Gene Association: IL1A
UniProt Search:
IL1A (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: interleukin 1 alpha
found 139 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Ginsenoside A2
Ginsenoside Rg1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent and a pro-angiogenic agent. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a ginsenoside and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenosides are a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins, found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). Ginsenosides have been the target of research, as they are viewed as the active compounds behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. Because ginsenosides appear to affect multiple pathways, their effects are complex and difficult to isolate. Rg1 Appears to be most abundant in Panax ginseng (Chinese/Korean Ginseng). It improves spatial learning and increase hippocampal synaptophysin level in mice, plus demonstrates estrogen-like activity. Ginsenoside RG1 is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Panax ginseng, and Panax notoginseng with data available. See also: Asian Ginseng (part of); American Ginseng (part of); Panax notoginseng root (part of). Ginsenoside A2 is found in tea. Ginsenoside A2 is a constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng) Constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng). Ginsenoside A2 is found in tea. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation.
Colchicine
Colchicine appears as odorless or nearly odorless pale yellow needles or powder that darkens on exposure to light. Used to treat gouty arthritis, pseudogout, sarcoidal arthritis and calcific tendinitis. (EPA, 1998) (S)-colchicine is a colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. It has a role as a mutagen, an anti-inflammatory agent and a gout suppressant. It is a colchicine and an alkaloid. It is an enantiomer of a (R)-colchicine. Colchicine is an Alkaloid. Colchicine is a plant alkaloid that is widely used for treatment of gout. Colchicine has not been associated with acute liver injury or liver test abnormalities except with serious overdoses. Colchicine is a natural product found in Colchicum arenarium, Colchicum bivonae, and other organisms with data available. Colchicine is an alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale with anti-gout and anti-inflammatory activities. The exact mechanism of action by which colchicines exerts its effect has not been completely established. Colchicine binds to tubulin, thereby interfering with the polymerization of tubulin, interrupting microtubule dynamics, and disrupting mitosis. This leads to an inhibition of migration of leukocytes and other inflammatory cells, thereby reducing the inflammatory response to deposited urate crystals. Colchicine may also interrupt the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues, thereby also preventing the resultant inflammatory response. Overall, colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis/migration and phagocytosis to inflamed areas, and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE). See also: Colchicine; probenecid (component of). Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicines antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7704; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7702 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7690; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7687 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7668; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7666 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7693; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7689 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7645; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7643 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 328; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7687; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7684 M - Musculo-skeletal system > M04 - Antigout preparations > M04A - Antigout preparations > M04AC - Preparations with no effect on uric acid metabolism COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2258 INTERNAL_ID 2258; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) [Raw Data] CB194_Colchicine_pos_30eV_CB000068.txt [Raw Data] CB194_Colchicine_pos_50eV_CB000068.txt [Raw Data] CB194_Colchicine_pos_10eV_CB000068.txt [Raw Data] CB194_Colchicine_pos_20eV_CB000068.txt [Raw Data] CB194_Colchicine_pos_40eV_CB000068.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1171 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Colchicine is a tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM[1][2][3]. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs)[4]. Colchicine is a tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM[1][2][3]. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs)[4].
Cycloheximide
Cycloheximide appears as colorless crystals. Used as a fungicide and as a anticancer drug. (EPA, 1998) Cycloheximide is a dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a protein synthesis inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent, an anticoronaviral agent and a ferroptosis inhibitor. It is a member of piperidones, a piperidine antibiotic, an antibiotic fungicide, a dicarboximide, a secondary alcohol and a cyclic ketone. It is functionally related to a piperidine-2,6-dione. Cycloheximide is a natural product found in Streptomyces, Streptomyces griseus, and Streptomyces pulveraceus with data available. Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent Origin: Microbe; SubCategory_DNP: Alkaloids derived from lysine, Piperidine alkaloids relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.773 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.776 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.777 [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA53_Cycloheximid_pos_30eV.txt
Ginsenoside
Ginsenoside Rf is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an apoptosis inducer and an antineoplastic agent. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a disaccharide derivative, a ginsenoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a 20-hydroxy steroid and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenoside Rf is a natural product found in Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Panax ginseng, and other organisms with data available. See also: Asian Ginseng (part of). A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. Ginsenoside Rg1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent and a pro-angiogenic agent. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a ginsenoside and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenosides are a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins, found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). Ginsenosides have been the target of research, as they are viewed as the active compounds behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. Because ginsenosides appear to affect multiple pathways, their effects are complex and difficult to isolate. Rg1 Appears to be most abundant in Panax ginseng (Chinese/Korean Ginseng). It improves spatial learning and increase hippocampal synaptophysin level in mice, plus demonstrates estrogen-like activity. Ginsenoside RG1 is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Panax ginseng, and Panax notoginseng with data available. See also: Asian Ginseng (part of); American Ginseng (part of); Panax notoginseng root (part of). A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel. Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation.
Etoposide
Etoposide is a beta-D-glucoside, a furonaphthodioxole and an organic heterotetracyclic compound. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a DNA synthesis inhibitor. It is functionally related to a podophyllotoxin and a 4-demethylepipodophyllotoxin. A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. Etoposide is a Topoisomerase Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of etoposide is as a Topoisomerase Inhibitor. Etoposide is a natural product found in Aspergillus porosus, Aspergillus alliaceus, and other organisms with data available. Etoposide is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, a substance extracted from the mandrake root Podophyllum peltatum. Possessing potent antineoplastic properties, etoposide binds to and inhibits topoisomerase II and its function in ligating cleaved DNA molecules, resulting in the accumulation of single- or double-strand DNA breaks, the inhibition of DNA replication and transcription, and apoptotic cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. (NCI04) A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. See also: Etoposide Phosphate (active moiety of). Etoposide, also known as vepesid or VP-16, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as podophyllotoxins. These are tetralin lignans in which the benzene moiety of the tetralin skeleton is fused to a 1,3-dioxolane and the cyclohexane is fused to a butyrolactone (pyrrolidin-2-one). Etoposide is a drug. Within humans, etoposide participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, etoposide can be converted into etoposide ortho-quinone; which is mediated by the enzymes prostaglandin g/h synthase 1 and prostaglandin g/h synthase 2. In addition, etoposide and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be converted into etoposide glucuronide and uridine 5-diphosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1. In humans, etoposide is involved in etoposide metabolism pathway. Etoposide is formally rated as a carcinogen (by IARC 1) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Etoposide is used as a form of chemotherapy for cancers such as Kaposis sarcoma, Ewings sarcoma, lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphoma, nonlymphocytic leukemia, and glioblastoma multiforme. It is given intravenously (IV) or orally in capsule or tablet form. It is believed to work by damaging DNA. Etoposide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1983. They can include low blood cell counts, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, and fever. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01C - Plant alkaloids and other natural products > L01CB - Podophyllotoxin derivatives C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor > C129824 - Antineoplastic Protein Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C1331 - Epipodophyllotoxin Compound C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C129825 - Antineoplastic Enzyme Inhibitor > C1748 - Topoisomerase Inhibitor COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C1907 - Drug, Natural Product D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_20eV_CB000069.txt [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_50eV_CB000069.txt [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_10eV_CB000069.txt [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_40eV_CB000069.txt [Raw Data] CB195_Etoposide_pos_30eV_CB000069.txt Etoposide (VP-16; VP-16-213) is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II, thus stopping DNA replication. Etoposide induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy[1]. Etoposide (VP-16; VP-16-213) is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II, thus stopping DNA replication. Etoposide induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy[1].
Ginsenoside Rg3
(20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, an antineoplastic agent, a plant metabolite and an angiogenesis modulating agent. It is a ginsenoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a glycoside. It is functionally related to a (20S)-protopanaxadiol. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenoside Rg3 is a natural product found in Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, and other organisms with data available. (20R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is found in tea. (20R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is isolated from Panax ginseng (ginseng). D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Na+ and hKv1.4 channel with IC50s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Na+ and hKv1.4 channel with IC50s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression.
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate appears as white crystals. (NTP, 1992) Phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate is a phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types. It has a role as a protein kinase C agonist, an antineoplastic agent, a reactive oxygen species generator, a plant metabolite, a mitogen, a carcinogenic agent and an apoptosis inducer. It is an acetate ester, a tetradecanoate ester, a diester, a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone and a phorbol ester. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate diester is an inducer of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a natural product found in Iris tectorum, Phormidium tenue, and other organisms with data available. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate is a phorbol ester with potential antineoplastic effects. Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) induces maturation and differentiation of hematopoietic cell lines, including leukemic cells. This agent may induce gene expression and protein kinase C (PKC) activity. In addition to potential antineoplastic effects, TPA may exhibit tumor promoting activity. (NCI04) A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA. A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2122 - Cell Differentiating Agent > C1934 - Differentiation Inducer COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens > D010703 - Phorbol Esters Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a phorbol ester, is a dual SphK and protein kinase C (PKC) activator[1][2]. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a NF-κB activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces differentiation in THP-1 cells[3][7]. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a phorbol ester, is a dual SphK and protein kinase C (PKC) activator[1][2]. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a NF-κB activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces differentiation in THP-1 cells[3][7].
Pelargonic acid
Nonanoic acid is a C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers. It has a role as an antifeedant, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and a medium-chain fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a nonanoate. It derives from a hydride of a nonane. Nonanoic acid is a natural product found in Staphisagria macrosperma, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and other organisms with data available. Nonanoic Acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. The ammonium salt form of nonanoic acid is used as an herbicide. It works by stripping the waxy cuticle of the plant, causing cell disruption, cell leakage, and death by desiccation. Nonanoic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pelargonic acid, or nonanoic acid, is a fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters is the oil of pelargonium. Synthetic esters, such as methyl nonanoate, are used as flavorings. Pelargonic acid is an organic compound composed of a nine-carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid. It is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It is nearly insoluble in water, but well soluble in chloroform and ether. The derivative 4-nonanoylmorpholine is an ingredient in some pepper sprays. A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers. Nonanoic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=112-05-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 112-05-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1]. Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1].
Mezerein
Crystals or white powder. (NTP, 1992) Mezerein is a diterpenoid. D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Dipentyl phthalate
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10474; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10473 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10545; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10543 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10558; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10557 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10489; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10487 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10535; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10530 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10434; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10431 Dipentyl phthalate is an endocrine-disrupting phthalate plasticizer. Dipentyl phthalate increases AMPK phosphorylation and decreases AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1 levels. Dipentyl phthalate reduces adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dipentyl phthalate is a testicular toxicant[1]. Dipentyl phthalate is an endocrine-disrupting phthalate plasticizer. Dipentyl phthalate increases AMPK phosphorylation and decreases AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1 levels. Dipentyl phthalate reduces adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dipentyl phthalate is a testicular toxicant[1].
Desmedipham
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3738
1-Methylhistidine
1-Methylhistidine, also known as 1-MHis or 1MH, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. 1MH is also classified as a methylamino acid. Methylamino acids are primarily proteogenic amino acids (found in proteins) which have been methylated (in situ) on their side chains by various methyltransferase enzymes. Histidine can be methylated at either the N1 or N3 position of its imidazole ring, yielding the isomers 1-methylhistidine (1MH; also referred to as pi-methylhistidine) or 3-methylhistidine (3MH; tau-methylhistidine), respectively. There is considerable confusion with regard to the nomenclature of the methylated nitrogen atoms on the imidazole ring of histidine and other histidine-containing peptides such as anserine. In particular, older literature (mostly prior to the year 2000) designated anserine (Npi methylated) as beta-alanyl-N1-methyl-histidine, whereas according to standard IUPAC nomenclature, anserine is correctly named as beta-alanyl-N3-methyl-histidine. As a result, many papers published prior to the year 2000 incorrectly identified 1MH as a specific marker for dietary consumption or various pathophysiological effects when they really were referring to 3MH (PMID: 24137022). Recent discoveries have shown that 1MH is produced in essentially all mammals (and other vertebrates) via the enzyme known as METTL9 (PMID: 33563959). METTL9 is a broad-specificity methyltransferase that mediates the formation of the majority of 1MH present in mammalian proteomes. METTL9-catalyzed methylation requires a His-x-His (HxH) motif, where "x" is a small amino acid. This HxH motif is found in a number of abundant mammalian proteins such as ARMC6, S100A9, and NDUFB3 (PMID: 33563959). Because of its abundance in many muscle-related proteins, 1MH has been found to be a good biomarker for the consumption of meat (PMID: 21527577). Dietary studies have shown that poultry consumption (p-trend = 0.0006) and chicken consumption (p-trend = 0.0003) are associated with increased levels of 1MH in human plasma (PMID: 30018457). The consumption of fish, especially salmon and cod, has also been shown to increase the levels of 1MH in serum and urine (PMID: 31401679). As a general rule, urinary 1MH is associated with white meat intake (p< 0.001), whereas urinary 3MH is associated with red meat intake (p< 0.001) (PMID: 34091671). 1-Methyl-L-histidine is an objective indicator of meat ingestion and exogenous 3-methylhistidine (3MH) intake. 1-Methyl-L-histidine is an objective indicator of meat ingestion and exogenous 3-methylhistidine (3MH) intake. 3-Methyl-L-histidine is a biomarker for meat consumption, especially chicken. It is also a biomarker for the consumption of soy products.
d-Threo biopterin
6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1’ carbon. ADP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. Adenosine diphosphate is a nucleotide. ADP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ADP is involved in d4-gdi signaling pathway. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. 5′-ADP. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-64-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 58-64-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors.
L-Threoneopterin
L-Threoneopterin is a catabolic product of GTP. It is synthesized by macrophages upon stimulation by interferon-gamma. It is used as a marker of HIV infection. It belongs to the chemical group known as pterins. Neopterin is a pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections (From Stedman, 26th ed). Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. Neopterin is a catabolic product of GTP. It is synthesised by macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. It is used as a marker of HIV infection. It belongs to the chemical group known as pterins.A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. [HMDB] Neopterin (D-(+)-Neopterin), a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTM), serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation.
Indomethacin
Indomethacin is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent (NSAIA) with antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Its pharmacological effect is thought to be mediated through inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme responsible for catalyzes the rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9631; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9627 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9618; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9614 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9602; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9599 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9606; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9605 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9610; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9609 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1033; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9598; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9596 M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AB - Acetic acid derivatives and related substances S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01B - Antiinflammatory agents > S01BC - Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D015149 - Tocolytic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 207 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2714 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8611 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Parathion
Parathion is a highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide. [HMDB] C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals
Sepiapterin
Sepiapterin, also known as 2-amino-6-lactoyl-7,8-dihydropteridin-4(3H)-one, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pterins and derivatives. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a pterin moiety, which consist of a pteridine ring bearing a ketone and an amine group to form 2-aminopteridin-4(3H)-one. Sepiapterin is also classified as a member of the pteridine class of organic chemicals. It is a yellow fluorescing pigment. Sepiapterin is an intermediate in the salvage pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)). More specifically, sepiapterin can be metabolized into tetrahydrobiopterin via the BH(4) salvage pathway. Tetrahydrobiopterin is an essential cofactor in humans for breakdown of phenylalanine and a catalyst of the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan to the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. A deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin can cause toxic buildup of phenylalanine (phenylketonuria) as well as deficiencies of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, leading to dystonia and other neurological illnesses. Sepiapterin accumulates in the brain of patients with sepiapterin reductase (SR) deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism. Sepiapterin reductase deficiency is a condition characterized by movement problems, most often a pattern of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions known as dystonia. Other movement problems can include muscle stiffness (spasticity), tremors, problems with coordination and balance (ataxia), and involuntary jerking movements (chorea). People with sepiapterin reductase deficiency can experience episodes called oculogyric crises. These episodes involve abnormal rotation of the eyeballs; extreme irritability and agitation; and pain, muscle spasms, and uncontrolled movements, especially of the head and neck. Movement abnormalities are often worse late in the day. Most affected individuals have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and crawling, and they typically are not able to walk unassisted. The problems with movement tend to worsen over time. Within humans, sepiapterin participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, sepiapterin can be converted into 7,8-dihydroneopterin; which is mediated by the enzyme sepiapterin reductase. In addition, sepiapterin can be converted into 7,8-dihydroneopterin through its interaction with the enzyme carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1. Sepiapterin is an intermediate in the salvage pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)). It is a yellow fluorescing pigment. Sepiapterin accumulates in the brain of patients with sepiapterin reductase (SR) deficiency. [HMDB] C307 - Biological Agent
Urocanic acid
Urocanic acid (CAS: 104-98-3) is a breakdown (deamination) product of histidine. In the liver, urocanic acid is an intermediate in the conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, whereas, in the epidermis, it accumulates and may be both a UV protectant and an immunoregulator. Urocanic acid (UA) exists as a trans isomer (t-UA, approximately 30 mg/cm2) in the uppermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum). t-UA is formed as the cells of the second layer of the skin become metabolically inactive. During this process, proteins and membranes degrade, histidine is released, and histidase (histidine ammonia lyase) catalyzes the deamination of histidine to form t-UA. t-UA accumulates in the epidermis until removal by either the monthly skin renewal cycle or sweat. Upon absorption of UV light, the naturally occurring t-UA isomerizes to its cis form, c-UA. Because DNA lesions (e.g., pyrimidine dimers) in the lower epidermis can result from UV-B absorption, initial research proposed that t-UA acted as a natural sunscreen absorbing UV-B in the stratum corneum before the damaging rays could penetrate into lower epidermal zones. Researchers have found that c-UA also suppresses contact hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity, reduces the Langerhans cell count in the epidermis, prolongs skin-graft survival time, and affects natural killer cell activity. (E)-Urocanic acid is found in mushrooms. It has been isolated from Coprinus atramentarius (common ink cap) and Phallus impudicus (common stinkhorn). Trans-urocanic acid, also known as 4-imidazoleacrylic acid or urocanate, belongs to imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid chain (of at least 2 carbon atoms) linked to an imidazole ring. Trans-urocanic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Trans-urocanic acid can be found in mung bean, which makes trans-urocanic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Trans-urocanic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including sweat, feces, blood, and urine, as well as in human liver and skin tissues. Trans-urocanic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, trans-urocanic acid is involved in the histidine metabolism. Trans-urocanic acid is also involved in a couple of metabolic disorders, which include ammonia recycling and histidinemia. Urocanic acid, produced in the upper layers of mammalian skin, is a major absorber of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Urocanic acid, produced in the upper layers of mammalian skin, is a major absorber of ultraviolet radiation (UVR).
Dactinomycin
A compound composed of a two cyclic peptides attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from streptomyces parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01D - Cytotoxic antibiotics and related substances > L01DA - Actinomycines C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Prostaglandin E2
The naturally occurring prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known in medicine as dinoprostone, and it is the most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It has important effects during labour and also stimulates osteoblasts to release factors which stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts (a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the bones mineralized matrix). PGE2 is also the prostaglandin that ultimately induces fever. PGE2 has been shown to increase vasodilation and cAMP production, enhance the effects of bradykinin and histamine, and induce uterine contractions and platelet aggregation. PGE2 is also responsible for maintaining the open passageway of the fetal ductus arteriosus, decreasing T-cell proliferation and lymphocyte migration, and activating the secretion of IL-1α and IL-2. PGE2 exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly on dendritic cells (DC). Depending on the nature of maturation signals, PGE2 has different and sometimes opposite effects on DC biology. PGE2 exerts an inhibitory action, reducing the maturation of DC and their ability to present antigen. PGE2 has also been shown to stimulate DC and promote IL-12 production when given in combination with TNF-alpha. PGE2 is an environmentally bioactive substance. Its action is prolonged and sustained by other factors especially IL-10. It modulates the activities of professional DC by acting on their differentiation, maturation, and their ability to secrete cytokines. PGE2 is a potent inducer of IL-10 in bone marrow-derived DC (BM-DC). PGE2-induced IL-10 is a key regulator of the BM-DC pro-inflammatory phenotype (PMID:16978535). Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent and are able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Dinoprostone is a naturally occurring prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It has important effects in labour and also stimulates osteoblasts to release factors which stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts (a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the bones mineralized matrix). PGE2 has been shown to increase vasodilation and cAMP production, to enhance the effects of bradykinin and histamine, induction of uterine contractions and of platelet aggregation. PGE2 is also responsible for maintaining the open passageway of the fetal ductus arteriosus; decreasing T-cell proliferation and lymphocyte migration and activating the secretion of IL-1α and IL-2. PGE2 exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly on dendritic cells (DC). Depending on the nature of maturation signals, PGE2 has different and sometimes opposite effects on DC biology. PGE2 exerts an inhibitory action, reducing the maturation of DC and their ability to present antigen. PGE2 has also been shown to stimulate DC and promote IL-12 production when given in combination with TNF-alpha. PGE2 is an environmentally bioactive substance. Its action is prolonged and sustained by other factors especially IL-10. It modulates the activities of professional DC by acting on their differentiation, maturation and their ability to secrete cytokines. PGE2 is a potent inducer of IL-10 in bone marrow-derived DC (BM-DC), and PGE2-induced IL-10 is a key regulator of the BM-DC pro-inflammatory phenotype. (PMID: 16978535) G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02A - Uterotonics > G02AD - Prostaglandins Chemical was purchased from CAY14010, (Lot 0410966-34); Diagnostic ions: 351.8, 333.1, 271.1, 188.9 D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics C78568 - Prostaglandin Analogue Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.
4-tert-Butylphenol
4-tert-Butylphenol, also known as butylphen or PTBP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpropanes. These are organic compounds containing a phenylpropane moiety. 4-tert-Butylphenol is a leather and oakmoss tasting compound. 4-tert-Butylphenol has been detected, but not quantified, in herbs and spices. 4-Tert-butylphenol is structurally similar to the melanin precursor tyrosine, and acts as a substrate for tyrosinase. 4-tert-Butylphenol is a potentially toxic compound. Tyrosinase oxidizes 4-tert-butylphenol to a quinone (4-tert-butylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione) which in turn rapidly reacts with glutathione (GSH). A depletion of the GSH defence system may allow the quinone to generate reactive oxygen species that damage melanocytes and induce apoptosis, leading to leukoderma/vitiligo.
Naproxen
Naproxen (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for the reduction of mild to moderate pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, injury (like fractures), menstrual cramps, tendonitis, bursitis, and the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names including: Aleve, Anaprox, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Naprelan; Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for the reduction of mild to moderate pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, injury (like fractures), menstrual cramps, tendonitis, bursitis, and the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names including: Aleve, Anaprox, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Naprelan. Naproxen was first marketed as the prescription drug Naprosyn in 1976 and naproxen sodium was first marketed under the trade name Anaprox in 1980. It remains a prescription-only drug in much of the world. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of naproxen sodium as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in 1991, where OTC preparations are sold under the trade name Aleve. In Australia, small packets of lower-strength preparations of naproxen sodium are Schedule 2 Pharmacy Medicines; Naproxen is a member of the 2-arylpropionic acid (profen) family of NSAIDs. It is an odorless, white to off-white crystalline substance. It is lipid-soluble, practically insoluble in water with a low pH (below pH 4), while freely soluble in water at 6 pH and above. Naproxen has a melting point of 153 degree centigrade. Naproxen (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for the reduction of mild to moderate pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, injury (like fractures), menstrual cramps, tendonitis, bursitis, and the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names including: Aleve, Anaprox, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Naprelan; Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for the reduction of mild to moderate pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, injury (like fractures), menstrual cramps, tendonitis, bursitis, and the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names including: Aleve, Anaprox, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Naprelan. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AE - Propionic acid derivatives G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02C - Other gynecologicals > G02CC - Antiinflammatory products for vaginal administration D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents KEIO_ID N018; [MS2] KO009075 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID N018 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Tridecanoic acid
Tridecanoic acid, also known as N-tridecanoate or C13:0, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Tridecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Tridecanoic acid is a potentially toxic compound. Tridecanoic acid is a short-chain fatty acid. Tridecanoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are nutmeg, muskmelon, black elderberry, and coconut. Tridecanoic acid (N-Tridecanoic acid), a 13-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid, can serve as an antipersister and antibiofilm agent that may be applied to research bacterial infections. Tridecanoic acid inhibits Escherichia coli persistence and biofilm formation[1]. Tridecanoic acid (N-Tridecanoic acid), a 13-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid, can serve as an antipersister and antibiofilm agent that may be applied to research bacterial infections. Tridecanoic acid inhibits Escherichia coli persistence and biofilm formation[1].
Dibutyl succinate
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P03 - Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides, insecticides and repellents > P03B - Insecticides and repellents
Aristospan
C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant > C211 - Therapeutic Corticosteroid D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Meloxicam
Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve the symptoms of arthritis, primary dysmenorrhea, fever; and as an analgesic, especially where there is an inflammatory component. It is closely related to piroxicam. In Europe it is marketed under the brand names Movalis, Melox, and Recoxa. In North America it is generally marketed under the brand name Mobic. In Latin America, the drug is marketed as Tenaron. [Wikipedia] CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4454; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4451 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4456; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4454 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8780; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8777 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4467; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4465 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8736; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8735 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8828; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8823 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4500; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4499 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4466; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4465 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8798; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8793 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8836; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8834 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8839; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8837 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 487; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4468; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4467 M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AC - Oxicams D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors > D052246 - Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1152 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Piroxicam
Piroxicam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. [PubChem]The antiinflammatory effect of Piroxicam may result from the reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase, causing the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The prostaglandins are produced by an enzyme called Cox-1. Piroxicam blocks the Cox-1 enzyme, resulting into the disruption of production of prostaglandins. Piroxicam also inhibits the migration of leukocytes into sites of inflammation and prevents the formation of thromboxane A2, an aggregating agent, by the platelets. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AC - Oxicams S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01B - Antiinflammatory agents > S01BC - Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents KEIO_ID P068; [MS2] KO009199 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID P068
6-Keto-prostaglandin F1a
6-keto-Prostaglandin F1a is the physiologically active and stable metabolite of prostacyclin. (A prostaglandin found in nearly all mammalian tissue that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation; it is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue; the sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (Hypertension, Pulmonary). A delayed and prolonged increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha is reported in animals with septic shock, i.e., those with fecal peritonitis or cecal ligation. 6-keto-Prostaglandin F1a plasma levels has been found increased in patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever, in patients with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis, in patients with gynecologic cancer and has significant correlation with the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. (PMID 1976492, 2298410, 2379443, 2111556)Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. 6-keto-Prostaglandin F1a is the physiologically active and stable metabolite of prostacyclin. (A prostaglandin found in nearly all mammalian tissue that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation; it is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue; the sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (Hypertension, Pulmonary).
Rabeprazole
Rabeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor sold (as its sodium salt) under the brand names Aciphex and Pariet (distributed by Janssen-Cilag); Rabeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor sold (as its sodium salt) and it is used in the treatment of gastric ulcers and GERD (or heartburn). It is taken once a day along with a full glass of water (preferable 30 min before breakfast). [HMDB] Rabeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor sold (as its sodium salt) under the brand names Aciphex and Pariet (distributed by Janssen-Cilag); Rabeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor sold (as its sodium salt) and it is used in the treatment of gastric ulcers and GERD (or heartburn). It is taken once a day along with a full glass of water (preferable 30 min before breakfast). A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders > A02B - Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord) > A02BC - Proton pump inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29723 - Proton Pump Inhibitor D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D054328 - Proton Pump Inhibitors
Promazine
Promazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a phenothiazine with actions similar to chlorpromazine but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic. [PubChem]Promazine is an antagonist at types 1, 2, and 4 dopamine receptors, 5-HT receptor types 2A and 2C, muscarinic receptors 1 through 5, alpha(1)-receptors, and histamine H1-receptors. Promazines antipsychotic effect is due to antagonism at dopamine and serotonin type 2 receptors, with greater activity at serotonin 5-HT2 receptors than at dopamine type-2 receptors. This may explain the lack of extrapyramidal effects. Promazine does not appear to block dopamine within the tubero-infundibular tract, explaining the lower incidence of hyperprolactinemia than with typical antipsychotic agents or risperidone. Antagonism at muscarinic receptors, H1-receptors, and alpha(1)-receptors also occurs with promazine. N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AA - Phenothiazines with aliphatic side-chain D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent > C740 - Phenothiazine D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics
Dihomolinoleate (20:2n6)
Eicosadienoic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid found in human milk (PMID: 15256803). Omega-6 fatty acids are a family of unsaturated fatty acids which have in common a carbon-carbon double bond in the n−6 position; that is, the sixth bond from the end of the fatty acid. The biological effects of the omega−6 fatty acids are largely mediated by their conversion to n-6 eicosanoids that bind to diverse receptors found in every tissue of the body. Eicosadienoic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). Isolated from lipids of Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) Eicosadienoic acid is a rare, naturally occurring n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found mainly in animal tissues[1][2]. Eicosadienoic acid is a rare, naturally occurring n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found mainly in animal tissues[1][2].
Prostaglandin F1a
Prostaglandin F1a is derived mainly from Prostaglandin E1, and is metabolized to 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1a. Prostaglandin F1a is excreted directly into the urine. Prostaglandin F1a contracts the circular muscle of the gut in opposition to the Prostaglandins of the E series. Prostaglandin F1a is a cytoprotector, protecting mucosal tissue from damage produced by ulcerogenic stimuli.Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Prostaglandin F1a is derived mainly from Prostaglandin E1, and is metabolized to 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1a. Prostaglandin F1a is excreted directly into the urine. Prostaglandin F1a contracts the circular muscle of the gut in opposition to the Prostaglandins of the E series. Prostaglandin F1a is a cytoprotector, protecting mucosal tissue from damage produced by ulcerogenic stimuli.
Prostaglandin F2alpha
Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2) is one of the earliest discovered and most common prostaglandins. It is actively biosynthesized in various organs of mammals and exhibits a variety of biological activities, including contraction of pulmonary arteries. It is used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient. PGF2a binds to the Prostaglandin F2 receptor (PTGFR) which is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family. PGF2-alpha mediates luteolysis. Luteolysis is the structural and functional degradation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of pregnancy. PGF2 may also be involved in modulating intraocular pressure and smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and gastrointestinal tract sphincters. PGF2 is mainly synthesized directly from PGH2 by PGH2 9,11-endoperoxide reductase. A small amount of PGF2 is also produced from PGE2 by PGE2 9-ketoreductase. A PGF2 epimer has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, and its levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, plasma, and urine in patients with mastocytosis and bronchial asthma. PGF2 is synthesized from PGD2 by PGD2 11-ketoreductase. (PMID: 16475787). Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2) is one of the earliest discovered and most common prostaglandins. It is actively biosynthesized in various organs of mammals and exhibits a variety of biological activities, including contraction of pulmonary arteries. It is used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient. PGF2a binds to the Prostaglandin F2 receptor (PTGFR) which is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family. PGF2-alpha mediates luteolysis. Luteolysis is the structural and functional degradation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of pregnancy. PGF2 may also be involved in modulating intraocular pressure and smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and gastrointestinal tract sphincters. PGF2 is mainly synthesized directly from PGH2 by PGH2 9,11-endoperoxide reductase. A small amount of PGF2 is also produced from PGE2 by PGE2 9-ketoreductase. A PGF2 epimer has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, and its levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, plasma, and urine in patients with mastocytosis and bronchial asthma. PGF2 is synthesized from PGD2 by PGD2 11-ketoreductase. (PMID: 16475787) G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02A - Uterotonics > G02AD - Prostaglandins Chemical was purchased from CAY16010 (Lot 171332-126); Diagnostic ions: 353.2, 309.2, 281.1, 253.0, 193.1 D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D000019 - Abortifacient Agents D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics C78568 - Prostaglandin Analogue KEIO_ID P066 Dinoprost (Prostaglandin F2α) is an orally active, potent prostaglandin F (PGF) receptor (FP receptor) agonist. Dinoprost is a luteolytic hormone produced locally in the endometrial luminal epithelium and corpus luteum (CL). Dinoprost plays a key role in the onset and progression of labour[1][2].
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
3-HODE + 9-HODE
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) (CAS: 18104-45-5), also known as 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid or 13(S)-HODE, is the major lipoxygenation product synthesized in the body from linoleic acid. 13-HODE prevents cell adhesion to endothelial cells and can inhibit cancer metastasis. 13-HODE synthesis is enhanced by cyclic AMP. gamma-Linolenic acid, a desaturated metabolite of linoleic acid, causes substantial stimulation of 13-HODE synthesis. A fall in gamma-linolenic acid synthesis with age may be related to the age-related fall in 13-HODE formation (PMID: 9561154). 13-HODE is considered an intermediate in linoleic acid metabolism. It is generated from 13(S)-HPODE via the enzyme lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12). 13-HODE has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of systems. 13-HODE is found to be produced by prostate tumours and cell lines and researchers believe that there is a link between linoleic acid metabolism and the development or progression of prostate cancer (PMID: 9367845).
D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (CAS: 77164-51-3), also known as phosphofructokinase activator, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a regulatory molecule controlling the activity of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 or PFK1 (in mammals). PFK1, in turn, is the key regulatory enzyme in the central metabolic pathway glycolysis. D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate has the effect of increasing the activity of PFK1, thus increasing the rate at which the principle food molecule glucose is broken down. At the same time, this regulatory molecule also inhibits the opposing enzyme (FBPase1) in the reverse pathway (gluconeogenesis) so that the synthesis of glucose is not taking place in the same cell where glucose is being broken down (which would be wasteful). D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a regulatory molecule controlling the activity of the enzyme Phosphofructokinase-1 or PFK1 (in mammals). PFK1, in turn, is the key regulatory enzyme in the central metabolic pathway Glycolysis. D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate has the effect of increasing the activity of PFK1, thus increasing the rate at which the principle food molecule glucose is broken down. At the same time, this regulatory molecule also inhibits the opposing enzyme (FBPase1) in the reverse pathway (gluconeogenesis) so that the synthesis of glucose is not taking place in the same cell where glucose is being broken down (which would be wasteful) . [HMDB] KEIO_ID F010
Neomycin
A component of neomycin that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). Neomycin is a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosome of susceptible organisms. Binding interferes with mRNA binding and acceptor tRNA sites and results in the production of non-functional or toxic peptides. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations > A01AB - Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CA - Antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D09 - Medicated dressings > D09A - Medicated dressings > D09AA - Medicated dressings with antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AB - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID N022
Masoprocol
Masoprocol is the meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, a hypoglycemic agent and a metabolite. Masoprocol is a natural product found in Larrea divaricata, Schisandra chinensis, and Larrea tridentata with data available. Masoprocol is a naturally occurring antioxidant dicatechol originally derived from the creosote bush Larrea divaricatta with antipromoter, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Masoprocol directly inhibits activation of two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and the c-erbB2/HER2/neu receptor, resulting in decreased proliferation of susceptible tumor cell populations. This agent may induce apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations as a result of disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in association with the activation of stress activated protein kinases (SAPKs). In addition, masoprocol inhibits arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX), resulting in diminished synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. It may prevent leukocyte infiltration into tissues and the release of reactive oxygen species. A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils. A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils. Masoprocol, also known as actinex or meso-ndga, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutane lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 2,3-dibenzylbutane moiety. Symptoms of overdose or allergic reaction include bluish coloration of skin, dizziness, or feeling faint, wheezing or trouble in breathing. Masoprocol also inhibits prostaglandins but the significance of this action is not yet known. Masoprocol is a drug which is used for the treatment of actinic keratoses (precancerous skin growths that can become malignant if left untreated). It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils. Masoprocol is a potentially toxic compound. It is not known exactly how masoprocol works. Although the exact mechanism of action is not known, studies have shown that masoprocol is a potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor and has antiproliferative activity against keratinocytes in tissue culture, but the relationship between this activity and its effectiveness in actinic keratoses is unknown. A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase. D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1322 - Lipooxygenase Inhibitor D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 611; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4658; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4657 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 611; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4580; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4576 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 611; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4551; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4548 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 611; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4643; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4642 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 611; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4651; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4650 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 611; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4591; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4587 Masoprocol (meso-Nordihydroguaiaretic acid) is a potent and orally active lipoxygenase inhibitor. Masoprocol shows antihyperglycemic activity. Masoprocol decreases the glucose concentration and hepatic triglyceride in vivo. Masoprocol has the potential for the research of type II diabetes[1][2][3]. Masoprocol (meso-Nordihydroguaiaretic acid) is a potent and orally active lipoxygenase inhibitor. Masoprocol shows antihyperglycemic activity. Masoprocol decreases the glucose concentration and hepatic triglyceride in vivo. Masoprocol has the potential for the research of type II diabetes[1][2][3]. Masoprocol (meso-Nordihydroguaiaretic acid) is a potent and orally active lipoxygenase inhibitor. Masoprocol shows antihyperglycemic activity. Masoprocol decreases the glucose concentration and hepatic triglyceride in vivo. Masoprocol has the potential for the research of type II diabetes[1][2][3]. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
4-Octylphenol
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 938; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4924; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4922 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 938; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4929; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4926 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 938; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5507; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5506 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 938; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5486; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5483 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 938; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4941; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4939 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 938; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5519; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5518 D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens
12-HHTrE
12(S)-HHTrE is an unusual product of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and one of the primary arachidonic acid metabolites of the human platelet.1 It is biosynthesized by thromboxane (TX) synthesis from prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) concurrently with TXA2. The biological role of 12(S)-HHTrE is uncertain. It is avidly oxidized to 12-oxoHTrE by porcine 15-hydroxy PGDH. [HMDB] 12(S)-HHTrE is an unusual product of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and one of the primary arachidonic acid metabolites of the human platelet.1 It is biosynthesized by thromboxane (TX) synthesis from prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) concurrently with TXA2. The biological role of 12(S)-HHTrE is uncertain. It is avidly oxidized to 12-oxoHTrE by porcine 15-hydroxy PGDH.
Tetradecanoyl-CoA
Tetradecanoyl-CoA (or myristoyl-CoA) is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation and the beta oxidation of fatty acids. It is also used in the myristoylation of proteins. The first pass through the beta-oxidation process starts with the saturated fatty acid palmitoyl-CoA and produces myristoyl-CoA. A total of four enzymatic steps are required, starting with VLCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Very Long Chain) activity, followed by three enzymatic steps catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, all present in the mitochondria. Myristoylation of proteins is also catalyzed by the presence of myristoyl-CoA along with Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). Myristoylation is an irreversible, co-translational (during translation) protein modification found in animals, plants, fungi and viruses. In this protein modification a myristoyl group (derived from myristioyl CoA) is covalently attached via an amide bond to the alpha-amino group of an N-terminal amino acid of a nascent polypeptide. It is more common on glycine residues but also occurs on other amino acids. Myristoylation also occurs post-translationally, for example when previously internal glycine residues become exposed by caspase cleavage during apoptosis. Myristoylation plays a vital role in membrane targeting and signal transduction in plant responses to environmental stress. Compared to other species that possess a single functional myristoyl-CoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) gene copy, human, mouse and cow possess 2 NMT genes, and more than 2 protein isoforms. Myristoyl-coa, also known as S-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a or myristoyl-coenzyme a, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acyl coas. Long-chain fatty acyl coas are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. Myristoyl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Myristoyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as sea-buckthornberry, anise, chicory, and cassava, which makes myristoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Myristoyl-coa can be found primarily in human fibroblasts tissue. Myristoyl-coa exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, myristoyl-coa is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include adrenoleukodystrophy, x-linked, beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, and fatty acid metabolism. Myristoyl-coa is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:0/14:0/22:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/12:0/14:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:1(9Z)/14:0/22:2(13Z,16Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(14:0/16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)).
Lead
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Lead is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Like the element mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates both in soft tissues and the bones. Lead can be ingested through fruits and vegetables contaminated by high levels of lead in the soils they were grown in. Soil is contaminated through particulate accumulation from lead in pipes, lead paint and residual emissions from leaded gasoline that was used before the Environment Protection Agency issue the regulation around 1980. [Wikipedia]. Lead is found in many foods, some of which are blackcurrant, asparagus, endive, and flaxseed.
Bretylium
Bretylium blocks the release of noradrenaline from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. The primary mode of action for bretylium is thought to be inhibition of voltage-gated K(+) channels. Recent evidence has shown that bretylium may also inhibit the Na,K-ATPase by binding to the extracellular K-site. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
Fluocinolone
C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant > C211 - Therapeutic Corticosteroid
Latamoxef
Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the cephalosporins except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain cephalosporins. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections. [PubChem] J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Metiamide
Metiamide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as imidazoles. These are compounds containing an imidazole ring, which is an aromatic five-member ring with two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, and three carbon atoms. C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29702 - Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents Metiamide (SK&F 92058) is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist developed from another H2 antagonist, burimamide.
Trovafloxacin
Trovafloxacin (sold as Trovan by Pfizer) is a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA in various bacteria by blocking the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It was withdrawn from the market due to the risk of hepatotoxicity. It had better gram-positive bacterial coverage and less gram-negative coverage than the previous fluoroquinolones. [Wikipedia] J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Magnesium dichloride
C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent Flavouring agent and nutrient supplement
Paraldehyde
Paraldehyde is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]") D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CC - Aldehydes and derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants
fMLP;N-Formyl-MLF
N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP; N-Formyl-MLF) is a chemotactic peptide and a specific ligand of N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR). N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Ph is reported to inhibit TNF-alpha secretion.
5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine
5-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine is a metabolite of capecitabine. Capecitabine (Xeloda, Roche) is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug, that is enzymatically converted to 5-fluorouracil in the tumor, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue. (Wikipedia) D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D019167 - Appetite Stimulants C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D01309 Doxifluridine has anticancer activity. Doxifluidine is a 5-FU prodrug. Doxifluridine is a thymidine synthase inhibitor. Doxifluridine can enhance tumor inhibition by synergizing with a variety of drugs[1][2][3].
Bufuralol
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists Bufuralol (Ro 3-4787) is a potent non-selective, orally active β-adrenoreceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. Bufuralol hydrochloride is a CYP2D6 probe substrate[1][2][3][4].
alfaxalone
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D000081227 - Neurosteroids
Lipid A
Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin) molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane. While its toxic effects can be damaging, the sensing of lipid A by the human immune system may also be critical for the onset of immune responses to Gram-negative infection, and for the subsequent successful fight against the infection. Many of the immune activating abilities of LPS can be attributed to the lipid A unit. It is a very potent stimulant of the immune system, activating cells (for example, monocytes or macrophages) at picogram per milliliter quantities. Lipid A has been found in Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and meningococcus (PMID: 11948150; PMID: 12045108). Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin) molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane. While its toxic effects can be damaging, the sensing of lipid A by the human immune system may also be critical for the onset of immune responses to Gram-negative infection, and for the subsequent successful fight against the infection.; Many of the immune activating abilities of LPS can be attributed to the lipid A unit. It is a very potent stimulant of the immune system, activating cells (for example, monocytes or macrophages) at picogram per milliliter quantities. [HMDB]
Benzo[e]pyrene
Aplysiatoxin
The parent member of the class of aplysiatoxins. It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, as well as algae and molluscs. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008235 - Lyngbya Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins
palytoxin
A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D003064 - Cnidarian Venoms D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014688 - Venoms
3-Methylhistidine
3-Methylhistidine, also known as 3-MHis or 3MH, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. 3MH is also classified as a methylamino acid. Methylamino acids are primarily proteogenic amino acids (found in proteins) which have been methylated (in situ) on their side chains by various methyltransferase enzymes. 3-Methylhistidine is also classified as a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-Amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. 3-Methylhistidine is generated from histidine residues found in proteins. Histidine can be methylated at either the N1 or N3 position of its imidazole ring, yielding the isomers 1-methylhistidine (1MH; also referred to as pi-methylhistidine) or 3-methylhistidine (3MH; tau-methylhistidine), respectively. There is considerable confusion with regard to the nomenclature of the methylated nitrogen atoms on the imidazole ring of histidine and other histidine-containing peptides such as anserine. In particular, older literature (mostly prior to the year 2000) designated anserine (Npi methylated) as beta-alanyl-N1-methyl-histidine, whereas according to standard IUPAC nomenclature, anserine is correctly named as beta-alanyl-N3-methyl-histidine. As a result, many papers published prior to the year 2000 incorrectly identified 1MH as a specific marker for dietary consumption or various pathophysiological effects when they really were referring to 3MH (PMID: 24137022). Histidine methylation on the 3- or tau site is mediated by the enzyme known as METTL18. METTL18 is a nuclear methyltransferase protein that contains a functional nuclear localization signal and accumulates in nucleoli. Urinary concentrations of 3-methylhistidine can be used as a biomarker for skeletal muscle protein breakdown in humans who have been subject to muscle injury (PMID: 16079625). 3-methylhistidine is formed by the posttranslational methylation of histidine residues of the main myofibrillar proteins actin and myosin. During protein catabolism, 3-methylhistidine is released but cannot be reutilized. Therefore, the plasma concentration and urine excretion of 3-methylhistidine are sensitive markers of myofibrillar protein degradation (PMID: 32235743). Approximately 75\\\% of 3-methylhistidine is estimated to originate from skeletal muscle (PMID: 32235743). In addition to the degradation of muscle proteins, the 3-methylhistidine level is affected by the degradation of intestinal proteins and meat intake. 3-Methylhistidine exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, 3-methylhistidine is involved in methylhistidine metabolism. 3-Methylhistidine has been found to be associated with several diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2, eosinophilic esophagitis, and kidney disease. The normal concentration of 3-methylhistidine in the urine of healthy adult humans has been detected and quantified in a range of 3.63–69.27 micromoles per millimole (umol/mmol) of creatinine, with most studies reporting the average urinary concentration between 15–20 umol/mmol of creatinine. The average concentration of 3-methylhistidine in human blood plasma has been detected and quantified at 2.85 micromolar (uM) with a range of 0.0–5.9 uM. As a general rule, urinary 1MH is associated with white meat intake (p< 0.001), whereas urinary 3MH is associated with red meat intake (p< 0.001) (PMID: 34091671). 3-Methyl-L-histidine is a biomarker for meat consumption, especially chicken. It is also a biomarker for the consumption of soy products.
Biopterin
Biopterin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Parkinsons disease, in which the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons degenerate, are lower than those from age-matched older controls. In hereditary progressive dystonia/DOPA-responsive dystonia, which is a dopamine deficiency caused by mutations in GTP cyclohydrolase I without neuronal cell death (Segawas disease), biopterin in cerebrospinal fluid decrease in parallel owing to the decreased activity in GTP cyclohydrolase I (EC 3.5.4.16, is an enzyme that is part of the folate and biopterin biosynthesis pathways. It is responsible for the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to form 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-triphosphate. (Pteridines (1999), 10(1), 5-13.) Lowered levels of urinary biopterin concomitant with elevated serum phenylalanine concentration occur in a variant type of hyperphenylalaninemia caused by a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the obligatory cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. The most frequent form of this cofactor deficiency is due to lack of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) activity, the second enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for BH4. (PMID 8178819) The hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylating system consists of 3 essential components, phenylalanine hydroxylase, dihydropteridine reductase, and the nonprotein coenzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin. The reductase and the pterin coenzyme are also essential components of the tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylating systems. There are 3 distinct forms of phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia, each caused by lack of 1 of these essential components. The variant forms of the disease that are caused by the lack of dihydropteridine reductase or tetrahydrobiopterin are characterized by severe neurol. deterioration, impaired functioning of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases, and the resultant deficiency of tyrosine- and tryptophan-derived monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. (PMID 3930837) [HMDB] Biopterin, also known as tetrahydrobiopterin or BH4, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. Biopterin or tetrahydrobiopterin is also classified as a pterin derivative that consists of pterin group bearing an amino, an oxo and a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl substituent at positions 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Biopterin compounds found within the animals include BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin), the free radical BH3, and BH2 (also a free radical, called Dihydrobiopterin). BH2 is produced in the synthesis of L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is restored to the required cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin by the enzyme dihydrobiopterin reductase. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline). It is also a cofactor for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the nitric oxide syntheses. Tetrahydrobiopterin is biosynthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by three chemical reactions mediated by the enzymes GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), and sepiapterin reductase (SR). Biopterin synthesis disorders are a cause of hyperphenylalaninemia. There are 3 distinct forms of phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia, each caused by lack of aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes. The variant forms of hyperphenylalaninemia that are caused by the lack of dihydropteridine reductase or tetrahydrobiopterin are characterized by severe neurological deterioration, impaired functioning of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases, and the resultant deficiency of tyrosine- and tryptophan-derived monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. (PMID 3930837). 6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens > D010703 - Phorbol Esters
actinomycin D
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Fluocinolone
C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant > C211 - Therapeutic Corticosteroid
L-3-Methylhistidine
3-Methyl-L-histidine is a biomarker for meat consumption, especially chicken. It is also a biomarker for the consumption of soy products.
FA 9:0
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1]. Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1].
Naproxen
M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AE - Propionic acid derivatives G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02C - Other gynecologicals > G02CC - Antiinflammatory products for vaginal administration D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 202 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Urocanic acid
An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine. Urocanic acid is an intermediate in the catabolism of L-histidine.; Urocanic is a breakdown (deamination) product of histidine. In the liver, urocanic acid is an intermediate in the conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, whereas in the epidermis, it accumulates and may be both a UV protectant and an immunoregulator. Urocanic acid (UA) exists as a trans isomer (t-UA, approximately 30 mg/cm2) in the uppermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum). t-UA is formed as the cells of the second layer of skin become metabolically inactive. During this process, proteins and membranes degrade, histidine is released, and histidase (histidine ammonia lyase) catalyzes the deamination of histidine to form t-UA. t-UA accumulates in the epidermis until removal by either the monthly skin renewal cycle or sweat. Upon absorption of UV light, the naturally occurring t-UA isomerizes to its cis form, c-UA. Because DNA lesions (e.g., pyrimidine dimers) in the lower epidermis can result from UV-B absorption, initial research proposed that t-UA acted as a natural sunscreen absorbing UV-B in the stratum corneum before the damaging rays could penetrate into lower epidermal zones. Researchers have found that c-UA also suppresses contact hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity, reduces the Langerhans cell count in the epidermis, prolongs skin-graft survival time, and affects natural killer cell activity. Urocanic acid is found in mung bean. C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.055 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.052 Urocanic acid, produced in the upper layers of mammalian skin, is a major absorber of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Urocanic acid, produced in the upper layers of mammalian skin, is a major absorber of ultraviolet radiation (UVR).
Nordihydroguaiaretic_acid
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a tetrol that is butane which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl groups. Masoprocol, the meso-form found in the leaves of the creosote bush (Larrea divaricata), is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor. It has a role as an antioxidant, a plant metabolite, a ferroptosis inhibitor and a geroprotector. It is a member of catechols, a tetrol and a lignan. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a natural product found in Arabidopsis thaliana, Schisandra chinensis, and other organisms with data available. A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils. D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
DESMEDIPHAM
CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 144
Naproxen
M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AE - Propionic acid derivatives G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02C - Other gynecologicals > G02CC - Antiinflammatory products for vaginal administration D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2651 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8544 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4066
Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid
A tetrol that is butane which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl groups. Masoprocol, the meso-form found in the leaves of the creosote bush (Larrea divaricata), is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor. D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.073 D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.074 Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
Colchicine
An alkaloid that is a carbotricyclic compound comprising 5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalene having four methoxy substituents at the 1-, 2-, 3- and 10-positions as well as an oxo group at the 9-position and an acetamido group at the 7-position. It has been isolated from the plants belonging to genus Colchicum. Colchicine appears as odorless or nearly odorless pale yellow needles or powder that darkens on exposure to light. Used to treat gouty arthritis, pseudogout, sarcoidal arthritis and calcific tendinitis. (EPA, 1998) (S)-colchicine is a colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. It has a role as a mutagen, an anti-inflammatory agent and a gout suppressant. It is a colchicine and an alkaloid. It is an enantiomer of a (R)-colchicine. Colchicine is an Alkaloid. Colchicine is a plant alkaloid that is widely used for treatment of gout. Colchicine has not been associated with acute liver injury or liver test abnormalities except with serious overdoses. Colchicine is a natural product found in Colchicum arenarium, Colchicum bivonae, and other organisms with data available. Colchicine is an alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale with anti-gout and anti-inflammatory activities. The exact mechanism of action by which colchicines exerts its effect has not been completely established. Colchicine binds to tubulin, thereby interfering with the polymerization of tubulin, interrupting microtubule dynamics, and disrupting mitosis. This leads to an inhibition of migration of leukocytes and other inflammatory cells, thereby reducing the inflammatory response to deposited urate crystals. Colchicine may also interrupt the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues, thereby also preventing the resultant inflammatory response. Overall, colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis/migration and phagocytosis to inflamed areas, and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE). See also: Colchicine; probenecid (component of). A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M04 - Antigout preparations > M04A - Antigout preparations > M04AC - Preparations with no effect on uric acid metabolism COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2258 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1172 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.982 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.979 Colchicine is a tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM[1][2][3]. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs)[4]. Colchicine is a tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM[1][2][3]. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs)[4].
piroxicam
A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the exocyclic nitrogen of 2-aminopyridine. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the oxicam class, it is used to relieve pain and works by preventing the production of endogenous prostaglandins involved in the mediation of pain, stiffness, tenderness and swelling. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AC - Oxicams S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01B - Antiinflammatory agents > S01BC - Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Indometacin
A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain > M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AB - Acetic acid derivatives and related substances S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01B - Antiinflammatory agents > S01BC - Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D015149 - Tocolytic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D006074 - Gout Suppressants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
meloxicam
A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AC - Oxicams D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors > D052246 - Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents
3-Methyl-L-histidine
A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring. 3-Methylhistidine is a product of peptide bond synthesis and methylation of actin and myosin. The measurement of 3-Methylhistidine provides an index of the rate of muscle protein breakdown. [HMDB]. 3-Methylhistidine is a biomarker for meat consumption, especially chicken. It is also a biomarker for the consumption of soy products. 3-Methyl-L-histidine is a biomarker for meat consumption, especially chicken. It is also a biomarker for the consumption of soy products.
Tridecylic acid
A C13 straight-chain saturated fatty acid. Tridecanoic acid (N-Tridecanoic acid), a 13-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid, can serve as an antipersister and antibiofilm agent that may be applied to research bacterial infections. Tridecanoic acid inhibits Escherichia coli persistence and biofilm formation[1]. Tridecanoic acid (N-Tridecanoic acid), a 13-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid, can serve as an antipersister and antibiofilm agent that may be applied to research bacterial infections. Tridecanoic acid inhibits Escherichia coli persistence and biofilm formation[1].
Ginsenoside Rf
Constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng). The first pure ginseng constituent to show nearly all the activities of the plant extract. Ginsenoside Rf is found in tea. Annotation level-1 Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel. Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel.
biopterin
A pterin derivative that consists of pterin bearing amino, oxo and 1,2-dihydroxypropyl substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6 respectively. The parent of the class of biopterins; the L-erythro isomer occurs widely in nature. 6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
rabeprazole
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders > A02B - Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord) > A02BC - Proton pump inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29723 - Proton Pump Inhibitor D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D054328 - Proton Pump Inhibitors
Dactinomycin
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01D - Cytotoxic antibiotics and related substances > L01DA - Actinomycines C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C259 - Antineoplastic Antibiotic C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Bretylium
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
C13:0
Tridecanoic acid (N-Tridecanoic acid), a 13-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid, can serve as an antipersister and antibiofilm agent that may be applied to research bacterial infections. Tridecanoic acid inhibits Escherichia coli persistence and biofilm formation[1]. Tridecanoic acid (N-Tridecanoic acid), a 13-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid, can serve as an antipersister and antibiofilm agent that may be applied to research bacterial infections. Tridecanoic acid inhibits Escherichia coli persistence and biofilm formation[1].
FA 20:3;O4
Cyclosin
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02A - Uterotonics > G02AD - Prostaglandins D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D000019 - Abortifacient Agents D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics C78568 - Prostaglandin Analogue Dinoprost (Prostaglandin F2α) is an orally active, potent prostaglandin F (PGF) receptor (FP receptor) agonist. Dinoprost is a luteolytic hormone produced locally in the endometrial luminal epithelium and corpus luteum (CL). Dinoprost plays a key role in the onset and progression of labour[1][2].
Prostin E2
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02A - Uterotonics > G02AD - Prostaglandins D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics C78568 - Prostaglandin Analogue Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.
Cosmegen
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Etoposide Impurity B
D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Doxifluridine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D019167 - Appetite Stimulants C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D01309 Doxifluridine has anticancer activity. Doxifluidine is a 5-FU prodrug. Doxifluridine is a thymidine synthase inhibitor. Doxifluridine can enhance tumor inhibition by synergizing with a variety of drugs[1][2][3].
For-Met-Leu-Phe-OH
N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP; N-Formyl-MLF) is a chemotactic peptide and a specific ligand of N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR). N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Ph is reported to inhibit TNF-alpha secretion.
Acid C-9
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1]. Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1].
Tridecanoic acid
Tridecanoic acid (N-Tridecanoic acid), a 13-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid, can serve as an antipersister and antibiofilm agent that may be applied to research bacterial infections. Tridecanoic acid inhibits Escherichia coli persistence and biofilm formation[1]. Tridecanoic acid (N-Tridecanoic acid), a 13-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid, can serve as an antipersister and antibiofilm agent that may be applied to research bacterial infections. Tridecanoic acid inhibits Escherichia coli persistence and biofilm formation[1].
PARALDEHYDE
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CC - Aldehydes and derivatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants
(1S,3R,4S,9R,13S,14R)-3-[(2S,5S)-5-(2-bromo-5-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methoxypentan-2-yl]-13-hydroxy-9-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4,14,16,16-tetramethyl-2,6,10,17-tetraoxatricyclo[11.3.1.11,5]octadecane-7,11-dione
D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008235 - Lyngbya Toxins D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D008387 - Marine Toxins
Dinoprostone
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02A - Uterotonics > G02AD - Prostaglandins D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics C78568 - Prostaglandin Analogue Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.
Dinoprost
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02A - Uterotonics > G02AD - Prostaglandins D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D000019 - Abortifacient Agents D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics C78568 - Prostaglandin Analogue Dinoprost (Prostaglandin F2α) is an orally active, potent prostaglandin F (PGF) receptor (FP receptor) agonist. Dinoprost is a luteolytic hormone produced locally in the endometrial luminal epithelium and corpus luteum (CL). Dinoprost plays a key role in the onset and progression of labour[1][2].
promazine
N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AA - Phenothiazines with aliphatic side-chain D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent > C740 - Phenothiazine D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29710 - Antipsychotic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics
DIBUTYL SUCCINATE
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P03 - Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides, insecticides and repellents > P03B - Insecticides and repellents
Latamoxef
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Bretylium
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
Trovafloxacin
A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01M - Quinolone antibacterials > J01MA - Fluoroquinolones D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059005 - Topoisomerase II Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D024841 - Fluoroquinolones C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C795 - Quinolone Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
METIAMIDE
C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29702 - Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents Metiamide (SK&F 92058) is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist developed from another H2 antagonist, burimamide.
Triamcinolone hexacetonide
C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant > C211 - Therapeutic Corticosteroid D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents
myristoyl-CoA
A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.
Fructose-2,6-diphosphate
A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
4-Methylhistamine
An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.
2-Methylhistamine
An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 2 position on the ring.
13(S)-HODE
An HODE (hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroxy group is at position 13 (with S-configuration).
Bufuralol
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists Bufuralol (Ro 3-4787) is a potent non-selective, orally active β-adrenoreceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. Bufuralol hydrochloride is a CYP2D6 probe substrate[1][2][3][4].
Diamyl phthalate
Dipentyl phthalate is an endocrine-disrupting phthalate plasticizer. Dipentyl phthalate increases AMPK phosphorylation and decreases AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1 levels. Dipentyl phthalate reduces adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dipentyl phthalate is a testicular toxicant[1]. Dipentyl phthalate is an endocrine-disrupting phthalate plasticizer. Dipentyl phthalate increases AMPK phosphorylation and decreases AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1 levels. Dipentyl phthalate reduces adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dipentyl phthalate is a testicular toxicant[1].
P-Octylphenol
A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by an octyl group. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens
Phorbol myristate acetate
D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens > D010703 - Phorbol Esters