Chemical Formula: C5H8O4
Chemical Formula C5H8O4
Found 81 metabolite its formula value is C5H8O4
Glutaric acid
Glutaric acid is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. When present in sufficiently high levels, glutaric acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of glutaric acid are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including glutaric aciduria type I, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and glutaric aciduria type III. Glutaric aciduria type I (glutaric acidemia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.7, GCDH). Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e.g. glutaric acid, glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs). Babies with glutaric acidemia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because glutaric acid, like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated glutaric aciduria. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. Treatment of glutaric aciduria is mainly based on the restriction of lysine intake, supplementation of carnitine, and an intensification of therapy during intercurrent illnesses. The major principle of dietary treatment is to reduce the production of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid by restriction of natural protein, in general, and of lysine, in particular (PMID: 17465389, 15505398). Glutaric acid has also been found in Escherichia (PMID: 30143200). Isolated from basidiomycete fungi and fruits of Prunus cerasus (CCD). Glutaric acid is found in many foods, some of which are red beetroot, common beet, soy bean, and tamarind. Glutaric acid, C5 dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate during the catabolic pathways of lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid affects pericyte contractility and migration. Glutaric acid is an indicator of glutaric aciduria type I[1][2][3]. Glutaric acid, C5 dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate during the catabolic pathways of lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid affects pericyte contractility and migration. Glutaric acid is an indicator of glutaric aciduria type I[1][2][3].
2-Acetolactate
2-Acetolactate is involved in the butanoate metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways. In the butanoate metabolism pathway, 2-Acetolactate is created from 2-(alpha-Hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate by acetolactate synthase [EC:2.2.1.6]. 2-Acetolactate is then converted to (R)-Acetoin by acetolactate decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.5]. In the pantothenate and CoA pathway, 2-Acetolactate is irreversibly created from pyruvate by acetolactate synthase [EC:2.2.1.6]. 2-Acetolactate is then irreversibly converted to 2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate by ketol-acid reductoisomerase [EC:1.1.1.86]. 2-Acetolactate is involved in the butanoate metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways.
(S)-2-Acetolactate
(S)-2-Acetolactate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of valine, leucine and isoleucine (KEGG ID C06010 ). It is the sixth to last step in the synthesis of protein and is converted from 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme acetolactate synthase [EC:2.2.1.6]. It is then converted to 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme ketol-acid reductoisomerase [EC:1.1.1.86]. [HMDB]. (S)-2-Acetolactate is found in many foods, some of which are chickpea, japanese persimmon, fruits, and star fruit. (S)-2-Acetolactate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of valine, leucine and isoleucine (KEGG ID C06010 ). It is the sixth to last step in the synthesis of protein and is converted from 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme acetolactate synthase [EC:2.2.1.6]. It is then converted to 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme ketol-acid reductoisomerase [EC:1.1.1.86]. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018847 - Opioid Peptides D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D004399 - Dynorphins
Ethylmalonate
Ethylmalonic acid, also known as alpha-carboxybutyric acid or ethylmalonate, is a member of the class of compounds known as branched fatty acids. Branched fatty acids are fatty acids containing one or more branched chains. Ethylmalonic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ethylmalonic acid can be synthesized from malonic acid, and can be synthesized into (S)-ethylmalonyl-CoA and (R)-ethylmalonyl-CoA. Ethylmalonic acid can be found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human fibroblasts, prostate, and skeletal muscle tissues. Moreover, ethylmalonic acid is found to be associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency. Ethylmalonic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Chronically high levels of ethylmalonic acid are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD deficiency) and ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Ethylmalonic acid is identified in the urine of patients with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is a fatty acid metabolism disorder. When present at sufficiently high levels, ethylmalonic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Ethylmalonic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. Ethylmalonic acid is identified in the urine of patients with short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, which is a fatty acid metabolism disorder. [HMDB] Ethylmalonic acid is non-carcinogenic potentially toxic and associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.
Methylsuccinate
Methylsuccinic acid (CAS: 498-21-5) is a normal metabolite found in human fluids. Increased urinary levels of methylsuccinic acid (together with ethylmalonic acid) are the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy (OMIM: 602473), a rare metabolic disorder with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance that is clinically characterized by neuromotor delay, hyperlactic acidemia, recurrent petechiae, orthostatic acrocyanosis, and chronic diarrhea (PMID:12382164). The underlying biochemical defect involves isoleucine catabolism (PMID:9667231). Methylsuccinic acid levels were found to have decreased in the urine of animals under D-serine-induced nephrotoxicity (D-serine causes selective necrosis of the proximal straight tubules in the rat kidney) (PMID:15596249). Moreover, methylsuccinic acid is found to be associated with ethylmalonic encephalopathy, isovaleric acidemia, and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite found in human fluids. Increased urinary levels of Methylsuccinic acid (together with ethylmalonic acid) are the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy (OMIM 602473 ), a rare metabolic disorder with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance that is clinically characterized by neuromotor delay, hyperlactic acidemia, recurrent petechiae, orthostatic acrocyanosis, and chronic diarrhea. (PMID 12382164) T he underlying biochemical defect involves isoleucine catabolism. (PMID 9667231) 2-Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite in human fluids and the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy.
2-Deoxy-L-ribono-1,4-lactone
2-Deoxy-L-ribono-1,4-lactone is found in herbs and spices. 2-Deoxy-L-ribono-1,4-lactone is a constituent of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). Constituent of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). 2-Deoxy-L-ribono-1,4-lactone is found in herbs and spices.
2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid
2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. 2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid is formed in beer wort fermentation Alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) is a naturally-occurring endogenous retinoid indicated for topical treatment of cutaneous lesions in patients with AIDS-related Kaposis sarcoma. Alitretinoin inhibits the growth of Kaposis sarcoma (KS) cells in vitro. Retinoic acid is the oxidized form of Vitamin A. It functions in determining position along embryonic anterior/posterior axis in chordates. It acts through Hox genes, which ultimately control anterior/posterior patterning in early developmental stages. Retinoic acid acts by binding to heterodimers of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which then bind to retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the regulatory regions of direct targets (including Hox genes), thereby activating gene transcription. Retinoic acid receptors mediate transcription of different sets of genes of cell differentiation, thus it also depends on the target cells. 2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid is one of the target genes is the gene of the retinoic acid receptor itself which occurs during positive regulation. Control of retinoic acid levels is maintained by a suite of proteins. Retinoic acid is the oxidized form of Vitamin A. It functions in determining position along embryonic anterior/posterior axis in chordates. It acts through Hox genes, which ultimately controls anterior/posterior patterning in early developmental stages (PMID: 17495912). It is an important regulator of gene expression during growth and development, and in neoplasms. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal vitamin A, is essential for normal growth and embryonic development. 2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid is an excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of psoriasis; acne vulgaris; and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (leukemia, promyelocytic, acute). Formed in beer wort fermentation
2-C-Methyl-1,4-erythrono-D-lactone
Constituent of Trifolium incarnatum (crimson clover) and Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean). 2-C-Methyl-1,4-erythrono-D-lactone is found in many foods, some of which are tea, yellow wax bean, green bean, and pulses. (2xi,3xi)-4,5-Dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is found in pulses. (2xi,3xi)-4,5-Dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is isolated from chickpea Cicer arietinum.
Monoethyl malonic acid
Monoethyl malonic acid is an organic acid identified in the urine in a healthy pediatric population. (PMID 14708889) [HMDB] Monoethyl malonic acid is an organic acid identified in the urine in a healthy pediatric population. (PMID 14708889). 3-Ethoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Ethoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid promotes plant growth[1].
Dimethylmalonic acid
Dimethylmalonic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which both methylene hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. It has a role as a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor. Dimethylmalonic acid, also known as 2,2-dimethylmalonate or propanedioate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Dimethylmalonic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Dimethylmalonic acid is a short-chain dicarboxylic acid occasionally found in human serum (PMID 7762817). Dimethylmalonic acid is a short-chain dicarboxylic acid in human serum. Dimethylmalonic acid is also a volatile organic compound detected in alveolar breath[1].
Dimethyl malonate
Dimethyl malonate, also known as dimethyl malonic acid, belongs to dicarboxylic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Dimethyl malonate is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dimethyl malonate is a fruity tasting compound found in pineapple, which makes dimethyl malonate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Dimethyl malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Dimethyl malonate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyse to malonate. Dimethyl malonate reduces neuronal apoptosis[1]. Dimethyl malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Dimethyl malonate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyse to malonate. Dimethyl malonate reduces neuronal apoptosis[1].
Dimethyl malonate
Dimethyl malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Dimethyl malonate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyse to malonate. Dimethyl malonate reduces neuronal apoptosis[1]. Dimethyl malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Dimethyl malonate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyse to malonate. Dimethyl malonate reduces neuronal apoptosis[1].
Dimethyl_malonate
Dimethyl malonate is a natural product found in Astragalus mongholicus, Myrtus communis, and Astragalus membranaceus with data available. Dimethyl malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Dimethyl malonate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyse to malonate. Dimethyl malonate reduces neuronal apoptosis[1]. Dimethyl malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Dimethyl malonate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyse to malonate. Dimethyl malonate reduces neuronal apoptosis[1].
Methylsuccinic acid
Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. 2-Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite in human fluids and the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy.
ETHYLMALONIC ACID
A dicarboxylic acid obtained by substitution of one of the methylene hydrogens of malonic acid by an ethyl group. Ethylmalonic acid is non-carcinogenic potentially toxic and associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.
GLUTARIC ACID
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid, C5 dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate during the catabolic pathways of lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid affects pericyte contractility and migration. Glutaric acid is an indicator of glutaric aciduria type I[1][2][3]. Glutaric acid, C5 dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate during the catabolic pathways of lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid affects pericyte contractility and migration. Glutaric acid is an indicator of glutaric aciduria type I[1][2][3].
Monoethyl malonic acid
3-Ethoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Ethoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid promotes plant growth[1].
DIMETHYLMALONIC ACID
Dimethylmalonic acid is a short-chain dicarboxylic acid in human serum. Dimethylmalonic acid is also a volatile organic compound detected in alveolar breath[1].
Glutarate
Glutaric acid, C5 dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate during the catabolic pathways of lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid affects pericyte contractility and migration. Glutaric acid is an indicator of glutaric aciduria type I[1][2][3]. Glutaric acid, C5 dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate during the catabolic pathways of lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid affects pericyte contractility and migration. Glutaric acid is an indicator of glutaric aciduria type I[1][2][3].
Ethylmalonate
Ethylmalonic acid is non-carcinogenic potentially toxic and associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.
Pyrotartarate
2-Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite in human fluids and the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy.
Dimethylmalonate
Dimethylmalonic acid is a short-chain dicarboxylic acid in human serum. Dimethylmalonic acid is also a volatile organic compound detected in alveolar breath[1].
FA 5:1;O2
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018847 - Opioid Peptides D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D004399 - Dynorphins 2-Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite in human fluids and the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Ethylmalonic acid is non-carcinogenic potentially toxic and associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.
(S)-4,5-dihydroxypentane-2,3-dione
Pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups, at the 4- and 5-positions by hydroxy groups and with S stereoconfiguration at C-4.
108-59-8
Dimethyl malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Dimethyl malonate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyse to malonate. Dimethyl malonate reduces neuronal apoptosis[1]. Dimethyl malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Dimethyl malonate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyse to malonate. Dimethyl malonate reduces neuronal apoptosis[1].
(4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
2-acetyllactic acid
A derivative of butyric acid having methyl, hydroxy and oxo substituents at the 2-, 2- and 3-positions respectively.
(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018847 - Opioid Peptides D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D004399 - Dynorphins
(S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid
An optically active form of 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid having 4S-configuration.