C71H102N14O21 (1486.7343602)

2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-6-oxohexyl acetate

C8H14O7 (222.0739494)

(2z,4e,7r,8s,9s,10r)-9-hydroxy-8,10-dimethyl-7-{[(2e)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]oxy}dodeca-2,4-dienimidic acid

C23H31NO4 (385.22529660000004)

3-[9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-12-isopropyl-25-(7-methylnonyl)-3,6,15,18-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C51H89N7O13 (1007.6518024000001)

n-[3-amino-1-({1-[(3-amino-1-{[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12-(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclotricosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaen-21-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-hydroxypropyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-3-hydroxy-6-methyloctanimidic acid

C56H98N16O14 (1218.7448048)

4-amino-n-[(1r,2s,3r,4r,5s)-5-amino-4-{[(2r,3r,4r,5s,6r)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3-{[(2s,3r,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanimidic acid

C21H41N5O12 (555.2751586)

n-[(2r,3r,4r,5s,6r)-2-{[(3s,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]ethanimidic acid

C14H25NO11 (383.14275399999997)

4,4'-diaponeurosporene

C30H42 (402.3286332)

2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22-undecaenedial

C30H36O2 (428.2715156)

3-[(3r,7r,10r,13r,16s,19s,22s,27ar)-1,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-7,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-16-(hydroxymethyl)-10-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-3-[(9s)-9-methylundecyl]-23-oxo-3h,4h,7h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-c]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C49H76N12O14 (1056.5603676)

3-[9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-12-isopropyl-3,6,15,18-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-25-undecyl-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C52H91N7O13 (1021.6674516)

(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(3r)-1,3-dihydroxy-11-methyltridecylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-5-methoxy-5-oxopentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-4-methylpentanoic acid

C38H70N4O9 (726.514253)

{5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-3,12-diisopropyl-25-(7-methylnonyl)-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl}acetic acid

C50H88N8O12 (992.6521368)

15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxy-n-[5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-9-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-12,15-bis(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl]pentadecanimidic acid

C43H78N10O11 (910.5851238)

23-isopropyl-26-methylidene-16-phenyl-20-(sec-butyl)-3,11,15,28-tetraoxa-7-thia-19,22,25,30,31,32,33,34-octaazahexacyclo[25.2.1.1²,⁵.1⁶,⁹.1¹⁰,¹³.1¹⁴,¹⁷]tetratriaconta-1(29),2(34),4,6(33),8,10(32),12,14(31),16,18,21,24,27(30)-tridecaene-18,21,24-triol

C35H32N8O7S (708.2114561999999)

(4r)-4-{[(2s)-2-({[(4r)-2-[(1s)-1-amino-2-methylpropyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-4-{[(1s)-1-({4-[(2s,5r,8s,11r,14s,17r,20s)-5-(3-aminopropyl)-11-benzyl-17-(carboxymethyl)-3,6,9,12,15,18,21-heptahydroxy-20-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-14-(3h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-8-isopropyl-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclohenicosa-1(21),3,6,9,12,15,18-heptaen-2-yl]butyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-2-methylpropyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butanoic acid

C63H97N17O16S (1379.7019562)

{1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-22-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-3,6,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-(11-methyltridecyl)-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-13-yl}acetic acid

C52H80N12O15 (1112.586581)

(3s)-15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxy-n-[(3r,6r,9r,12s,15s,18s,19r)-5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-9-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-isopropyl-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl]pentadecanimidic acid

C46H76N10O12 (960.5643896)

13-[21-(2-carboxyethyl)-9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-12-isopropyl-3,6,15,18-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-25-yl]-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid

C55H95N7O16 (1109.683495)

methyl 23-hydroxy-2,6,11,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20-decaenoate

C31H42O3 (462.3133782)

7,8,10,10-tetramethyl-4-[(2s,3s,4r)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]-1,4-diazatricyclo[7.3.1.0⁵,¹³]trideca-5,7,9(13)-triene-2,3-dione

C20H28N2O6 (392.1947268)

n-[(1s,2r)-2-hydroxy-1-[({[(1s)-1-{[(3s,6s,9s,12s)-4,7,10-trihydroxy-9,12-bis[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-6-(1h-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-13-oxo-1-oxa-5,8,11-triazacyclotetradeca-4,7,10-trien-3-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}ethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}methyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]propyl]-11-methyldodecanimidic acid

C42H69N11O12 (919.5126914)

8-{16-[(1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylpentylidene)amino]-3-hydroxy-4,9-dimethylhexadeca-4,6,8,10,12-pentaenamido}-2-methylnona-3,5,7-trienoic acid

C34H50N2O6 (582.3668680000001)

12,21,27-tris(2-aminoethyl)-18-benzyl-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-nonahydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,24,31-triisopropyl-6,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28-nonaazacyclohentriaconta-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28-nonaen-2-one

C52H88N12O12 (1072.6644328)

3-({4-[(3-{[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}propyl)amino]butyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-2-[({4-[(3-{[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}propyl)amino]butyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)methyl]-2-hydroxypropanoic acid

C34H50N6O11 (718.353739)

3-[(3r,6s,9r,13s,16r,19r,22s,27as)-1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-(12-methyltridecyl)-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C51H80N12O14 (1084.591666)

n-[(2r,3s,4r,5r,6s)-5-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl]ethanimidic acid

C8H16N2O4 (204.1110016)

(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-({2-[(2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-({3-[(2-{[(2r)-2-{[(2s)-2-[(2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-3-methylbutanoic acid

C79H129N21O23S2 (1803.9011164)

(-)-macrolactin a

C24H34O5 (402.24061140000003)

ethyl 2-{5-[2-({2-[5-(2-hydroxybutyl)oxolan-2-yl]propanoyl}oxy)butyl]oxolan-2-yl}propanoate

C24H42O7 (442.2930382)

3-{7-[({22-[(2-{[(6-amino-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,4-thiazepin-3-yl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene)amino]-1,4,7,10,13,16,23-heptahydroxy-15-isopropyl-21-methyl-25-(2-methylpropyl)-26-oxo-3h,6h,9h,12h,15h,18h,19h,21h,22h,25h,28h,29h,30h,30ah-pyrrolo[2,1-u]1-thia-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclooctacosan-18-yl}(hydroxy)methylidene)amino]-3,6,12,15,21,24,27-heptahydroxy-8,20-dimethyl-23-methylidene-4-(2-methylpropyl)-14-(sec-butyl)-9,19-dithia-2,5,13,16,22,25,28-heptaazabicyclo[9.9.8]octacosa-2,5,12,15,17,21,24,27-octaen-26-yl}propanoic acid

C80H120N20O21S4 (1824.7819350000002)

n-[(1r)-1-{[(1s)-1-{[(1r)-1-{[(1s)-1-{[(2s)-5-carbamimidamido-1-ethoxy-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-3-methylbutyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-hydroxyethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-7-methyloctanimidic acid

C46H69N9O9 (891.5217984)

[5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy([hydroxy((2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-{4-hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-2-oxobenzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}pentyl)oxy)phosphoryl]oxy)phosphinic acid

C27H33N9O15P2 (785.1571288000001)

3-[12-(3-aminopropyl)-5,8,9,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-decahydroxy-27-({1-hydroxy-2-[(1-hydroxy-2-{[hydroxy(pyrrolidin-2-yl)methylidene]amino}-4-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene)amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene}amino)-18-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6,15-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-24-methyl-2-oxo-3-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclotriaconta-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C67H94N14O22 (1446.6666784)

4-[(4-amino-1-{[22-(2-carboxyethyl)-6,9,12,21,24,27-hexahydroxy-10-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-25-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-19-methyl-3,18-dioxo-4-(sec-butyl)-2-oxa-5,8,11,17,20,23,26-heptaazatricyclo[28.2.2.0¹³,¹⁷]tetratriaconta-1(32),5,8,11,20,23,26,30,33-nonaen-28-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-4-[(1,3-dihydroxy-14-methylpentadecylidene)amino]butanoic acid

C72H110N12O20 (1462.795894)

2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-({2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl}oxy)butanoic acid

C26H30N4O13 (606.180929)

[(3s,6s,12s,15s,21s,24r,27s)-12-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26-octahydroxy-24-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-15-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-27-[(1-hydroxytridecylidene)amino]-3-isopropyl-28-methyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclooctacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaen-21-yl]acetic acid

C52H79N11O18 (1145.5604274)

15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxy-n-{5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-9-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12-isopropyl-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-15-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl}pentadecanimidic acid

C43H78N10O11 (910.5851238)

(4r)-4-{[(1s)-1-({4-[(2s,5r,8s,11r,14s,17r,20s)-5-(3-aminopropyl)-11-benzyl-8-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-17-(carboxymethyl)-3,6,9,12,15,18,21-heptahydroxy-20-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-14-(3h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclohenicosa-1(21),3,6,9,12,15,18-heptaen-2-yl]butyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-2-methylpropyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-4-{[(2s)-1-hydroxy-2-({hydroxy[2-(2-methylpropanoyl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]methylidene}amino)-4-methylpentylidene]amino}butanoic acid

C64H94N16O17S (1390.6703234000001)

(3r,6r,9s,12s,15r,18r,21s,24s,27r,30r,33s,36s)-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexahydroxy-3,6,9,15,18,21,27,30,33-nonaisopropyl-12,24,36-trimethyl-1,7,13,19,25,31-hexaoxa-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaazacyclohexatriaconta-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaene-2,8,14,20,26,32-hexone

C54H90N6O18 (1110.631128)

{5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-25-(9-methylundecyl)-2-oxo-3,12-bis(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl}acetic acid

C54H96N8O12 (1048.7147335999998)

6,10,12,14,28,36,40,42,44,58-decahydroxy-4,34-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-30,60-dimethoxy-16,46-dimethyl-3,33-dioxatricyclo[54.4.0.0²⁶,³¹]hexaconta-1(56),8,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,38,46,48,50,52,54,57,59-octadecaene-2,32-dione

C68H92O18 (1196.6283332)

3,9-bis(2-methylpropyl)-6,12-bis(sec-butyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododeca-1,4,7,10-tetraene-2,5,8,11-tetrol

C24H44N4O4 (452.3362384)

3-{[5-({2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene}amino)-1,2,3,4,6-pentahydroxyhexylidene]amino}-3-phenylpropanoic acid

C26H42N4O9 (554.2951642)

3-[1,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-7,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-16-(hydroxymethyl)-10-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(9-methylundecyl)-23-oxo-3h,4h,7h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-c]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C49H76N12O14 (1056.5603676)

3-[1,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-7,13,22-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-19-(hydroxymethyl)-10-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-3-octyl-23-oxo-3h,4h,7h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-c]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-16-yl]propanimidic acid

C45H68N12O14 (1000.4977708)

(1r,2e,4s,6e,8z,12r,16e,18e,20r,22r,24s)-4,20,22-trihydroxy-12-methyl-11,25-dioxabicyclo[22.1.0]pentacosa-2,6,8,16,18-pentaen-10-one

C24H34O6 (418.2355264)

(2s)-2-({[(2s)-1-[(2s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-4-methylpentanoic acid

C16H29N3O4 (327.21579540000005)

3-[1,4,7,11,14,17,20,26-octahydroxy-3,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-(12-methyltridecyl)-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C51H80N12O15 (1100.586581)

n-[(2r)-1,4-dimethoxy-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]-10-methyldodecanimidic acid

C19H35NO5 (357.25151000000005)

(2s,3r,4r)-4,8-diamino-2,3,5,7,9-pentahydroxy-n-[1-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylamino)ethyl]nonanimidic acid

C13H28N6O8 (396.1968528)

(2s,3r)-2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

C13H16N2O7 (312.0957466)

(2s,3s,4s,5s)-2-{[(2r,3r,4r,5s,6r)-5-{[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)hexanedioic acid

C22H32N5O19P (701.1429052)

4-oxo-4-{[(2r,3s,4s,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-{[5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy}oxan-2-yl]methoxy}butanoic acid

C25H24O13 (532.1216853999999)

(4s)-4-{[(2s)-2-{[(2r)-4-amino-2-{[(2s)-4-amino-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(2r)-2-[(2-{[(2r)-4-amino-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(3r,6s)-1,3-dihydroxy-6-methyloctylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino}-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino}-4-{[(1s)-1-{[(1r,2s)-1-{[(1s)-1-carboxyethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-methylbutyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-methylpropyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butanoic acid

C73H115N17O20 (1549.850387)

5-[(1-carboxyeth-1-en-1-yl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid

C10H10O6 (226.04773600000001)

6-amino-3,5,7-trihydroxyheptanoic acid

C7H15NO5 (193.09501799999998)

(2s)-4-amino-n-(5-amino-4-{[3-amino-6-(1-aminoethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-3-{[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-hydroxybutanimidic acid

C22H43N5O10 (537.3009778)

3-[(3r,6s,9r,13s,16r,19r,22s,27as)-1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-[(9r)-9-methylundecyl]-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C49H76N12O14 (1056.5603676)

β-zeacarotene

C40H58 (538.4538268)

{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN018356","Ingredient_name": "\u03b2-zeacarotene","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C40H58","Ingredient_Smile": "CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C)C)C","Ingredient_weight": "NA","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "22957","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "NA","DrugBank_id": "NA"}

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s)-3-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,17,20,23-hexahydroxy-25-(11-methyldodecyl)-6,12,15,18-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,16,19,22-hexaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C55H99N7O12 (1049.7351334)

(7e,9e,11e)-12-(16-{[(2s,3r,5s,6s)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-oxooxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-3,15,19-trimethyl-8,10-dioxo-9-oxatetracyclo[9.9.0.0²,⁶.0¹²,¹⁷]icosa-1,6,18-trien-20-yl)-3-hydroxy-2,5,7-trimethyldodeca-7,9,11-trienoic acid

C43H58O12 (766.3928068)

(2s,3s)-2-({[(2s)-1-[(2s,3s)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-methylpentanoic acid

C17H31N3O4 (341.23144460000003)

(2s,3s,4s,5r,6r)-3-{[(2r)-3-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxy-2-{[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethylidene]amino}propylidene]amino}-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-4-iminopyrimidin-1-yl)oxane-2-carboximidic acid

C17H28N10O7 (484.21423380000004)

3-[1,4,7,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,13,19-tris(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-[(5e)-10-methylundec-5-en-1-yl]-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,10h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-i]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-22-yl]propanimidic acid

C49H74N12O14 (1054.5447184)

[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s,25r)-3-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-12-isopropyl-25-(9-methyldecyl)-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl]acetic acid

C52H92N8O12 (1020.6834352)

3-(2-ethyl-6-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydroxy-n-[1-(8-hydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-benzopyran-3-yl)-3-methylbutyl]propanimidic acid

C23H33N3O7 (463.23183880000005)

4-[(4-amino-1-{[22-(2-carboxyethyl)-6,9,12,21,24,27-hexahydroxy-10-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-25-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-19-methyl-3,18-dioxo-4-(sec-butyl)-2-oxa-5,8,11,17,20,23,26-heptaazatricyclo[28.2.2.0¹³,¹⁷]tetratriaconta-1(32),5,8,11,20,23,26,30,33-nonaen-28-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-4-[(1,3-dihydroxyhexadecylidene)amino]butanoic acid

C72H110N12O20 (1462.795894)

(3r)-n-[(3r,6r,9r,12s,15r,18s,19r)-12-[(2r)-butan-2-yl]-15-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-9-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl]-15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxypentadecanimidic acid

C43H78N10O11 (910.5851238)

(2e)-2-{[(2-{2-[(12s,19s,26e,29r)-26-ethylidene-14,21,28,31-tetrahydroxy-12-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-29-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-19-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-10,17,24,34-tetrathia-6,13,20,27,30,35,36,37,38-nonaazahexacyclo[30.2.1.1⁸,¹¹.1¹⁵,¹⁸.1²²,²⁵.0²,⁷]octatriaconta-1(35),2,4,6,8,11(38),13,15,18(37),20,22,25(36),27,30,32-pentadecaen-5-yl]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl}-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-n-[(2r)-2-hydroxypropyl]but-2-enimidic acid

C48H49N13O10S6 (1159.2049494)

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12r,16s,19r,22r,27as)-1,4,7,10,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-16,22-bis(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-9-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-19-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-12-(12-methyltridecyl)-23-oxo-3h,6h,9h,12h,13h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[1,2-j]1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosan-3-yl]propanoic acid

C51H80N10O15 (1072.580433)

2-[(2-{[2-({2-[(2-{[2-({2-[(2-{[2-({3-[(2-{[2-({2-[(2-{[2-({2-[(2-{[2-({2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxypropylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene}amino)-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene)amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene}amino)-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-3-methylbutanoic acid

C79H129N21O23S2 (1803.9011164)

6-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexahydroxy-3,15,18,27,30-pentaisopropyl-9,21,33-trimethyl-12,24,36-tris(2-methylpropyl)-1,7,13,19,25,31-hexaoxa-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaazacyclohexatriaconta-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaene-2,8,14,20,26,32-hexone

C58H98N6O18 (1166.6937248000002)

ω-cycloheptylundecanoic acid

C18H34O2 (282.2558664)

(2r,3r)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2r,3r)-2-{[(2s)-6-amino-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(3r)-1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyldecylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino}-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino}-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino}-3-methylpentanoic acid

C63H103N15O18 (1357.7605138000001)

n-[1-(8-hydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-benzopyran-3-yl)-3-methylbutyl]-2-(5-hydroxy-3,4-dihydropyrrol-2-ylidene)ethanimidic acid

C20H24N2O5 (372.1685134)

2-[(2-{[3-carboxy-2-({2-[(2-{[2-({4-carboxy-2-[(1,3-dihydroxy-11-methyltridecylidene)amino]-1-hydroxybutylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene}amino)-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene)amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid

C52H93N7O14 (1039.6780158000001)

(4r)-4-{[(1r,2r)-1-{[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15s,18r,21s)-18-(3-aminopropyl)-12-benzyl-15-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-6-(carboxymethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-9-(3h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclopentacosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaen-21-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-methylbutyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-4-{[(2s)-1-hydroxy-2-{[hydroxy({2-[(2r)-2-methylbutanoyl]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl})methylidene]amino}-4-methylpentylidene]amino}butanoic acid

C66H98N16O17S (1418.7016218)

2-{[(2-{2-[26-ethylidene-14,21,28,31-tetrahydroxy-12,29-bis(1-hydroxyethyl)-19-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-10,17,24,34-tetrathia-6,13,20,27,30,35,36,37,38-nonaazahexacyclo[30.2.1.1⁸,¹¹.1¹⁵,¹⁸.1²²,²⁵.0²,⁷]octatriaconta-1(35),2,4,6,8,11(38),13,15,18(37),20,22,25(36),27,30,32-pentadecaen-5-yl]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl}-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-n-(2-hydroxypropyl)but-2-enimidic acid

C48H49N13O10S6 (1159.2049494)

(4s)-4-{[(1r)-4-amino-1-{[(4s,7s,10s,13s,19r,22s,28r)-4-[(2r)-butan-2-yl]-22-(2-carboxyethyl)-6,9,12,21,24,27-hexahydroxy-10-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-25-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-19-methyl-3,18-dioxo-2-oxa-5,8,11,17,20,23,26-heptaazatricyclo[28.2.2.0¹³,¹⁷]tetratriaconta-1(32),5,8,11,20,23,26,30,33-nonaen-28-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-4-[(1,3-dihydroxyhexadecylidene)amino]butanoic acid

C72H110N12O20 (1462.795894)

2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-({2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-({2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]but-2-enoyl}oxy)butanoyl}oxy)butanoic acid

C39H42N6O18 (882.2555472000001)

2-[(2-{[2-({2-[(1,3-dihydroxy-11-methyltridecylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-5-methoxy-5-oxopentylidene}amino)-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene)amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid

C38H70N4O9 (726.514253)

(2s)-1-[(2s,5r)-5-[(2r)-1-ethoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]oxolan-2-yl]butan-2-yl (2s)-2-[(2s,5r)-5-[(2r)-2-hydroxypropyl]oxolan-2-yl]propanoate

C23H40O7 (428.277389)

(2s)-4-amino-n-[5-amino-4-({3-amino-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[(methylamino)methyl]oxan-2-yl}oxy)-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanimidic acid

C17H35N5O8 (437.248551)

26-ethylidene-23-methyl-16-phenyl-20-(sec-butyl)-3,15,28-trioxa-7,11-dithia-19,22,25,30,31,32,33,34-octaazahexacyclo[25.2.1.1²,⁵.1⁶,⁹.1¹⁰,¹³.1¹⁴,¹⁷]tetratriaconta-1(29),2(34),4,6(33),8,10(32),12,14(31),16,18,21,24,27(30)-tridecaene-18,21,24-triol

C34H30N8O6S2 (710.1729640000001)

2-oxo-2-phenylethyl 11-cycloheptyl-2-hydroxyundecanoate

C26H40O4 (416.29264400000005)

3,11-dihydroxydodeca-4,6-dienoic acid

C12H20O4 (228.136152)

(4s)-4,9-dimethyldecanoic acid

C12H24O2 (200.1776204)

15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxy-n-{5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-9-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-12,15-bis(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl}pentadecanimidic acid

C44H80N10O11 (924.6007730000001)

2-[(1-hydroxy-11-methyldodecylidene)amino]-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propanoic acid

C17H32N2O4 (328.23619520000005)

4-amino-n-(5-amino-4-{[3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-hydroxybutanimidic acid

C16H33N5O7 (407.2379868)

{5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-12-isopropyl-25-(9-methyldecyl)-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-3-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl}acetic acid

C52H92N8O12 (1020.6834352)

(3s,6s,9s,12s,15s,18s)-3-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-6,12,18-trimethyl-9,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclooctadeca-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaene-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexol

C27H48N6O6 (552.3635148)

3-[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18r,21s,25s)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octahydroxy-15,21-bis(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-3-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-6,12-bis(hydroxymethyl)-18-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-25-(11-methyldodecyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaen-9-yl]propanoic acid

C48H76N10O16 (1048.5440496)

3-[9-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-12-isopropyl-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-25-(10-methylundecyl)-2-oxo-3-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C53H93N7O13 (1035.6831008)

3-amino-2-hydroxy-2-(3h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid

C11H19N3O3 (241.1426344)

2-({1,3-dihydroxy-2-[(1-hydroxy-6-methyloctylidene)amino]propylidene}amino)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid

C21H32N2O6 (408.2260252)

[(3s,6s,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s,25r)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-3,12-diisopropyl-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-25-[(9s)-9-methylundecyl]-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl]acetic acid

C52H92N8O12 (1020.6834352)

(2r)-2-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methylhexan-3-one

C13H18O3 (222.1255878)

n-[(2s,3s)-2-[(s)-hydroxy({[(1s)-1-[(3s)-8-hydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-benzopyran-3-yl]-3-methylbutyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl})methyl]-5-oxooxolan-3-yl]-13-methyltetradecanimidic acid

C35H54N2O8 (630.3879964)

3-[16-(6,8-dimethyldecyl)-5,8,11,14-tetrahydroxy-6,9,12-tris(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13-tetraazacyclohexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraen-3-yl]propanoic acid

C38H68N4O8 (708.5036888000001)

5-amino-6-[(6-amino-2-{[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexyl)oxy]-2-(aminomethyl)oxane-3,4-diol

C17H33N3O11 (455.21149879999996)

2-[(2-{[4-carboxy-2-({2-[(1,3-dihydroxy-8,10-dimethyldodecylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene}amino)-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene)amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid

C37H68N4O9 (712.4986038000001)

(2s)-11-cycloheptyl-2-hydroxyundecanoic acid

C18H34O3 (298.2507814)

2-[(1-hydroxy-9-methyldecylidene)amino]-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propanoic acid

C15H28N2O4 (300.20489680000003)

(3s,6s,9s,12s)-3,9-bis[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-6,12-bis(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododeca-1,4,7,10-tetraene-2,5,8,11-tetrol

C24H44N4O4 (452.3362384)

3-[(3s,6s,9s,12s,15s,18s,21s,25r)-9-(carboxymethyl)-25-dodecyl-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-12,18-diisopropyl-3,6,15-tris(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C52H91N7O13 (1021.6674516)

(4as,4br,6ar,7s,10ar,10br,12as)-1,1,4a,6a,10b-pentamethyl-8-methylidene-7-[(3r)-3-(4-methylphenyl)butyl]-dodecahydro-2h-chrysene

C35H54 (474.4225284)

(3r)-3-{[(2r,3s,4s,5r)-5-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1,2,3,4,6-pentahydroxyhexylidene]amino}-3-phenylpropanoic acid

C26H42N4O9 (554.2951642)

{5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-12-isopropyl-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-25-(9-methylundecyl)-2-oxo-3-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl}acetic acid

C53H94N8O12 (1034.6990844)

n-[(1r)-1-{[(1r)-1-{[(1r)-1-{[(1r)-4-amino-1-{[(1s)-4-amino-1-[({[(1r)-4-amino-1-{[(1s)-1-{[(9s,12s,15s,16r)-12-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14-tetrahydroxy-9-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-16-methyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13-tetraazacyclohexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraen-15-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}methyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]butyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-hydroxyethyl]-7-methyloctanimidic acid

C78H113N19O18 (1603.8510558)

(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-4-carboxy-2-{[(3r)-1,3-dihydroxy-8,10-dimethyldodecylidene]amino}-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-4-methylpentanoic acid

C37H68N4O9 (712.4986038000001)

14-hydroxy-16-methoxy-24-methyl-8-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,17,19-hexaen-2-one

C31H46O10 (578.3090816)

5-[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-11-methyl-4,10-dithia-6,11-diazatricyclo[6.2.1.0²,⁶]undecan-7-one

C17H19N3O2S3 (393.0639354)

4-{[6-({15-[(1-carboxyethyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-methylpentadecan-3-yl}oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid

C30H53NO12 (619.3567578)

(2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy(1,2,3,4,5,6-¹³c₆)hexanal

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

4-[(4-amino-1-{[22-(2-carboxyethyl)-6,9,12,21,24,27-hexahydroxy-10-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-25-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-3,18-dioxo-19-propyl-4-(sec-butyl)-2-oxa-5,8,11,17,20,23,26-heptaazatricyclo[28.2.2.0¹³,¹⁷]tetratriaconta-1(32),5,8,11,20,23,26,30,33-nonaen-28-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-4-[(1,3-dihydroxy-14-methylhexadecylidene)amino]butanoic acid

C75H116N12O20 (1504.8428416000002)

3-[(5-amino-1,2,3,4,6-pentahydroxyhexylidene)amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid

C15H22N2O7 (342.1426942)

methyl (2e,4e,6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e)-23-hydroxy-2,6,11,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20-decaenoate

C31H42O3 (462.3133782)

3-{[(3z,5e,8s,9e,11z,14s,16r,17e,19e,24r)-14,16-dihydroxy-24-methyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,17,19-hexaen-8-yl]oxy}-3-oxopropanoic acid

C27H36O8 (488.2410056)

n-[(1s)-1-[(5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-phenylethyl]-3-methylbutanimidic acid

C20H31N5O3 (389.2426776)

(2r,3s,5r)-8-amino-n-[(1r)-1-{[(1s)-1-{[(1r,2r)-2-amino-1-{[(2s,3r,5s)-6-{[(1s)-1-{[({3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)methyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-1,3,5-trihydroxyhexan-2-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-5-carbamimidamidopentyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}ethyl]-2,3,5-trihydroxyoctanimidic acid

C42H86N16O13 (1022.6559946)

3-[(14,16-dihydroxy-24-methyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,17,19-hexaen-8-yl)oxy]-3-oxopropanoic acid

C27H36O8 (488.2410056)

(2s)-2-({[(1r)-1-carboxy-4-{[(3s)-3,4-dicarboxy-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino}butyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}methyl)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid

C17H24N2O14 (480.1227484)

(3r,6r,9s,12s,15r,18r,21s,24s,27r,30r,33s,36s)-6,18,30-tris[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexahydroxy-3,9,15,21,27,33-hexaisopropyl-12,24,36-trimethyl-1,7,13,19,25,31-hexaoxa-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaazacyclohexatriaconta-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexaene-2,8,14,20,26,32-hexone

C57H96N6O18 (1152.6780756)

(2s)-2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1-phenylhexan-3-one

C13H18O2 (206.1306728)

(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-4-carboxy-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(3r)-1,3-dihydroxy-11-methyltridecylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-4-methylpentanoic acid

C37H68N4O9 (712.4986038000001)

(2s,3s,4r,5r,6r)-7-[(3as,5ar,5br,7as,11as,11br,13ar,13bs)-5a,5b,8,8,11a,13b-hexamethyl-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-3-yl]-1-{[(2s,3s,4r,5s,6r)-3-[(8-cyclohexyloctyl)amino]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octane-2,3,4,5,6-pentol

C55H99NO10 (933.7268594)

(2s,3s,4s,5r,6r)-n-{3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl}-3-{[(2r)-3-carbamimidamido-1-hydroxy-2-{[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethylidene]amino}propylidene]amino}-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-4-iminopyrimidin-1-yl)oxane-2-carboximidic acid

C24H44N12O7 (612.3455753999999)

(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s,3s)-2-{[(2s,3s)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}pentanedioic acid

C25H45N6O13P (668.278209)

3-[(3s,6r,9r,12s,15s,18r,21s,25r)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octahydroxy-15,21-bis(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-3-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-6,12-bis(hydroxymethyl)-18-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-25-(11-methyldodecyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazacyclopentacosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaen-9-yl]propanoic acid

C48H76N10O16 (1048.5440496)

4-[(4-amino-1-{[22-(2-carboxyethyl)-6,9,12,21,24,27-hexahydroxy-10-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-25-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-19-isopropyl-3,18-dioxo-4-(sec-butyl)-2-oxa-5,8,11,17,20,23,26-heptaazatricyclo[28.2.2.0¹³,¹⁷]tetratriaconta-1(32),5,8,11,20,23,26,30,33-nonaen-28-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-4-[(1-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecylidene)amino]butanoic acid

C75H116N12O19 (1488.8479266000002)

(2s,3r)-2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-{[(2s,3r)-2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-{[(2z)-2-[(2-{[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]but-2-enoyl]oxy}butanoyl]oxy}butanoic acid

C39H42N6O18 (882.2555472000001)

(3z,5e,8s,9e,11z,14s,16r,17e,19e,24r)-14,16-dihydroxy-24-methyl-8-{[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,17,19-hexaen-2-one

C30H44O10 (564.2934324)

n-(2-{[3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl)ethanimidic acid

C14H25NO11 (383.14275399999997)

(3z,5e,9e,11z,17e,19z)-8,14,16-trihydroxy-24-methyl-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,17,19-hexaen-2-one

C24H34O5 (402.24061140000003)

(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-3-carboxy-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-4-carboxy-2-{[(3r)-1,3-dihydroxy-11-methyltridecylidene]amino}-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-4-methylpentanoic acid

C52H93N7O14 (1039.6780158000001)

15-carbamimidamido-3-hydroxy-n-[(3r,6r,9r,15r,18s)-5,8,11,14,17-pentahydroxy-6-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-9-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-isopropyl-3,19-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,7,10,13,16-pentaen-18-yl]pentadecanimidic acid

C46H76N10O12 (960.5643896)

2-oxo-2-phenylethyl 11-cycloheptylundecanoate

C26H40O3 (400.297729)

[12-(carboxymethyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26-octahydroxy-24-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-15-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-6-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-27-[(1-hydroxytridecylidene)amino]-3-isopropyl-28-methyl-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclooctacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaen-21-yl]acetic acid

C52H79N11O18 (1145.5604274)

2-[(3r)-heptan-3-yl]-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-4-ol

C15H22N2O (246.1732042)

3-[12-(3-aminopropyl)-5,8,9,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-decahydroxy-27-({1-hydroxy-2-[(1-hydroxy-2-{[hydroxy((2s)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)methylidene]amino}-4-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene)amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene}amino)-18-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6,15-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-24-methyl-2-oxo-3-(sec-butyl)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclotriaconta-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaen-21-yl]propanoic acid

C67H94N14O22 (1446.6666784)

8-amino-n-{1-[(1-{[2-amino-1-({6-[(1-{[({3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)methyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(methylamino)ethyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-1,3,5-trihydroxyhexan-2-yl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-5-carbamimidamidopentyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(methylamino)ethyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]ethyl}-2,3,5-trihydroxyoctanimidic acid

C42H86N16O13 (1022.6559946)

[(3s,6r,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s,25r)-3-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-5,8,11,14,17,20,23-heptahydroxy-21-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-12-isopropyl-25-(8-methylnonyl)-6,15,18-tris(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaen-9-yl]acetic acid

C51H90N8O12 (1006.667786)

(8s,9e,14s,16r,17e,19e,24r)-14-hydroxy-16-methoxy-24-methyl-8-{[(2s,3s,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,17,19-hexaen-2-one

C31H46O10 (578.3090816)

n-(3-amino-1-{[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptahydroxy-3,12-bis(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclotricosa-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaen-21-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl)-3-hydroxy-8-methyldecanimidic acid

C52H91N13O10 (1057.7011506)

(3z,5e,8s,9e,11e,14s,16r,17e,19e,24s)-8,14-dihydroxy-24-methyl-16-{[(2r,3r,4r,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-1-oxacyclotetracosa-3,5,9,11,17,19-hexaen-2-one

C30H44O10 (564.2934324)

[7,19-dimethyl-2-(3-methylhexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-20-methylidene-22-oxo-1-oxacyclodocosa-4,6,12,14,16-pentaen-8-yl]oxyphosphonic acid

C31H45O6P (544.29536)

(1s,3e,5z,9s,13e,15e,17r,19s,21z,23e)-17-hydroxy-9-methyl-8,25-dioxabicyclo[17.5.1]pentacosa-3,5,13,15,21,23-hexaen-7-one

C24H32O4 (384.2300472)

(2s)-6-amino-2-{[(2r)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2r)-6-amino-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2r)-5-amino-2-{[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-n-[(1r)-1-{[(1s)-1-{[(1s)-1-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-2-methylpropyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-3-methylbutyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]hexanimidic acid

C74H133N17O15 (1500.0166548)