Reaction Process: Plant Reactome:R-OSA-5655122
Amino acid biosynthesis related metabolites
find 135 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Amino acid biosynthesis
ATP + CoA + propionate ⟶ AMP + PPi + PROP-CoA
Trimethylglycine
Glycine betaine is the amino acid betaine derived from glycine. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is an amino-acid betaine and a glycine derivative. It is a conjugate base of a N,N,N-trimethylglycinium. Betaine is a methyl group donor that functions in the normal metabolic cycle of methionine. It is a naturally occurring choline derivative commonly ingested through diet, with a role in regulating cellular hydration and maintaining cell function. Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder that leads to the accumulation of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Currently, no treatments are available to correct the genetic causes of homocystinuria. However, in order to normalize homocysteine levels, patients can be treated with vitamin B6 ([pyridoxine]), vitamin B12 ([cobalamin]), [folate] and specific diets. Betaine reduces plasma homocysteine levels in patients with homocystinuria. Although it is present in many food products, the levels found there are insufficient to treat this condition. The FDA and EMA have approved the product Cystadane (betaine anhydrous, oral solution) for the treatment of homocystinuria, and the EMA has approved the use of Amversio (betaine anhydrous, oral powder). Betaine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Betaine is a Methylating Agent. The mechanism of action of betaine is as a Methylating Activity. Betaine is a modified amino acid consisting of glycine with three methyl groups that serves as a methyl donor in several metabolic pathways and is used to treat the rare genetic causes of homocystinuria. Betaine has had only limited clinical use, but has not been linked to instances of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury. Betaine is a natural product found in Hypoestes phyllostachya, Barleria lupulina, and other organisms with data available. Betaine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341) See also: Arnica montana Flower (part of); Betaine; panthenol (component of); Betaine; scutellaria baicalensis root (component of) ... View More ... A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AA - Amino acids and derivatives D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D008082 - Lipotropic Agents Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 42 D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents KEIO_ID B047
Shikimic acid
Shikimic acid is a cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a cyclohexenecarboxylic acid, a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and an alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a shikimate. Shikimic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Shikimic acid is a natural product found in Quercus mongolica, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. Shikimic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it. Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. It is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi (the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated. Shikimic acid is a precursor for: the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine; indole, indole derivatives and tryptophan; many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites; tannins; and lignin. In pharmaceutical industry, shikimic acid from chinese star anise is used as a base material for production of Tamiflu (oseltamivir). Although shikimic acid is present in most autotrophic organisms, it is a biosynthetic intermediate and generally found in very low concentrations. A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 175 KEIO_ID S012 Shikimic acid is a key metabolic intermediate of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway, found in microbes and plants. Shikimic acid is a key metabolic intermediate of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway, found in microbes and plants.
2-Aminobenzoic acid
2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is an organic compound. It is a substrate of enzyme anthranilate hydroxylase [EC 1.14.13.35] in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). [HMDB]. Anthranilic acid is found in many foods, some of which are butternut squash, sunflower, ginger, and hyssop. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8844 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8009 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 115 KEIO_ID A010
2-Oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid
2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate, also known as 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid, 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate or 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as thia- fatty acids. Thia-fatty acids are fatty acid derivatives obtained by insertion of a sulfur atom at specific positions in the chain. Thus, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate is a fatty acid lipid molecule. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate can be synthesized from L-methionine and butyric acid. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate can also be synthesized into S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate can be found in a number of food items such as cloves, highbush blueberries, common beets, and cashew nuts. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate can be found in urine. Within the cell, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate is primarily located in the cytoplasm and in the membrane. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate has been found in all living species, from bacteria to humans. In humans, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate is found to be involved in several metabolic disorders, some of those are S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency (MTHFRD), methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, and glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency. 4-Methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid is the direct precursor of methional, which is a potent inducer of apoptosis in a BAF3 murine lymphoid cell line which is interleukin-3 (IL3)-dependent (PMID: 7848263). 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, also known as 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate or 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate, is a member of the class of compounds known as thia fatty acids. Thia fatty acids are fatty acid derivatives obtained by insertion of a sulfur atom at specific positions in the chain. Thus, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid can be synthesized from L-methionine and butyric acid. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid can also be synthesized into S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid can be found in a number of food items such as leek, hickory nut, brussel sprouts, and giant butterbur, which makes 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid can be found primarily in urine. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid is involved in the methionine metabolism. 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency, homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defect in cobalamin metabolism, cblg complementation type, glycine n-methyltransferase deficiency, and cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency.
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, also known as PRPP or PRib-PP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine monophosphate through its interaction with the enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. In addition, guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine monophosphate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. In humans, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is involved in adenosine deaminase deficiency. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is a pentosephosphate and it is the key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. It is formed from ribose 5-phosphate by the enzyme ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase. It plays a role in transferring phosphate groups in several reactions. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is a pentosephosphate. The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID P023 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
L-Cystathionine
Cystathionine is a dipeptide formed by serine and homocysteine. Cystathioninuria is a prominent manifestation of vitamin-B6 deficiency. The transsulfuration of methionine yields homocysteine, which combines with serine to form cystathionine, the proximate precursor of cysteine through the enzymatic activity of cystathionase. In conditions in which cystathionine gamma-synthase or cystathionase is deficient, for example, there is cystathioninuria. Although cystathionine has not been detected in normal human serum or plasma by most conventional methods, gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric methodology detected a mean concentration of cystathionine in normal human serum of 140 nM, with a range of 65 to 301 nM. Cystathionine concentrations in CSF have been 10, 1, and 0.5 uM, and "not detected". Only traces (i.e., <1 uM) of cystathionine are present in normal CSF.587. Gamma-cystathionase deficiency (also known as Cystathioninuria), which is an autosomal recessive disorder (NIH: 2428), provided the first instance in which, in a human, the major biochemical abnormality due to a defined enzyme defect was clearly shown to be alleviated by administration of large doses of pyridoxine. The response in gamma-cystathionase-deficient patients is not attributable to correction of a preexisting deficiency of this vitamin (OMMBID, Chap. 88). Isolated from Phallus impudicus (common stinkhorn) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 146 KEIO_ID C019; [MS2] KO008910 KEIO_ID C047 KEIO_ID C019 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 30 L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2]. L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection[1][2].
Homocysteine
A high level of blood serum homocysteine is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, one study which attempted to decrease the risk by lowering homocysteine was not fruitful. This study was conducted on nearly 5000 Norwegian heart attack survivors who already had severe, late-stage heart disease. No study has yet been conducted in a preventive capacity on subjects who are in a relatively good state of health.; Elevated levels of homocysteine have been linked to increased fractures in elderly persons. The high level of homocysteine will auto-oxidize and react with reactive oxygen intermediates and damage endothelial cells and has a higher risk to form a thrombus. Homocysteine does not affect bone density. Instead, it appears that homocysteine affects collagen by interfering with the cross-linking between the collagen fibers and the tissues they reinforce. Whereas the HOPE-2 trial showed a reduction in stroke incidence, in those with stroke there is a high rate of hip fractures in the affected side. A trial with 2 homocysteine-lowering vitamins (folate and B12) in people with prior stroke, there was an 80\\\\\\% reduction in fractures, mainly hip, after 2 years. Interestingly, also here, bone density (and the number of falls) were identical in the vitamin and the placebo groups.; Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Although its concentration in plasma is only about 10 micromolar (uM), even moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimers disease. Elevations in plasma homocysteine are commonly found as a result of vitamin deficiencies, polymorphisms of enzymes of methionine metabolism, and renal disease. Pyridoxal, folic acid, riboflavin, and Vitamin B(12) are all required for methionine metabolism, and deficiency of each of these vitamins result in elevated plasma homocysteine. A polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T), which is quite common in most populations with a homozygosity rate of 10-15 \\\\\\%, is associated with moderate hyperhomocysteinemia, especially in the context of marginal folate intake. Plasma homocysteine is inversely related to plasma creatinine in patients with renal disease. This is due to an impairment in homocysteine removal in renal disease. The role of these factors, and of modifiable lifestyle factors, in affecting methionine metabolism and in determining plasma homocysteine levels is discussed. Homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor modifiable by nutrition and possibly exercise. Homocysteine was first identified as an important biological compound in 1932 and linked with human disease in 1962 when elevated urinary homocysteine levels were found in children with mental retardation. This condition, called homocysteinuria, was later associated with premature occlusive CVD, even in children. These observations led to research investigating the relationship of elevated homocysteine levels and CVD in a wide variety of populations including middle age and elderly men and women with and without traditional risk factors for CVD. (PMID 17136938, 15630149); Homocysteine is an amino acid with the formula HSCH2CH2CH(NH2)CO2H. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene (-CH2-) group. It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal C? methyl group. Homocysteine can be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of B-vitamins.; Studies reported in 2006 have shown that giving vitamins [folic acid, B6 and B12] to reduce homocysteine levels may not quickly offer benefit, however a significant 25\\\\\\% reduction in stroke was found in the HOPE-2 study even in patients mostly with existing serious arterial decline although the overall death rate was not significantly changed by the intervention in the trial. Clearly, reducing homocysteine does not quickly repair existing... Homocysteine (CAS: 454-29-5) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Although its concentration in plasma is only about 10 micromolar (uM), even moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimers disease. Elevations in plasma homocysteine are commonly found as a result of vitamin deficiencies, polymorphisms of enzymes of methionine metabolism, and renal disease. It has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Pyridoxal, folic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin B(12) are all required for methionine metabolism, and deficiency of each of these vitamins result in elevated plasma homocysteine. A polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T), which is quite common in most populations with a homozygosity rate of 10-15 \\\\\\%, is associated with moderate hyperhomocysteinemia, especially in the context of marginal folate intake. Plasma homocysteine is inversely related to plasma creatinine in patients with renal disease. This is due to an impairment in homocysteine removal in renal disease. The role of these factors, and of modifiable lifestyle factors, in affecting methionine metabolism and in determining plasma homocysteine levels is discussed. Homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor modifiable by nutrition and possibly exercise. Homocysteine was first identified as an important biological compound in 1932 and linked with human disease in 1962 when elevated urinary homocysteine levels were found in children with mental retardation. This condition, called homocystinuria, was later associated with premature occlusive CVD, even in children. These observations led to research investigating the relationship of elevated homocysteine levels and CVD in a wide variety of populations including middle age and elderly men and women with and without traditional risk factors for CVD (PMID: 17136938 , 15630149). Moreover, homocysteine is found to be associated with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, cystathioninuria, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency, and sulfite oxidase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. [Spectral] L-Homocysteine (exact mass = 135.0354) and L-Valine (exact mass = 117.07898) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Homocysteine is biosynthesized naturally via a multi-step process.[9] First, methionine receives an adenosine group from ATP, a reaction catalyzed by S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase, to give S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e). SAM-e then transfers the methyl group to an acceptor molecule, (e.g., norepinephrine as an acceptor during epinephrine synthesis, DNA methyltransferase as an intermediate acceptor in the process of DNA methylation). The adenosine is then hydrolyzed to yield L-homocysteine. L-Homocysteine has two primary fates: conversion via tetrahydrofolate (THF) back into L-methionine or conversion to L-cysteine.[10] Biosynthesis of cysteine Mammals biosynthesize the amino acid cysteine via homocysteine. Cystathionine β-synthase catalyses the condensation of homocysteine and serine to give cystathionine. This reaction uses pyridoxine (vitamin B6) as a cofactor. Cystathionine γ-lyase then converts this double amino acid to cysteine, ammonia, and α-ketobutyrate. Bacteria and plants rely on a different pathway to produce cysteine, relying on O-acetylserine.[11] Methionine salvage Homocysteine can be recycled into methionine. This process uses N5-methyl tetrahydrofolate as the methyl donor and cobalamin (vitamin B12)-related enzymes. More detail on these enzymes can be found in the article for methionine synthase. Other reactions of biochemical significance Homocysteine can cyclize to give homocysteine thiolactone, a five-membered heterocycle. Because of this "self-looping" reaction, homocysteine-containing peptides tend to cleave themselves by reactions generating oxidative stress.[12] Homocysteine also acts as an allosteric antagonist at Dopamine D2 receptors.[13] It has been proposed that both homocysteine and its thiolactone may have played a significant role in the appearance of life on the early Earth.[14] L-Homocysteine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=454-28-4 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 6027-13-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Homocysteine is a weak neurotoxin, and can affect the production of kynurenic acid in the brain. DL-Homocysteine is a weak neurotoxin, and can affect the production of kynurenic acid in the brain. L-Homocysteine, a homocysteine metabolite, is a homocysteine that has L configuration. L-Homocysteine induces upregulation of cathepsin V that mediates vascular endothelial inflammation in hyperhomocysteinaemia[1][2].
Canavanine
L-Canavanine, a non-protein amino acid of certain leguminous plants, is related structurally to the protein amino acid, L-arginine. Canavanine is accumulated primarily in the seeds where it serves both as a defensive compound against herbivores and a vital source of nitrogen for the growing embryo. Organisms that consume it can mistakenly incorporate it into their own proteins, in the place of arginine thereby producing structurally aberrant proteins that may not function properly or not at all. Some specialized herbivores tolerate L-canavanine either because they metabolize it efficiently or avoid its incorporation into their own nascent proteins. Stored in large quantities in the seeds of leguminous plants in three subfamilies. Isol. originally from Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) KEIO_ID C094
L-Histidinol
L-Histidinol, a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, enhances the toxicity of a variety of anticancer drugs for many tumour cells of animal origin (PMID:8297120). L-Histidinol inhibits human myristoyl-CoA:protein-myristoyltransferase (hNMT), an essential eukaryotic enzyme that catalyzes the cotranslational transfer of myristate into the NH2-terminal glycine residue of a number of important proteins of diverse function (PMID:9778369). L-Histidinol, a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, enhances the toxicity of a variety of anticancer drugs for many tumor cells of animal origin. (PMID 8297120)
L-Homoserine
L-homoserine, also known as 2-amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid or isothreonine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-homoserine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-homoserine can be found in common pea, which makes L-homoserine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. L-homoserine can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. L-homoserine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-homoserine is involved in the methionine metabolism. L-homoserine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include glycine n-methyltransferase deficiency, hypermethioninemia, cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency (MTHFRD). Homoserine (also called isothreonine) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2OH. L-Homoserine is not one of the common amino acids encoded by DNA. It differs from the proteinogenic amino acid serine by insertion of an additional -CH2- unit into the backbone. Homoserine, or its lactone form, is the product of a cyanogen bromide cleavage of a peptide by degradation of methionine . Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite. L-Homoserine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=672-15-1 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 672-15-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Homoserine is a non - protein amino acid, which is an important biosynthetic intermediate of threonine, methionine and lysine. L-Homoserine is a non - protein amino acid, which is an important biosynthetic intermediate of threonine, methionine and lysine.
N-acetylglutamate
N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid or N-Acetylglutamate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetyl-L-glutamate can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetyl-L-glutamate is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-glutamic acid. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\\\% of all human proteins and 68\\\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylglutamate can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free glutamic acid can also occur. In particular, N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid can be biosynthesized from glutamate and acetylornithine by ornithine acetyltransferase, and from glutamic acid and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme known as N-acetylglutamate synthase. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is the first intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of arginine in prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes and a regulator of the urea cycle in vertebrates. In vertebrates, N-acetylglutamic acid is the allosteric activator molecule to mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSI) which is the first enzyme in the urea cycle. It triggers the production of the first urea cycle intermediate, a compound known as carbamyl phosphate. Notably the CPSI enzyme is inactive when N-acetylglutamic acid is not present. A deficiency in N-acetyl glutamate synthase or a genetic mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme will lead to urea cycle failure in which ammonia is not converted to urea, but rather accumulated in the blood leading to the condition called Type I hyperammonemia. Excessive amounts N-acetyl amino acids can be detected in the urine with individuals with aminoacylase I deficiency, a genetic disorder (PMID: 16465618). These include N-acetylalanine (as well as N-acetylserine, N-acetylglutamine, N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylglycine, N-acetylmethionine and smaller amounts of N-acetylthreonine, N-acetylleucine, N-acetylvaline and N-acetylisoleucine. Aminoacylase I is a soluble homodimeric zinc binding enzyme that catalyzes the formation of free aliphatic amino acids from N-acetylated precursors. In humans, Aminoacylase I is encoded by the aminoacylase 1 gene (ACY1) on chromosome 3p21 that consists of 15 exons (OMIM 609924). Individuals with aminoacylase I deficiency w... N-acetyl-l-glutamate, also known as L-N-acetylglutamic acid or ac-glu-oh, belongs to glutamic acid and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. N-acetyl-l-glutamate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-acetyl-l-glutamate can be found in a number of food items such as cardoon, almond, butternut squash, and avocado, which makes N-acetyl-l-glutamate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-acetyl-l-glutamate may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID A031 N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, a glutamic acid, is a component of animal cell culturing media. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human[1]. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, a glutamic acid, is a component of animal cell culturing media. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human[1].
N-alpha-acetylornithine
N2-Acetylornithine, also known as N(alpha)-acetylornithine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acids. These are N-acylated alpha-amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. N-Acetylornithine is a minor component of the deproteinized blood plasma of human blood. Human blood plasma contains a variable amount of acetylornithine, averaging 1.1 +/- 0.4 umol/L (range 0.8-0.2 umol/L). Urine contains a very small amount of acetylornithine, approximately 1 nmol/mg creatinine (1 umol/day) (PMID:508804). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 160 KEIO_ID A032 N-Acetylornithine is an intermediate in the enzymatic biosynthesis of the amino acid L-arginine from L-glutamate.
O-Acetylserine
O-Acetylserine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2OC(O)CH3. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the common amino acid cysteine in bacteria and plants. O-Acetylserine is biosynthesized by acetylation of the serine by the enzyme serine transacetylase. The enzyme O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase, using sulfide sources, converts this ester into cysteine, releasing acetate. O-Acetylserine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. O-Acetylserine (OASS) is an acylated amino acid derivative. O-Acetylserine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, O-Acetylserine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as okra, vaccinium (blueberry, cranberry, huckleberry), rapes, sparkleberries, and lingonberries. This could make O-acetylserine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. O-acetyl-l-serine, also known as L-serine, acetate (ester) or (2s)-3-acetyloxy-2-aminopropanoate, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. O-acetyl-l-serine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). O-acetyl-l-serine can be found in a number of food items such as sorrel, summer savory, purslane, and cherimoya, which makes O-acetyl-l-serine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. O-acetyl-l-serine can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. O-acetyl-l-serine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. O-Acetylserine (O-Acetyl-L-serine) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid cysteine in bacteria and plants.
Diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic acid or DAPA is a lysine-like amino acid derivative that is a key component of the bacterial cell wall. DAPA is incorporated or integrated into peptidoglycan of gram negative bacteria and is the attachment point for Brauns lipoprotein (BLP or Murein Lipoprotein). BLP is found in gram-negative cell walls and is one of the most abundant membrane proteins. BLP is bound at its C-terminal end (a lysine) by a covalent bond to the peptidoglycan layer (specifically to diaminopimelic acid molecules) and is embedded in the outer membrane by its hydrophobic head (a cysteine with lipids attached). BLP tightly links the two layers and provides structural integrity to the bacterial outer membrane. Diaminopimelic acid can be found in human urine or feces due to the lysis or enzymatic breakdown of gram negative gut microbes. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. 2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
Phenylpyruvate
Phenylpyruvic acid is a keto-acid that is an intermediate or catabolic byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism. It has a slight honey-like odor. Levels of phenylpyruvate are normally very low in blood or urine. High levels of phenylpyruvic acid can be found in the urine of individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU), an inborn error of metabolism. PKU is due to lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), so that phenylalanine is converted not to tyrosine but to phenylpyruvic acid. In particular, excessive phenylalanine can be metabolized into phenylketones through, a transaminase pathway route involving glutamate. Metabolites of this transamination reaction include phenylacetate, phenylpyruvate and phenethylamine. In persons with PKU, dietary phenylalanine either accumulates in the body or some of it is converted to phenylpyruvic acid. Individuals with PKU tend to excrete large quantities of phenylpyruvate, phenylacetate and phenyllactate, along with phenylalanine, in their urine. If untreated, mental retardation effects and microcephaly are evident by the first year along with other symptoms which include: unusual irritability, epileptic seizures and skin lesions. Hyperactivity, EEG abnormalities and seizures, and severe learning disabilities are major clinical problems later in life. A "musty or mousy" odor of skin, hair, sweat and urine (due to phenylacetate accumulation); and a tendency to hypopigmentation and eczema are also observed. The neural-development effects of PKU are primarily due to the disruption of neurotransmitter synthesis. In particular, phenylalanine is a large, neutral amino acid which moves across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via the large neutral amino acid transporter (LNAAT). Excessive phenylalanine in the blood saturates the transporter. Thus, excessive levels of phenylalanine significantly decrease the levels of other LNAAs in the brain. But since these amino acids are required for protein and neurotransmitter synthesis, phenylalanine accumulation disrupts brain development, leading to mental retardation. Phenylpyruvic acid is also a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Lactobacillus plantarum (PMID: 9687465). Flavouring ingredient Phenylpyruvic acid is used in the synthesis of 3-phenyllactic acid (PLA) by lactate dehydrogenase[1]. Phenylpyruvic acid is used in the synthesis of 3-phenyllactic acid (PLA) by lactate dehydrogenase[1].
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+, and NADP+ is the oxidized form of NADPH. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled with a pyrophosphate linkage to 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. NADP serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage (Dorland, 27th ed). This extra phosphate is added by the enzyme NAD+ kinase and removed via NADP+ phosphatase. NADP is also known as TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide) and it is an important cofactor used in anabolic reactions in all forms of cellular life. Examples include the Calvin cycle, cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid elongation, and nucleic acid synthesis (Wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) [HMDB]. NADPH is found in many foods, some of which are american pokeweed, rice, ginseng, and ostrich fern. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Uracil
Uracil, also known as U, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Uracil is a common naturally occurring pyrimidine found in RNA. It base pairs with adenine and is replaced by thymine in DNA. Uracil is one of the four nucleobases in RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. Methylation of uracil produces thymine. The name "uracil" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900, uracil was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein that was found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. Uracil exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Uracils use in the body is to help carry out the synthesis of many enzymes necessary for cell function through bonding with riboses and phosphates. Uracil serves as an allosteric regulator and a coenzyme for many important biochemical reactions. Uracil (via the nucleoside uridine) can be phosphorylated by various kinases to produce UMP, UDP and UTP. UDP and UTP regulate carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPSase II) activity in animals. Uracil is also involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and in the transport of sugars containing aldehydes. Within humans, uracil participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uracil and ribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine; which is mediated by the enzyme uridine phosphorylase 2. In addition, uracil can be converted into dihydrouracil through the action of the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]. Uracil is rarely found in DNA, and this may have been an evolutionary change to increase genetic stability. This is because cytosine can deaminate spontaneously to produce uracil through hydrolytic deamination. Therefore, if there were an organism that used uracil in its DNA, the deamination of cytosine (which undergoes base pairing with guanine) would lead to formation of uracil (which would base pair with adenine) during DNA synthesis. Uracil can be used for drug delivery and as a pharmaceutical. When elemental fluorine reacts with uracil, it produces 5-fluorouracil. 5-Fluorouracil is an anticancer drug (antimetabolite) that mimics uracil during the nucleic acid (i.e. RNA) synthesis and transcription process. Because 5-fluorouracil is similar in shape to, but does not undergo the same chemistry as, uracil, the drug inhibits RNA replication enzymes, thereby blocking RNA synthesis and stopping the growth of cancerous cells. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. Originally discovered in 1900, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein that was found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. It is a planar, unsaturated compound that has the ability to absorb light. Uracil. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=66-22-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 66-22-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA.
Shikimic acid 3-phosphate
Shikimic acid 3-phosphate is a member of the class of compounds known as monoalkyl phosphates. Monoalkyl phosphates are organic compounds containing a phosphate group that is linked to exactly one alkyl chain. Shikimic acid 3-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Shikimic acid 3-phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as date, hard wheat, common sage, and peppermint, which makes shikimic acid 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Shikimic acid 3-phosphate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).
1,3-Diaminopropane
1,3-Diaminopropane, also known as DAP or trimethylenediamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monoalkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a primary aliphatic amine group. 1,3-Diaminopropane is a stable, flammable, and highly hygroscopic fluid. It is a polyamine that is normally quite toxic if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It is a catabolic byproduct of spermidine. It is also a precursor in the enzymatic synthesis of beta-alanine. 1,3-Diaminopropane is involved in the arginine/proline metabolic pathways and the beta-alanine metabolic pathway. 1,3-Diaminopropane has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as cassava, shiitakes, oyster mushrooms, muscadine grapes, and cinnamons. This could make 1,3-diaminopropane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 1,3-Propanediamine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=109-76-2 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 109-76-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Alpha-ketobutyrate
3-methyl pyruvic acid, also known as alpha-ketobutyric acid or 2-oxobutyric acid, belongs to short-chain keto acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms. Thus, 3-methyl pyruvic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. 3-methyl pyruvic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-methyl pyruvic acid can be found in a number of food items such as pepper (c. baccatum), triticale, european plum, and black walnut, which makes 3-methyl pyruvic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-methyl pyruvic acid can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine. 3-methyl pyruvic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3-methyl pyruvic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include methionine metabolism, homocysteine degradation, threonine and 2-oxobutanoate degradation, and propanoate metabolism. 3-methyl pyruvic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency (MTHFRD), s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency, and hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic. 2-Ketobutyric acid, also known as alpha-ketobutyrate or 2-oxobutyrate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain keto acids and derivatives. These are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms. 2-Ketobutyric acid is a substance that is involved in the metabolism of many amino acids (glycine, methionine, valine, leucine, serine, threonine, isoleucine) as well as propanoate metabolism and C-5 branched dibasic acid metabolism. It is also one of the degradation products of threonine. It can be converted into propionyl-CoA (and subsequently methylmalonyl CoA, which can be converted into succinyl CoA, a citric acid cycle intermediate), and thus enter the citric acid cycle. More specifically, 2-ketobutyric acid is a product of the lysis of cystathionine. 2-Oxobutanoic acid is a product in the enzymatic cleavage of cystathionine.
Indole
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. The participation of the nitrogen lone electron pair in the aromatic ring means that indole is not a base, and it does not behave like a simple amine. Indole is a microbial metabolite and it can be produced by bacteria as a degradation product of the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal smell. At very low concentrations, however, indole has a flowery smell and is a constituent of many flower scents (such as orange blossoms) and perfumes. As a volatile organic compound, indole has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Natural jasmine oil, used in the perfume industry, contains around 2.5\\\\\% of indole. Indole also occurs in coal tar. Indole has been found to be produced in a number of bacterial genera including Alcaligenes, Aspergillus, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 23194589, 2310183, 9680309). Indole plays a role in bacterial biofilm formation, bacterial motility, bacterial virulence, plasmid stability, and antibiotic resistance. It also functions as an intercellular signalling molecule (PMID: 26115989). Recently, it was determined that the bacterial membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase (HK) known as CpxA acts as a bacterial indole sensor to facilitate signalling (PMID: 31164470). It has been found that decreased indole concentrations in the gut promote bacterial pathogenesis, while increased levels of indole in the gut decrease bacterial virulence gene expression (PMID: 31164470). As a result, enteric pathogens sense a gradient of indole concentrations in the gut to migrate to different niches and successfully establish an infection. Constituent of several flower oils, especies of Jasminum and Citrus subspecies (Oleaceae) production of bacterial dec. of proteins. Flavouring ingredientand is also present in crispbread, Swiss cheese, Camembert cheese, wine, cocoa, black and green tea, rum, roasted filbert, rice bran, clary sage, raw shrimp and other foodstuffs Indole. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=120-72-9 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 120-72-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.
Urea
Urea is a highly soluble organic compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea is formed in a cyclic pathway known simply as the urea cycle. In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea. Urea is essentially a waste product; it has no physiological function. It is dissolved in blood (in humans in a concentration of 2.5 - 7.5 mmol/liter) and excreted by the kidney in the urine. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in human sweat. Urea is found to be associated with primary hypomagnesemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05B - I.v. solutions > B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis Formulation aid. Cattle feed supplement. Urea is found in many foods, some of which are globe artichoke, hickory nut, hard wheat, and cherry tomato. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02A - Emollients and protectives > D02AE - Carbamide products C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic > C49187 - Osmotic Diuretic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
5,6-dihydrouracil
Dihydrouracil belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Dihydrouracil is an intermediate breakdown product of uracil. Dihydrouracil exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, dihydrouracil participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, dihydrouracil can be biosynthesized from uracil; which is mediated by the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]. The breakdown of uracil is a multistep reaction that leads to the production of beta-alanine. The reaction process begins with the enzyme known as dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DHP), which catalyzes the reduction of uracil into dihydrouracil. Then the enzyme known as dihydropyrimidinase hydrolyzes dihydrouracil into N-carbamyl-beta-alanine. Finally, beta-ureidopropionase catalyzes the conversion of N-carbamyl-beta-alanine into beta-alanine. There is at least one metabolic disorder that is associated with altered levels of dihydrouracil. In particular, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency is an inborn metabolic disorder that leads to highly increased concentrations of dihydrouracil and 5,6-dihydrothymine, and moderately increased concentrations of uracil and thymine in urine. Dihydropyrimidinase deficiency can cause neurological and gastrointestinal problems in some affected individuals (OMIM: 222748). In particular, patients with dihydropyrimidinase deficiency exhibit a number of neurological abnormalities including intellectual disability, seizures, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), an abnormally small head size (microcephaly), and autistic behaviours that affect communication and social interaction. Gastrointestinal problems that occur in dihydropyrimidinase deficiency include backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux) and recurrent episodes of vomiting. 3,4-dihydrouracil, also known as 2,4-dioxotetrahydropyrimidine or 5,6-dihydro-2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. 3,4-dihydrouracil is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3,4-dihydrouracil can be found in a number of food items such as colorado pinyon, rocket salad (sspecies), wax gourd, and boysenberry, which makes 3,4-dihydrouracil a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3,4-dihydrouracil can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. 3,4-dihydrouracil exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3,4-dihydrouracil is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include beta-alanine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism. 3,4-dihydrouracil is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria), dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, ureidopropionase deficiency, and carnosinuria, carnosinemia. Moreover, 3,4-dihydrouracil is found to be associated with dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency and hypertension. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dihydrouracil (5,6-Dihydrouracil), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as a marker for identification of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)-deficient[1][2]. Dihydrouracil (5,6-Dihydrouracil), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as a marker for identification of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)-deficient[1][2].
Hydroxypropionic acid
3-Hydroxypropionic acid is a carboxylic acid. It is an intermediate in the breakdown of branched-chain amino acids and propionic acid from the gut. Typically it originates from propionyl-CoA and a defect in the enzyme propionyl carboxylase. This leads to a buildup in propionyl-CoA in the mitochondria. Such a buildup can lead to a disruption of the esterified CoA:free CoA ratio and ultimately to mitochondrial toxicity. Detoxification of these metabolic end products occurs via the transfer of the propionyl moiety to carnitine-forming propionyl-carnitine, which is then transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid is then released as the free acid. As an industrial chemical, it is used in the production of various chemicals such as acrylates in industry. When present in sufficiently high levels, 3-hydroxypropionic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of hydroxypropionic acid are associated with many inborn errors of metabolism including biotinidase deficiency, malonic aciduria, methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, methylmalonic aciduria, methylmalonic aciduria due to cobalamin-related disorders, and propionic acidemia. Hydroxypropionic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. Infants with acidosis have symptoms that include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid is also a microbial metabolite found in Escherichia, Klebsiella and Saccharomyces (PMID: 26360870).
3-methyl-2-oxovalerate
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid (CAS: 1460-34-0) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid are associated with maple syrup urine disease. MSUD is a metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in the blood and urine. The symptoms of MSUD often show in infancy and lead to severe brain damage if untreated. MSUD may also present later depending on the severity of the disease. If left untreated in older individuals, during times of metabolic crisis, symptoms of the condition include uncharacteristically inappropriate, extreme, or erratic behaviour and moods, hallucinations, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, oscillating hypertonia and hypotonia, ataxia, seizures, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, opisthotonus, pancreatitis, rapid neurological decline, and coma. In maple syrup urine disease, the brain concentration of branched-chain ketoacids can increase 10- to 20-fold. This leads to a depletion of glutamate and a consequent reduction in the concentration of brain glutamine, aspartate, alanine, and other amino acids. The result is a compromise of energy metabolism because of a failure of the malate-aspartate shuttle and a diminished rate of protein synthesis (PMID: 15930465). 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a keto-acid, which is a subclass of organic acids. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated MSUD. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, also known as (3s)-2-oxo-3-methyl-N-valeric acid or (S)-omv, belongs to short-chain keto acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms. Thus, (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate can be found in a number of food items such as bean, prickly pear, wild leek, and nutmeg, which makes (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite.
alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid
alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of alpha-ketoisovaleric acid are associated with maple syrup urine disease. MSUD is a metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in the blood and urine. The symptoms of MSUD often show in infancy and lead to severe brain damage if untreated. MSUD may also present later depending on the severity of the disease. If left untreated in older individuals, during times of metabolic crisis, symptoms of the condition include uncharacteristically inappropriate, extreme, or erratic behaviour and moods, hallucinations, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, oscillating hypertonia and hypotonia, ataxia, seizures, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, opisthotonus, pancreatitis, rapid neurological decline, and coma. In maple syrup urine disease, the brain concentration of branched-chain ketoacids can increase 10- to 20-fold. This leads to a depletion of glutamate and a consequent reduction in the concentration of brain glutamine, aspartate, alanine, and other amino acids. The result is a compromise of energy metabolism because of a failure of the malate-aspartate shuttle and a diminished rate of protein synthesis (PMID: 15930465). alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid is a keto-acid, which is a subclass of organic acids. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated MSUD. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. Flavouring ingredient for use in butter-type flavours. Found in banana, bread, cheeses, asparagus, beer and cocoa KEIO_ID M006 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is a precursor of pantothenic acid in Escherichia coli.
Betaine aldehyde
Betaine aldehyde, also known as BTL, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetraalkylammonium salts. These are organonitrogen compounds containing a quaternary ammonium substituted with four alkyl chains. Betaine aldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). In humans, betaine aldehyde is involved in betaine metabolism. Outside of the human body, betaine aldehyde has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdoughs, summer savouries, loganberries, burbots, and celery stalks. This could make betaine aldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Betaine aldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine, and threonine. The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) facilitates the conversion of betaine aldehyde into glycine betaine. Betaine aldehyde is a substrate for choline dehydrogenase (PMID: 12467448, 7646513). Betaine aldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine and threonine. The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) facilitates the conversion of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine. Betaine aldehyde is a substrate for Choline dehydrogenase (mitochondrial). (PMID: 12467448, 7646513) [HMDB]. Betaine aldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are celery leaves, pummelo, star anise, and grape. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID B044 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Acetic acid
Acetic acid is a two-carbon, straight-chain fatty acid. It is the smallest short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and one of the simplest carboxylic acids. is an acidic, colourless liquid and is the main component in vinegar. Acetic acid has a sour taste and pungent smell. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical that is used in the production of plastic soft drink bottles, photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as many synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households diluted acetic acid is often used as a cleaning agent. In the food industry acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator. Acetic acid is found in all organisms, from bacteria to plants to humans. The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A (to form acetylCoA) it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. However, the concentration of free acetic acid in cells is kept at a low level to avoid disrupting the control of the pH of the cell contents. Acetic acid is produced and excreted in large amounts by certain acetic acid bacteria, notably the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum. These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil. Due to their widespread presence on fruit, acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and many other sugar-rich foods spoil. Several species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium and Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly. However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter. Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce acetic acid in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce acetic acid in concentrations up to 20\\%. Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent. Acetic acid can be found in other biofluids such as urine at low concentrations. Urinary acetic acid is produced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PMID: 22292465). Acetic acid concentrations greater than 30 uM/mM creatinine in the urine can indicate a urinary tract infection, which typically suggests the presence of E. coli or Klebshiella pneumonia in the urinary tract. (PMID: 24909875) Acetic acid is also produced by other bacteria such as Akkermansia, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella and Ruminococcus (PMID: 20444704; PMID: 22292465). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents It is used for smoking meats and fish C254 - Anti-Infective Agent KEIO_ID A029
NADP+
[Spectral] NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) and NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
O-acetylhomoserine
Acetylhomoserine is found in pulses. Acetylhomoserine is found in Pisum sativum (peas) Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Found in green tissues of pea (Pisum sativum)
D-Erythrose 4-phosphate
D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphorylated derivative of erythrose that serves as an important intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also used in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and it plays a role in vitamin B6 metabolism (KEGG); Erythrose 4-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle. In addition, it serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are shea tree, bog bilberry, arrowhead, and dock. D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphorylated derivative of erythrose that serves as an important intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also used in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and it plays a role in vitamin B6 metabolism (KEGG). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) (CAS: 591-59-3), also known as triose phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates are compounds containing a glyceraldehyde substituted at position O3 by a phosphate group. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sea-buckthorn berries, lingonberries, prunus (cherry, plum), quinoa, and sparkleberries. This could make glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an aldotriose, an important metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in tryptophan biosynthesis. G3P is formed from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG). This is the process by which glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) or triose phosphate is an aldotriose, an important metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in tryptophan biosynthesis. G3P is formed from Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP),and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, (1,3BPG), and this is how glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways. D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are quince, chinese cabbage, carob, and peach. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Chorismate
Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. It is a precursor for the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine,indole, indole derivatives and tryptophan,2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) used for enterobactin biosynthesis,the plant hormone salicylic acid and many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Chorismate is found in many foods, some of which are pigeon pea, ucuhuba, beech nut, and fireweed. Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. It is a precursor for the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine,indole, indole derivatives and tryptophan,2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) used for enterobactin biosynthesis,the plant hormone salicylic acid and many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites. -- Wikipedia. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 114
Propionyl-CoA
Propionyl-CoA is an intermediate in the metabolism of propanoate. Propionic aciduria is caused by an autosomal recessive disorder of propionyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase deficiency (EC 6.4.1.3). In propionic aciduria, propionyl CoA accumulates within the mitochondria in massive quantities; free carnitine is then esterified, creating propionyl carnitine, which is then excreted in the urine. Because the supply of carnitine in the diet and from synthesis is limited, such patients readily develop carnitine deficiency as a result of the increased loss of acylcarnitine derivatives. This condition demands supplementation of free carnitine above the normal dietary intake to continue to remove (detoxify) the accumulating organic acids. Propionyl-CoA is a substrate for Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (medium-chain specific, mitochondrial), Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2-like (mitochondrial), Propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain (mitochondrial), Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial), Trifunctional enzyme beta subunit (mitochondrial), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (peroxisomal), Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (long-chain specific, mitochondrial), Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (mitochondrial), Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (cytoplasmic), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (mitochondrial) and Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain (mitochondrial). (PMID: 10650319) [HMDB] Propionyl-CoA is an intermediate in the metabolism of propanoate. Propionic aciduria is caused by an autosomal recessive disorder of propionyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase deficiency (EC 6.4.1.3). In propionic aciduria, propionyl CoA accumulates within the mitochondria in massive quantities; free carnitine is then esterified, creating propionyl carnitine, which is then excreted in the urine. Because the supply of carnitine in the diet and from synthesis is limited, such patients readily develop carnitine deficiency as a result of the increased loss of acylcarnitine derivatives. This condition demands supplementation of free carnitine above the normal dietary intake to continue to remove (detoxify) the accumulating organic acids. Propionyl-CoA is a substrate for Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (medium-chain specific, mitochondrial), Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2-like (mitochondrial), Propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain (mitochondrial), Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial), Trifunctional enzyme beta subunit (mitochondrial), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (peroxisomal), Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (long-chain specific, mitochondrial), Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (mitochondrial), Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (cytoplasmic), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (mitochondrial) and Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain (mitochondrial). (PMID: 10650319).
3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate, also known as 2-dahp or 3-deoxy-arabino-heptulonic acid 7-phosphoric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. Monosaccharide phosphates are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as prairie turnip, horned melon, bilberry, and biscuit, which makes 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).
Water
Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71\\% of Earths surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the bodys solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the suns energy to split off waters hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the suns energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia). Water, also known as purified water or dihydrogen oxide, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Water can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, oxheart cabbage, alaska wild rhubarb, and japanese walnut, which makes water a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Water can be found primarily in most biofluids, including ascites Fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymph, as well as throughout all human tissues. Water exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, water is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-15:0/i-20:0/i-24:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(18:0/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/i-18:0/i-13:0/i-19:0). Water is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/i-13:0/21:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(22:0/20:0/i-20:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(a-21:0/i-20:0/i-14:0), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/a-17:0/i-12:0). Water is a drug which is used for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered [fda label]. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70\\% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving .
Oxygen
Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131) [HMDB]. Oxygen is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, watermelon, sweet basil, and spinach. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131). V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially. Leavening agent, propellant, aerating agent, preservative. Solvent for supercritical extraction e.g. of caffeine in manufacture of caffeine-free instant coffee. It is used in carbonation of beverages, in the frozen food industry and as a component of controlled atmosphere packaging (CAD) to inhibit bacterial growth. Especies effective against Gram-negative spoilage bacteria, e.g. Pseudomonas V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases
ammonia
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms. Ammonia, also known as nh3 or ammonia solution, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Ammonia can be found in a number of food items such as rose hip, yardlong bean, cereals and cereal products, and ceylon cinnamon, which makes ammonia a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ammonia can be found primarily in blood, cellular cytoplasm, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout all human tissues. Ammonia exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, ammonia is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include glucose-alanine cycle, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, homocysteine degradation, and d-arginine and d-ornithine metabolism. Ammonia is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include ureidopropionase deficiency, hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria [hhh-syndrome], non ketotic hyperglycinemia, and beta-mercaptolactate-cysteine disulfiduria. Moreover, ammonia is found to be associated with 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, 3-Methyl-crotonyl-glycinuria, citrullinemia type I, and short bowel syndrome. Ammonia is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Ammonia or azane is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. The simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products . Acute Exposure: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration. (z)-n-coumaroyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid is a member of the class of compounds known as avenanthramides. Avenanthramides are a group of phenolic alkaloids consisting of conjugate of three phenylpropanoids (ferulic, caffeic, or p-coumaric acid) and anthranilic acid (z)-n-coumaroyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (z)-n-coumaroyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid can be found in cereals and cereal products and oat, which makes (z)-n-coumaroyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid that appears colourless in a dilute solution. H2O2 is slightly more viscous than water and is a weak acid. H2O2 is unstable and slowly decomposes in the presence of light. It has strong oxidizing properties and is, therefore, a powerful bleaching agent that is mostly used for bleaching paper. H2O2 has also found use as a disinfectant and as an oxidizer. H2O2 in the form of carbamide peroxide is widely used for tooth whitening (bleaching), both in professionally- and in self-administered products. H2O2 is a well-documented component of living cells and is a normal metabolite of oxygen in the aerobic metabolism of cells and tissues. A total of 31 human cellular H2O2 generating enzymes has been identified so far (PMID: 25843657). H2O2 plays important roles in host defence and oxidative biosynthetic reactions. At high levels (>100 nM) H2O2 is toxic to most cells due to its ability to non-specifically oxidize proteins, membranes and DNA, leading to general cellular damage and dysfunction. However, at low levels (<10 nM), H2O2 functions as a signalling agent, particularly in higher organisms. In plants, H2O2 plays a role in signalling to cause cell shape changes such as stomatal closure and root growth. As a messenger molecule in vertebrates, H2O2 diffuses through cells and tissues to initiate cell shape changes, to drive vascular remodelling, and to activate cell proliferation and recruitment of immune cells. H2O2 also plays a role in redox sensing, signalling, and redox regulation (PMID: 28110218). This is normally done through molecular redox “switches” such as thiol-containing proteins. The production and decomposition of H2O2 are tightly regulated (PMID: 17434122). In humans, H2O2 can be generated in response to various stimuli, including cytokines and growth factors. H2O2 is degraded by several enzymes including catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), both of which play important roles in keeping the amount of H2O2 in the body below toxic levels. H2O2 also appears to play a role in vitiligo. Vitiligo is a skin pigment disorder leading to patchy skin colour, especially among dark-skinned individuals. Patients with vitiligo have low catalase levels in their skin, leading to higher levels of H2O2. High levels of H2O2 damage the epidermal melanocytes, leading to a loss of pigment (PMID: 10393521). Accumulating evidence suggests that hydrogen peroxide H2O2 plays an important role in cancer development. Experimental data have shown that cancer cells produce high amounts of H2O2. An increase in the cellular levels of H2O2 has been linked to several key alterations in cancer, including DNA changes, cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, metastasis, angiogenesis and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activation (PMID: 17150302, 17335854, 16677071, 16607324, 16514169). H2O2 is found in most cells, tissues, and biofluids. H2O2 levels in the urine can be significantly increased with the consumption of coffee and other polyphenolic-containing beverages (wine, tea) (PMID: 12419961). In particular, roasted coffee has high levels of 1,2,4-benzenetriol which can, on its own, lead to the production of H2O2. Normal levels of urinary H2O2 in non-coffee drinkers or fasted subjects are between 0.5-3 uM/mM creatinine whereas, for those who drink coffee, the levels are between 3-10 uM/mM creatinine (PMID: 12419961). It is thought that H2O2 in urine could act as an antibacterial agent and that H2O2 is involved in the regulation of glomerular function (PMID: 10766414). A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations > A01AB - Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment D - Dermatologicals > D08 - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08A - Antiseptics and disinfectants S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives It is used in foods as a bleaching agent, antimicrobial agent and oxidising agent C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents
Carbamoyl phosphate
Carbamoyl phosphate is a precursor of both arginine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. It is a labile and potentially toxic intermediate. Carbamoyl phosphate is a molecule that is involved in ridding the body of excess nitrogen in the urea cycle, and also in the synthesis of pyrimidines. It is produced from carbon dioxide, ammonia, and phosphate (from ATP) by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase. -- Wikipedia. Carbamoyl phosphate is a molecule that is involved in ridding the body of excess nitrogen in the urea cycle, and also in the synthesis of pyrimidines. It is produced from carbon dioxide, ammonia, and phosphate (from ATP) by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Carbamoylphosphate is found in many foods, some of which are pepper (spice), rapini, endive, and rye.
Prephenate
Prephenate (CAS: 126-49-8), also known as prephenic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-keto acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom. Prephenic acid is an example of an achiral (optically inactive) molecule which has two pseudoasymmetric atoms (i.e. stereogenic but not chirotopic centers): the C1 and the C4 cyclohexadiene ring atoms. Prephenate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Prephenate has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as American pokeweeds, breadnut tree seeds, common wheats, swiss chards, and breadfruits. The other stereoisomer, i.e. trans or, better, (1r, 4r), is called epiprephenic acid. It has been shown that of the two possible diastereoisomers, the natural prephenic acid is one that has both substituents at higher priority (according to CIP rules) on the two pseudoasymmetric carbons, i.e. the carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups, in the cis configuration, or (1s, 4s) according to the new IUPAC stereochemistry rules (2013). It is biosynthesized by a [3,3]-sigmatropic Claisen rearrangement of chorismate. Prephenic acid, commonly also known by its anionic form prephenate, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as of a large number of secondary metabolites of the shikimate pathway. Prephenic acid, more commonly known by its anionic form prephenate, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. [HMDB]. Prephenate is found in many foods, some of which are alaska wild rhubarb, chinese chestnut, kai-lan, and globe artichoke.
L-Aspartate-semialdehyde
L-Aspartate-semialdehyde (CAS: 15106-57-7) is involved in both the lysine biosynthesis I and homoserine biosynthesis pathways. In the lysine biosynthesis I pathway, L-aspartate-semialdehyde is produced from a reaction between L-aspartyl-4-phosphate and NADPH, with phosphate and NADP+ as byproducts. The reaction is catalyzed by aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. L-Aspartate-semialdehyde reacts with pyruvate to produce L-2,3-dihydrodipicolinate and water. Dihydrodipicolinate synthase catalyzes this reaction. In the homoserine biosynthesis pathway, L-aspartate-semialdehyde is produced from a reaction between L-aspartyl-4-phosphate and NADPH, with phosphate and NADP+ as byproducts. The reaction is catalyzed by aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. L-Aspartate-semialdehyde reacts with NAD(P)H and H+ to form homoserine and NAD(P)+. L-Aspartate-semialdehyde is involved in both the lysine biosynthesis I and homoserine biosynthesis pathways.
4-Aminobutyraldehyde
4-Aminobutyraldehyde is a metabolite of putrescine. It is a substrate of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) cytoplasmic (E1) and mitochondrial (E2) isozymes (PMID 3324802). [HMDB]. 4-Aminobutyraldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are naranjilla, rambutan, oval-leaf huckleberry, and pepper (capsicum). 4-Aminobutyraldehyde is a metabolite of putrescine. It is a substrate of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) cytoplasmic (E1) and mitochondrial (E2) isozymes (PMID 3324802).
Acrylyl-CoA
Acrylyl-CoA is involved in alternative pathways of propionate metabolism. [HMDB]. Acrylyl-CoA is found in many foods, some of which are custard apple, mexican oregano, coconut, and soy bean. Acrylyl-CoA is involved in alternative pathways of propionate metabolism.
L-histidinol-phosphate
L-histidinol-phosphate is a member of the class of compounds known as phosphoethanolamines. Phosphoethanolamines are compounds containing a phosphate linked to the second carbon of an ethanolamine. L-histidinol-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-histidinol-phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as sorghum, devilfish, spearmint, and deerberry, which makes L-histidinol-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. L-histidinol-phosphate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).
O-Phosphohomoserine
O-phosphohomoserine is a naturally occurring analogue of phosphonate amino acids. O-phosphohomoserine has been found in trace amounts in shotgun-metabolomics analysis in mouse tissue extracts, and is the substrate of a threonine analog enzyme in murine species. O-phosphohomoserine, an analogue of the excitatory amino acid antagonist 2-amino-phosphonovalerate is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. (PMID: 3528930, 17034760, 17665876) [HMDB] O-phosphohomoserine is a naturally occurring analogue of phosphonate amino acids. O-phosphohomoserine has been found in trace amounts in shotgun-metabolomics analysis in mouse tissue extracts, and is the substrate of a threonine analog enzyme in murine species. O-phosphohomoserine, an analogue of the excitatory amino acid antagonist 2-amino-phosphonovalerate is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. (PMID: 3528930, 17034760, 17665876).
N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde
N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde is an intermediate in Urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups. N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde is the. second to last step in the synthesis of L-Ornithine and is converted. from N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-phosphate via the enzyme N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase (EC 1.2.1.38). It is then converted to N-Acetylornithine via the enzyme acetylornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.11). N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde is an intermediate in Urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups. N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde is the
Imidazole acetol-phosphate
Imidazole acetol-phosphate is involved in the histidine biosynthesis I pathway. Imidazole acetol-phosphate is created by the breakdown of D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate into imidazole acetol-phosphate and H2O. Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase catalyzes this reaction. Imidazole acetol-phosphate reacts with L-glutamate to produce L-histidinol-phosphate and 2-ketoglutarate. Histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase catalyzes this reaction. Imidazole acetol-phosphate is involved in the histidine biosynthesis I pathway. Imidazole acetol-phosphate is created by the breakdown of D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate into imidazole acetol-phosphate and H2O. Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase catalyzes this reaction.
5-O-(1-Carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate
1-(2-Carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate
Histidinal
Histidinal (CAS: 23784-33-0), also known as histidinaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aralkylamines. These are alkylamines in which the alkyl group is substituted at one carbon atom by an aromatic hydrocarbyl group. Histidinal is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Histidinal is involved in the histidine biosynthesis pathway. Histidinal is produced by the reaction between histidinol and NAD+, with NADH as a byproduct. The reaction is catalyzed by histidinol dehydrogenase. Histidinal reacts with NAD+ and H2O to produce L-histidine and NADH. Histidinol dehydrogenase catalyzes this reaction. Histidinal is involved in the histidine biosynthesis I pathway.
Phosphoribosyl-AMP
Phosphoribosyl-AMP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Phosphoribosyl-AMP is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Phosphoribosyl-AMP is a nucleic acid component and is an intermediate in histidine biosynthesis. It is converted from phosphoribosyl-ATP via the enzyme phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.31). It is then converted to phosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate via the enzyme phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.19). Phosphoribosyl-AMP is a nucleic acid component, a purine-related compound. It is an intermediate in histidine biosynthesis. It is converted from Phosphoribosyl-ATP via the enzyme phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.31). It is then converted to phosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate via the enzyme phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.19). [HMDB]
L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate
L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aspartic acid and derivatives. Aspartic acid and derivatives are compounds containing an aspartic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from a reaction of aspartic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate is involved in both the lysine biosynthesis I and homoserine biosynthesis pathways. L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate is produced from a reaction between L-aspartate and ATP, with ADP as a byproduct. The reaction is catalyzed by aspartate kinase. L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate reacts with NADPH to produce phosphate, L-aspartate-semialdehyde, and NADP+. Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes this reaction. L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate is involved in both the lysine biosynthesis I and homoserine biosynthesis pathways. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids
S-Methyl-L-methionine
A sulfonium compound that is the conjugate acid of S-methyl-L-methioninate.
L-Glutamic acid 5-phosphate
L-Glutamic acid 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the urea cycle and the metabolism of amino groups. It is a substrate of aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1 [EC:2.7.2.11 1.2.1.41] (KEGG)In citrulline biosynthesis, it is a substrate of the enzyme glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [EC 1.2.1.41] and in proline synthesis it is a substrate of the enzyme Glutamate 5-kinase [EC 2.7.2.11] (BioCyc). L-Glutamic acid 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups, a substrate of aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1 [EC:2.7.2.11 1.2.1.41] (KEGG)
L-2,3-Dihydrodipicolinate
L-2,3-Dihydrodipicolinate is involved in the lysine biosynthesis I pathway. L-2,3-Dihydrodipicolinate is produced from a reaction between pyruvate and L-aspartate-semialdehyde, with water as a byproduct. The reaction is catalyzed by dihydrodipicolinate synthase. L-2,3-dihydrodipicolinate reacts with NAD(P)H and H+ to produce tetrahydrodipicolinate and NAD(P)+. The reaction is catalyzed by dihydrodipicolinate reductase. L-2,3-Dihydrodipicolinate is involved in the lysine biosynthesis I pathway. L-2,3-Dihydrodipicolinate is produced from a reaction between pyruvate and L-aspartate-semialdehyde, with water as a byproduct. The reaction is catalyzed by dihydrodipicolinate synthase.
(1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate
Indole-3-glycerol phosphate, also known as c1-(3-indolyl)-glycerol 3-phosphate, is a member of the class of compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. Indole-3-glycerol phosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Indole-3-glycerol phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as german camomile, lambsquarters, other soy product, and hazelnut, which makes indole-3-glycerol phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Indole-3-glycerol phosphate may be a unique E.coli metabolite. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents
N-Acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate
N-Acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate is an intermediate in urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups. The enzyme N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase [EC:1.2.1.38] catalyzes the conversion of this metabolite into N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde. This reaction is irreversible and occurs in the mitochondria. (BiGG database) [HMDB] N-Acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate is an intermediate in urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups. The enzyme N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase [EC:1.2.1.38] catalyzes the conversion of this metabolite into N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde. This reaction is irreversible and occurs in the mitochondria. (BiGG database).
Tetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamic acid
Tetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamic acid (CAS: 4227-85-4), also known as (6S)-H4pteglu3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetrahydrofolic acids and derivatives. These are heterocyclic compounds based on the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with at least one L-glutamic acid unit (or a derivative thereof). Tetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamic acid is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, this compound is produced by the bacteria in the gut and may be found in feces or urine. Tetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamica cid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Tetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of methionine by bacteria. It is a substrate for the enzyme 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate--homocysteine methyltransferase which catalyzes the reaction 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamic acid + L-homocysteine = tetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamic acid + L-methionine. A human metabolite taken as a putative food compound of mammalian origin [HMDB]
N-Succinyl-L,L-2,6-diaminopimelate
N-Succinyl-L,L-2,6-diaminopimelate is an intermediate in lysine biosynthesis. It is the third to last step in the synthesis of lysine and is converted. from N-Succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate via the enzyme succinyldiaminopimelate transferase (EC 2.6.1.17). It is then converted to L,L-diaminopimelate via the enzyme succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase (EC 3.5.1.18). N-Succinyl-L,L-2,6-diaminopimelate is an intermediate in lysine biosynthesis. It is the third to last step in the synthesis of lysine and is converted
N-Succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate
N-Succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate is an intermediate in lysine biosynthesis. It is the fourth to last step in the synthesis of lysine and is converted. from tetrahydrodipicolinate via the enzyme tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.117). It is then converted to N-succinyl-L,L-2,6-diaminopimelate via the enzyme Succinyldiaminopimelate transferase (EC 2.6.1.17). N-Succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate is an intermediate in lysine biosynthesis. It is the fourth to last step in the synthesis of lysine and is converted
5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamic acid
5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamic acid (CAS: 13061-55-7) is formed during the reaction between the carbonyl group of 5-methyltetrahydropteroate and the amine group on one end of three replicates of glutamate. It is involved in several pathways as a product of enzymatic reduction such as in tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis II and methionine biosynthesis I, II, and III. It is also involved in several pathways as a product of enzymatic oxidation such as in the pathways folate polyglutamylation I and carbon tetrachloride degradation II. In humans, this compound is produced by the bacteria in the gut and may be found in feces or urine. 5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate is formed under reaction between carbonyl group of 5-Methyltetrahydropteroate and amine group on one end of three replicates of glutamate. It is involved in several pathways such as tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis II, methionine biosynthesis I,II,III as a product of enzymatic reduction; while in pathways folate polyglutamylation I and carbon tetrachloride degradation II as a product of enzymatic oxidation. [HMDB]. 5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate is found in many foods, some of which are common cabbage, chives, lime, and garden rhubarb.
D-Erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate
D-Erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monoalkyl phosphates. These are organic compounds containing a phosphate group that is linked to exactly one alkyl chain. D-Erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as mammee apples, scarlet beans, grass pea, olives, and bog bilberries. This could make D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. D-Erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate is an intermediate in histidine metabolism. It is a substrate for imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase (hisB) and can be generated from phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P. D-Erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate is an intermediate in Histidine metabolism. It is a substrate for imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase (hisB) and can be generated from Phosphoribulosyl-formimino-AICAR-phosphate then it is converted to Imidazole-acetol phosphate. [HMDB]. D-Erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are buffalo currant, fruits, hyacinth bean, and small-leaf linden.
Phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P
Phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1-ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. These are organic compounds containing the imidazole ring linked to a ribose ring through a 1-2 bond. Phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P is found in both E. coli and humans. A human metabolite taken as a putative food compound of mammalian origin [HMDB]
(S)-2-acetamido-6-oxopimelic acid
(S)-2-acetamido-6-oxopimelic acid is an oxo dicarboxylic acid, a N-acyl-amino acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid. It is functionally related to a (S)-2-amino-6-oxopimelic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a (S)-2-acetamido-6-oxopimelate(2-).
3-Aminopropionaldehyde
3-aminopropionaldehyde is a member of the class of compounds known as alpha-hydrogen aldehydes. Alpha-hydrogen aldehydes are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organyl group. 3-aminopropionaldehyde is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-aminopropionaldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as lemon, natal plum, common wheat, and leek, which makes 3-aminopropionaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-aminopropionaldehyde exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3-aminopropionaldehyde is involved in the beta-alanine metabolism. 3-aminopropionaldehyde is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include carnosinuria, carnosinemia, gaba-transaminase deficiency, and ureidopropionase deficiency. 3-Aminopropanal is a reactive aldehyde that mediates progressive neuronal necrosis and glial apoptosis. (PMID 11943872). Increased activity of polyamine oxidase catabolizes polyamines (such as spermine, spermidine and putrescine) to produce 3-aminopropanal. (PMID 15246852).
3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA
3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA, also known as beta-hydroxypropionyl-CoA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl-CoAs. These are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to an acyl chain. Thus, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. 3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. 3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA is an intermediate in beta-Alanine metabolism. It can be produced from 3-hydroxypropanoic acid via the enzyme 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.4) or it can be generated from acrylyl-CoA via the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17). Acrylyl-CoA is derived from propionyl-CoA. 3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA is an intermediate in b-Alanine (beta-alanine) metabolism. It can be produced from 3-hydroxypropanoic acid via the enzyme 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-Coenzyme A hydrolase (EC:3.1.2.4) or it can be generated from acrylyl CoA via the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC:4.2.1.17). Acrylyl CoA is derived from propionyl CoA. [HMDB]
1-Pyrroline
Pyrrolines, also known under the name dihydropyrroles, are three different heterocyclic organic chemical compounds which differ in the position of the double bond. Pyrrolines are formally derived from the aromate pyrrole by hydrogenation. 1-Pyrroline is a cyclic imine while 2-pyrroline and 3-pyrroline are cyclic amines. Present in clam and squid. Flavouring agent for fish products and other foods. 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrole is found in many foods, some of which are garden onion (variety), breadnut tree seed, chinese bayberry, and kiwi.
Homomethionine
Homomethionine (CAS: 6094-76-4) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Homomethionine is possibly neutral. Homomethionine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as lima beans, red huckleberries, catjang pea, Chinese chestnuts, and pepper (C. annuum). This could make homomethionine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Homomethionine is found in brassicas and is isolated from cabbage and horseradish. Isolated from cabbage and horseradish. L-2-Amino-5-(methylthio)pentanoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are pepper (c. frutescens), vanilla, cauliflower, and pineappple sage.
(S)-2-Acetolactate
(S)-2-Acetolactate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of valine, leucine and isoleucine (KEGG ID C06010 ). It is the sixth to last step in the synthesis of protein and is converted from 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme acetolactate synthase [EC:2.2.1.6]. It is then converted to 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme ketol-acid reductoisomerase [EC:1.1.1.86]. [HMDB]. (S)-2-Acetolactate is found in many foods, some of which are chickpea, japanese persimmon, fruits, and star fruit. (S)-2-Acetolactate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of valine, leucine and isoleucine (KEGG ID C06010 ). It is the sixth to last step in the synthesis of protein and is converted from 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme acetolactate synthase [EC:2.2.1.6]. It is then converted to 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme ketol-acid reductoisomerase [EC:1.1.1.86]. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018847 - Opioid Peptides D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D004399 - Dynorphins
(S)-2-Aceto-2-hydroxybutanoic acid
(S)-2-Aceto-2-hydroxybutanoic acid is an intermediate in branched chain amino acid metabolism. It is converted from 2-oxobutanoate or 2-hydoxyethyl ThPP via acetolactate synthase. [HMDB] (S)-2-Aceto-2-hydroxybutanoic acid is an intermediate in branched chain amino acid metabolism. It is converted from 2-oxobutanoate or 2-hydoxyethyl ThPP via acetolactate synthase.
(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate
(R) 2,3-Dihydroxy-methylvalerate is an intermediate in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis. The pathway of valine biosynthesis is a four-step pathway that shares all of its steps with the parallel pathway of isoleucine biosynthesis. These entwined pathways are part of the superpathway of leucine, valine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, that generates not only isoleucine and valine, but also leucine. (R) 2,3-Dihydroxy-methylvalerate is generated from 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid via the enzyme ketol-acid reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.86) then it is converted to (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic via the dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.9). [HMDB] (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-methylvalerate is an intermediate in valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. The pathway of valine biosynthesis is a four-step pathway that shares all of its steps with the parallel pathway of isoleucine biosynthesis. These entwined pathways are part of the superpathway of leucine, valine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, which generates not only isoleucine and valine but also leucine. (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-methylvalerate is generated from 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid via the enzyme ketol-acid reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.86). It is converted into (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic via the dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.9).
2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate
(R) 2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate is an intermediate in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis. The pathway of valine biosynthesis is a four-step pathway that shares all of its steps with the parallel pathway of isoleucine biosynthesis. These entwined pathways are part of the superpathway of leucine, valine, and isoleucine biosynthesis , that generates not only isoleucine and valine, but also leucine. (R) 2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate is generated from 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid via the enzyme ketol-acid reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.86) then it is converted to 2-Oxoisovalerate via the dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.9). [HMDB] (R) 2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate is an intermediate in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis. The pathway of valine biosynthesis is a four-step pathway that shares all of its steps with the parallel pathway of isoleucine biosynthesis. These entwined pathways are part of the superpathway of leucine, valine, and isoleucine biosynthesis , that generates not only isoleucine and valine, but also leucine. (R) 2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate is generated from 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid via the enzyme ketol-acid reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.86) then it is converted to 2-Oxoisovalerate via the dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.9).
Hydrogen Ion
Hydrogen ion, also known as proton or h+, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal hydrides. Other non-metal hydrides are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen ion can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, groundcherry, parsley, and tarragon, which makes hydrogen ion a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen ion exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen ion is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/a-21:0/i-15:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-17:0/i-13:0/a-25:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-13:0/a-17:0/a-15:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/18:1(11Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). Hydrogen ion is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(20:3(8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(24:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/24:0). A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions . Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [Wikipedia])
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
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Coenzyme II
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Phosphonatoenolpyruvate
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[Hydroxy(oxido)phosphoryl] phosphate
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1-(5-phospho-D-ribofuranosyl)adenosine 5-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
L-argininium(1+)
L-argininium(1+), also known as L-Arginine or DL Arginine acetate, monohydrate, is classified as a member of the L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-argininium(1+) is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic COVID info from WikiPathways, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
5-S-[(3S)-3-azaniumyl-3-carboxylatopropyl]-5-thioadenosine
Spermidine(3+)
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[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-oxidophosphoryl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl] phosphate
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coenzyme A(4-)
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Spermine (fully protonated form)
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beta-NADH
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Adenosine-diphosphate
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L-Glutamate gamma-semialdehyde
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3-Dehydroquinate
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3-dehydroquinic acid.
Succinyl-CoA
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acetyl-CoA(4-)
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3-(carbamoylamino)Propanoate
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(2S)-2-ammoniobutanedioate
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FADH2 dianion
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L-glutamate(1-)
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
PYRIDINE-2,6-dicarboxylate
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5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-Ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide
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FAD trianion
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