Gene Association: CLDN1

Diosmetin

C16H12O6 (300.0634)

Diosmetin is a monomethoxyflavone that is the 4-methyl ether derivative of luteolin. It is a natural product isolated from citrus fruits which exhibits a range of pharmacological activities. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antineoplastic agent, a plant metabolite, a tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist, an apoptosis inducer, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a cardioprotective agent, a bone density conservation agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a vasodilator agent. It is a monomethoxyflavone, a trihydroxyflavone and a 3-hydroxyflavonoid. It is functionally related to a luteolin. It is a conjugate acid of a diosmetin-7-olate. Diosmetin is an O-methylated flavone and the aglycone part of the flavonoid glycosides diosmin that occurs naturally in citrus fruits. Pharmacologically, diosmetin is reported to exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, oestrogenic and anti-inflamatory activities. It also acts as a weak TrkB receptor agonist. Diosmetin is a natural product found in Vicia tenuifolia, Salvia tomentosa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Agathosma betulina leaf (part of). A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4-methyl ether derivative of luteolin. It is a natural product isolated from citrus fruits which exhibits a range of pharmacological activities. Isolated from peel of lemon (Citrus limon) and others. Diosmetin is found in many foods, some of which are spearmint, citrus, rosemary, and common thyme. Diosmetin is found in citrus. Diosmetin is isolated from peel of lemon (Citrus limon) and other Diosmetin is a natural flavonoid which inhibits human CYP1A enzyme activity with an IC50 of 40 μM in HepG2 cell. Diosmetin is a natural flavonoid which inhibits human CYP1A enzyme activity with an IC50 of 40 μM in HepG2 cell.

L-Theanine

C7H14N2O3 (174.1004)

L-Theanine, also known as L-gamma-glutamylethylamide or N-gamma-ethyl-L-glutamine, is a member of the class of compounds known as glutamine and derivatives. These compounds contain glutamine or a derivative thereof resulting from a reaction of glutamine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-Theanine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-Theanine can be found in saliva. The regulatory status of theanine varies by country. In Japan, L-theanine has been approved for use in all foods, including herb teas, soft drinks, and desserts. Restrictions apply to infant foods. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and allows its sale as a dietary supplement. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, an agency of their Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, objects to the addition of L-theanine to beverages. The European Food Safety Authority EFSA advised negatively on health claims related to L-theanine and cognitive function, alleviation of psychological stress, maintenance of normal sleep, and reduction of menstrual discomfort. Therefore, health claims for L-theanine are prohibited in the European Union (Wikipedia). L-Theanine is found in mushrooms and is a constituent of tea (Thea sinensis) and of the fungus Imleria badia. L-Theanine has been shown to exhibit neuroprotectant and neuroprotective functions (PMID: 20416364, 20416364). N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine is a N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent, a plant metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a tautomer of a N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine zwitterion. Theanine, a precursor of ethylamine, is found in green tea. It is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00291070 (Effects of L-Theanine in Boys With ADHD). See also: Green tea leaf (part of). Constituent of tea (Thea sinensis) and of the fungus Xerocomus badius (kostanjevka). L-Theanine is found in tea and mushrooms. A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea. KEIO_ID E005 L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid γ-ethyl amide) is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective, anticancer and anti-oxidative activities. L-Theanine can pass through the blood–brain barrier and is orally active[1][2][3]. L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid γ-ethyl amide) is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective, anticancer and anti-oxidative activities. L-Theanine can pass through the blood–brain barrier and is orally active[1][2][3].

Glycocholic acid

C26H43NO6 (465.309)

Glycocholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium and Lactobacillus are involved in bile acid metabolism and produce glycocholic acid (PMID: 6265737; 10629797). In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). More specifically, glycocholic acid or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. Its anion is called glycocholate. As the glycine conjugate of cholic acid, this compound acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed (PubChem). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). Glycocholic acid is found to be associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a cholic acid and a glycochenodeoxycholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a glycocholate. Glycocholic acid is a natural product found in Caenorhabditis elegans and Homo sapiens with data available. The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Glycocholic acid, or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with glycine. Its anion is called glycocholate. [Wikipedia] A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component. Glycocholic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=475-31-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 475-31-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1]. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1].

Pinocembrin

C15H12O4 (256.0736)

Pinocembrin is a dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antineoplastic agent, a vasodilator agent, a neuroprotective agent and a metabolite. It is a dihydroxyflavanone and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. Pinocembrin is a natural product found in Prunus leveilleana, Alpinia rafflesiana, and other organisms with data available. Pinocembrin is found in mexican oregano and is isolated from many plants including food plants. Pinocembrin belongs to the family of flavanones. These are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, which structure is characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a ketone at the carbon C3. A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea. Isolated from many plants including food plants. (S)-Pinocembrin is found in mexican oregano and pine nut. (±)-Pinocembrin ((±)-5,7-Dihydroxyflavanone) is a GPR120 ligand able to promote wound healing in HaCaT cell line[1]. (±)-Pinocembrin ((±)-5,7-Dihydroxyflavanone) is a GPR120 ligand able to promote wound healing in HaCaT cell line[1]. Pinocembrin ((+)-Pinocoembrin) is a flavonoid found in propolis, acts as a competitive inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, and is an effective anti-allergic agent, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties[1]. Pinocembrin ((+)-Pinocoembrin) is a flavonoid found in propolis, acts as a competitive inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, and is an effective anti-allergic agent, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties[1].

Astilbin

C21H22O11 (450.1162)

Astilbin is a flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is an alpha-L-rhamnoside, a member of 3-hydroxyflavanones, a tetrahydroxyflavanone, a flavanone glycoside, a monosaccharide derivative and a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a (+)-taxifolin. It is an enantiomer of a neoastilbin. Astilbin is a natural product found in Smilax corbularia, Rhododendron simsii, and other organisms with data available. Astilbin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Astilbin is found in alcoholic beverages. Astilbin is a constituent of Vitis vinifera (wine grape).Astilbin is a flavanonol, a type of flavonoid. It can be found in St Johns wort (Hypericum perforatum, Clusiaceae, subfamily Hypericoideae, formerly often considered a full family Hypericaceae), in Dimorphandra mollis (Fava danta, Fabaceae), in the the leaves of Harungana madagascariensis (Hypericaceae), in the rhizome of Astilbe thunbergii, in the root of Astilbe odontophylla(Saxifragaceae) and in the rhizone of Smilax glabra (Chinaroot, Smilacaceae). A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Constituent of Vitis vinifera (wine grape) Astilbin is a flavonoid compound and enhances NRF2 activation. Astilbin also suppresses TNF-α expression and NF-κB activation. Astilbin is a flavonoid compound and enhances NRF2 activation. Astilbin also suppresses TNF-α expression and NF-κB activation. Isoastilbin is a dihydroflavonol glycoside compound in Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and Astragalus membranaceus. Isoastilbin inhibits glucosyltransferase (GTase) with an IC50 value of 54.3 μg/mL, and also inhibits tyrosinase activity. Isoastilbin shows neuroprotective, antioxidation, antimicrobial and anti-apoptotic properties and has the potential for Alzheimer’s disease research[1][21][3]. Isoastilbin is a dihydroflavonol glycoside compound in Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and Astragalus membranaceus. Isoastilbin inhibits glucosyltransferase (GTase) with an IC50 value of 54.3 μg/mL, and also inhibits tyrosinase activity. Isoastilbin shows neuroprotective, antioxidation, antimicrobial and anti-apoptotic properties and has the potential for Alzheimer’s disease research[1][21][3].

LDR cpd

C15H16O4 (260.1049)

Linderane is a member of dioxanes. Linderane is a natural product found in Cryptocarya densiflora, Neolitsea villosa, and other organisms with data available. Linderane, isolated from the root of Lindera aggregata, is an irreversible inhibitor cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). Linderane has the potential to relieve pain and cramp[1]. Linderane, isolated from the root of Lindera aggregata, is an irreversible inhibitor cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). Linderane has the potential to relieve pain and cramp[1].

Rutin

C27H30O16 (610.1534)

Rutin is a flavonoid known to have a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties. A large number of flavonoids, mostly O-glycosides, are polyphenolic compounds of natural origin that are present in most fruits and vegetables. The average intake of the compounds by humans on a normal diet is more than 1 g per day. Although flavonoids are devoid of classical nutritional value, they are increasingly viewed as beneficial dietary components that act as potential protectors against human diseases such as coronary heart disease, cancers, and inflammatory bowel disease. Rutin acts as a quercetin deliverer to the large intestine; moreover, quercetin is extensively metabolized in the large intestine, which suggests that quercetin liberated from rutin and/or its colonic metabolites may play a role. Rutins anti-inflammatory actions are mediated through a molecular mechanism that underlies the quercetin-mediated therapeutic effects: quercetin-mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) activation. TNF-alpha-induced NFkB activity plays a central role in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in progression of gut inflammation. (PMID:16132362). Rutin is a rutinoside that is quercetin with the hydroxy group at position C-3 substituted with glucose and rhamnose sugar groups. It has a role as a metabolite and an antioxidant. It is a disaccharide derivative, a quercetin O-glucoside, a tetrahydroxyflavone and a rutinoside. A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including buckwheat; tobacco; forsythia; hydrangea; viola, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. Rutin is a natural product found in Ficus virens, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including BUCKWHEAT; TOBACCO; FORSYTHIA; HYDRANGEA; VIOLA, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. See also: Quercetin (related); Ginkgo (part of); Chamomile (part of) ... View More ... First isolated from Ruta graveolens (rue). Bioflavanoid. Quercetin 3-rutinoside is found in many foods, some of which are tea, bilberry, common oregano, and lemon grass. A rutinoside that is quercetin with the hydroxy group at position C-3 substituted with glucose and rhamnose sugar groups. C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05C - Capillary stabilizing agents > C05CA - Bioflavonoids IPB_RECORD: 541; CONFIDENCE confident structure [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_20eV.txt Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress[1][2][3]. Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress[1][2][3].

Kaempferitrin

C27H30O14 (578.1635)

Kaempferol 3,7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside is a glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residues at positions 3 and 7 respectively via glycosidic linkages. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Vicia faba and Lotus edulis. It has a role as a bone density conservation agent, a hypoglycemic agent, an immunomodulator, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antineoplastic agent, a plant metabolite, an apoptosis inducer and an antidepressant. It is an alpha-L-rhamnoside, a monosaccharide derivative, a dihydroxyflavone, a glycosyloxyflavone and a polyphenol. It is functionally related to a kaempferol. Kaempferitrin is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Cleome amblyocarpa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Selenicereus grandiflorus stem (part of). A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residues at positions 3 and 7 respectively via glycosidic linkages. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Vicia faba and Lotus edulis. Kaempferitrin is found in linden. Kaempferitrin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from the leaves of Hedyotis verticillata. Kaempferitrin is a natural flavonoid, possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumoral and chemopreventive effects, and activates insulin signaling pathway. Kaempferitrin is a natural flavonoid, possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumoral and chemopreventive effects, and activates insulin signaling pathway.

Cimitin

C16H18O6 (306.1103)

Cimifugin is an oxacycle and an organic heterotricyclic compound. Cimifugin is a natural product found in Eranthis cilicica, Ostericum grosseserratum, and other organisms with data available. Cimifugin (Cimitin) is a bioactive component of Cimicifuga racemosa, a Chinese herb. Cimifugin suppresses allergic inflammation by reducing epithelial derived initiative key factors via regulating tight junctions[1]. Cimifugin reduces the migration and chemotaxis of RAW264.7 cells and inhibits the release of inflammatory factors and activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways induced by LPS[2]. Cimifugin (Cimitin) is a bioactive component of Cimicifuga racemosa, a Chinese herb. Cimifugin suppresses allergic inflammation by reducing epithelial derived initiative key factors via regulating tight junctions[1]. Cimifugin reduces the migration and chemotaxis of RAW264.7 cells and inhibits the release of inflammatory factors and activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways induced by LPS[2].

OJV-VI

C44H70O16 (854.4664)

Ophiopogonin D is a steroid saponin. Ophiopogonin D is a natural product found in Ophiopogon jaburan, Ophiopogon japonicus, and Liriope muscari with data available. Ophiopogonin D, isolated from the tubers of Ophiopogon japonicus, is a rare naturally occurring C29 steroidal glycoside[1]. Ophiopogonin D is a CYP2J3 inducer that significantly inhibits Ang II induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, IκBα down-regulation, intracellular Ca2+ overload and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by increasing the expression of CYP2J2/EETs and PPARα in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ophiopogonin D has been used to treat inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases for thousands of years[2]. Ophiopogonin D, isolated from the tubers of Ophiopogon japonicus, is a rare naturally occurring C29 steroidal glycoside[1]. Ophiopogonin D is a CYP2J3 inducer that significantly inhibits Ang II induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, IκBα down-regulation, intracellular Ca2+ overload and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by increasing the expression of CYP2J2/EETs and PPARα in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ophiopogonin D has been used to treat inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases for thousands of years[2]. Ophiopogonin D, isolated from the tubers of Ophiopogon japonicus, is a rare naturally occurring C29 steroidal glycoside[1]. Ophiopogonin D is a CYP2J3 inducer that significantly inhibits Ang II induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, IκBα down-regulation, intracellular Ca2+ overload and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by increasing the expression of CYP2J2/EETs and PPARα in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ophiopogonin D has been used to treat inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases for thousands of years[2].

Corylifolinin

C20H20O4 (324.1362)

Isobavachalcone is a member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2 and 4 and a prenyl group at position 3. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, a platelet aggregation inhibitor and a metabolite. It is a polyphenol and a member of chalcones. It is functionally related to a trans-chalcone. Isobavachalcone is a natural product found in Broussonetia papyrifera, Anthyllis hermanniae, and other organisms with data available. See also: Angelica keiskei top (part of). A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2 and 4 and a prenyl group at position 3. Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is derived from Psoralea corylifolia Linn. and is a potent inhibitor of Akt signaling pathway, which induces apoptosis in human cancer cells (Inhibits OVCAR-8 cell growth with an IC50 value of 7.92 μM). Isobavachalcone also induces Reactive Oxyen Species (ROS) generation in OVCAR-8 cells and has exhibit cancer anti-promotive and anti-proliferative activity[1]. Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is derived from Psoralea corylifolia Linn. and is a potent inhibitor of Akt signaling pathway, which induces apoptosis in human cancer cells (Inhibits OVCAR-8 cell growth with an IC50 value of 7.92 μM). Isobavachalcone also induces Reactive Oxyen Species (ROS) generation in OVCAR-8 cells and has exhibit cancer anti-promotive and anti-proliferative activity[1]. Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is derived from Psoralea corylifolia Linn. and is a potent inhibitor of Akt signaling pathway, which induces apoptosis in human cancer cells (Inhibits OVCAR-8 cell growth with an IC50 value of 7.92 μM). Isobavachalcone also induces Reactive Oxyen Species (ROS) generation in OVCAR-8 cells and has exhibit cancer anti-promotive and anti-proliferative activity[1].

Poncirin

C28H34O14 (594.1948)

(2S)-poncirin is a flavanone glycoside that is 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone attached to a neohesperidose (alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranose) residue via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata and exhibits inhibitory activity against liopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxyflavanone, a flavanone glycoside, a disaccharide derivative, a neohesperidoside and a member of 4-methoxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone. Poncirin is a natural product found in Citrus medica, Micromeria graeca, and other organisms with data available. Isolated from Citrus subspecies Poncirin is found in many foods, some of which are citrus, grapefruit, lemon, and grapefruit/pummelo hybrid. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Poncirin is found in citrus. Poncirin is isolated from Citrus specie Poncirin is isolated from?Poncirus trifoliata with anti-inflammory activites. Poncirin significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain models[1]. Poncirin is isolated from?Poncirus trifoliata with anti-inflammory activites. Poncirin significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain models[1].

(+)-taxifolin

C15H12O7 (304.0583)

Taxifolin, also known as dihydroquercetin or (+)-taxifolin, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavanonols. Flavanonols are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a hydroxyl group and a ketone at the carbon C2 and C3, respectively. Taxifolin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Taxifolin can be found in a number of food items such as sweet rowanberry, arrowroot, evening primrose, and walnut, which makes taxifolin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Taxifolin is a flavanonol, a type of flavonoid . D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2]. Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2].

DL-Mannitol

C6H14O6 (182.079)

D-mannitol appears as odorless white crystalline powder or free-flowing granules. Sweet taste. (NTP, 1992) D-mannitol is the D-enantiomer of mannitol. It has a role as an osmotic diuretic, a sweetening agent, an antiglaucoma drug, a metabolite, an allergen, a hapten, a food bulking agent, a food anticaking agent, a food humectant, a food stabiliser, a food thickening agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a member of compatible osmolytes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and occurs naturally, as a sugar or sugar alcohol, in fruits and vegetables. Mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, into interstitial fluid and plasma. As a result, cerebral edema, elevated intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid volume and pressure may be reduced. Mannitol may also be used for the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established; the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances; as an Antiglaucoma agent; and as a renal function diagnostic aid. On October 30, 2020, mannitol was approved by the FDA as add-on maintenance therapy for the control of pulmonary symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis in adult patients and is currently marketed for this indication under the name BRONCHITOL® by Chiesi USA Inc. Mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Mannitol is an Osmotic Diuretic. The mechanism of action of mannitol is as an Osmotic Activity. The physiologic effect of mannitol is by means of Increased Diuresis. Mannitol is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Scoparia dulcis, and other organisms with data available. Mannitol is a naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. An increase in osmolarity limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, thereby promoting diuresis. In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma. D-mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. See also: Mannitol; sorbitol (component of); Mannitol; menthol (component of). Mannitol, or hexan-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (C6H8(OH)6), is an alcohol and a sugar (sugar alcohol), or a polyol, it is a stereoisomer of sorbitol and is similar to the C5 xylitol. The structure of mannitol is made of a straight chain of six carbon atoms, each of which is substituted with a hydroxyl group. Mannitol is one of the most abundant energy and carbon storage molecules in nature, it is produced by a wide range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants (PMID: 19578847). In medicine, mannitol is used as a diuretic and renal diagnostic aid. Mannitol has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. Mannitol has a tendency to lose a hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions, which causes the solution to become acidic. For this, it is not uncommon to add a weak base, such as sodium bicarbonate, to the solution to adjust its pH. Mannitol is a non-permeating molecule i.e., it cannot cross biological membranes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator. Mannitol is found to be associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Mannitol is also a microbial metabolite found in Aspergillus, Candida, Clostridium, Gluconobacter, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pseudomonas, Rhodobacteraceae, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Torulaspora and Zymomonas (PMID: 15240312; PMID: 29480337). Mannitol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=85085-15-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 69-65-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity.

Glycyrrhetinic acid

C30H46O4 (470.3396)

Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an oxo group at position 11 and a carboxy group at position 30. It has a role as an immunomodulator and a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a cyclic terpene ketone and a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a glycyrrhetinate. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane. Enoxolone (glycyrrhetic acid) has been investigated for the basic science of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (AME). Enoxolone is a natural product found in Glycyrrhiza, Echinopora lamellosa, and other organisms with data available. Enoxolone is a pentacyclic triterpenoid aglycone metabolite of glycyrrhizin, which is a product of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), with potential expectorant, and gastrokinetic activities. After administration, enoxolone inhibits the metabolism of prostaglandins by both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] and prostaglandin reductase 2. Therefore, this agent potentiates the activity of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha, which inhibits gastric secretion while stimulating pancreatic secretion and the secretion of intestinal and respiratory mucus, leading to increased intestinal motility and antitussive effects. Additionally, this agent inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the conversion of cortisol to cortisone in the kidneys. An oleanolic acid from GLYCYRRHIZA that has some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation. See also: Glycyrrhizin (is active moiety of); Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of). Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was first obtained from the herb liquorice. It is used in flavouring and it masks the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer and also has expectorant (antitussive) properties (PMID:32106571). In glycyrrhetinic acid the functional group (R) is a hydroxyl group. Research in 2005 demonstrated that with a proper functional group a very effective glycyrrhetinic artificial sweetener can be obtained. When R is an anionic NHCO(CH2)CO2K side chain, the sweetening effect is found to 1200 times that of sugar (human sensory panel data). A shorter or longer spacer reduces the sweetening effect. One explanation is that the taste bud cell receptor has 1.3 nanometers (13 angstroms) available for docking with the sweetener molecule. In addition the sweetener molecule requires three proton donor positions of which two reside at the extremities to be able to interact efficiently with the receptor cavity. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis[1][2]. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties.

Nervonic acid

C24H46O2 (366.3498)

Nervonic acid is a long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is enriched in sphingomyelin. It consists of choline, sphingosine, phosphoric acid, and fatty acid. Nervonic acid may enhance the brain functions and prevent demyelination (Chemical Land21). Research shows that there is negative relationship between nervonic acid and obesity-related risk factors (PMID:16394593). Demyelination in adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is associated with an accumulation of very long chain saturated fatty acids stemming from a genetic defect in the peroxisomal beta oxidation system responsible for the chain shortening of these fatty acids. Sphingolipids from post mortem ALD brain have decreased levels of nervonic acid, 24:1(n-9), and increased levels of stearic acid, 18:0. (PMID:8072429). (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid is a tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15. It is a conjugate acid of a (15Z)-tetracosenoate. Nervonic acid is a natural product found in Tropaeolum speciosum, Calophyllum inophyllum, and other organisms with data available. Nervonic Acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid with a 24-carbon backbone and the sole double bond originating from the 9th carbon from the methyl end, with this bond in the cis- configuration. See also: Borage Seed Oil (part of). A tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15. Present in fish and rape seed oils Nervonic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid important in the biosynthesis of myelin. Nervonic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid important in the biosynthesis of myelin.

Euphol

C30H50O (426.3861)

Euphol is a triterpenoid. Euphol is a natural product found in Euphorbia nicaeensis, Euphorbia boetica, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of Euphorbia subspecies (CCD). Euphol is found in many foods, some of which are cucumber, soy bean, shea tree, and tea. Euphol is found in cucumber. Euphol is a constituent of Euphorbia species (CCD) Euphol is a tetracyclic triterpene alcohol isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli with anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, orally active. Euphol inhibits the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) activity via a reversible mechanism (IC50=315 nM). MGL inhibition in the periphery modulates the endocannabinoid system to block the development of inflammatory pain[1]. Euphol is a tetracyclic triterpene alcohol isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli with anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, orally active. Euphol inhibits the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) activity via a reversible mechanism (IC50=315 nM). MGL inhibition in the periphery modulates the endocannabinoid system to block the development of inflammatory pain[1]. Euphol is a tetracyclic triterpene alcohol isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli with anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, orally active. Euphol inhibits the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) activity via a reversible mechanism (IC50=315 nM). MGL inhibition in the periphery modulates the endocannabinoid system to block the development of inflammatory pain[1].

1-Triacontanol

C30H62O (438.48)

Triacontan-1-ol, also known as myricyl alcohol or triacontanyl alcohol, is a member of the class of compounds known as fatty alcohols. Fatty alcohols are aliphatic alcohols consisting of a chain of a least six carbon atoms. Thus, triacontan-1-ol is considered to be a fatty alcohol lipid molecule. Triacontan-1-ol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Triacontan-1-ol can be found in a number of food items such as coriander, common grape, tea, and cabbage, which makes triacontan-1-ol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

(-)-Guttiferone E

C38H50O6 (602.3607)

Garcinol is a monoterpenoid. CID 5281560 is a natural product found in Garcinia assugu, Garcinia pedunculata, and other organisms with data available. (-)-Guttiferone E is found in fruits. (-)-Guttiferone E is a constituent of Garcinia indica (kokam). Camboginol isolated from Garcinia cambogia. Constituent of Garcinia indica (kokam). Camboginol isolated from Garcinia cambogia. (-)-Guttiferone E is found in fruits. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone harvested from Garcinia indica, exerts anti-cholinesterase properties towards acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50s of 0.66 μM and 7.39 μM, respectively[1]. Garcinol also inhibits histone acetyltransferases (HATs, IC50= 7 μM) and p300/CPB-associated factor (PCAF, IC50 = 5 μM). Garcinol has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity[2].

Petunidin

C16H13ClO7 (352.035)

Petunidin chloride is an anthocyanidin chloride that has petunidin as the cationic component. It has a role as a metabolite. An anthocyanidin chloride that has petunidin as the cationic component.

Selenomethionine

C5H11NO2Se (196.9955)

L-selenomethionine is the L-enantiomer of selenomethionine. It is an enantiomer of a D-selenomethionine. It is a tautomer of a L-selenomethionine zwitterion. Selenomethionine is a naturally occuring amino acid in some plant materials such as cereal grains, soybeans and enriched yeast but it cannot be synthesized from animals or humans. It can be produced from post-structural modifications. *In vivo*, selenomethionine plays an essential role in acting as an antioxidant, where it depletes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aids in the formation and recycling of glutathione, another important antioxidant. In comparison to selenite, which is the inorganic form of selenium, the organic form of selenomethionine is more readily absorbed in the human body. Selenomethionin is used in biochemical laboratories where its incorporation into proteins that need to be visualized enhances the performance of X-ray crystallography. L-Selenomethionine is the amino acid methionine with selenium substituting for the sulphur moiety. Methionine is an essential amino acid in humans, whereas selenium is a free-radical scavenging anti-oxidant, essential for the protection of various tissues from the damages of lipid peroxidation. As a trace mineral that is toxic in high doses, selenium is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase, an anti-oxidant enzyme that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide. L-Selenomethionine is considered a safe, efficacious form of selenium and is readily bioavailable. Selenium may be chemoprotective for certain cancers, particularly prostate cancer. (NCI04) Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination. Selenomethionine (CAS: 1464-42-2) is an amino acid containing selenium that cannot be synthesized by higher animals but can be obtained from plant material. Selenomethionine is the major seleno-compound in cereal grains (wheat grain, maize, and rice), soybeans, and enriched yeast. Seleno-compounds present in plants may have a profound effect on the health of animals and human subjects. It is now known that the total Se content cannot be used as an indication of its efficacy, but knowledge of individual selenocompounds is necessary to fully assess the significance. Thus, speciation of the seleno-compounds has moved to the forefront. Since animals and man are dependent upon plants for their nutritional requirements, this makes the types of seleno-compounds in plants even more critical. Se enters the food chain through incorporation into plant proteins, mostly as selenocysteine and selenomethionine at normal Se levels. There are two possible pathways for the catabolism of selenomethionine. One is the transsulfuration pathway via selenocystathionine to produce selenocysteine, which in turn is degraded into H2Se by the enzyme beta-lyase. The other pathway is the transamination-decarboxylation pathway. It was estimated that 90\\\\% of methionine is metabolized through this pathway and thus could be also the major route for selenomethionine catabolism (PMID:14748935). Found in onion, cabbage, coco de mono (Lecythis elliptica), Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), wheat grains and other plants. Dietary supplement for avoidance of Se deficiency in humans and ruminants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant The L-enantiomer of selenomethionine. L-SelenoMethionine, an L-isomer of Selenomethionine, is a major natural food-form of selenium. L-SelenoMethionin is a cancer chemopreventive agent that can reduce cancer incidence by dietary supplementation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. L-SelenoMethionine also can increase expression of glutathione peroxidase[1][2][3]. Selenomethionine is a naturally occurring amino acid containing selenium and is a common natural food source.

Pinostilbene

C15H14O3 (242.0943)

3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene is a stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol in which one of the meta-hydroxy groups is converted to the corresponding methyl ether. It is functionally related to a trans-resveratrol. 3-Methoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene is a natural product found in Soymida febrifuga, Rumex bucephalophorus, and other organisms with data available. A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol in which one of the meta-hydroxy groups is converted to the corresponding methyl ether. Pinostilbene (trans-Pinostilbene) is a major metabolite of Pterostilbene. Pinostilbene exhibits inhibitory effects on colon cancer cells[1]. Pinostilbene (trans-Pinostilbene) is a major metabolite of Pterostilbene. Pinostilbene exhibits inhibitory effects on colon cancer cells[1].

Thymol

C10H14O (150.1045)

Thymol is a phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. It has a role as a volatile oil component. It is a member of phenols and a monoterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a p-cymene. A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils. It is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal actions, and was formerly used as a vermifuge. (Dorland, 28th ed) Thymol is a natural product found in Xylopia aromatica, Xylopia sericea, and other organisms with data available. A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent. See also: Paeonia lactiflora root (part of); Elymus repens root (part of); Eucalyptol; thymol (component of) ... View More ... Thymol is a phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils. It is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal actions, and was formerly used as a vermifuge. Thymol is a monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, C10H13OH, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties. It is also called "hydroxy cymene". In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, thymol is one of the 599 additives to cigarettes. Its use or purpose, however, is unknown, like most cigarette additives. Found in many essential oils. Especies found in the Labiatae. Rich sources are thyme oil, seed oil of Ptychotis ajowan and oils of horsemint (Monarda punctata) and Ocimum subspecies Flavouring ingredient C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. Thymol is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae and Apiaceae families. Thymol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects[1]. Thymol is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae and Apiaceae families. Thymol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects[1].

Cernuine

C15H10O6 (286.0477)

Aureusidin is a hydroxyaurone that is aurone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 6, 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to an aurone. It is a conjugate acid of an aureusidin-6-olate. Aureusidin is a natural product found in Eleocharis dulcis, Eleocharis pallens, and other organisms with data available. Cernuine is found in citrus. Cernuine is isolated from Citrus medica (citron). Isolated from Citrus medica (citron). Cernuine is found in lemon and citrus. Aureusidin is an aurone with high antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Aureusidin also shows anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Aureusidin is an aurone with high antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Aureusidin also shows anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Aureusidin is an aurone with high antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Aureusidin also shows anti-inflammatory effects[1].

3-Methylindole

C9H9N (131.0735)

3-Methylindole, or skatole, belongs to the indole family and has a methyl substituent in position 3 of the indole ring. It occurs naturally in feces, beets, and coal tar, and has a strong fecal odor. Its name is derived from skato, the Greek word for dung. It exists as a white crystalline or fine powder solid, and it browns upon aging. 3-Methylindole is produced from tryptophan in the mammalian digestive tract where tryptophan is converted to indoleacetic acid, which decarboxylates to give the methylindole. These reactions are largely driven by the microbiota in the digestive tract. 3-Methylindole is soluble in alcohol and benzene and it gives violet color in potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O) mixed with sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Skatole has a double ring system which displays aromaticity that comes from the lone pair electrons on the nitrogen. It is continuous (all atoms in the ring are sp2 hybridized), planar, and follows the 4n+2 rule because it has 10 pi electrons. In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, skatole was listed as one of the 599 additives to cigarettes. This is because in low concentrations skatole has a flowery smell and is found in several flowers and essential oils, including those of orange blossoms, jasmine, and Ziziphus mauritiana. As a result, skatole/3-methylindole is used as a fragrance and fixative in many perfumes and as a general aroma compound for other applications. 3-Methylindole has been found to be a bacterial metabolite of members of the Clostridium (PMID: 18223109) and Lactobacillus (PMID: 16345702) families. Skatole functions as an insect attractant and is one of many compounds that are attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, which apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; it is commonly used as bait for these bees for study (PMID: 12647866). It is also known for being an attractant for the Tasmanian grass grub beetle (Aphodius tasmaniae). Skatole has also been shown to be an attractant to gravid mosquitoes in both field and laboratory conditions (PMID: 24242053). 3-methylindole, also known as skatol or 3-methyl-4,5-benzopyrrole, is a member of the class of compounds known as 3-methylindoles. 3-methylindoles are aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain an indole moiety substituted at the 3-position with a methyl group. 3-methylindole is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-methylindole is a very strong, animal, and civet tasting compound found in common beet and red beetroot, which makes 3-methylindole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-methylindole can be found primarily in feces and saliva. Skatole or 3-methylindole is a mildly toxic white crystalline organic compound belonging to the indole family. It occurs naturally in feces (it is produced from tryptophan in the mammalian digestive tract) and coal tar and has a strong fecal odor. In low concentrations, it has a flowery smell and is found in several flowers and essential oils, including those of orange blossoms, jasmine, and Ziziphus mauritiana. It is used as a fragrance and fixative in many perfumes and as an aroma compound. Its name is derived from the Greek root skato- meaning "dung". Skatole was discovered in 1877 by the German physician Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919). Skatole is also used by U.S. military in its non-lethal weaponry; specifically, malodorants . Skatole. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=83-34-1 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 83-34-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Skatole is produced by intestinal bacteria, regulates intestinal epithelial cellular functions through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and p38[1]. Skatole is produced by intestinal bacteria, regulates intestinal epithelial cellular functions through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and p38[1].

N-Acetylputrescine

C6H14N2O (130.1106)

N-Acetylputrescine is a polyamine commonly occurring excreted in normal human urine (PMID 7775374). N-Acetylputrescine is the most abundant of all polyamines both in normal individuals and in patients with leukemia (PMID 9464484). N-Acetylputrescine is the N-acetylated form of the naturally occurring polyamine called putrescine. The N-acetylation is mediated by the enzyme diamine N-acetyltransferase. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. N-Acetylputrescine can be found in Corynebacterium as well (PMID:25919117). N-Acetylputrescine is a polyamine commonly occurring excreted in normal human urine (PMID 7775374). N-Acetylputrescine is the most abundant of all polyamines both in normal individuals and in patients with leukemia (PMID 9464484). N-Acetylputrescine is the N-acetylated form of the naturally occurring polyamine called putrescine. The N-acetylation is mediated by the enzyme diamine N-acetyltransferase. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID A051

Ochratoxin A

C20H18ClNO6 (403.0823)

Ochratoxin A is found in barley. Mycotoxin. Ochratoxin A is produced by Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus sulphureus and Penicillium viridicatum.Potential contaminant of foodstuffs, especially cereals. Ochratoxin A is found in stored grain products in UK (1997).Ochratoxin A, a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum, is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins in the world. Human exposure occurs mainly through consumption of improperly stored food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes and dried grapes. The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Ochratoxin A toxicity has large species- and sex-specific differences Mycotoxin. Production by Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus sulphureus and Penicillium viridicatum.Potential contaminant of foodstuffs, especially cereals. Found in stored grain products in UK (1997) D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009793 - Ochratoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators

Pipecolic acid

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

Pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine found in human physiological fluids such as urine, plasma and CSF. However, it is uncertain if pipecolic acid originates directly from food intake or from mammalian or intestinal bacterial enzyme metabolism. Recent studies suggest that plasma pipecolic acid, particularly the D-isomer, originates mainly from the catabolism of dietary lysine by intestinal bacteria rather than by direct food intake. In classic Zellweger syndrome (a cerebro-hepato-renal genetic disorder, OMIM 214100) pipecolic acid accumulate in the plasma of the patients. It is known that plasma pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. Pipecolic acid is moderately elevated in patients with pyridoxine-dependent seizures and might therefore be a possible biochemical marker for selecting candidates for pyridoxine therapy (Plecko et al 2000). Pipecolic acid was also elevated in CSF in these vitamin B6-responsive patients (PMID 12705501). Pipecolic acid is found to be associated with adrenoleukodystrophy, infantile Refsum disease, and peroxisomal biogenesis defect, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. Pipecolic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of dried and cooked beans. Pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine found in human physiological fluids such as urine, plasma and CSF. However, it is uncertain if pipecolic acid originates directly from food intake or from mammalian or intestinal bacterial enzyme metabolism. Recent studies suggest that plasma pipecolic acid, particularly the D-isomer, originates mainly from the catabolism of dietary lysine by intestinal bacteria rather than by direct food intake. In classic Zellweger syndrome (a cerebro-hepato-renal genetic disorder, OMIM 214100) pipecolic acid accumulate in the plasma of the patients. It is known that plasma pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. Pipecolic acid is moderately elevated in patients with pyridoxine-dependent seizures and might therefore be a possible biochemical marker for selecting candidates for pyridoxine therapy (Plecko et al 2000). Pipecolic acid was also elevated in CSF in these vitamin B6-responsive patients. (PMID 12705501) [HMDB]. Pipecolic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of dried and cooked beans. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID P048 L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2]. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2].

Pirimiphos-methyl

C11H20N3O3PS (305.0963)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4028 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2575 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8410 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals

Loperamide

C29H33ClN2O2 (476.223)

Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids; Loperamide usually as hydrochloride, is a drug effective against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor and Pepto Diarrhea Control; Treatment should be avoided in the presence of fever or if the stool is bloody. Treatment is not recommended for patients who could suffer detrimental effects from rebound constipation. If there is a suspicion of diarrhea associated with organisms that can penetrate the intestinal walls, such as E. coli O157:H7 or salmonella, loperamide is contraindicated; Loperamide, usually as hydrochloride, is a drug effective against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor and Pepto Diarrhea Control; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids; One of the long-acting synthetic antidiarrheals; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally; Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines [HMDB] Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids; Loperamide usually as hydrochloride, is a drug effective against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor and Pepto Diarrhea Control; Treatment should be avoided in the presence of fever or if the stool is bloody. Treatment is not recommended for patients who could suffer detrimental effects from rebound constipation. If there is a suspicion of diarrhea associated with organisms that can penetrate the intestinal walls, such as E. coli O157:H7 or salmonella, loperamide is contraindicated; Loperamide, usually as hydrochloride, is a drug effective against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor and Pepto Diarrhea Control; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids; One of the long-acting synthetic antidiarrheals; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally; Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07D - Antipropulsives > A07DA - Antipropulsives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C266 - Antidiarrheal Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000930 - Antidiarrheals KEIO_ID L047; [MS2] KO009036 KEIO_ID L047

Pantoprazole

C16H15F2N3O4S (383.0751)

Pantozol; Pantoprazole (brand names Pantopan in Italy; Protium; Protonix; Pantozol; Pantor; Pantoloc) is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained; Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained. Pantoprazole is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 system. Metabolism mainly consists of demethylation by CYP2C19 followed by sulfation. Another metabolic pathway is oxidation by CYP3A4. Pantoprazole metabolites are not thought to have any pharmacological significance; Protium; Pantor; Pantoloc) is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained; Protonix; Pantoprazole (brand names Pantopan in Italy. Pantozol; Pantoprazole (brand names Pantopan in Italy; Protium; Protonix; Pantozol; Pantor; Pantoloc) is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained; Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders > A02B - Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord) > A02BC - Proton pump inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29723 - Proton Pump Inhibitor D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D054328 - Proton Pump Inhibitors CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8336 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2274

Sulfathiazole

C9H9N3O2S2 (255.0136)

Sulfathiazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.It is a short-acting sulfa drug. It used to be a common oral and topical antimicrobial until less toxic alternatives were discovered. It is still occasionally used, sometimes in combination with sulfabenzamide and sulfacetamide. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2323; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2321 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2327; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2325 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7417; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7415 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2326; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2324 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2315; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2312 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7355; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7354 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7401; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7397 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7346; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7344 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2323; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2320 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2314; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2312 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7406; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7404 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1024; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7390; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7388 D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013432 - Sulfathiazoles D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 185 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2360 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1023 KEIO_ID S079; [MS2] KO009251 KEIO_ID S079

Mesalazine

C7H7NO3 (153.0426)

Mesalazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the salicylates, which is active in inflammatory bowel disease. It is considered to be the active moiety of sulphasalazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)Although the mechanism of action of mesalazine is not fully understood, it appears to be topical rather than systemic. Mucosal production of arachidonic acid metabolites, both through the cyclooxygenase pathways, i.e., prostanoids, and through the lipoxygenase pathways, i.e., leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, is increased in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and it is possible that mesalazine diminishes inflammation by blocking cyclooxygenase and inhibiting prostaglandin production in the colon. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07E - Intestinal antiinflammatory agents > A07EC - Aminosalicylic acid and similar agents D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents

MCPB

C11H13ClO3 (228.0553)

D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2710 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 578; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5034; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5030 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 578; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4996; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4991 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 578; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5038; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5036 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 578; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5019; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5018 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 578; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5021; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5016 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 578; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5033; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5031

Aureomykoin

C22H23ClN2O8 (478.1143)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations > A01AB - Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use > D06AA - Tetracycline and derivatives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01A - Tetracyclines > J01AA - Tetracyclines D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C1595 - Tetracycline Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

Methotrexate

C20H22N8O5 (454.1713)

Methotrexate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [PubChem]Methotrexate anti-tumor activity is a result of the inhibition of folic acid reductase, leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis and inhibition of cellular replication. The mechanism involved in its activity against rheumatoid arthritis is not known. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BA - Folic acid analogues L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L04 - Immunosuppressants > L04A - Immunosuppressants C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D000019 - Abortifacient Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2730 D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Corona-virus KEIO_ID M048 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Boscalid

C18H12Cl2N2O (342.0327)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4418; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4415 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9095; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9091 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4418; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4414 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4411; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4407 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9060; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9056 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9052; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9049 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4402; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4400 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4386; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4384 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9078; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9077 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9072; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9067 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1316; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4421; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4418 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4060 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2326 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8436

Caproic acid

C6H12O2 (116.0837)

Caproic acid, also known as hexanoic acid or C6:0, is a medium-chain fatty acid. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides. Caproic acid is a colourless oily liquid that smells like cheese with an overlying waxy or barnyard odor like that of goats or other barnyard animals. Its name comes from the Latin word capra, meaning "goat". Two other fatty acids are named after goats: caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10). Along with caproic acid, they account for 15\\% of the fat in goats milk. Caproic acid is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils. While generally more abundant in animals, caproic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Caproic acid is one of the chemicals that gives the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo fruit its characteristic unpleasant odor. It is also one of the components of vanilla and cheese. Industrially, the primary use of caproic acid is in the manufacture of its esters for use as artificial flavors and in the manufacture of hexyl derivatives, such as hexylphenols. Caproic acid has been associated with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. As a relatively volatile organic compound, caproic acid has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Present in apple, wine grapes, butter, licorice and cheeses, e.g. blue cheeses, Cheddar cheese, Swiss cheese, feta cheese, gruyere de comte cheese, etcand is) also present in a few essential oils and fruital aromas. Secondary product of butyric acid fermentation. Flavouring ingredient KEIO_ID C035

Oleamide

C18H35NO (281.2719)

Oleamide is an amide of the fatty acid oleic acid. It is an endogenous substance: it occurs naturally in the body of animals. It accumulates in the cerebrospinal fluid during sleep deprivation and induces sleep in animals. It is being studied as a potential medical treatment for mood and sleep disorders, and cannabinoid-regulated depression. The mechanism of action of oleamides sleep inducing effects is an area of current research. It is likely that oleamide interacts with multiple neurotransmitter systems. Oleamide is structurally related to the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide, and has the ability to bind to the CB1 receptor as a full agonist. Oleamide. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=301-02-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 301-02-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Oleamide is an endogenous fatty acid amide which can be synthesized de novo in the mammalian nervous system, and has been detected in human plasma.

oxybenzone

C14H12O3 (228.0786)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents > D013473 - Sunscreening Agents C1892 - Chemopreventive Agent > C851 - Sunscreen D003879 - Dermatologic Agents D003358 - Cosmetics Same as: D05309 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4381; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4379 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4375; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4373 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4383; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4379 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4381; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4376 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4396; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4394 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4398; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4397 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9607; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9606 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9642; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9638 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9614; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9611 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9638; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9635 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9643; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9641 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 754; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9646; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9641 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2758 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8629 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8143 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 230

Tangeritin

C20H20O7 (372.1209)

Isolated from tangerine peel and Fortunella japonica (round kumquat). Potential nutriceutical. Tangeritin is found in many foods, some of which are apple, broccoli, sweet bay, and tea. Tangeritin is found in apple. Tangeritin is isolated from tangerine peel and Fortunella japonica (round kumquat). Potential nutriceutica Tangeretin (Tangeritin), a flavonoid from citrus fruit peels, has been proven to play an important role in anti-inflammatory responses and neuroprotective effects in several disease models, and is a Notch-1 inhibitor. Tangeretin (Tangeritin), a flavonoid from citrus fruit peels, has been proven to play an important role in anti-inflammatory responses and neuroprotective effects in several disease models, and is a Notch-1 inhibitor.

Aflatoxin M1

C17H12O7 (328.0583)

D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D000348 - Aflatoxins

Glucoraphanin

C12H23NO10S3 (437.0484)

Glucoraphanin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkylglucosinolates. These are organic compounds containing a glucosinolate moiety that carries an alkyl chain. Outside of the human body, glucoraphanin has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as radish, common cabbages, Brassicas, Chinese cabbages, and cabbages. This could make glucoraphanin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Isolated from radish (Raphanus sativus) and Brassica species seeds or tops. Glucoraphanin is found in many foods, some of which are broccoli, white cabbage, cauliflower, and chinese cabbage. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Glucoraphanin, a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetable, is a stable precursor of the Nrf2 inducer sulforaphane, which possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects. Glucoraphanin, a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetable, is a stable precursor of the Nrf2 inducer sulforaphane, which possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects.

T2 Toxin

C24H34O9 (466.2203)

T2 Toxin is isolated from Fusarium species and Trichoderma lignorum. T2 Toxin is an important mycotoxin occurring naturally in various agricultural products. Isolated from Fusarium subspecies and Trichoderma lignorum. Important mycotoxin occurring naturally in various agricultural products D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) is a toxic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium species in feedstuffs and cereal grains, LD50 values of T-2 Toxin in mice and rats are 5.2 and 1.5 mg/kg BWa,respectively [1]. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) can be transformed into a variety of metabolite, the typical metabolites of T-2 toxin in animals are HT-2 toxin and T-2-triol, which are hydrolysates[1]. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) is an inhibitor of protein synthesis resulting from binding peptidyltransferase, which is an integral part of the 60s ribosomal subunit. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA, interferes with the metabolism of membrane phospholipids, and increases the level of liver lipid peroxides[1]. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) induces apoptosis in the immune system, gastrointestinal tissues, and fetal tissues[2].

Primolut depot

C27H40O4 (428.2926)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10390; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10389 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10271; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10269 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10375; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10374 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10383; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10381 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10318; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10317 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 655; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10339; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10337 D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D004965 - Estrogen Antagonists D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D011372 - Progestins C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone

[8]-Shogaol

C17H24O3 (276.1725)

1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4-decen-3-one is found in ginger. 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4-decen-3-one is a constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) [DFC] (Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.). Constituent of grains of paradise (Amomum melegueta) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) [DFC] C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28269 - Phytochemical D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Shogaol ([6]-Shogaol), an active compound isolated from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), exhibits a variety of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. Shogaol ([6]-Shogaol), an active compound isolated from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), exhibits a variety of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation.

Norizalpinin

C15H10O5 (270.0528)

Galangin is a 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent, an EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavone and a 7-hydroxyflavonol. Galangin is a natural product found in Alpinia conchigera, Populus koreana, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of Galanga root (Alpinia officinarum). Galangin is found in many foods, some of which are apple, garden onion (variety), sweet orange, and grape wine. A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells. Norizalpinin is found in apple. Norizalpinin is a constituent of Galanga root (Alpinia officinarum) D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Galangin (Norizalpinin) is?an?agonist/antagonist?of the?arylhydrocarbon?receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity. Galangin (Norizalpinin) is?an?agonist/antagonist?of the?arylhydrocarbon?receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.

Sulfasalazine

C18H14N4O5S (398.0685)

Sulfasalazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see mesalamine) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)The mode of action of Sulfasalazine or its metabolites, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulfapyridine (SP), is still under investigation, but may be related to the anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory properties that have been observed in animal and in vitro models, to its affinity for connective tissue, and/or to the relatively high concentration it reaches in serous fluids, the liver and intestinal walls, as demonstrated in autoradiographic studies in animals. In ulcerative colitis, clinical studies utilizing rectal administration of Sulfasalazine, SP and 5-ASA have indicated that the major therapeutic action may reside in the 5-ASA moiety. The relative contribution of the parent drug and the major metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07E - Intestinal antiinflammatory agents > A07EC - Aminosalicylic acid and similar agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents

Isobutyric acid

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism. Small amounts may also be found in certain foods or fermented beverages. There is anosmia (genetic inability to smell) for the odor of isobutyric acid with a frequency of about 2.5\\%. (OMIM 207000). Isobutyric acid is slightly soluble in water but much more soluble in ethanol, ether and organic solvents. Isobutyric acid can affect people if breathed in and may be absorbed through the skin. Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing Isobutyric acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath. Present in apple, morello cherry, guava fruit, wine grapes, pineapple, crispbread, other breads, cheeses, wines, scallop and several essential oils, e.g. Roman chamomile. Acid and simple esters used as flavouring agents KEIO_ID I012

Valerate

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH. Like other low molecular weight carboxylic acids, it has a very unpleasant odor. Valeric acid is commonly found in human feces, with an average concentration of 2.4 umol/g feces (range of 0.6-3.8 umol/g) (PMID:6740214). Valeric acid is produced by the gut microbiota, typically Clostridia species and other gut bacterial species such as Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 (PMID:30052654) via the condensation of ethanol with propionic acid (PMID:18116989). Valeric acid is largely considered as a gut microbial metabolite. Recently, valeric acid has been found to exert strong gut protective effects. Studies involving mice that received high doses of radiation showed that valeric acid replenishment (via oral gavage) elevated the survival rate of irradiated mice, protected hematogenic organs (such as the thymus and spleen), improved gastrointestinal (GI) tract function and enhanced intestinal epithelial integrity (PMID:31931652 ). Valeric acid was also found to restore the enteric bacteria taxonomic proportions and reprogram the small intestinal protein profile to normal levels. Valeric acid, like butyric acid, also appears to be a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. High levels of HDAC proteins have been implicated in a variety of disease pathologies, from cancer and colitis to cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration (PMID:30052654). Valeric acid is also found in certain plants, specifically in the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name. Industrially valeric acid is primarily used is in the synthesis of its esters. Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavours. Hydrolysis of these valerate-containing food additives in the gut can also lead to the appearance of valerate in blood, urine and stool samples. Minor constituent of biological systems e.g. yeast fat, some plant oilsand is also present in blue cheeses, wines, apple, banana, morello cherry, cooked shrimp, scallop, roasted peanut, roasted filberts and other foodstuffs. Flavouring agent. Pentanoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are red raspberry, pepper (c. frutescens), tea, and fats and oils. KEIO_ID V002

Ginkgolide B

C20H24O10 (424.1369)

Ginkgolide B is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide B is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Ginkgolide B is found in ginkgo nuts and fats and oils. D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D005343 - Fibrinolytic Agents D050299 - Fibrin Modulating Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents Ginkgolide B (BN-52021) is a terpenoid and one of the important active substances in Ginkgo leaves. Ginkgolide B (BN-52021) is a terpenoid and one of the important active substances in Ginkgo leaves.

Trimethylamine N-oxide

C3H9NO (75.0684)

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is an oxidation product of trimethylamine and a common metabolite in animals and humans. In particular, trimethylamine-N-oxide is biosynthesized endogenously from trimethylamine, which is derived from choline, which can be derived from dietary lecithin (phosphatidylcholines) or dietary carnitine. TMAO decomposes to trimethylamine (TMA), which is the main odorant that is characteristic of degrading seafood. TMAO is an osmolyte that the body will use to counteract the effects of increased concentrations of urea (due to kidney failure) and high levels can be used as a biomarker for kidney problems. It has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821). Fish odor syndrome or trimethylaminuria is a defect in the production of the enzyme flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) causing incomplete breakdown of trimethylamine from choline-containing food into trimethylamine oxide. Trimethylamine then builds up and is released in the persons sweat, urine, and breath, giving off a strong fishy odor. The concentration of TMAO in the blood increases after consuming foods containing carnitine or lecithin (phosphatidylcholines), if the bacteria that convert those substances to TMAO are present in the gut (PMID:23614584). High concentrations of carnitine are found in red meat, some energy drinks, and certain dietary supplements; lecithin is found in eggs and is commonly used as an ingredient in processed food. High levels of TMAO are found in many seafoods. Some types of normal gut bacteria (e.g. species of Acinetobacter) in the human gut convert dietary carnitine and dietary lecithin to TMAO (PMID:21475195). TMAO alters cholesterol metabolism in the intestines, in the liver and in arterial wall. When TMAO is present, cholesterol metabolism is altered and there is an increased deposition of cholesterol within, and decreased removal of cholesterol from, peripheral cells such as those in the artery wall (PMID:23563705). Urinary TMAO is a biomarker for the consumption of fish, especially cold-water fish. Trimethylamine N-oxide is found to be associated with maple syrup urine disease and propionic acidemia, which are inborn errors of metabolism. TMAO can also be found in Bacteroidetes, Ruminococcus (PMID:26687352). Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is an oxidation product of trimethylamine and a common metabolite in animals and humans. TMAO decomposes to trimethylamine (TMA), which is the main odorant that is characteristic of degrading seafood. TMAO is an osmolyte that the body will use to counter-act the effects of increased concentrations of urea (due to kidney failure) and can be used as a biomarker for kidney problems. Fish odor syndrome or trimethylaminuria is a defect in the production of the enzyme flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) causing incomplete breakdown of trimethylamine from choline-containing food into trimethylamine oxide. Trimethylamine then builds up and is released in the persons sweat, urine, and breath, giving off a strong fishy odor.; Trimethylamine N-oxide, also known by several other names and acronyms, is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)3NO. This colorless solid is usually encountered as the dihydrate. It is an oxidation product of trimethylamine and a common metabolite in animals. It is an osmolyte found in saltwater fish, sharks and rays, molluscs, and crustaceans. Along with free amino acids, it reduces the 3\\\% salinity of seawater to about 1\\\% of dissolved solids inside cells. TMAO decomposes to trimethylamine (TMA), which is the main odorant that is characteristic of degrading seafood.; Trimethylaminuria is a defect in the production of the enzyme flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3),, causing incomplete breakdown of trimethylamine from choline-containing food into trimethylamine oxide. Trimethylamine then builds up and is released in the persons sweat, urine, and breath, giving off a strong fishy odor. Urinary TMAO is a biomarker for the consumption of fish, especially cold-water fish. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants KEIO_ID T051 Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway[1][2][3].

Tropisetron

C17H20N2O2 (284.1525)

D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04AA - Serotonin (5ht3) antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist > C94726 - 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent Same as: D02130 Tropisetron (SDZ-ICS-930 free base) is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and α7-nicotinic receptor agonist with an IC50 of 70.1 ± 0.9 nM for 5-HT3 receptor. IC50 value: 70.1 ± 0.9 nM [1] Target: 5-HT3 receptor in vitro: Tropisetron specifically inhibited both IL-2 gene transcription and IL-2 synthesis in stimulated T cells. tropisetron inhibited both the binding to DNA and the transcriptional activity of NFAT and AP-1. We also observed that tropisetron is a potent inhibitor of PMA plus ionomycin-induced NF-(kappa)B activation but in contrast TNF(alpha)-mediated NF-(kappa)B activation was not affected by this antagonist [2]. Tropisetron prevents the phosphorylation and thus activation of the p38 MAPK, which is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of various cytokines [3]. in vivo: Two different doses of tropisetron (5 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before pMCAO. Neurological deficit scores, mortality rate and infarct volume were determined 24 h after permanent focal cerebral ischemia [4].

Carglumic acid

C6H10N2O5 (190.059)

Carglumic acid is an orphan drug used for the treatment of hyperammonaemia in patients with N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency. This rare genetic disorder results in elevated blood levels of ammonia, which can eventually cross the blood-brain barrier and cause neurologic problems, cerebral edema, coma, and death. Carglumic acid was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 18 March 2010. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AA - Amino acids and derivatives C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid KEIO_ID C078

Lactulose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). Moreover, lactulose is found to be associated with celiac disease, which is an inborn error of metabolism. A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887) [HMDB] A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29697 - Laxative D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents

Propionic acid

C3H6O2 (74.0368)

Propionic acid (PA) is an organic acid. It exists a clear liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. Propionic acid (PA) is widely used as an antifungal agent in food. It is present naturally at low levels in dairy products and occurs ubiquitously, together with other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other mammals as an end-product of the microbial digestion of carbohydrates. The metabolism of propionic acid begins with its conversion to propionyl coenzyme A, the usual first step in the metabolism of carboxylic acids. Since propionic acid has three carbons, propionyl-CoA cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. In most vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is isomerised to L-methylmalonyl-CoA. Propionic acid has significant physiological activity in animals. Propionic acid is irritant but produces no acute systemic effects and has no demonstrable genotoxic potential (PMID 1628870). The human skin is host of several species of bacteria known as Propionibacteria, which are named after their ability to produce propionic acid. The most notable one is the Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes), which lives mainly in the sebaceous glands of the skin and is one of the principal causes of acne. Propionic aciduria is one of the most frequent organic acidurias, a disease that comprise many various disorders. The outcome of patients born with Propionic aciduria is poor intellectual development patterns, with 60\\\% having an IQ less than 75 and requiring special education. Successful liver and/or renal transplantations, in a few patients, have resulted in better quality of life but have not necessarily prevented neurological and various visceral complications. These results emphasize the need for permanent metabolic follow-up whatever the therapeutic strategy (PMID 15868474). Decreased early mortality, less severe symptoms at diagnosis, and more favorable short-term neurodevelopmental outcome were recorded in patients identified through expanded newborn screening. (PMID 16763906)↵ When propionic acid is infused directly into rodents brains, it produces hyperactivity, dystonia, social impairment, perseveration and brain changes (e.g., innate neuroinflammation, glutathione depletion) that may be used as a means to model autism in rats. Propionic acid is a metabolite of Bacteroides, Clostridium, Dialister, Megasphaera, Phascolarctobacterium, Propionibacterium, Propionigenum, Salmonella, Selenomonas and Veillonella (https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/3/2/21). Propionic acid, also known as propionate or ethanecarboxylic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH. Thus, propionic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Propionic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Propionic acid can be found in a number of food items such as celery stalks, burbot, sapodilla, and dock, which makes propionic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Propionic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including feces, saliva, blood, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Propionic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, propionic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include propanoate metabolism and vitamin K metabolism. Propionic acid is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include malonic aciduria, malonyl-coa decarboxylase deficiency, and methylmalonic aciduria due to cobalamin-related disorders. Moreover, propionic acid is found to be associated with propionic acidemia. Propionic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound.

Sucralose

C12H19Cl3O8 (396.0145)

Sucralose is a noncalorific sweetener with good taste properties One report suggests sucralose is a possible trigger for some migraine patients. Another study published in the Journal of Mutation Research linked doses of sucralose equivalent to 11,450 packets per day in a person to DNA damage in mice. Results from over 100 animal and clinical studies in the FDA approval process unanimously indicated a lack of risk associated with sucralose intake. However, some adverse effects were seen at doses that significantly exceeded the estimated daily intake (EDI), which is 1.1 mg/kg/day. When the EDI is compared to the intake at which adverse effects are seen, known as the highest no adverse effects limit (HNEL), at 1500 mg/kg/day, there is a large margin of safety. The bulk of sucralose ingested is not absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is directly excreted in the feces, while 11-27\\% of it is absorbed. The amount that is absorbed from the GI tract is largely removed from the blood stream by the kidneys and eliminated in the urine with 20-30\\% of the absorbed sucralose being metabolized. Sucralose belongs to a class of compounds known as organochlorides (or chlorocarbons). Some organochlorides, particularly those that accumulate in fatty tissues, are toxic to plants or animals, including humans. Sucralose, however, is not known to be toxic in small quantities and is extremely insoluble in fat; it cannot accumulate in fat like chlorinated hydrocarbons. In addition, sucralose does not break down or dechlorinate. Sucralose can be found in more than 4,500 food and beverage products. It is used because it is a no-calorie sweetener, does not promote dental caries, and is safe for consumption by diabetics. Sucralose is used as a replacement for, or in combination with, other artificial or natural sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium or high-fructose corn syrup. Sucralose is used in products such as candy, breakfast bars and soft drinks. It is also used in canned fruits wherein water and sucralose take the place of much higher calorie corn syrup based additives. Sucralose mixed with maltodextrin or dextrose (both made from corn) as bulking agents is sold internationally by McNeil Nutritionals under the Splenda brand name. In the United States and Canada, this blend is increasingly found in restaurants, including McDonalds, Tim Hortons and Starbucks, in yellow packets, in contrast to the blue packets commonly used by aspartame and the pink packets used by those containing saccharin sweeteners; though in Canada yellow packets are also associated with the SugarTwin brand of cyclamate sweetener. Sucralose is a highly heat-stable artificial sweetener, allowing it to be used in many recipes with little or no sugar. Sucralose is available in a granulated form that allows for same-volume substitution with sugar. This mix of granulated sucralose includes fillers, all of which rapidly dissolve in liquids.[citation needed] Unlike sucrose which dissolves to a clear state, sucralose suspension in clear liquids such as water results in a cloudy state. For example, gelatin and fruit preserves made with sucrose have a satiny, near jewel-like appearance, whereas the same products made with sucralose (whether cooked or not) appear translucent and marginally glistening.[citation needed] While the granulated sucralose provides apparent volume-for-volume sweetness, the texture in baked products may be noticeably different. Sucralose is non-hygroscopic, meaning it does not attract moisture, which can lead to baked goods that are noticeably drier and manifesting a less dense texture than baked products made with sucrose. Unlike sucrose which melts when baked at high temperatures, sucralose maintains its granular structure when subjected to dry, high heat (e.g., in a 350 ¬?F (177 ¬?C) oven). Thus, in some baking recipes, such as burnt cream, which require sugar sprinkled on top to partially or fully melt and crystallize, substituting sucr... D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 703

Acetic acid

C2H4O2 (60.0211)

Acetic acid is a two-carbon, straight-chain fatty acid. It is the smallest short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and one of the simplest carboxylic acids. is an acidic, colourless liquid and is the main component in vinegar. Acetic acid has a sour taste and pungent smell. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical that is used in the production of plastic soft drink bottles, photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as many synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households diluted acetic acid is often used as a cleaning agent. In the food industry acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator. Acetic acid is found in all organisms, from bacteria to plants to humans. The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A (to form acetylCoA) it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. However, the concentration of free acetic acid in cells is kept at a low level to avoid disrupting the control of the pH of the cell contents. Acetic acid is produced and excreted in large amounts by certain acetic acid bacteria, notably the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum. These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil. Due to their widespread presence on fruit, acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and many other sugar-rich foods spoil. Several species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium and Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly. However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter. Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce acetic acid in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce acetic acid in concentrations up to 20\\%. Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent. Acetic acid can be found in other biofluids such as urine at low concentrations. Urinary acetic acid is produced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PMID: 22292465). Acetic acid concentrations greater than 30 uM/mM creatinine in the urine can indicate a urinary tract infection, which typically suggests the presence of E. coli or Klebshiella pneumonia in the urinary tract. (PMID: 24909875) Acetic acid is also produced by other bacteria such as Akkermansia, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella and Ruminococcus (PMID: 20444704; PMID: 22292465). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents It is used for smoking meats and fish C254 - Anti-Infective Agent KEIO_ID A029

Isovaleric acid

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

Isovaleric acid, is a natural fatty acid found in a wide variety of plants and essential oils. Isovaleric acid is clear colorless liquid that is sparingly soluble in water, but well soluble in most common organic solvents. It has been suggested that isovaleric acid from pilot whales, a species frequently consumed in the Faroe Islands, may be the unusual dietary factor in prolonged gestation in the population of the Faroe Islands. Previous studies suggested that was due to the high intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been, but fatty acid data for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) in blood lipids of Faroese and Norwegians was reviewed in terms of the type of fish eaten (mostly lean white fish with DHA much greater than EPA); the popular lean fish, thus, probably provides too little EPA to produce a marked effect on human biochemistry (PMID 2646392). Isovaleric acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Flavouring agent. Simple esters are used in flavourings. Constituent of hops, cheese etc.; an important component of cheese aroma and flavour CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 152 KEIO_ID I018 Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human. Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human.

Nicotinamide ribotide

C11H15N2O8P (334.0566)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NM) is a product of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) reaction and a key NAD+ intermediate. The pharmacological activities of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide include its role in cellular biochemical functions, cardioprotection, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and complications associated with obesity[1].

(3S,6E)-Nerolidol

C15H26O (222.1984)

(3S,6E)-Nerolidol, also known as nerolidol or peruviol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. These are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Thus, (3S,6E)-nerolidol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. (3S,6E)-Nerolidol is an isomer of nerolidol, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene found in the essential oils of many types of plants and flowers. An isomer of nerolidol, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene found in the essential oils of many types of plants and flowers [Wikipedia] Nerolidol is a natural membrane-active sesquiterpene, with antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activity[1]. Nerolidol is a natural membrane-active sesquiterpene, with antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activity[1].

Sennoside A

C42H38O20 (862.1956)

Senna (powdered) is a yellow-brown powder with a slight odor and taste. (NTP, 1992) Sennoside A is a member of the class of sennosides that is rel-(9R,9R)-9,9,10,10-tetrahydro-9,9-bianthracene-2,2-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4, by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5, and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10. The exact stereochemisty at positions 9 and 9 is not known - it may be R,R (as shown) or S,S. It is a member of sennosides and an oxo dicarboxylic acid. Senna (Cassia species) is a popular herbal laxative that is available without prescription. Senna is generally safe and well tolerated, but can cause adverse events including clinically apparent liver injury when used in high doses for longer than recommended periods. Sennoside A is a natural product found in Rheum officinale, Rheum palmatum, and other organisms with data available. Preparations of SENNA PLANT. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type CATHARTICS and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. A member of the class of sennosides that is rel-(9R,9R)-9,9,10,10-tetrahydro-9,9-bianthracene-2,2-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4, by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5, and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10. The exact stereochemisty at positions 9 and 9 is not known - it may be R,R (as shown) or S,S. Cathartic principle from rhubarb. Sennoside A is found in green vegetables and garden rhubarb. Sennoside A is found in garden rhubarb. Cathartic principle from rhubar D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D054368 - Laxatives Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2]. Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2].

Vicenin 2

C27H30O15 (594.1585)

Constituent of lemons (Citrus limon). Vicenin 2 is found in many foods, some of which are common salsify, fenugreek, sweet orange, and cucumber. Vicenin 2 is found in citrus. Vicenin 2 is a constituent of lemons (Citrus limon) Vicenin 2 is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (IC50=43.83 μM) from the aerial parts of Desmodium styracifolium[1]. Vicenin 2 is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (IC50=43.83 μM) from the aerial parts of Desmodium styracifolium[1].

Chebulagic acid

C41H30O27 (954.0974)

D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059004 - Topoisomerase I Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors Chebulagic acid is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz, on angiogenesis. Chebulagic acid is a M2 serine to asparagine 31 mutation (S31N) inhibitor and influenza antiviral. Chebulagic acid also against SARS-CoV-2 viral replication with an EC50 of 9.76 μM. Chebulagic acid is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz, on angiogenesis. Chebulagic acid is a M2 serine to asparagine 31 mutation (S31N) inhibitor and influenza antiviral. Chebulagic acid also against SARS-CoV-2 viral replication with an EC50 of 9.76 μM. Chebulagic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=23094-71-5 (retrieved 2024-09-27) (CAS RN: 23094-71-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Patulin

C7H6O4 (154.0266)

Patulin is found in pomes. Mycotoxin, found as a contaminant of foods, e.g. apple juice. Sometimes detd. in apple juice Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, particularly Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is commonly found in rotting apples, and the amount of patulin in apple products is generally viewed as a measure of the quality of the apples used in production. It is not a particularly potent toxin, but a number of studies have shown that it is genotoxic, which has led to some theories that it may be a carcinogen, though animal studies have remained inconclusive. Patulin is also an antibiotic. Several countries have instituted patulin restrictions in apple products. The World Health Organization recommends a maximum concentration of 50 µg/L in apple juice Mycotoxin, found as a contaminant of foods, e.g. apple juice. Sometimes detd. in apple juice D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Patulin (Terinin) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi including the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Byssochlamys species, is suspected to be clastogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and cytotoxic. Patulin induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis through lysosomal-mitochondrial axis, and causes DNA damage[1][2][3][4].

toxin HT 2

C22H32O8 (424.2097)

HT-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin. It has a role as a fungal metabolite and an apoptosis inducer. It is a trichothecene, an organic heterotetracyclic compound and an acetate ester. HT-2 Toxin is a natural product found in Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, and other organisms with data available. A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins

7-Ketodeoxycholic acid

C24H38O5 (406.2719)

7-Ketodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). 7-Ketodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids 7-keto-lithocholic acid is a metabolite of bile acids in Clostridium absonum. 7-keto-lithocholic acid is also converted from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium with specific condition[1][2].

Proanthocyanidin A2

C30H24O12 (576.1268)

Isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in many foods, some of which are herbs and spices, cinnamon, avocado, and lingonberry. Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in apple. Proanthocyanidin A2 is isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Procyanidin A1 (Proanthocyanidin A1) is a procyanidin dimer, which inhibits degranulation downstream of protein kinase C activation or Ca2+ influx from an internal store in RBL-213 cells. Procyanidin A1 has antiallergic effects[1]. Procyanidin A1 (Proanthocyanidin A1) is a procyanidin dimer, which inhibits degranulation downstream of protein kinase C activation or Ca2+ influx from an internal store in RBL-213 cells. Procyanidin A1 has antiallergic effects[1]. Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2]. Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2].

Difructose anhydride III

C12H20O10 (324.1056)

Nudifloramide

C7H8N2O2 (152.0586)

N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY) is one of the end products of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) degradation. Increased serum 2PY concentrations are observed in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, which along with the deterioration of kidney function and its toxic properties (significant inhibition of PARP-1), suggests that 2PY is an uremic toxin. (PMID 12694300). 2PY has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY) is one of the end products of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) degradation. Increased serum 2PY concentrations are observed in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, which along with the deterioration of kidney function and its toxic properties (significant inhibition of PARP-1), suggests that 2PY is an uremic toxin. (PMID 12694300) [HMDB] Nudifloramide (2PY) is one of the end products of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) degradation. Nudifloramide significantly inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) activity in vitro[1].

Flavomycin

C69H107N4O35P (1582.6453)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D001455 - Bambermycins C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic

fenchone

C10H16O (152.1201)

A carbobicyclic compound that is fenchane in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. It is a component of essential oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Fenchone is a natural organic compound classified as a monoterpene and a ketone. It is a colorless oily liquid. It has a structure and an odor similar to camphor. Fenchone is a constituent of absinthe and the essential oil of fennel. Fenchone is used as a flavor in foods and in perfumery. Only 2 stereoisomers are possible: D-fenchone (enantiomer 1S,4R is dextrogyre (+)) and L-fenchone (enantiomer 1R,4S is levogyre (-)). Due to the small size of the cycle, the 2 other diastereoisomers (1S4S and 1R4R) are not possible. [Wikipedia]. Fenchone is found in many foods, some of which are ceylon cinnamon, sweet basil, saffron, and dill. (-)-Fenchone, a bicyclic monoterpene, is widely distributed in plants and found in essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare. (-)-Fenchone is oxidized to 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone derivatives by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes with CYP2A6 playing a more important role than CYP2B6[1]. (-)-Fenchone, a bicyclic monoterpene, is widely distributed in plants and found in essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare. (-)-Fenchone is oxidized to 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone derivatives by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes with CYP2A6 playing a more important role than CYP2B6[1]. (-)-Fenchone, a bicyclic monoterpene, is widely distributed in plants and found in essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare. (-)-Fenchone is oxidized to 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone derivatives by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes with CYP2A6 playing a more important role than CYP2B6[1]. (-)-Fenchone, a bicyclic monoterpene, is widely distributed in plants and found in essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare. (-)-Fenchone is oxidized to 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone derivatives by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes with CYP2A6 playing a more important role than CYP2B6[1].

Oxyresveratrol

C14H12O4 (244.0736)

Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 μM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects[1][2][3][4]. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 μM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects[1][2][3][4].

Indolo[2,1-b]quinazoline-6,12-dione

C15H8N2O2 (248.0586)

Tryptanthrin is an indole quinazoline that could be an alkaloid from indigo-bearing plants. Tryptanthrin is a potent and orally active cellular Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis inhibitor. Tryptanthrin has anticancer activity. Tryptanthrin suppresses the expression levels of NOS1, COX-2, and NF-κB and regulates the expression levels of IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α[1][2]. Tryptanthrin is an indole quinazoline that could be an alkaloid from indigo-bearing plants. Tryptanthrin is a potent and orally active cellular Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis inhibitor. Tryptanthrin has anticancer activity. Tryptanthrin suppresses the expression levels of NOS1, COX-2, and NF-κB and regulates the expression levels of IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α[1][2].

Sesamol

C7H6O3 (138.0317)

Sesamol is a member of benzodioxoles. Sesamol is a natural product found in Sesamum indicum with data available. See also: Sesame Oil (part of). Isolated from sesame oil. Sesamol is found in fats and oils and sesame. Sesamol is found in fats and oils. Sesamol is isolated from sesame oi D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Sesamol is a constituent of sesame oil. Sesamol shows a free radical scavenging activity. Sesamol shows an IC50=5.95±0.56 μg/mL in the DPPH assay. Anti-oxidant activities[1]. Anticancer activities[2]. Sesamol is a constituent of sesame oil. Sesamol shows a free radical scavenging activity. Sesamol shows an IC50=5.95±0.56 μg/mL in the DPPH assay. Anti-oxidant activities[1]. Anticancer activities[2].

Trachelogenin

C21H24O7 (388.1522)

Trachelogenin is a lignan. Trachelogenin is a natural product found in Volutaria tubuliflora, Ipomoea cairica, and other organisms with data available.

Tyrocidine

C66H87N13O13 (1269.6546)

A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Phe, D-Phe, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents

Micrococcin

C48H49N13O9S6 (1143.21)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D001430 - Bacteriocins

PHENOL RED

C19H14O5S (354.0562)

V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CH - Tests for renal function and ureteral injuries D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D010635 - Phenolphthaleins D004396 - Coloring Agents Same as: D01200

Sodium sulfate

Na2SO4 (141.9313)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A12 - Mineral supplements > A12C - Other mineral supplements > A12CA - Sodium C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics Acidity regulator Same as: D01732

MG(12:0/0:0/0:0)

C15H30O4 (274.2144)

MG(12:0/0:0/0:0) belongs to the family of monoradyglycerols, which are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at one fatty acyl group is attached. Their general formula is [R1]OCC(CO[R2])O[R3]. MG(12:0/0:0/0:0) is made up of one dodecanoyl(R1).

Glycerol tributanoate

C15H26O6 (302.1729)

Flavouring agent. Glycerol tributanoate is found in many foods, some of which are durian, canola, conch, and italian sweet red pepper. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2122 - Cell Differentiating Agent > C1934 - Differentiation Inducer Glycerol tributanoate is a flavouring agent

Fexaramine

C32H36N2O3 (496.2726)

4-Hydroxyretinoic acid

C20H28O3 (316.2038)

4-Hydroxyretinoic acid is an NADPH-dependent hydroxylation metabolite of retinoic acid in the microsomes, via the cytochrome P-450 system. Retinoic acid is an activated metabolite of retinol that supports the systemic functions of vitamin A in vivo. (PMID: 1538719, 1932598, 2851384) [HMDB] 4-Hydroxyretinoic acid is an NADPH-dependent hydroxylation metabolite of retinoic acid in the microsomes, via the cytochrome P-450 system. Retinoic acid is an activated metabolite of retinol that supports the systemic functions of vitamin A in vivo. (PMID: 1538719, 1932598, 2851384). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Senna

C42H38O20 (862.1956)

Sennosides (also known as senna glycoside or senna) is a medication used to treat constipation and empty the large intestine before surgery. The medication is taken by mouth or via the rectum. It typically begins working in minutes when given by rectum and within twelve hours when given by mouth. It is a weaker laxative than bisacodyl or castor oil. Sennoside A, one of the sennosides present in the laxative medication, has recently proven effective in inhibiting the ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. Sennosides is anthraquinone glycosides found in senna plant, usually referring to the sennosides A and B, with laxative activity. Sennosides act on and irritate the lining of the intestine wall, thereby causing increased intestinal muscle contractions leading to vigorous bowel movement. Medications derived from SENNA EXTRACT that are used to treat CONSTIPATION. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AB - Contact laxatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D054368 - Laxatives Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2]. Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2].

Taxifolin

C15H12O7 (304.0583)

(+)-taxifolin is a taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a (+)-taxifolin(1-). It is an enantiomer of a (-)-taxifolin. Taxifolin is a natural product found in Austrocedrus chilensis, Smilax corbularia, and other organisms with data available. See also: Milk Thistle (part of); Maritime Pine (part of). D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration. D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2]. Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2].

1-Triacontanol

C30H62O (438.48)

Triacontan-1-ol is an ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a fatty alcohol 30:0 and an ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol. 1-Triacontanol is a natural product found in Haplophyllum bucharicum, Euphorbia dracunculoides, and other organisms with data available. See also: Saw Palmetto (part of); Iris versicolor root (part of).

Taxifolin

C15H12O7 (304.0583)

D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2]. Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2].

Oxybenzone

C14H12O3 (228.0786)

Oxybenzone is an organic compound used in sunscreens. It is a derivative of benzophenone. It forms colorless crystals that are readily soluble in most organic solvents. It is used as an ingredient in sunscreen and other cosmetics because it absorbs UV-A ultraviolet rays. D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents > D013473 - Sunscreening Agents C1892 - Chemopreventive Agent > C851 - Sunscreen D003879 - Dermatologic Agents D003358 - Cosmetics Same as: D05309

L-Pipecolic acid

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

L-pipecolic acid is a normal human metabolite present in human blood, where is present as the primary enantiomer of pipecolic acid. L-pipecolic acid is a cyclic imino acid (contains both imino (>C=NH) and carboxyl (-C(=O)-OH) functional groups) produced during the degradation of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, including Zellweger syndrome (OMIM 214100), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (OMIM 202370), and infantile Refsum disease (OMIM 266510). L-pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. L-pipecolic acid is the substrate of delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase (EC 1.5.1.21) in the pathway of lysine degradation (PMID: 2717271, 8305590, 1050990). Present in beans and other legumes, and in lesser quantities in other plants including barley, hops, malt and mushrooms. L-Pipecolic acid is found in many foods, some of which are macadamia nut (m. tetraphylla), linden, tinda, and cumin. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2]. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2].

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate

C15H30O4 (274.2144)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002327 - Cariostatic Agents D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials D013501 - Surface-Active Agents

Chebulagic acid

C41H30O27 (954.0974)

D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059004 - Topoisomerase I Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors Chebulagic acid is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz, on angiogenesis. Chebulagic acid is a M2 serine to asparagine 31 mutation (S31N) inhibitor and influenza antiviral. Chebulagic acid also against SARS-CoV-2 viral replication with an EC50 of 9.76 μM. Chebulagic acid is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz, on angiogenesis. Chebulagic acid is a M2 serine to asparagine 31 mutation (S31N) inhibitor and influenza antiviral. Chebulagic acid also against SARS-CoV-2 viral replication with an EC50 of 9.76 μM. Chebulagic acid is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz, on angiogenesis. Chebulagic acid is a M2 serine to asparagine 31 mutation (S31N) inhibitor and influenza antiviral. Chebulagic acid also against SARS-CoV-2 viral replication with an EC50 of 9.76 μM.

Garcinol

C38H50O6 (602.3607)

rebamipide

C19H15ClN2O4 (370.072)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders > A02B - Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord) C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

beta-D-Glucopyranose, 1-thio-, 1-(5-(methylsulfinyl)-N-(sulfooxy)pentanimidate)

C12H23NO10S3 (437.0484)

Procyanidin A1

C30H24O12 (576.1268)

Procyanidin a1 is a member of the class of compounds known as biflavonoids and polyflavonoids. Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids are organic compounds containing at least two flavan/flavone units. These units are usually linked through CC or C-O-C bonds. Some examples include C2-O-C3, C2-O-C4, C3-C3, and C6-C8. Procyanidin a1 is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Procyanidin a1 can be found in bilberry, which makes procyanidin a1 a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Procyanidin A1 (Proanthocyanidin A1) is a procyanidin dimer, which inhibits degranulation downstream of protein kinase C activation or Ca2+ influx from an internal store in RBL-213 cells. Procyanidin A1 has antiallergic effects[1]. Procyanidin A1 (Proanthocyanidin A1) is a procyanidin dimer, which inhibits degranulation downstream of protein kinase C activation or Ca2+ influx from an internal store in RBL-213 cells. Procyanidin A1 has antiallergic effects[1].

FA 6:0

C6H12O2 (116.0837)

Pipecolic acid

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy.

Cholylglycine

C26H43NO6 (465.309)

D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1]. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1].

FA 5:0

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

pantoprazole

C16H15F2N3O4S (383.0751)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders > A02B - Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord) > A02BC - Proton pump inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29723 - Proton Pump Inhibitor D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D054328 - Proton Pump Inhibitors CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 644

Shogaol

C17H24O3 (276.1725)

[6]-Shogaol is a monomethoxybenzene, a member of phenols and an enone. Shogaol is a natural product found in Flueggea suffruticosa, Zingiber zerumbet, and other organisms with data available. See also: Ginger (part of). C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28269 - Phytochemical D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Shogaol ([6]-Shogaol), an active compound isolated from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), exhibits a variety of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. Shogaol ([6]-Shogaol), an active compound isolated from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), exhibits a variety of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation.

Tangeritin

C20H20O7 (372.1209)

Tangeretin is a pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4, 5, 6 , 7 and 8. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a plant metabolite. Tangeretin is a natural product found in Citrus tankan, Citrus keraji, and other organisms with data available. See also: Tangerine peel (part of); Citrus aurantium fruit rind (part of). Isolated from tangerine peel and Fortunella japonica (round kumquat). Potential nutriceutical. Tangeritin is found in many foods, some of which are apple, broccoli, sweet bay, and tea. Tangeritin is found in apple. Tangeritin is isolated from tangerine peel and Fortunella japonica (round kumquat). Potential nutriceutica A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4, 5, 6 , 7 and 8. Tangeretin (Tangeritin), a flavonoid from citrus fruit peels, has been proven to play an important role in anti-inflammatory responses and neuroprotective effects in several disease models, and is a Notch-1 inhibitor. Tangeretin (Tangeritin), a flavonoid from citrus fruit peels, has been proven to play an important role in anti-inflammatory responses and neuroprotective effects in several disease models, and is a Notch-1 inhibitor.

Glucoraphanin

C12H23NO10S3 (437.0484)

A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society Glucoraphanin is under investigation in clinical trial NCT01879878 (Pilot Study Evaluating Broccoli Sprouts in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer [POUDER Trial]). Glucoraphanin is a natural product found in Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica, and Raphanus sativus with data available. Glucoraphanin, a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetable, is a stable precursor of the Nrf2 inducer sulforaphane, which possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects. Glucoraphanin, a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetable, is a stable precursor of the Nrf2 inducer sulforaphane, which possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects.

Vicenin

C27H30O15 (594.1585)

Isovitexin 8-C-beta-glucoside is a C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavone and a C-glycosyl compound. It is functionally related to an isovitexin. Vicenin-2 is a natural product found in Carex fraseriana, Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium, and other organisms with data available. A C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. Vicenin 2 is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (IC50=43.83 μM) from the aerial parts of Desmodium styracifolium[1]. Vicenin 2 is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (IC50=43.83 μM) from the aerial parts of Desmodium styracifolium[1].

Oxyresveratrol

C14H12O4 (244.0736)

Oxyresveratrol is a stilbenoid. Oxyresveratrol is a natural product found in Spirotropis longifolia, Melaleuca leucadendra, and other organisms with data available. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 μM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects[1][2][3][4]. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 μM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects[1][2][3][4].

D-Mannitol

C6H14O6 (182.079)

Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and occurs naturally, as a sugar or sugar alcohol, in fruits and vegetables. Mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, into interstitial fluid and plasma. As a result, cerebral edema, elevated intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid volume and pressure may be reduced. Mannitol may also be used for the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established; the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances; as an Antiglaucoma agent; and as a renal function diagnostic aid. On October 30, 2020, mannitol was approved by the FDA as add-on maintenance therapy for the control of pulmonary symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis in adult patients and is currently marketed for this indication under the name BRONCHITOL® by Chiesi USA Inc. Mannitol, a type of sugar alcohol, serves several important biological functions: Osmotic Diuretic: Mannitol is used medically as an osmotic diuretic to reduce intracranial and intraocular pressure. By increasing urine production, it helps to draw excess fluid from the brain and eyes, which is beneficial in conditions like cerebral edema and glaucoma. Sweetener and Sugar Substitute: In the food industry, mannitol is used as a sweetener and sugar substitute. It provides sweetness without contributing to tooth decay and is often used in products for diabetics because it has a minimal impact on blood sugar levels. Preservative: Mannitol’s hygroscopic properties make it useful as a preservative in various products, including pharmaceuticals and foods, to prevent moisture absorption and maintain product stability. Laxative: In high concentrations, mannitol can act as a laxative due to its osmotic effect in the intestine, drawing water into the bowel and stimulating bowel movements. Tissue Protectant: In cryopreservation, mannitol is used to protect tissues from damage caused by freezing and thawing processes. Cell Culture Medium Component: Mannitol is often included in cell culture media to maintain osmotic balance and provide a stable environment for cell growth. Pharmaceutical Excipient: It is used as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry, helping to enhance the stability and bioavailability of drugs. Mannitol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=69-65-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 69-65-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity.

Astilbin

C21H22O11 (450.1162)

Neoisoastilbin is a natural product found in Smilax corbularia, Neolitsea sericea, and other organisms with data available. Astilbin is a flavonoid compound and enhances NRF2 activation. Astilbin also suppresses TNF-α expression and NF-κB activation. Astilbin is a flavonoid compound and enhances NRF2 activation. Astilbin also suppresses TNF-α expression and NF-κB activation. Isoastilbin is a dihydroflavonol glycoside compound in Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and Astragalus membranaceus. Isoastilbin inhibits glucosyltransferase (GTase) with an IC50 value of 54.3 μg/mL, and also inhibits tyrosinase activity. Isoastilbin shows neuroprotective, antioxidation, antimicrobial and anti-apoptotic properties and has the potential for Alzheimer’s disease research[1][21][3]. Isoastilbin is a dihydroflavonol glycoside compound in Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and Astragalus membranaceus. Isoastilbin inhibits glucosyltransferase (GTase) with an IC50 value of 54.3 μg/mL, and also inhibits tyrosinase activity. Isoastilbin shows neuroprotective, antioxidation, antimicrobial and anti-apoptotic properties and has the potential for Alzheimer’s disease research[1][21][3]. Neoisoastilbin possesses antioxidant, anti-hyperuricemic and anti-Inflammatory activities[1]. Neoisoastilbin possesses antioxidant, anti-hyperuricemic and anti-Inflammatory activities[1].

Galangin

C15H10O5 (270.0528)

D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Galangin (Norizalpinin) is?an?agonist/antagonist?of the?arylhydrocarbon?receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity. Galangin (Norizalpinin) is?an?agonist/antagonist?of the?arylhydrocarbon?receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.

Diosmetin

C16H12O6 (300.0634)

Diosmetin is a natural flavonoid which inhibits human CYP1A enzyme activity with an IC50 of 40 μM in HepG2 cell. Diosmetin is a natural flavonoid which inhibits human CYP1A enzyme activity with an IC50 of 40 μM in HepG2 cell.

Lespedin

C27H30O14 (578.1635)

Annotation level-1 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Kaempferitrin is a natural flavonoid, possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumoral and chemopreventive effects, and activates insulin signaling pathway. Kaempferitrin is a natural flavonoid, possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumoral and chemopreventive effects, and activates insulin signaling pathway.

Tangeretin

C20H20O7 (372.1209)

Tangeretin (Tangeritin), a flavonoid from citrus fruit peels, has been proven to play an important role in anti-inflammatory responses and neuroprotective effects in several disease models, and is a Notch-1 inhibitor. Tangeretin (Tangeritin), a flavonoid from citrus fruit peels, has been proven to play an important role in anti-inflammatory responses and neuroprotective effects in several disease models, and is a Notch-1 inhibitor.

sulfasalazine

C18H14N4O5S (398.0685)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07E - Intestinal antiinflammatory agents > A07EC - Aminosalicylic acid and similar agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4230; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4229 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4221; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4220 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4107; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4106 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4144; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4143 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4237; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4236 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4245; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4244 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8819; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8816 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8829; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8824 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8833; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8830 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8842; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8838 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8867; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8863 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1047; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8846; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8844

Senna

C42H38O20 (862.1956)

D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D054368 - Laxatives Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2]. Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside, found in Senna (Cassia angustifolia)[1]. Sennoside A is a HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication[2].

(-)-Guttiferone E

C38H50O6 (602.3607)

(-)-Guttiferone E is found in fruits. (-)-Guttiferone E is a constituent of Garcinia indica (kokam). Camboginol isolated from Garcinia cambogia. Constituent of Garcinia indica (kokam). Camboginol isolated from Garcinia cambogia. (-)-Guttiferone E is found in fruits. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone harvested from Garcinia indica, exerts anti-cholinesterase properties towards acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50s of 0.66 μM and 7.39 μM, respectively[1]. Garcinol also inhibits histone acetyltransferases (HATs, IC50= 7 μM) and p300/CPB-associated factor (PCAF, IC50 = 5 μM). Garcinol has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity[2].

Ochratoxin A

C20H18ClNO6 (403.0823)

A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009793 - Ochratoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 5966 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1)

rebamipide

C19H15ClN2O4 (370.072)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders > A02B - Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord) C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

cambogin

C38H50O6 (602.3607)

Garcinol is a monoterpenoid. CID 5281560 is a natural product found in Garcinia assugu, Garcinia pedunculata, and other organisms with data available. Isogarcinol is a natural product found in Garcinia pedunculata, Garcinia cowa, and other organisms with data available. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone harvested from Garcinia indica, exerts anti-cholinesterase properties towards acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50s of 0.66 μM and 7.39 μM, respectively[1]. Garcinol also inhibits histone acetyltransferases (HATs, IC50= 7 μM) and p300/CPB-associated factor (PCAF, IC50 = 5 μM). Garcinol has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity[2].

Pinocembrin

C15H12O4 (256.0736)

(2s)-pinocembrin, also known as 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone or dihydrochrysin, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavanones. Flavanones are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a ketone at the carbon C3. Thus, (2s)-pinocembrin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule (2s)-pinocembrin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (2s)-pinocembrin can be found in a number of food items such as acorn, lentils, mulberry, and sorghum, which makes (2s)-pinocembrin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. (s)-pinocembrin, also known as 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone or dihydrochrysin, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavanones. Flavanones are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a ketone at the carbon C3 (s)-pinocembrin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-pinocembrin is a bitter tasting compound found in mexican oregano and tarragon, which makes (s)-pinocembrin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.069 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.067 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.071 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.070 5,7-Dihydroxyflavanone is a natural product found in Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Piper nigrum, and other organisms with data available. (±)-Pinocembrin ((±)-5,7-Dihydroxyflavanone) is a GPR120 ligand able to promote wound healing in HaCaT cell line[1]. (±)-Pinocembrin ((±)-5,7-Dihydroxyflavanone) is a GPR120 ligand able to promote wound healing in HaCaT cell line[1]. Pinocembrin ((+)-Pinocoembrin) is a flavonoid found in propolis, acts as a competitive inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, and is an effective anti-allergic agent, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties[1]. Pinocembrin ((+)-Pinocoembrin) is a flavonoid found in propolis, acts as a competitive inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, and is an effective anti-allergic agent, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties[1].

4Y6E3F2U66

C15H8N2O2 (248.0586)

Tryptanthrine is an organonitrogen heterocyclic compound, an organic heterotetracyclic compound and an alkaloid antibiotic. Indolo[2,1-b]quinazoline-6,12-dione is a natural product found in Isatis tinctoria, Cissus discolor, and other organisms with data available. Tryptanthrin is an indole quinazoline that could be an alkaloid from indigo-bearing plants. Tryptanthrin is a potent and orally active cellular Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis inhibitor. Tryptanthrin has anticancer activity. Tryptanthrin suppresses the expression levels of NOS1, COX-2, and NF-κB and regulates the expression levels of IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α[1][2]. Tryptanthrin is an indole quinazoline that could be an alkaloid from indigo-bearing plants. Tryptanthrin is a potent and orally active cellular Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis inhibitor. Tryptanthrin has anticancer activity. Tryptanthrin suppresses the expression levels of NOS1, COX-2, and NF-κB and regulates the expression levels of IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α[1][2].

Boscalid

C18H12Cl2N2O (342.0327)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2938

Chlortetracycline

C22H23ClN2O8 (478.1143)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations > A01AB - Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use > D06AA - Tetracycline and derivatives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01A - Tetracyclines > J01AA - Tetracyclines A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C1595 - Tetracycline Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3680

Sucralose

C12H19Cl3O8 (396.0145)

D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1)

Ginkgolide B

C20H24O10 (424.1369)

D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D005343 - Fibrinolytic Agents D050299 - Fibrin Modulating Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Diterpenoids, Ginkgolide diterpenoids Annotation level-1 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.734 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.729 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.731 Ginkgolide B (BN-52021) is a terpenoid and one of the important active substances in Ginkgo leaves. Ginkgolide B (BN-52021) is a terpenoid and one of the important active substances in Ginkgo leaves.

Taxifolin

C15H12O7 (304.0583)

A pentahydroxyflavanone that is the 2,3-dihydro derivative of quercetin. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Origin: Plant; Formula(Parent): C15H12O7; Bottle Name:(+-)-Taxifolin; PRIME Parent Name:Dihydroquercetin; PRIME in-house No.:S0088, Pyrans relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.594 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.596 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.590 Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2]. Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2].

lactulose

C12H22O11 (342.1162)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29697 - Laxative D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.051

sulfathiazole

C9H9N3O2S2 (255.0136)

D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013432 - Sulfathiazoles D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides

L-Pipecolic acid

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

The L-enantiomer of pipecolic acid. It is a metabolite of lysine. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; HXEACLLIILLPRG-YFKPBYRVSA-N_STSL_0204_L-pipecolic Acid_0500fmol_180831_S2_L02M02_19; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy.

N-acetylputrescine

C6H14N2O (130.1106)

An N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is the N-monoacetyl derivative of putrescine.

Poncirin

C28H34O14 (594.1948)

(2S)-poncirin is a flavanone glycoside that is 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone attached to a neohesperidose (alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranose) residue via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata and exhibits inhibitory activity against liopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxyflavanone, a flavanone glycoside, a disaccharide derivative, a neohesperidoside and a member of 4-methoxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone. Poncirin is a natural product found in Citrus medica, Micromeria graeca, and other organisms with data available. A flavanone glycoside that is 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone attached to a neohesperidose (alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranose) residue via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata and exhibits inhibitory activity against liopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. Poncirin is isolated from?Poncirus trifoliata with anti-inflammory activites. Poncirin significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain models[1]. Poncirin is isolated from?Poncirus trifoliata with anti-inflammory activites. Poncirin significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain models[1].

loperamide

C29H33ClN2O2 (476.223)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07D - Antipropulsives > A07DA - Antipropulsives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C266 - Antidiarrheal Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000930 - Antidiarrheals CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2504 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8489

Mesalamine

C7H7NO3 (153.0426)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07E - Intestinal antiinflammatory agents > A07EC - Aminosalicylic acid and similar agents D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8621

Cimifugin

C16H18O6 (306.1103)

Cimifugin (Cimitin) is a bioactive component of Cimicifuga racemosa, a Chinese herb. Cimifugin suppresses allergic inflammation by reducing epithelial derived initiative key factors via regulating tight junctions[1]. Cimifugin reduces the migration and chemotaxis of RAW264.7 cells and inhibits the release of inflammatory factors and activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways induced by LPS[2]. Cimifugin (Cimitin) is a bioactive component of Cimicifuga racemosa, a Chinese herb. Cimifugin suppresses allergic inflammation by reducing epithelial derived initiative key factors via regulating tight junctions[1]. Cimifugin reduces the migration and chemotaxis of RAW264.7 cells and inhibits the release of inflammatory factors and activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways induced by LPS[2].

4β,15-Diacetoxy-8α-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-3α-ol

C24H34O9 (466.2203)

D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) is a toxic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium species in feedstuffs and cereal grains, LD50 values of T-2 Toxin in mice and rats are 5.2 and 1.5 mg/kg BWa,respectively [1]. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) can be transformed into a variety of metabolite, the typical metabolites of T-2 toxin in animals are HT-2 toxin and T-2-triol, which are hydrolysates[1]. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) is an inhibitor of protein synthesis resulting from binding peptidyltransferase, which is an integral part of the 60s ribosomal subunit. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA, interferes with the metabolism of membrane phospholipids, and increases the level of liver lipid peroxides[1]. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) induces apoptosis in the immune system, gastrointestinal tissues, and fetal tissues[2]. T 2 Toxin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=21259-20-1 (retrieved 2024-09-06) (CAS RN: 21259-20-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

acetic acid

C2H4O2 (60.0211)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent

propionic acid

C3H6O2 (74.0368)

A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.

Caproic acid

C6H12O2 (116.0837)

ISOVALERIC ACID

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid. Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human. Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human.

Valeric acid

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.

ISOBUTYRIC ACID

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.

Thymol

C10H14O (150.1045)

Thymol, also known as 1-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-isopropylbenzene or 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, is a member of the class of compounds known as aromatic monoterpenoids. Aromatic monoterpenoids are monoterpenoids containing at least one aromatic ring. Thus, thymol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Thymol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Thymol can be synthesized from p-cymene. Thymol can also be synthesized into thymol sulfate and thymol sulfate(1-). Thymol is a camphor, herbal, and medicinal tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as anise, common oregano, caraway, and highbush blueberry, which makes thymol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Thymol can be found primarily in saliva and urine, as well as in human liver and skeletal muscle tissues. Thymol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents Thymol is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae and Apiaceae families. Thymol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects[1]. Thymol is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae and Apiaceae families. Thymol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects[1].

pantoprazole

C16H15F2N3O4S (383.0751)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders > A02B - Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord) > A02BC - Proton pump inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29723 - Proton Pump Inhibitor D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D054328 - Proton Pump Inhibitors

Skatole

C9H9N (131.0735)

A methylindole carrying a methyl substituent at position 3. It is produced during the anoxic metabolism of L-tryptophan in the mammalian digestive tract. Skatole is produced by intestinal bacteria, regulates intestinal epithelial cellular functions through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and p38[1]. Skatole is produced by intestinal bacteria, regulates intestinal epithelial cellular functions through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and p38[1].

patulin

C7H6O4 (154.0266)

D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 5971 D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) Patulin (Terinin) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi including the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Byssochlamys species, is suspected to be clastogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and cytotoxic. Patulin induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis through lysosomal-mitochondrial axis, and causes DNA damage[1][2][3][4].

Nicotinamide mononucleotide

C11H15N2O8P (334.0566)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NM) is a product of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) reaction and a key NAD+ intermediate. The pharmacological activities of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide include its role in cellular biochemical functions, cardioprotection, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and complications associated with obesity[1].

HT-2 Toxin

C22H32O8 (424.2097)

D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1)

Oleamide

C18H35NO (281.2719)

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives A fatty amide derived from oleic acid. Oleamide is an endogenous fatty acid amide which can be synthesized de novo in the mammalian nervous system, and has been detected in human plasma.

AFLATOXIN M1

C17H12O7 (328.0583)

A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D000348 - Aflatoxins CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1)

7-Ketodeoxycholic acid

C24H38O5 (406.2719)

D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 265 7-keto-lithocholic acid is a metabolite of bile acids in Clostridium absonum. 7-keto-lithocholic acid is also converted from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium with specific condition[1][2].

euphol

C30H50O (426.3861)

Euphol is a tetracyclic triterpene alcohol isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli with anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, orally active. Euphol inhibits the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) activity via a reversible mechanism (IC50=315 nM). MGL inhibition in the periphery modulates the endocannabinoid system to block the development of inflammatory pain[1]. Euphol is a tetracyclic triterpene alcohol isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli with anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, orally active. Euphol inhibits the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) activity via a reversible mechanism (IC50=315 nM). MGL inhibition in the periphery modulates the endocannabinoid system to block the development of inflammatory pain[1]. Euphol is a tetracyclic triterpene alcohol isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli with anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, orally active. Euphol inhibits the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) activity via a reversible mechanism (IC50=315 nM). MGL inhibition in the periphery modulates the endocannabinoid system to block the development of inflammatory pain[1].

butyrin

C15H26O6 (302.1729)

A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2122 - Cell Differentiating Agent > C1934 - Differentiation Inducer

Acetate

C2H4O2 (60.0211)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent

FA 3:0

C3H6O2 (74.0368)

FA 4:0

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists

Aureusidin

C15H10O6 (286.0477)

Aureusidin is a hydroxyaurone that is aurone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 6, 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to an aurone. It is a conjugate acid of an aureusidin-6-olate. Aureusidin is a natural product found in Eleocharis dulcis, Eleocharis pallens, and other organisms with data available. A hydroxyaurone that is aurone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 6, 3 and 4 respectively. Aureusidin is an aurone with high antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Aureusidin also shows anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Aureusidin is an aurone with high antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Aureusidin also shows anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Aureusidin is an aurone with high antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Aureusidin also shows anti-inflammatory effects[1].

Tyrocidine A

C66H87N13O13 (1269.6546)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents

Sodium sulfate

Na2O4S (141.9313)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A12 - Mineral supplements > A12C - Other mineral supplements > A12CA - Sodium C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics

AI3-20480

C30H62O (438.48)

Sesamol

C7H6O3 (138.0317)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Sesamol is a constituent of sesame oil. Sesamol shows a free radical scavenging activity. Sesamol shows an IC50=5.95±0.56 μg/mL in the DPPH assay. Anti-oxidant activities[1]. Anticancer activities[2]. Sesamol is a constituent of sesame oil. Sesamol shows a free radical scavenging activity. Sesamol shows an IC50=5.95±0.56 μg/mL in the DPPH assay. Anti-oxidant activities[1]. Anticancer activities[2].

Tryptanthrin

C15H8N2O2 (248.0586)

Tryptanthrin is an indole quinazoline that could be an alkaloid from indigo-bearing plants. Tryptanthrin is a potent and orally active cellular Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis inhibitor. Tryptanthrin has anticancer activity. Tryptanthrin suppresses the expression levels of NOS1, COX-2, and NF-κB and regulates the expression levels of IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α[1][2]. Tryptanthrin is an indole quinazoline that could be an alkaloid from indigo-bearing plants. Tryptanthrin is a potent and orally active cellular Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis inhibitor. Tryptanthrin has anticancer activity. Tryptanthrin suppresses the expression levels of NOS1, COX-2, and NF-κB and regulates the expression levels of IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α[1][2].

WLN: QV5

C6H12O2 (116.0837)

LS-2386

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human. Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human.

valerate

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

Adofeed

C3H6O2 (74.0368)

Skatol

C9H9N (131.0735)

Skatole is produced by intestinal bacteria, regulates intestinal epithelial cellular functions through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and p38[1]. Skatole is produced by intestinal bacteria, regulates intestinal epithelial cellular functions through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and p38[1].

Isobutyrate

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

Cudranin

C14H12O4 (244.0736)

Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 μM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects[1][2][3][4]. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 μM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects[1][2][3][4].

beta-D-Glucopyranose, 1-thio-, 1-(5-(methylsulfinyl)-N-(sulfooxy)pentanimidate)

C12H23NO10S3 (437.0484)

4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate is a member of the class of compounds known as alkylglucosinolates. Alkylglucosinolates are organic compounds containing a glucosinolate moiety that carries an alkyl chain. 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate can be found in a number of food items such as sweet cherry, japanese chestnut, macadamia nut (m. tetraphylla), and oriental wheat, which makes 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Pirimiphos-methyl

C11H20N3O3PS (305.0963)

D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals

Carglumic Acid

C6H10N2O5 (190.059)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AA - Amino acids and derivatives C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid

hydroxyprogesterone caproate

C27H40O4 (428.2926)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D004965 - Estrogen Antagonists D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D011372 - Progestins C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone

Trimethylamine oxide

C3H9NO (75.0684)

A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine. D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway[1][2][3].

1-Methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide

C7H8N2O2 (152.0586)

Nudifloramide (2PY) is one of the end products of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) degradation. Nudifloramide significantly inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) activity in vitro[1].

Micrococcin P1

C48H49N13O9S6 (1143.21)

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D001430 - Bacteriocins

Mycoin

C7H6O4 (154.0266)

A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Patulin (Terinin) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi including the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Byssochlamys species, is suspected to be clastogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and cytotoxic. Patulin induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis through lysosomal-mitochondrial axis, and causes DNA damage[1][2][3][4].

Sodium sulfate

Na2SO4 (141.9313)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A12 - Mineral supplements > A12C - Other mineral supplements > A12CA - Sodium C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics Same as: D01732

Monolaurin

C15H30O4 (274.2144)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002327 - Cariostatic Agents D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials D013501 - Surface-Active Agents

4-Hydroxyretinoic acid

C20H28O3 (316.2038)

A retinoid that consists of all-trans-retinoic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Vitamin P

C27H30O16 (610.1534)