NCBI Taxonomy: 4232
Helianthus annuus (ncbi_taxid: 4232)
found 153 associated metabolites at species taxonomy rank level.
Ancestor: Helianthus
Child Taxonomies: Helianthus annuus subsp. annuus, Helianthus annuus subsp. texanus
Scopoletin
Scopoletin is a hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone bearing a methoxy substituent at position 6. It has a role as a plant growth regulator and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to an umbelliferone. Scopoletin is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Haplophyllum cappadocicum, and other organisms with data available. Scopoletin is a coumarin compound found in several plants including those in the genus Scopolia and the genus Brunfelsia, as well as chicory (Cichorium), redstem wormwood (Artemisia scoparia), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), passion flower (Passiflora), noni (Morinda citrifolia fruit) and European black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) that is comprised of umbelliferone with a methoxy group substituent at position 6. Scopoletin is used to standardize and establish pharmacokinetic properties for products derived from the plants that produce it, such as noni extract. Although the mechanism(s) of action have not yet been established, this agent has potential antineoplastic, antidopaminergic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase effects. Plant growth factor derived from the root of Scopolia carniolica or Scopolia japonica. See also: Arnica montana Flower (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of); Viburnum opulus root (part of). Isolated from Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui). Scopoletin is found in many foods, some of which are lambsquarters, lemon, sunflower, and sherry. Scopoletin is found in anise. Scopoletin is isolated from Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone bearing a methoxy substituent at position 6. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_20eV.txt Scopoletin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=92-61-5 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 92-61-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
Isoliquiritigenin
Isoliquiritigenin is a member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone hydroxylated at C-2, -4 and -4. It has a role as an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor, a biological pigment, a NMDA receptor antagonist, a GABA modulator, a metabolite, an antineoplastic agent and a geroprotector. It is functionally related to a trans-chalcone. It is a conjugate acid of an isoliquiritigenin(1-). Isoliquiritigenin is a precursor to several flavonones in many plants. Isoliquiritigenin is a natural product found in Pterocarpus indicus, Dracaena draco, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of); Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root (part of); Pterocarpus marsupium wood (part of). Isolated from Medicago subspecies Isoliquiritigenin is found in many foods, some of which are cocoa bean, purple mangosteen, blackcurrant, and chives. A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone hydroxylated at C-2, -4 and -4. Isoliquiritigenin is found in pulses. Isoliquiritigenin is isolated from Medicago specie D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Isoliquiritigenin is an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which inhibits aldose reductase with an IC50 of 320 nM. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication with an EC50 of 24.7 μM. Isoliquiritigenin is an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which inhibits aldose reductase with an IC50 of 320 nM. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication with an EC50 of 24.7 μM.
Vanillin
Vanillin, also known as vanillaldehyde or lioxin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. It is used by the food industry as well as ethylvanillin. Vanillin exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Vanillin is a sweet, chocolate, and creamy tasting compound. Vanillin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as corns, ryes, and sherries and in a lower concentration in beers, rums, and oats. Vanillin has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as gooseberries, other bread, brazil nuts, shea tree, and ohelo berries. This could make vanillin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Vanillin is a potentially toxic compound. Synthetic vanillin, instead of natural Vanillin extract, is sometimes used as a flavouring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Vanillin is the primary component of the extract of the Vanillin bean. Because of the scarcity and expense of natural Vanillin extract, there has long been interest in the synthetic preparation of its predominant component. Artificial Vanillin flavoring is a solution of pure vanillin, usually of synthetic origin. Today, artificial vanillin is made from either guaiacol or from lignin, a constituent of wood which is a byproduct of the paper industry. The first commercial synthesis of vanillin began with the more readily available natural compound eugenol. Vanillin appears as white or very slightly yellow needles. Vanillin is a member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, a flavouring agent, an antioxidant and an anticonvulsant. It is a member of phenols, a monomethoxybenzene and a member of benzaldehydes. Vanillin is a natural product found in Ficus erecta var. beecheyana, Pandanus utilis, and other organisms with data available. Vanillin is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin, instead of natural vanilla extract, is sometimes used as a flavouring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. It is used by the food industry as well as ethylvanillin.Artificial vanilla flavoring is a solution of pure vanillin, usually of synthetic origin. Because of the scarcity and expense of natural vanilla extract, there has long been interest in the synthetic preparation of its predominant component. The first commercial synthesis of vanillin began with the more readily available natural compound eugenol. Today, artificial vanillin is made from either guaiacol or from lignin, a constituent of wood which is a byproduct of the paper industry. (Wiki). Vanillin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Constituent of vanilla (Vanilla subspecies) and many other plants, e.g. Peru balsam, clove bud oil. Widely used flavouring agent especies in cocoa products. obtained from spent wood-pulp liquors. Vanillin is found in many foods, some of which are pomes, elderberry, common cabbage, and dock. A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D020011 - Protective Agents > D016587 - Antimutagenic Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 59 Vanillin (p-Vanillin) is a single molecule extracted from vanilla beans and also a popular odor used widely in perfume, food and medicine. Vanillin (p-Vanillin) is a single molecule extracted from vanilla beans and also a popular odor used widely in perfume, food and medicine.
Sucrose
Sucrose is a nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. Sucrose is derived by crushing and extracting sugarcane with water or by extracting sugar beet with water, evaporating, and purifying with lime, carbon, and various liquids. Sucrose is also obtainable from sorghum. Sucrose occurs in low percentages in honey and maple syrup. Sucrose is used as a sweetener in foods and soft drinks, in the manufacture of syrups, in invert sugar, confectionery, preserves and jams, demulcent, pharmaceutical products, and caramel. Sucrose is also a chemical intermediate for detergents, emulsifying agents, and other sucrose derivatives. Sucrose is widespread in the seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, and roots of plants, where it functions as an energy store for metabolism and as a carbon source for biosynthesis. The annual world production of sucrose is in excess of 90 million tons mainly from the juice of sugar cane (20\\\%) and sugar beet (17\\\%). In addition to its use as a sweetener, sucrose is used in food products as a preservative, antioxidant, moisture control agent, stabilizer, and thickening agent. BioTransformer predicts that sucrose is a product of 6-O-sinapoyl sucrose metabolism via a hydrolysis-of-carboxylic-acid-ester-pattern1 reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the liver carboxylesterase 1 (P23141) enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Sucrose appears as white odorless crystalline or powdery solid. Denser than water. Sucrose is a glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. It has a role as an osmolyte, a sweetening agent, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. A nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from sugarcane, sugar beet (beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. Sucrose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Sucrose is a natural product found in Haplophyllum ramosissimum, Cyperus esculentus, and other organisms with data available. Sucrose is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. See also: Anise; ferrous disulfide; sucrose (component of); Phosphoric acid; sucrose (component of); Sucrose caramel (related) ... View More ... In chemistry, sugar loosely refers to a number of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or oligosaccharides. In food, sugar refers to a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose characterized by a sweet flavor. Other sugars are used in industrial food preparation, but are usually known by more specific names - glucose, fructose or fruit sugar, high fructose corn syrup, etc. Sugars is found in many foods, some of which are ucuhuba, butternut squash, common walnut, and miso. A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar. It has the molecular formula C 12H 22O 11. For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either sugarcane or sugar beet. Sugar mills – typically located in tropical regions near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. Sugar beet factories are located in temperate climates where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar. The sugar-refining process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour. The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet. Sugar is often an added ingredient in food production and recipes. About 185 million tonnes of sugar were produced worldwide in 2017.[6] Sucrose is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for tooth decay because Streptococcus mutans bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular, dextran-based polysaccharide that allows them to cohere, forming plaque. Sucrose is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide.[7] Sucrose. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=8030-20-4 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 57-50-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Luteolin
Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid. (PMID:17168665). The flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found as integral components of the human diet. They are universally present as constituents of flowering plants, particularly of food plants. The flavonoids are phenyl substituted chromones (benzopyran derivatives) consisting of a 15-carbon basic skeleton (C6-C3-C6), composed of a chroman (C6-C3) nucleus (the benzo ring A and the heterocyclic ring C), also shared by the tocopherols, with a phenyl (the aromatic ring B) substitution usually at the 2-position. Different substitutions can typically occur in the rings, A and B. Several plants and spices containing flavonoid derivatives have found application as disease preventive and therapeutic agents in traditional medicine in Asia for thousands of years. The selection of a particular food plant, plant tissue or herb for its potential health benefits appears to mirror its flavonoid composition. The much lower risk of colon, prostate and breast cancers in Asians, who consume more vegetables, fruits and tea than populations in the Western hemisphere do, raises the question of whether flavonoid components mediate the protective effects of diets rich in these foodstuffs by acting as natural chemopreventive and anticancer agents. An impressive body of information exists on the antitumoral action of plant flavonoids. In vitro work has concentrated on the direct and indirect actions of flavonoids on tumor cells, and has found a variety of anticancer effects such as cell growth and kinase activity inhibition, apoptosis induction, suppression of the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and of tumor invasive behavior. Furthermore, some studies have reported the impairment of in vivo angiogenesis by dietary flavonoids. Experimental animal studies indicate that certain dietary flavonoids possess antitumoral activity. The hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavones and flavonols, such as luteolin seems to critically influence their activities, especially the inhibition of protein kinase activity and antiproliferation. The different mechanisms underlying the potential anticancer action of plant flavonoids await further elucidation. Certain dietary flavonols and flavones targeting cell surface signal transduction enzymes, such as protein tyrosine and focal adhesion kinases, and the processes of angiogenesis appear to be promising candidates as anticancer agents. Further in vivo studies of these bioactive constituents is deemed necessary in order to develop flavonoid-based anticancer strategies. In view of the increasing interest in the association between dietary flavonoids and cancer initiation and progression, this important field is likely to witness expanded effort and to attract and stimulate further vigorous investigations (PMID:16097445). Luteolin is a tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 4, 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers. It has a role as an EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist, a plant metabolite, a nephroprotective agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, a radical scavenger and an immunomodulator. It is a 3-hydroxyflavonoid and a tetrahydroxyflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a luteolin-7-olate. Luteolin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Carex fraseriana, and other organisms with data available. Luteolin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid, with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-inducing and chemopreventive activities. Upon administration, luteolin scavenges free radicals, protects cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage and induces direct cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation and suppresses metastasis. 5,7,3,4-tetrahydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. See also: Chamomile (part of); Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of). A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 4, 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers. Flavone v. widespread in plant world; found especies in celery, peppermint, rosemary, thyme and Queen Annes Lace leaves (wild carrot). Potential nutriceutical. Luteolin is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, ginger, abalone, and swiss chard. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. IPB_RECORD: 361; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 48 Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells[1][2][3]. Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells[1][2][3].
Chlorogenic acid
Chlorogenic acid is a cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of lignin. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a food component. It is a cinnamate ester and a tannin. It is functionally related to a (-)-quinic acid and a trans-caffeic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a chlorogenate. Chlorogenic Acid has been used in trials studying the treatment of Advanced Cancer and Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Chlorogenic Acid is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Fragaria nipponica, and other organisms with data available. Chlorogenic Acid is a polyphenol and the ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid that is found in coffee and black tea, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Chlorogenic acid scavenges free radicals, which inhibits DNA damage and may protect against the induction of carcinogenesis. In addition, this agent may upregulate the expression of genes involved in the activation of the immune system and enhances activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Chlorogenic acid also inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinases. A naturally occurring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68). See also: Arctium lappa Root (part of); Cynara scolymus leaf (part of); Lonicera japonica flower (part of) ... View More ... Chlorogenic acid is an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid. Chlorogenic acid is the major polyphenolic compound in coffee, isolated from the leaves and fruits of dicotyledonous plants. This compound, long known as an antioxidant, also slows the release of glucose into the bloodstream after a meal. Coffee is a complex mixture of chemicals that provides significant amounts of chlorogenic acid. The chlorogenic acid content of a 200 ml (7-oz) cup of coffee has been reported to range from 70-350 mg, which would provide about 35-175 mg of caffeic acid. The results of epidemiological research suggest that coffee consumption may help prevent several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinsons disease and liver disease (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). Most prospective cohort studies have not found coffee consumption to be associated with significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk. However, coffee consumption is associated with increases in several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including blood pressure and plasma homocysteine. At present, there is little evidence that coffee consumption increases the risk of cancer. (PMID:16507475, 17368041). A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of lignin. [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_10eV_1-1_01_209.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_30eV_1-1_01_218.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_20eV_1-1_01_217.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_30eV_1-1_01_211.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_40eV_1-1_01_219.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_20eV_1-1_01_210.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_50eV_1-1_01_213.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_50eV_1-1_01_220.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_10eV_1-1_01_216.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_40eV_1-1_01_212.txt Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in Lonicera japonica Thunb.. It plays several important and therapeutic roles such as antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension. Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in Lonicera japonica Thunb. It is an orally active antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension compound[1][2][3]. Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in Lonicera japonica Thunb.. It plays several important and therapeutic roles such as antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension.
Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It exists in cis and trans forms; the latter is the more common. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an antioxidant and an EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor. It is a hydroxycinnamic acid and a member of catechols. Caffeic Acid is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Eupatorium cannabinum, and other organisms with data available. Caffeic Acid is an orally bioavailable, hydroxycinnamic acid derivative and polyphenol, with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, caffeic acid acts as an antioxidant and prevents oxidative stress, thereby preventing DNA damage induced by free radicals. Caffeic acid targets and inhibits the histone demethylase (HDM) oncoprotein gene amplified in squamous cell carcinoma 1 (GASC1; JMJD2C; KDM4C) and inhibits cancer cell proliferation. GASC1, a member of the KDM4 subgroup of Jumonji (Jmj) domain-containing proteins, demethylates trimethylated lysine 9 and lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K9 and H3K36), and plays a key role in tumor cell development. Caffeic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Black Cohosh (part of); Arctium lappa Root (part of); Comfrey Leaf (part of) ... View More ... 3,4-Dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate, also known as trans-Caffeate, is a polyphenol present in normal human urine positively correlated to coffee consumption and influenced by the dietary intake of diverse types of food (PMID:16870009). trans-Caffeic acid is found in many foods, some of which are flaxseed, cereal and cereal products, common grape, fruits, and common sage. It is also found in wine and coffee in free and conjugated forms. Caffeic acid (CAS: 331-39-5) is a polyphenol present in normal human urine positively correlated to coffee consumption and influenced by the dietary intake of diverse types of food (PMID:16870009). Caffeic acid has been found to be a microbial metabolite of Escherichia (PMID: 28396925). Caffeic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=331-39-5 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 331-39-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).
(-)-Gossypol
Gossypol has been used in trials studying the treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. (-)-Gossypol or (R)-Gossypol, is the R-isomer of [Gossypol]. Gossypol is a natural product found in Malva pseudolavatera, Hibiscus syriacus, and other organisms with data available. Gossypol is an orally-active polyphenolic aldehyde with potential antineoplastic activity. Derived primarily from unrefined cottonseed oil, gossypol induces cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and inducing apoptosis. This agent also inhibits cell-signaling enzymes, resulting in inhibition of cell growth, and may act as a male contraceptive. (-)-Gossypol is found in fats and oils. (-)-Gossypol is a constituent of Gossypium hirsutum (cotton).(-)-gossypol has been shown to exhibit anti-tumor, anti-cancer and anti-proliferative functions (A7832, A7833, A7834). A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. Gossypol, also known as gossypol, (+)-isomer or (-)-gossypol, is a member of the class of compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenoids are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Thus, gossypol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Gossypol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gossypol can be found in cottonseed, okra, soy bean, and sunflower, which makes gossypol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Gossypol is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Among other things, it has been tested as a male oral contraceptive in China. In addition to its putative contraceptive properties, gossypol has also long been known to possess antimalarial properties. Other researchers are investigating the anticancer properties of gossypol . Gossypol may cause apoptosis via the regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. It is also an inhibitor of calcineurin and protein kinases C, and has been shown to bind calmodulin (L1239) (T3DB). C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor (-)-Gossypol is found in fats and oils. (-)-Gossypol is a constituent of Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product C1907 - Drug, Natural Product Gossypol binds to Bcl-xL protein and Bcl-2 protein with Kis of 0.5-0.6 μM and 0.2-0.3 mM, respectively. Gossypol binds to Bcl-xL protein and Bcl-2 protein with Kis of 0.5-0.6 μM and 0.2-0.3 mM, respectively.
Raffinose
Raffinose is a complex carbohydrate. It is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, fructose, and glucose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains. Raffinose is hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by D-galactosidase (D-GAL). D-GAL also hydrolyzes other D-galactosides such as stachyose, verbascose, and galactinol [1-O-(D-galactosyl)-myoinositol], if present. The enzyme does not cleave linked galactose, as in lactose. Raffinose is also known as melitose and may be thought of as galactose and sucrose connected via an alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkage. Thus, raffinose can be broken down into galactose and sucrose via the enzyme alpha-galactosidase. Human intestines do not contain this enzyme. Raffinose is a trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a raffinose family oligosaccharide and a trisaccharide. Raffinose is a natural product found in Teucrium polium, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. See also: Oligosaccharide (related). A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 230 Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1]. Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1].
Pinoresinol
Epipinoresinol is an enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-(1R,3aR,4S,6aR)-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a marine metabolite. Epipinoresinol is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Abeliophyllum distichum, and other organisms with data available. An enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-(1R,3aR,4S,6aR)-configuration. (+)-pinoresinol is an enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-1S,3aR,4S,6aR-configuration. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. Pinoresinol is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Acai fruit pulp (part of). An enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-1S,3aR,4S,6aR-configuration. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.907 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.905 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.897 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.895 Pinoresinol is a lignol of plant origin serving for defense in a caterpillar. Pinoresinol drastically sensitizes cancer cells against TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) -induced apoptosis[1][2]. Pinoresinol is a lignol of plant origin serving for defense in a caterpillar. Pinoresinol drastically sensitizes cancer cells against TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) -induced apoptosis[1][2].
Campesterol
Campesterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is a steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15\\\\\%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. -- Wikipedia. Campesterol is a member of phytosterols, a 3beta-sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a C28-steroid. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a campestane. Campesterol is a natural product found in Haplophyllum bucharicum, Bugula neritina, and other organisms with data available. Campesterol is a steroid derivative that is the simplest sterol, characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and saturated bonds throughout the sterol structure, with the exception of the 5-6 double bond in the B ring. Campesterol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=474-62-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 474-62-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects. Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects.
Isofucosterol
Isofucosterol, also known as delta5-avenasterol, is a phytosterol. Phytosterols, or plant sterols, are compounds that occur naturally and bear a close structural resemblance to cholesterol but have different side-chain configurations. Phytosterols are relevant in pharmaceuticals (production of therapeutic steroids), nutrition (anti-cholesterol additives in functional foods, anti-cancer properties), and cosmetics (creams, lipstick). Phytosterols can be obtained from vegetable oils or from industrial wastes, which gives an added value to the latter. Considerable efforts have been recently dedicated to the development of efficient processes for phytosterol isolation from natural sources. The present work aims to summarize information on the applications of phytosterols and to review recent approaches, mainly from the industry, for the large-scale recovery of phytosterols (PMID: 17123816, 16481154). Isofucosterol is found to be associated with phytosterolemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Isofucosterol, also known as (24z)-stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol or delta5-avenasterol, belongs to stigmastanes and derivatives class of compounds. Those are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24. Thus, isofucosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Isofucosterol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Isofucosterol can be found in a number of food items such as globe artichoke, gooseberry, deerberry, and ucuhuba, which makes isofucosterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isofucosterol can be found primarily in blood. Moreover, isofucosterol is found to be associated with sitosterolemia. Isofucosterol is a 3beta-sterol consisting of stigmastan-3beta-ol with double bonds at positions 5 and 24(28). The double bond at postion 24(28) adopts a Z-configuration. It has a role as an animal metabolite, a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite and a marine metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid, a C29-steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Fucosterol is a natural product found in Echinometra lucunter, Ulva fasciata, and other organisms with data available. A 3beta-sterol consisting of stigmastan-3beta-ol with double bonds at positions 5 and 24(28). The double bond at postion 24(28) adopts a Z-configuration. Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research. Isofucosterol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=481-14-1 (retrieved 2024-10-08) (CAS RN: 481-14-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Stigmasterol
Stigmasterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15\\%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. Stigmasterol is found to be associated with phytosterolemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Stigmasterol is a 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a stigmastane sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Stigmasterol is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Xylopia aromatica, and other organisms with data available. Stigmasterol is a steroid derivative characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and unsaturated bonds in position 5-6 of the B ring, and position 22-23 in the alkyl substituent. Stigmasterol is found in the fats and oils of soybean, calabar bean and rape seed, as well as several other vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. See also: Comfrey Root (part of); Saw Palmetto (part of); Plantago ovata seed (part of). Stigmasterol is an unsaturated plant sterol occurring in the plant fats or oils of soybean, calabar bean, and rape seed, and in a number of medicinal herbs, including the Chinese herbs Ophiopogon japonicus (Mai men dong) and American Ginseng. Stigmasterol is also found in various vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol
beta-Sitosterol
beta-Sitosterol, a main dietary phytosterol found in plants, may have the potential for prevention and therapy for human cancer. Phytosterols are plant sterols found in foods such as oils, nuts, and vegetables. Phytosterols, in the same way as cholesterol, contain a double bond and are susceptible to oxidation, and are characterized by anti-carcinogenic and anti-atherogenic properties (PMID:13129445, 11432711). beta-Sitosterol is a phytopharmacological extract containing a mixture of phytosterols, with smaller amounts of other sterols, bonded with glucosides. These phytosterols are commonly derived from the South African star grass, Hypoxis rooperi, or from species of Pinus and Picea. The purported active constituent is termed beta-sitosterol. Additionally, the quantity of beta-sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside is often reported. Although the exact mechanism of action of beta-sitosterols is unknown, it may be related to cholesterol metabolism or anti-inflammatory effects (via interference with prostaglandin metabolism). Compared with placebo, beta-sitosterol improved urinary symptom scores and flow measures (PMID:10368239). A plant food-based diet modifies the serum beta-sitosterol concentration in hyperandrogenic postmenopausal women. This finding indicates that beta-sitosterol can be used as a biomarker of exposure in observational studies or as a compliance indicator in dietary intervention studies of cancer prevention (PMID:14652381). beta-Sitosterol induces apoptosis and activates key caspases in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells (PMID:12579296). Sitosterol is a member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It has a role as a sterol methyltransferase inhibitor, an anticholesteremic drug, an antioxidant, a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a stigmastane sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid, a C29-steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. Beta-Sitosterol is a natural product found in Elodea canadensis, Ophiopogon intermedius, and other organisms with data available. beta-Sitosterol is one of several phytosterols (plant sterols) with chemical structures similar to that of cholesterol. Sitosterols are white, waxy powders with a characteristic odor. They are hydrophobic and soluble in alcohols. beta-Sitosterol is found in many foods, some of which are ginseng, globe artichoke, sesbania flower, and common oregano. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\\%) is a plant sterol. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\\%) interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation[1]. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\%) is a plant sterol. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\%) interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation[1].
Lupeol
Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It occurs in the skin of lupin seeds, as well as in the latex of fig trees and of rubber plants. It is also found in many edible fruits and vegetables. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug and a plant metabolite. It is a secondary alcohol and a pentacyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a lupane. Lupeol has been investigated for the treatment of Acne. Lupeol is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Ficus septica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It occurs in the skin of lupin seeds, as well as in the latex of fig trees and of rubber plants. It is also found in many edible fruits and vegetables. D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1]. Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1].
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside
Daucosterol is a steroid saponin that is sitosterol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has bee isolated from Panax japonicus var. major and Breynia fruticosa. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a steroid saponin, a beta-D-glucoside and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a sitosterol. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Sitogluside is a natural product found in Ophiopogon intermedius, Ophiopogon jaburan, and other organisms with data available. beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside is found in herbs and spices. beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a constituent of Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) leaves. C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent Daucosterol is a natural sterol compound. Daucosterol is a natural sterol compound.
Phytic acid
myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate is an intermediate in inositol phosphate metabolism. It can be generated from D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate via the enzyme inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (EC 2.7.1.158). myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate is also known as phytic acid. It can be used clinically as a complexing agent for the removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. Phytic acid is a strong chelator of important minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc and can, therefore, contribute to mineral deficiencies in developing countries. For people with a particularly low intake of essential minerals, especially young children and those in developing countries, this effect can be undesirable. However, dietary mineral chelators help prevent over-mineralization of joints, blood vessels, and other parts of the body, which is most common in older persons. Phytic acid is a plant antioxidant (PMID: 3040709). Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate is a myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated. It has a role as an iron chelator, an antineoplastic agent, a signalling molecule, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a cofactor. It is a conjugate acid of a myo-inositol hexakisphosphate(12-). Phytic acid is under investigation in clinical trial NCT01000233 (Value of Oral Phytate (InsP6) in the Prevention of Progression of the Cardiovascular Calcifications). Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Phytic acid is a natural product found in Chloris gayana, Vachellia nilotica, and other organisms with data available. Myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. Widely distributed in many higher plants. The Ca salt is used as a sequestrant in food flavouring C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant
(S)-Abscisic acid
(2Z,4E)-5-[(1S)-1-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid
(+)-abscisic acid is the naturally occurring (1S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold. It has a role as a plant hormone and a plant metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a (+)-abscisate. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-abscisic acid. Abscisic acid is a natural product found in Macaranga triloba, Cuscuta pentagona, and other organisms with data available. Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits. Constituent of cabbage, potato, lemon etc. (S)-Abscisic acid is found in many foods, some of which are common wheat, peach, garden tomato (variety), and yellow wax bean. (S)-Abscisic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. (S)-Abscisic acid is a constituent of cabbage, potato, lemon etc D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators Abscisic acid ((S)-(+)-Abscisic acid), an orally active phytohormone in fruits and vegetables, is an endogenously produced mammalian hormone. Abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor and can regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. Abscisic acid inhibits proton pump (H+-ATPase) and leads to the plasma membrane depolarization in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Abscisic acid, a LANCL2 natural ligand, is a potent insulin-sensitizing compound and has the potential for pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome[1][2]. Abscisic acid ((S)-(+)-Abscisic acid), an orally active phytohormone in fruits and vegetables, is an endogenously produced mammalian hormone. Abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor and can regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. Abscisic acid inhibits proton pump (H+-ATPase) and leads to the plasma membrane depolarization in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Abscisic acid, a LANCL2 natural ligand, is a potent insulin-sensitizing compound and has the potential for pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome[1][2].
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[a]pyrene appears as a liquid. Presents a threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limits its spread to the environment. Easily penetrates the soil and contaminates groundwater or nearby waterways. Benzo[a]pyrene is an ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent and a mouse metabolite. Benzo[a]pyrene is a natural product found in Angelica sinensis and Homo sapiens with data available. 3,4-Benzpyrene is a crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of five fused benzene rings and formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter. 3,4-Benzpyrene is primarily found in gasoline and diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, coal tar and coal tar pitch, charcoal-broiled foods and certain other foods, amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrate pyrolysis products, soot smoke, creosote oil, petroleum asphalt and shale oils. This substance is used only for research purposes. 3,4-Benzpyrene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) Benzo[a]pyrene is one of over 100 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning organic substances, such as fossil fuels. They are usually found as a mixture containing two or more of these compounds. It is one ingredient of cigarette. (L10) A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. See also: Tobacco Leaf (part of) ... View More ... Benzo[a]pyrene, also known as 3,4-Benzopyrene or 3,4-BP, is classified as a member of the Benzopyrenes. Benzopyrenes are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to a pyrene(benzo[def]phenanthrene) ring system. Benzo[a]pyrene is formally rated as a carcinogenic (IARC 1) potentially toxic compound. Benzo[a]pyrene is a crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of five fused benzene rings and formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Benzo[a]pyrene is primarily found in gasoline and diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, coal tar and coal tar pitch, charcoal-broiled foods and certain other foods, amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrate pyrolysis products, soot smoke, creosote oil, petroleum asphalt and shale oils. This substance is used only for research purposes. Benzo[a]pyrene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (NCI05). Its diol epoxide metabolites (more commonly known as BPDE) react and bind to DNA, resulting in mutations and eventually cancer. It is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC. In the 18th century a scrotal cancer of chimney sweepers, the chimney sweeps carcinoma, was already connected to soot. [Wikipedia] An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. Benzo[a]pyrene shows lung carcinogenicity in animal models, and it is frequently used in chemoprevention studies. Benzo[a]pyrene shows lung carcinogenicity in animal models, and it is frequently used in chemoprevention studies.
Jasmonic acid
Jasmonic acid is an oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a member of jasmonates. It is a conjugate acid of a jasmonate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a (+)-jasmonic acid. Jasmonic acid is a natural product found in Ficus superba, Cleyera japonica, and other organisms with data available. Jasmonic acid is found in apple. Esters are present in Jasminum grandiflorum (royal jasmine) and are responsible for its odour. Jasmonic acid is a member of the jasmonate class of plant hormones. It is biosynthesized from linolenic acid by the octadecanoid pathway An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring. Esters are present in Jasminum grandiflorum (royal jasmine) and are responsible for its odour [DFC] D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators
Zeatin
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth. Zeatin is a 6-isopentenylaminopurine. It has a role as a cytokinin. An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackhs Chemical Dict, 5th ed) trans-Zeatin is a natural product found in Cichorium intybus, Prunus cerasus, and other organisms with data available. An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant and Hackhs Chemical Dict, 5th ed) D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D003583 - Cytokinins Isolated from sweet corn (Zea mays) and numerous other plants Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID Z002; [MS2] KO009317 KEIO_ID Z002 trans-Zeatin is a plant cytokinin, which plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and division; trans-Zeatin also inhibits UV-induced MEK/ERK activation. trans-Zeatin is a plant cytokinin, which plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and division; trans-Zeatin also inhibits UV-induced MEK/ERK activation. trans-Zeatin is a plant cytokinin, which plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and division; trans-Zeatin also inhibits UV-induced MEK/ERK activation. trans-Zeatin is a plant cytokinin, which plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and division; trans-Zeatin also inhibits UV-induced MEK/ERK activation.
Galactose
D-galactopyranose is a galactopyranose having D-configuration. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a D-galactose and a galactopyranose. D-Galactose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). D-Galactose is a natural product found in Vigna subterranea, Lilium tenuifolium, and other organisms with data available. An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CE - Tests for liver functional capacity Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society
Fructose
A D-fructopyranose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration. Fructose, a member of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Fructose, along with glucose, occurs in fruits, honey, and syrups; it also occurs in certain vegetables. It is a component, along with glucose, of the disaccharide sucrose, or common table sugar. Phosphate derivatives of fructose (e.g., fructose-1-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate) are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates. D-fructopyranose is a fructopyranose having D-configuration. It has a role as a sweetening agent. It is a fructopyranose, a D-fructose and a cyclic hemiketal. D-Fructose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). D-Fructose is a natural product found in Gentiana orbicularis, Colchicum schimperi, and other organisms with data available. A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding. Fructose is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose. Although fructose is a hexose (6 carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose). D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants. D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants. Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
Polylimonene
Dipentene appears as a colorless liquid with an odor of lemon. Flash point 113 °F. Density about 7.2 lb /gal and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors heavier than air. Used as a solvent for rosin, waxes, rubber; as a dispersing agent for oils, resins, paints, lacquers, varnishes, and in floor waxes and furniture polishes. Limonene is a monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a cycloalkene and a p-menthadiene. Limonene is a natural product found in Teucrium montanum, Xylopia aromatica, and other organisms with data available. Limonene, (+/-)- is a racemic mixture of limonene, a natural cyclic monoterpene and major component of the oil extracted from citrus rind with chemo-preventive and antitumor activities. The metabolites of DL-limonene, perillic acid, dihydroperillic acid, uroterpenol and limonene 1,2-diol are suggested to inhibit tumor growth through inhibition of p21-dependent signaling, induce apoptosis via the induction of the transforming growth factor beta-signaling pathway, inhibit post-translational modification of signal transduction proteins, result in G1 cell cycle arrest as well as cause differential expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes. Limonene is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Larrea tridentata whole (part of). Constituent of many essential oils. (±)-Limonene is found in many foods, some of which are common oregano, nutmeg, herbs and spices, and summer savory. Dipentene is found in carrot. Dipentene is a constituent of many essential oils
Vomifoliol
A fenchane monoterpenoid that is 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a hydroxy and a (1E)-3-hydroxybut-1-en-1-yl group at position 4. (6S,9R)-vomifoliol is a (6S)-vomifoliol with a R configuration for the hydroxy group at position 9. It has a role as a phytotoxin and a metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a (6R,9S)-vomifoliol. Vomifoliol is a natural product found in Sida acuta, Macrococculus pomiferus, and other organisms with data available. A (6S)-vomifoliol with a R configuration for the hydroxy group at position 9.
(+)-Dehydrovomifoliol
(+)-dehydrovomifoliol, also known as (6s)-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-alpha-ionone, is a member of the class of compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenoids are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Thus, (+)-dehydrovomifoliol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule (+)-dehydrovomifoliol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (+)-dehydrovomifoliol can be found in rice, which makes (+)-dehydrovomifoliol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. (6S)-dehydrovomifoliol is a dehydrovomifoliol that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a (6R)-dehydrovomifoliol. Dehydrovomifoliol is a natural product found in Psychotria correae, Dendrobium loddigesii, and other organisms with data available.
(2S,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol
Borneol appears as a white colored lump-solid with a sharp camphor-like odor. Burns readily. Slightly denser than water and insoluble in water. Used to make perfumes. Borneol is a bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a volatile oil component and a metabolite. Isoborneol is a natural product found in Xylopia sericea, Eupatorium capillifolium, and other organisms with data available. Both Borneol and Isoborneol and their acetates and formates are used as flavouring agents. 2-Bornanol is found in turmeric. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2]. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2].
Amyrin
Beta-amyrin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an Aspergillus metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a secondary alcohol. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane. beta-Amyrin is a natural product found in Ficus pertusa, Ficus septica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Viburnum opulus bark (part of); Centaurium erythraea whole (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants. β-Amyrin, an ingredient of Celastrus hindsii, blocks amyloid β (Aβ)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment. β-amyrin is a promising candidate of treatment for AD[1]. β-Amyrin, an ingredient of Celastrus hindsii, blocks amyloid β (Aβ)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment. β-amyrin is a promising candidate of treatment for AD[1].
Secoisolariciresinol
Secoisolariciresinol, also known as knotolan or secoisolariciresinol, (r*,s*)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as dibenzylbutanediol lignans. Dibenzylbutanediol lignans are lignan compounds containing a 2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol moiety. Secoisolariciresinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Secoisolariciresinol can be found in a number of food items such as grape, saskatoon berry, asparagus, and sweet potato, which makes secoisolariciresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Secoisolariciresinol can be found primarily in urine. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoid. It is present in the water extract of silver fir wood, where its content is more than 5 \\\\% . (-)-secoisolariciresinol is an enantiomer of secoisolariciresinol having (-)-(2R,3R)-configuration. It has a role as an antidepressant, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-secoisolariciresinol. Secoisolariciresinol has been used in trials studying the prevention of Breast Cancer. Secoisolariciresinol is a natural product found in Fitzroya cupressoides, Crossosoma bigelovii, and other organisms with data available. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Cuminyl alcohol
Cuminol or Cuminyl alcohol, also known as p-cumin-7-ol or 4-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aromatic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing at least one aromatic ring. Monoterpenoids are terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms and are comprised of two isoprene units. The biosynthesis of monoterpenes is known to occur mainly through the methyl-erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids (PMID:7640522 ). Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cyclic monoterpenes. GPP undergoes several cyclization reactions to yield a diverse number of cyclic arrangements. Cuminol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Cuminol is an alcohol derivative of p-Cymene. It exists as a clear, colorless liquid that is poorly soluble in water. Cuminol can be used as a food additive or as a cosmetic fragrance. It has a cumin, caraway or spicy, herbal aroma and a similar spicy, herbal or peppery taste. Cuminol is found naturally in a number of plants, spices and foods including cumin seed and cumin oils, caraway eucalyptus oils, thyme, sunflowers, tuermeric, guava fruit and other spices and essential oils. Cumin, a widely used spice, is known to have anti-diabetic properties and two of its phytochemicals: cuminol and cuminaldehyde appear to be among the most active components. Cuminol is a potent insulinotrophic molecule that can enhance insulin secretion by up to 4-fold (in rat islet cells) (PMID:23507295 ). It also exhibits strong beta-cell protective action (PMID:23507295 ). 4-isopropylbenzyl alcohol is a member of the class of benzyl alcohols in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring of benzyl alcohol has been replaced by an isopropyl group. It has a role as a fragrance, an insect repellent, a volatile oil component, a plant metabolite and a xenobiotic metabolite. It is a p-menthane monoterpenoid and a member of benzyl alcohols. It is functionally related to a p-cymene. 4-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol is a natural product found in Xylopia aromatica, Curcuma amada, and other organisms with data available. Flavouring ingredient. Isolated from oils of Cuminum cyminum (cumin). Cuminyl alcohol is found in many foods, some of which are sweet bay, sunflower, cumin, and herbs and spices. A member of the class of benzyl alcohols in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring of benzyl alcohol has been replaced by an isopropyl group. 4-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol is a chemical composition of the essential oils from the leaves and flowers of Camellia nitidissima. C. nitidissima possess multiple biological activities including antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and cytotoxicity as well as inhibiting the formation of advanced glycation end-products[1]. 4-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol is a chemical composition of the essential oils from the leaves and flowers of Camellia nitidissima. C. nitidissima possess multiple biological activities including antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and cytotoxicity as well as inhibiting the formation of advanced glycation end-products[1].
Cycloartenol
Cycloartenol is found in alcoholic beverages. Cycloartenol is a constituent of Artocarpus integrifolia fruits and Solanum tuberosum (potato) Cycloartenol is a sterol precursor in photosynthetic organisms and plants. The biosynthesis of cycloartenol starts from the triterpenoid squalene. Its structure is also related to triterpenoid lanosterol Cycloartenol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a 3beta-sterol and a member of phytosterols. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a lanostane. Cycloartenol is a natural product found in Euphorbia nicaeensis, Euphorbia boetica, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of Artocarpus integrifolia fruits and Solanum tuberosum (potato)
Epi-alpha-amyrin
Alpha-amyrin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane which contains a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a secondary alcohol. It derives from a hydride of an ursane. alpha-Amyrin is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Ficus virens, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Viburnum opulus bark (part of); Eupatorium perfoliatum whole (part of) ... View More ... Carissol is found in beverages. Carissol is a constituent of Carissa carandas (karanda). Constituent of Carissa carandas (karanda). Carissol is found in beverages and fruits.
beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose
beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose, also known as b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides or glycans. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose has been detected, but not quantified, in root vegetables. Beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactose is an oligosaccharide. Maltotriose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Maltotriose is a natural product found in Lycium barbarum, Polygonum aviculare, and other organisms with data available. Maltotriose is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Maltotriose, the second most abundant sugar present in brewing, is an inducer of the maltose regulon of Escherichia coli. Maltotriose can induce beta-galactosidase synthesis[1][2]. Maltotriose, the second most abundant sugar present in brewing, is an inducer of the maltose regulon of Escherichia coli. Maltotriose can induce beta-galactosidase synthesis[1][2].
Tryptophol
Tryptophol, also known as indole-3-ethanol, is an indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an auxin and a plant metabolite. Tryptophol is a catabolite of tryptophan converted by the gut microbiota. After absorption through the intestinal epithelium, tryptophan catabolites enter the bloodstream and are later excreted in the urine (PMID:30120222). Tryptophol production was negatively associated with interferon-gamma production (IFNγ) which suggests that tryptophol has anti-inflammatory properties (PMID:27814509). Tryptophol has also been identified as the hypnotic agent in trypanosomal sleeping sickness, and because it is formed in vivo after ethanol or disulfiram treatment, it is also associated with the study of alcoholism (PMID:7241135). Indole-3-ethanol is a dietary indole present in cruciferous vegetables that has been shown to influence estradiol metabolism in humans and may provide a new chemopreventive approach to estrogen-dependent diseases. (PMID 2342128) Tryptophol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=526-55-6 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 526-55-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite. Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite.
Maltotriose
Maltotriose is a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is most commonly produced by the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (a common enzyme in human saliva) on amylose in starch. The creation of both maltotriose and maltose during this process is due to the random manner in which alpha amylase hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin. Maltotriose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Maltotriose is a common oligosaccharide metabolite found in human urine after maltose ingestion or infusion (PMID:6645121). Maltotriose is increased in glycogen storage disease II (OMIM: 232300) due to a mutation of the enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) (PMID:4286143). Constituent of corn syrup. Amylolysis production from starch. Maltooligosaccharide mixtures are important food additives (sweeteners, gelling agents and viscosity modifiers) Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Maltotriose, the second most abundant sugar present in brewing, is an inducer of the maltose regulon of Escherichia coli. Maltotriose can induce beta-galactosidase synthesis[1][2]. Maltotriose, the second most abundant sugar present in brewing, is an inducer of the maltose regulon of Escherichia coli. Maltotriose can induce beta-galactosidase synthesis[1][2].
Gibberellin A4
A C19-gibberellin, initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi and differing from gibberellin A1 by the substitution of the OH at C-7 (gibbane numbering) by H. D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D005875 - Gibberellins Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 16
Histamine
An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.; Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and other proteins, in order to allow them to engage foreign invaders in the affected tissues. It is found in virtually all animal body cells.[citation needed]; Histamine is derived from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase. It is a hydrophilic vasoactive amine. Histamine is an amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. Histamine can be found in Photobacterium phosphoreum and Lactobacillus (PMID:17066936). Histamine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-arylethylamines. These are primary amines that have the general formula RCCNH2, where R is an organic group. High amounts of histamine have been found in spinach, oats and ryes. Another foods such as green beans, broccoli, and beetroots also contain histamine but in lower concentrations. Histamine has also been detected but not quantified in several different foods, such as groundcherries, carobs, bok choy, biscuits, and longans. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D017442 - Histamine Agonists Histamine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=51-45-6 (retrieved 2024-07-03) (CAS RN: 51-45-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.
Glucose
Glucose, also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moiety. Glucose contains an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In aqueous solution, both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is predominant. Glucose is a neutral, hydrophilic molecule that readily dissolves in water. It exists as a white crystalline powder. Glucose is the primary source of energy for almost all living organisms. As such, it is the most abundant monosaccharide and the most widely used aldohexose in living organisms. When not circulating freely in blood (in animals) or resin (in plants), glucose is stored as a polymer. In plants it is mainly stored as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose is produced by plants through the photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide where it is used as an energy and a carbon source Glucose is particularly abundant in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. Foods that are particularly rich in glucose are honey, agave, molasses, apples (2g/100g), grapes (8g/100g), oranges (8.5g/100g), jackfruit, dried apricots, dates (32 g/100g), bananas (5.8 g/100g), grape juice, sweet corn, Glucose is about 75\\\\% as sweet as sucrose and about 50\\\\% as sweet as fructose. Sweetness is detected through the binding of sugars to the T1R3 and T1R2 proteins, to form a G-protein coupled receptor that is the sweetness receptor in mammals. Glucose was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf. It was discovered in grapes by Johann Tobias Lowitz in 1792 and recognized as different from cane sugar (sucrose). Industrially, glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and in the production of glucose-containing foods. In foods, it is used as a sweetener, humectant, to increase the volume and to create a softer mouthfeel. Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of alcoholic beverages. Glucose is found in many plants as glucosides. A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolyzed by purely chemical means or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. Glucose can be obtained by the hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (lactose), cane sugar (sucrose), maltose, cellulose, and glycogen. Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of oligosaccharides such as raffinose and of polysaccharides such as starch and amylopectin, glycogen or cellulose. For most animals, while glucose is normally obtained from the diet, it can also be generated via gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate, glycerol (which is a part of the triacylglycerol molecule), alanine and glutamine. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CA - Tests for diabetes V - Various > V06 - General nutrients > V06D - Other nutrients > V06DC - Carbohydrates COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 226 KEIO_ID G002 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.
Eugenol
Eugenol appears as clear colorless pale yellow or amber-colored liquid. Odor of cloves. Spicy pungent taste. (NTP, 1992) Eugenol is a phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis. It has a role as an allergen, a human blood serum metabolite, a sensitiser, a volatile oil component, a flavouring agent, an EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor, a radical scavenger, an antibacterial agent, an antineoplastic agent, an apoptosis inducer, an anaesthetic, an analgesic, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, a NF-kappaB inhibitor and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a phenylpropanoid, a monomethoxybenzene, a member of phenols and an alkenylbenzene. It is functionally related to a guaiacol. Eugenol is a naturally occurring phenolic molecule found in several plants such as cinnamon, clove, and bay leaves. It has been used as a topical antiseptic as a counter-irritant and in dental preparations with zinc oxide for root canal sealing and pain control. Although not currently available in any FDA-approved products (including OTC), eugenol has been found to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antipyretic, antioxidant, antifungal and analgesic properties. Its exact mechanism of action is unknown, however, it has been shown to interfere with action potential conduction. There are a number of unapproved OTC products available containing eugenol that advertise its use for the treatment of toothache. Eugenol is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of eugenol is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity. Eugenol, also called clove oil, is an aromatic oil extracted from cloves that is used widely as a flavoring for foods and teas and as an herbal oil used topically to treat toothache and more rarely to be taken orally to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory complaints. Eugenol in therapeutic doses has not been implicated in causing serum enzyme elevations or clinically apparent liver injury, but ingestions of high doses, as with an overdose, can cause severe liver injury. Eugenol is a natural product found in Dahlia sherffii, Elettaria cardamomum, and other organisms with data available. Eugenol is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i.e. 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol. Eugenol is a member of the allylbenzene class of chemical compounds. It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, and bay leaf. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. It has a pleasant, spicy, clove-like odor. Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavorings, essential oils and in medicine as a local antiseptic and anaesthetic. It was used in the production of isoeugenol for the manufacture of vanillin, though most vanillin is now produced from petrochemicals or from by-products of paper manufacture (Wikipedia). 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A cinnamate derivative of the shikimate pathway found in CLOVE OIL and other PLANTS. See also: Cinnamon (part of); Clove Oil (part of); Cinnamon Leaf Oil (part of) ... View More ... Eugenol is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol. Eugenol is a member of the phenylpropanoids class of chemical compounds. It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, and bay leaf. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. It has a pleasant, spicy, clove-like aroma. Eugenol is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i.e. 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol. It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, and bay leaf. Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavorings, essential oils and in medicine as a local antiseptic and anaesthetic. It was used in the production of isoeugenol for the manufacture of vanillin, though most vanillin is now produced from petrochemicals or from by-products of paper manufacture (Wikipedia). Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavorings, essential oils and in medicine as a local antiseptic and anesthetic. It is a key ingredient in Indonesian kretek (clove) cigarettes. It was used in the production of isoeugenol for the manufacture of vanillin, though most vanillin is now produced from phenol or from lignin. It is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; it is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study. Eugenol has a very widespread occurrence in essential oils. Major component of clove oil. Also found in citrus and thyme oils. It is found in foods such as apple, apricot, banana and cherry fruits. Eugenol or 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol is classified as a phenylpropanoid, formally derived from guaiacol, with an allyl chain positioned para to the hydroxy group. It is soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether and oils. Eugenol is a neutral compound. It is biosynthesized from tyrosine. Eugenol is widely distributed in plants. It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, basil and bay leaf. It has a pleasant, spicy, clove-like odor with a spicy pungent taste. Eugenol is found in highest concentrations in cloves, allspices, and carrots and in lower concentrations in walnuts, ceylon cinnamons, and wild carrots. Eugenol has also been detected in shea tree, passion fruits, winged beans, fireweeds, and gingers, making it a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavorings and essential oils. It was first used for the manufacture of vanillin (https://doi.org/10.1021/ed054p776), though most vanillin is now produced from petrochemicals or from by-products of paper manufacture. Eugenol is hepatotoxic, meaning it may cause damage to the liver, if consumed in high doses. Eugenol has local antiseptic and anaesthetic properties (PMID:15089054 ; PMID:935250 ) and acts as positive allosteric modulators of the GABA-A receptor. It has high antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities with potential roles in alleviating and preventing cancer and inflammatory reactions (PMID:27771920 ). A phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D012997 - Solvents [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_10eV_CB000079.txt [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_20eV_CB000079.txt [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_40eV_CB000079.txt [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_50eV_CB000079.txt [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_30eV_CB000079.txt Eugenol is an essential oil found in cloves with antibacterial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity. Eugenol is shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Eugenol is an essential oil found in cloves with antibacterial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity. Eugenol is shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation.
dinatin
Hispidulin is a natural flavone with a broad spectrum of biological activities. Hispidulin is a Pim-1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.71 μM. Hispidulin is a natural flavone with a broad spectrum of biological activities. Hispidulin is a Pim-1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.71 μM.
(+)-Syringaresinol
(+)-syringaresinol is a member of the class of compounds known as furanoid lignans. Furanoid lignans are lignans with a structure that contains either a tetrahydrofuran ring, a furan ring, or a furofuan ring system, that arises from the joining of the two phenylpropanoid units (+)-syringaresinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (+)-syringaresinol can be found in a number of food items such as radish (variety), grape wine, oat, and ginkgo nuts, which makes (+)-syringaresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Matairesinol
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer). (-)-matairesinol is a lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer). It has a role as a phytoestrogen, a plant metabolite, an angiogenesis inhibitor and an anti-asthmatic agent. It is a polyphenol, a lignan and a gamma-lactone. Matairesinol is a natural product found in Crossosoma bigelovii, Brassica oleracea var. sabauda, and other organisms with data available. See also: Arctium lappa fruit (part of); Pumpkin Seed (part of). Matairesinol is a plant lignan. It occurs with secoisolariciresinol in numerous foods such as oil seeds, whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. (-)-Matairesinol is found in many foods, some of which are caraway, pecan nut, cereals and cereal products, and longan. A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer). Matairesinol confers anti-allergic effects in an allergic dermatitis mouse model. DfE-induced changes in IL-4 and IFN-γ mRNA expression in the ears of NC/Nga mice were reversed by matairesinol application[1]. Matairesinol confers anti-allergic effects in an allergic dermatitis mouse model. DfE-induced changes in IL-4 and IFN-γ mRNA expression in the ears of NC/Nga mice were reversed by matairesinol application[1].
Phenylacetaldehyde
Phenylacetaldehyde is one important oxidation-related aldehyde. Exposure to styrene gives phenylacetaldehyde as a secondary metabolite. Styrene has been implicated as reproductive toxicant, neurotoxicant, or carcinogen in vivo or in vitro. Phenylacetaldehyde could be formed by diverse thermal reactions during the cooking process together with C8 compounds is identified as a major aroma- active compound in cooked pine mushroom. Phenylacetaldehyde is readily oxidized to phenylacetic acid. Therefore will eventually be hydrolyzed and oxidized to yield phenylacetic acid that will be excreted primarily in the urine in conjugated form. (PMID: 16910727, 7818768, 15606130). Found in some essential oils, e.g. Citrus subspecies, Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold) and in the mushroom Phallus impudicus (common stinkhorn). Flavouring ingredient COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Glycoprotein-phospho-D-mannose
Glycoprotein-phospho-D-mannose, also known as (2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal or Mannose homopolymer, is classified as a member of the Hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. Glycoprotein-phospho-D-mannose is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic
Galacturonic acid
D-Glucuronic acid is an important intermediate isolated from many gums. D-Glucuronic acid and its derivative glucuronolactone are as a liver antidote in the prophylaxis of human health. D-Glucuronic acid has an anti-inflammatory effect for the skin[1]. D-Glucuronic acid is an important intermediate isolated from many gums. D-Glucuronic acid and its derivative glucuronolactone are as a liver antidote in the prophylaxis of human health. D-Glucuronic acid has an anti-inflammatory effect for the skin[1].
3-Epigibberellin A1
3-Epigibberellin A1 (3-epi-GA1), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are C19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. 3-Epigibberellin A1 is found in green vegetables. 3-Epigibberellin A1 is a constituent of Lactuca sativa (lettuce). Constituent of Lactuca sativa (lettuce). 3-Epigibberellin A1 is found in green vegetables.
Gibberellin A19
Gibberellin A19 (GA19) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as C20-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are C20-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Thus, gibberellin A19 is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Gibberellin A19 is found in apple. Gibberellin A19 is a constituent of moso bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys edulis). Constituent of moso bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys edulis). Gibberellin A19 is found in many foods, some of which are swede, devilfish, vanilla, and canola. D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D005875 - Gibberellins
gibberellin A20
A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and development. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi, it differs from gibberellin A1 in lacking an OH group at C-2 (gibbane numbering).
Gibberellin A44
Gibberellin A44 (GA44) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are C19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin A44 is found in apple, Pisum sativum (pea), Spinacea oleracea (spinach), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Vicia faba, and other plants. Found in Pisum sativum (pea), Spinacea oleracea (spinach), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Vicia faba and other plants
Indoleacetaldehyde
Indoleacetaldehyde, also known as tryptaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-Alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. Indoleacetaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Indoleacetaldehyde exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, indoleacetaldehyde participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, indoleacetaldehyde can be biosynthesized from tryptamine; which is mediated by the enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase. In addition, indoleacetaldehyde can be converted into indoleacetic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial. In humans, indoleacetaldehyde is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, indoleacetaldehyde has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as nuts, turmerics, Alaska blueberries, summer savouries, and black raspberries. This could make indoleacetaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Indoleacetaldehyde is also a substrate for amine oxidase and 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase. Indoleacetaldehyde is a substrate for Retina-specific copper amine oxidase, Aldehyde dehydrogenase X (mitochondrial), Amine oxidase B, Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase, Aldehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial), Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, Aldehyde dehydrogenase (dimeric NADP-preferring), Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member A1, Amine oxidase A, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 and Membrane copper amine oxidase. [HMDB]. 1H-Indole-3-acetaldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are oil palm, rowanberry, cherimoya, and japanese persimmon. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Rhamnose
Rhamnose (Rham) is a naturally occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose occurs in nature in its L-form as L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose). This is unusual, since most of the naturally occurring sugars are in D-form. Rhamnose is commonly bound to other sugars in nature. It is a common glycone component of glycosides from many plants. Rhamnose is also a component of the outer cell membrane of certain bacteria. L-rhamnose is metabolized to L-Lactaldehyde, which is a branching point in the metabolic pathway of L-fucose and L-rhamnose utilization. It exists in two anomeric forms, alpha-L-rhamnose and beta-L-rhamnose. Rhamnose has been found in Klebsiella, Pseudomonas (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00369505) (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejlt.200300816). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].
Cyanidin 3-glucoside
Cyanidin 3-glucoside, also known as chrysanthenin or cyanidin 3-glucoside chloride (CAS: 7084-24-4), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyranones and derivatives. Pyranones and derivatives are compounds containing a pyran ring which bears a ketone. Cyanidin 3-glucoside is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, cyanidin 3-glucoside is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black elderberries, rubus (blackberry, raspberry), and bilberries and in a lower concentration in redcurrants, strawberries, and sweet oranges. Cyanidin 3-glucoside has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common pea, peaches, Tartary buckwheats, soft-necked garlic, and fats and oils. This could make cyanidin 3-glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Cyanidin (and its glycosides) is the most commonly occurring of the anthocyanins, a widespread group of pigments responsible for the red-blue colour of many fruits and vegetables (PMID: 14711454). BioTransformer predicts that cyanidin 3-glucoside is a product of cyanidin 3-sophoroside metabolism via a glycoside-hydrolysis reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the EC.3.2.1.X enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Found in many plants and fruits, e.g. cherries, olives and grapes
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol. This is because researchers first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1784. In the body, cholesterol can exist in either the free form or as an ester with a single fatty acid (of 10-20 carbons in length) covalently attached to the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol ring. Due to the mechanism of synthesis, plasma cholesterol esters tend to contain relatively high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the cholesterol consumed as a dietary lipid exists as cholesterol esters. Cholesterol esters have a lower solubility in water than cholesterol and are more hydrophobic. They are hydrolyzed by the pancreatic enzyme cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol has vital structural roles in membranes and in lipid metabolism in general. It is a biosynthetic precursor of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogens, progesterones, androgens and aldosterone). In addition, it contributes to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, and it has major functions in signal transduction and sperm development. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous component of all animal tissues where much of it is located in the membranes, although it is not evenly distributed. The highest proportion of unesterified cholesterol is in the plasma membrane (roughly 30-50\\\\% of the lipid in the membrane or 60-80\\\\% of the cholesterol in the cell), while mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have very low cholesterol contents. Cholesterol is also enriched in early and recycling endosomes, but not in late endosomes. The brain contains more cholesterol than any other organ where it comprises roughly a quarter of the total free cholesterol in the human body. Of all the organic constituents of blood, only glucose is present in a higher molar concentration than cholesterol. Cholesterol esters appear to be the preferred form for transport in plasma and as a biologically inert storage (de-toxified) form. They do not contribute to membranes but are packed into intracellular lipid particles. Cholesterol molecules (i.e. cholesterol esters) are transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol that are from food, especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile. In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol. They are then converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. There is a worldwide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though some studies refute this idea). As a result, cholesterol has become a very large focus for the scientific community trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with c... Constituent either free or as esters, of fish liver oils, lard, dairy fats, egg yolk and bran Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].
Nevadensin
Nevadensin, also known as pedunculin or 5,7-hydroxy-4,6,8-trimethoxyflavone, is a member of the class of compounds known as 8-o-methylated flavonoids. 8-o-methylated flavonoids are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C8 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, nevadensin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Nevadensin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nevadensin can be found in peppermint and sweet basil, which makes nevadensin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2]. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2].
(-)-Kaur-16-en-19-oic acid
(-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, also known as ent-kaurenoic acid or ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate, is a member of the class of compounds known as kaurane diterpenoids. Kaurane diterpenoids are diterpene alkaloids with a structure that is based on the kaurane skeleton. Kaurane is a tetracyclic compound that arises by cyclisation of a pimarane precursor followed by rearrangement. It possesses a [3,2,1]-bicyclic ring system with C15-C16 bridge connected to C13, forming the five-membered ring D (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid can be found in sugar apple and sunflower, which makes (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Kaurenoic acid is a diterpene from Sphagneticola trilobata, inhibits Inflammatory Pain by the inhibition of cytokine production and activation of the NO–cyclic GMP–PKG–ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway[1]. Kaurenoic acid is a diterpene from Sphagneticola trilobata, inhibits Inflammatory Pain by the inhibition of cytokine production and activation of the NO–cyclic GMP–PKG–ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway[1].
(+)-lariciresinol
(+)-Lariciresinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 7,9-epoxylignans. These are lignans that contain the 7,9-epoxylignan skeleton, which consists of a tetrahydrofuran that carries a phenyl group, a methyl group, and a benzyl group at positons 2, 3 and 4, respectively. (+)-Lariciresinol has been detected in several different foods, such as parsnips, white mustards, narrowleaf cattails, turnips, and common sages. This could make (+)-Lariciresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Lariciresinol is also found in sesame seeds, Brassica vegetables, in the bark and wood of white fir (Abies alba). (+)-lariciresinol is a member of the class of compounds known as 7,9-epoxylignans. 7,9-epoxylignans are lignans that contain the 7,9-epoxylignan skeleton, which consists of a tetrahydrofuran that carries a phenyl group, a methyl group, and a benzyl group at the 2-, 3-, 4-position, respectively (+)-lariciresinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (+)-lariciresinol can be found in a number of food items such as pili nut, lemon balm, root vegetables, and parsley, which makes (+)-lariciresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Brassicasterol
Brassicasterol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergosterols and derivatives. These are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton. Thus, brassicasterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Brassicasterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Brassicasterol is a potential CSF biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (PMID: 21585343). C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol Constituent of Brassica rapa oil Brassicasterol, a metabolite of Ergosterol, plays a role in the inhibitory effect on bladder carcinogenesis promotion via androgen signaling[1]. Brassicasterol shows dual anti-infective properties against HSV-1 (IC50=1.2 μM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and cardiovascular protective effect[2]. Brassicasterol exerts an anti-cancer effect by dual-targeting AKT and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[3]. Brassicasterol is a metabolite of Ergosterol and has cardiovascular protective effects. Brassicasterol exerts anticancer effects in prostate cancer through dual targeting of AKT and androgen receptor signaling pathways. Brassicasterol inhibits HSV-1 (IC50=1.2 μM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Brassicasterol also inhibits sterol δ 24-reductase, slowing the progression of atherosclerosis. Brassicasterol is also a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for Alzheimer's disease[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Brassicasterol, a metabolite of Ergosterol, plays a role in the inhibitory effect on bladder carcinogenesis promotion via androgen signaling[1]. Brassicasterol shows dual anti-infective properties against HSV-1 (IC50=1.2 μM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and cardiovascular protective effect[2]. Brassicasterol exerts an anti-cancer effect by dual-targeting AKT and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[3].
(-)-trans-Carveol
Carveol is a natural terpenoid alcohol that is a constituent of spearmint oil. It has an odor and flavor that resemble those of spearmint and caraway. Consequently, it is used as a fragrance in cosmetics and as a flavor additive in the food industry. Constituent of Valencia orange essence oil. Flavouring ingredient Carveol is an endogenous metabolite. Carveol is an endogenous metabolite.
Acetoin
Acetoin, also known as dimethylketol or 2,3-butanolone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyloins. These are organic compounds containing an alpha hydroxy ketone. Acyloins are formally derived from reductive coupling of carboxylic acyl groups. Thus, acetoin is considered to be an oxygenated hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Acetoin is used as an external energy store by a number of fermentive bacteria. Acetoin, along with diacetyl, is one of the compounds giving butter its characteristic flavor. Acetoin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Acetoin is used as a food flavoring (in baked goods) and a fragrance. Acetoin is a sweet, buttery, and creamy tasting compound. Outside of the human body, Acetoin has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cocoa and cocoa products, evergreen blackberries, orange bell peppers, tortilla chips, and pomes. This could make acetoin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Constituent of beer, wine, fresh or cooked apple, fresh or cooked leak, corn, honey, cocoa, butter, cheeses, roasted coffee and other foodstuffs. Acetoin, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as eosinophilic esophagitis and ulcerative colitis; acetoin has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Acetoin is a colorless or pale yellow to green yellow liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor. It can be found in apples, butter, yogurt, asparagus, black currants, blackberry, wheat, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cantaloupe. Constituent of beer, wine, fresh or cooked apple, fresh or cooked leak, corn, honey, cocoa, butter, cheeses, roasted coffee and other foodstuffs. Flavouring ingredient. [DFC]
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acetate, also known as 1-acetoxyethane or acetic ester, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboxylic acid esters. These are carboxylic acid derivatives in which the carbon atom from the carbonyl group is attached to an alkyl or an aryl moiety through an oxygen atom (forming an ester group). Ethyl acetate exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Ethyl acetate is a sweet, anise, and balsam tasting compound. Ethyl acetate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as milk (cow), pineapples, and sweet oranges and in a lower concentration in safflowers. Ethyl acetate has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as alcoholic beverages, oxheart cabbages, agaves, chervils, ryes, and peach. It is used in artificial fruit essences. In the field of entomology, ethyl acetate is an effective asphyxiant for use in insect collecting and study. Because it is not hygroscopic, ethyl acetate also keeps the insect soft enough to allow proper mounting suitable for a collection. In a killing jar charged with ethyl acetate, the vapors will kill the collected (usually adult) insect quickly without destroying it. In organic and in natural products chemistry ethyl acetate is often used as a solvent for reactions or extractions. Ethyl acetate is a potentially toxic compound. Ethyl acetate, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment, crohns disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; ethyl acetate has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Found in cereal crops, radishes, fruit juices, beer, wine, spirits etc. and produced by Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile) and Rubus subspecies It is used in artificial fruit essences. It is used as a solvent in the manufacture of modified hop extract and decaffeinated tea or coffeeand is also used for colour and inks used to mark fruit or vegetables
2-Pentanone
2-Pentanone, also known as ethyl acetone or fema 2842, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ketones. These are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms R2C=O (neither R may be a hydrogen atom). Ketones that have one or more alpha-hydrogen atoms undergo keto-enol tautomerization, the tautomer being an enol. 2-Pentanone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, 2-pentanone is considered to be an oxygenated hydrocarbon lipid molecule. 2-Pentanone is a sweet, alcohol, and banana tasting compound. 2-Pentanone is found, on average, in the highest concentration within milk (cow). 2-Pentanone has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as fats and oils, corns, apples, evergreen blackberries, and fruits. This could make 2-pentanone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Pentanone, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and crohns disease; 2-pentanone has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Isolated from soya oil (Glycine max), pineapple and a few other plant sources
cis-Sabinol
(+)-cis-Sabinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other. Thus, (+)-cis-sabinol is an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Monoterpenoids are terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms and are comprised of two isoprene units. The biosynthesis of monoterpenes is known to occur mainly through the methyl-eritritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids (PMID: 23746261). Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cyclic monoterpenes. GPP undergoes several cyclization reactions to yield a diverse number of cyclic arrangements. (+)-cis-Sabinol is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Artemisia annuaand (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-006-0112-9) and in herbal plant Dendranthema indicum (PMID: 29510531). (+)-cis-sabinol, also known as sabinol or sabinol, (1alpha,3alpha,5alpha)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. Bicyclic monoterpenoids are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other. Thus, (+)-cis-sabinol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule (+)-cis-sabinol is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). (+)-cis-sabinol can be found in peppermint, which makes (+)-cis-sabinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Hexanal
Hexanal is an alkyl aldehyde found in human biofluids. Human milk samples collected from women contains hexanal. Among mediators of oxidative stress, highly reactive secondary aldehydic lipid peroxidation products can initiate the processes of spontaneous mutagenesis and carcinogenesis and can also act as a growth-regulating factors and signaling molecules. In specimens obtained from adult patients with brain astrocytomas, lower levels of n-hexanal are associated with poorer patient prognosis. Hexanal has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821). Hexanal is a volatile compound that has been associated with the development of undesirable flavours. The content of hexanal, which is a major breakdown product of linoleic acid (LA, n - 6 PUFA) oxidation, has been used to follow the course of lipid oxidation and off-flavour development in foods, and have been proposed as one potential marker of milk quality. A "cardboard-like" off-flavour is frequently associated with dehydrated milk products. This effect is highly correlated with the headspace concentration of hexanal. (Food Chemistry. Volume 107, Issue 1, 1 March 2008, Pages 558-569, PMID:17934948, 17487452). Constituent of many foodstuffs. A production of aerobic enzymatic transformations of plant constits. It is used in fruit flavours and in perfumery D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Taraxasterol
Constituent of dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale), Roman chamomile flowers (Anthemis nobilis) and many other plants. Taraxasterol is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, chicory, evening primrose, and common grape. Taraxasterol is found in alcoholic beverages. Taraxasterol is a constituent of dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale), Roman chamomile flowers (Anthemis nobilis) and many other plants Taraxasterol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from Taraxacum mongolicum. Taraxasterol has a role as a metabolite and an anti-inflammatory agent[1]. Taraxasterol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from Taraxacum mongolicum. Taraxasterol has a role as a metabolite and an anti-inflammatory agent[1].
Brassinolide
D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D060406 - Brassinosteroids Brassinolide is a predominant plant growth modulator that regulate plant cell elongation. Brassinolide is a predominant plant growth modulator that regulate plant cell elongation.
Fucosterol
Characteristic sterol of seaweeds; isolated from bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus. Fucosterol is found in lemon grass and coconut. Fucosterol is found in coconut. Characteristic sterol of seaweeds; isolated from bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosu Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research[1]. Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research[1].
24-Methylenecycloartan-3-ol
24-methylenecycloartan-3-ol belongs to cycloartanols and derivatives class of compounds. Those are steroids containing a cycloartanol moiety. 24-methylenecycloartan-3-ol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). 24-methylenecycloartan-3-ol can be found in a number of food items such as oregon yampah, common persimmon, pineapple, and climbing bean, which makes 24-methylenecycloartan-3-ol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Niveusin C
Niveusin C is found in fats and oils. Niveusin C is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Niveusin C is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
Ascaridole
Ascaridole is found in cardamom. Said to be the major constituent of oil of Peumus boldus (boldo).Ascaridole is a natural organic compound classified as a bicyclic monoterpene that has an unusual bridging peroxide functional group. It is the primary constituent of the oil of Mexican Tea (Dysphania ambrosioides, formerly Chenopodium ambrosioides). It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in most organic solvents. Like other low molecular weight organic peroxides, it is unstable and prone to explosion when heated or treated with organic acids Said to be the major constituent of oil of Peumus boldus (boldo) D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides
(-)-Bornyl acetate
(-)-Bornyl acetate is isolated from Blumea balsamifera, Jasonia sp., Salvia fruticosa, carrot, rosemary, sage and lavender oil. (-)-Bornyl acetate is a flavouring agent [CCD]. Isolated from Blumea balsamifera, Jasonia species, Salvia fruticosa, carrot, rosemary, sage and lavender oil. Flavouring agent [CCD] (-)-Bornyl acetate (L-(-)-Bornyl acetate), isolated from hyssop oil, is a less active enantiomer of (+)-Bornyl acetate. (-)-Bornyl acetate possesses antifungal activity[1]. (-)-Bornyl acetate (L-(-)-Bornyl acetate), isolated from hyssop oil, is a less active enantiomer of (+)-Bornyl acetate. (-)-Bornyl acetate possesses antifungal activity[1]. (-)-Bornyl acetate (L-(-)-Bornyl acetate), isolated from hyssop oil, is a less active enantiomer of (+)-Bornyl acetate. (-)-Bornyl acetate possesses antifungal activity[1]. (-)-Bornyl acetate (L-(-)-Bornyl acetate), isolated from hyssop oil, is a less active enantiomer of (+)-Bornyl acetate. (-)-Bornyl acetate possesses antifungal activity[1].
alpha-Terpineol
alpha-Terpineol (CAS: 98-55-5) is a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol that has been isolated from a variety of sources such as cajuput oil, pine oil, and petitgrain oil. There are three isomers of terpineol, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-terpineol, with the last two differing only by the location of the double bond. Terpineol is usually a mixture of these isomers with alpha-terpineol as the major constituent. Terpineol has a pleasant odour similar to lilac and is a common ingredient in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavours. alpha-Terpineol is occasionally found as a volatile component in urine. It is a water-soluble component of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel, the tea tree oil (TTO). alpha-Terpineol is a likely mediator of the in vitro and in vivo activity of the TTO as an agent that could control C. albicans vaginal infections. Purified alpha-terpineol can suppress pro-inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. alpha-Terpineol is able to impair the growth of human M14 melanoma cells and appear to be more effective on their resistant variants, which express high levels of P-glycoprotein in the plasma membrane, overcoming resistance to caspase-dependent apoptosis exerted by P-glycoprotein-positive tumour cells (PMID:5556886, 17083732, 11131302, 15009716). Terpineol is a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol that has been isolated from a variety of sources such as cajuput oil, pine oil, and petitgrain oil. There are three isomers, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-terpineol, the last two differing only by the location of the double bond. Terpineol is usually a mixture of these isomers with alpha-terpineol as the major constituent. (R)-alpha-Terpineol is found in many foods, some of which are mentha (mint), sweet marjoram, lovage, and cardamom. α-Terpineol is isolated from Eucalyptus globulus Labill, exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria[1]. α-Terpineol possesses antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes, and the activity might lead to irreversible cellular disruption[2]. α-Terpineol is isolated from Eucalyptus globulus Labill, exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria[1]. α-Terpineol possesses antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes, and the activity might lead to irreversible cellular disruption[2].
Tambulin
Tambulin, also known as herbacetin 7,8,4-trimethyl ether, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, tambulin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Tambulin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Tambulin can be found in sunflower, which makes tambulin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
ent-Kaur-16-en-19-al
ent-16-Kauren-19-al is found in fruits. ent-16-Kauren-19-al is a constituent of the root of Annona squamosa (sugar apple).
Myrtenal
Occurs in orange, lemon, spearmint, pepper, thyme, juniper, calamus, ginger, myrtle, lemon balm, calabash, nutmeg, parsley seed and other plant oils. Myrtenal is found in many foods, some of which are peppermint, fruits, wild celery, and sweet bay. Myrtenal is found in cardamom. Myrtenal occurs in orange, lemon, spearmint, pepper, thyme, juniper, calamus, ginger, myrtle, lemon balm, calabash, nutmeg, parsley seed and other plant oils.
Quercetin 7-glucoside
Quercetin 7-glucoside, also known as quercimeritrin, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavonoid-7-o-glycosides. Flavonoid-7-o-glycosides are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to carbohydrate moiety at the C7-position. Quercetin 7-glucoside is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Quercetin 7-glucoside can be found in a number of food items such as roman camomile, okra, dandelion, and cottonseed, which makes quercetin 7-glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Quercimeritrin, isolated from the leaves of Ixeridium dentatum, exhibits significant amylase activity[1]. Quercimeritrin, isolated from the leaves of Ixeridium dentatum, exhibits significant amylase activity[1].
2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin
2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin, also known as xanthoxin, is a member of the class of compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenoids are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin can be found in a number of food items such as broad bean, canola, mustard spinach, and hickory nut, which makes 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
24-Methylenecholesterol
24-Methylenecholesterol, also known as chalinasterol or ostreasterol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergosterols and derivatives. These are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton. Thus, 24-methylenecholesterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. 24-Methylenecholesterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. 24-Methylenecholesterol is involved in the biosynthesis of steroids. 24-Methylenecholesterol is converted from 5-dehydroepisterol by 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.21). 24-Methylenecholesterol is converted into campesterol by delta24-sterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.72). 24-methylenecholesterol is a 3beta-sterol having the structure of cholesterol with a methylene group at C-24. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol and a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid. It is functionally related to a cholesterol. 24-Methylenecholesterol is a natural product found in Echinometra lucunter, Ulva fasciata, and other organisms with data available. A 3beta-sterol having the structure of cholesterol with a methylene group at C-24. Constituent of clams and oysters 24-Methylenecholesterol (Ostreasterol), a natural marine sterol, stimulates cholesterol acyltransferase in human macrophages. 24-Methylenecholesterol possess anti-aging effects in yeast. 24-methylenecholesterol enhances honey bee longevity and improves nurse bee physiology[1][2][3].
Castasterone
Dihydrophaseic acid
Dihydrophaseic acid is an apo carotenoid sesquiterpenoid that is phaseic acid in which the keto group has been reduced to the corresponding alcohol such that the two hydroxy groups are on opposite sides of the 6-membered ring. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a 6-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, a cyclic ether, a tertiary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, an apo carotenoid sesquiterpenoid and an alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid. It is functionally related to a phaseic acid. Dihydrophaseic acid is a natural product found in Breynia rostrata, Sophora alopecuroides, and other organisms with data available. Dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), also known as 4-dihydrophaseic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as abscisic acid and derivatives. These are terpene compounds containing the abscisic acid moiety, which is characterized by a 3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid attached to the C1 carbon of a 4-oxocyclohex-2-ene moiety. Dihydrophaseic acid is found in coconut. Dihydrophaseic acid is isolated from French beans. An apo carotenoid sesquiterpenoid that is phaseic acid in which the keto group has been reduced to the corresponding alcohol such that the two hydroxy groups are on opposite sides of the 6-membered ring. Isolated from French beans. Dihydrophaseic acid is found in many foods, some of which are sunflower, corn, pulses, and coconut.
Isopren
Isoprene, also known as 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene or 2-methyldivinyl, is a member of the class of compounds known as branched unsaturated hydrocarbons. Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contains one or more unsaturated carbon atoms, and an aliphatic branch. Isoprene can be found in carrot, sweet orange, and wild carrot, which makes isoprene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isoprene, or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)−CH=CH2. In its pure form it is a colorless volatile liquid. Isoprene is produced by many plants, and its polymers are the main component of natural rubber. C. G. Williams named the compound in 1860 after obtaining it from thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of natural rubber; he correctly deduced the empirical formula C5H8 .
Ayapin
Ayapin belongs to coumarins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a 1-benzopyran moiety with a ketone group at the C2 carbon atom (1-benzopyran-2-one). Ayapin is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Ayapin can be found in sunflower, which makes ayapin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Glucose
D-Galactose (CAS: 59-23-4) is an aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. D-Galactose is an energy-providing nutrient and also a necessary basic substrate for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in the body. Metabolic pathways for D-galactose are important not only for the provision of these pathways but also for the prevention of D-galactose metabolite accumulation. The main source of D-galactose is lactose in the milk of mammals, but it can also be found in some fruits and vegetables. Utilization of D-galactose in all living cells is initiated by the phosphorylation of the hexose by the enzyme galactokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.6) (GALK) to form D-galactose-1-phosphate. In the presence of D-galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12) (GALT) D-galactose-1-phosphate is exchanged with glucose-1-phosphate in UDP-glucose to form UDP-galactose. Glucose-1-phosphate will then enter the glycolytic pathway for energy production. Deficiency of the enzyme GALT in galactosemic patients leads to the accumulation of D-galactose-1-phosphate. Classic galactosemia, a term that denotes the presence of D-galactose in the blood, is the rare inborn error of D-galactose metabolism, diagnosed by the deficiency of the second enzyme of the D-galactose assimilation pathway, GALT, which, in turn, is caused by mutations at the GALT gene (PMID: 15256214, 11020650, 10408771). Galactose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of milk. Alpha-D-Pyranose-form of the compound Galactose [CCD]. alpha-D-Galactose is found in many foods, some of which are kelp, fig, spelt, and rape. Galactose. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-23-4 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 59-23-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Galacturonic acid
Galacturonic acid, also known as D-galacturonate or (2s,3r,4s,5r)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-6-oxohexanoate, belongs to glucuronic acid derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Galacturonic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Galacturonic acid can be found in a number of food items such as sunflower, white mustard, okra, and date, which makes galacturonic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Galacturonic acid can be found primarily in feces. Galacturonic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. D-Galacturonic acid is a sugar acid, an oxidized form of D-galactose. It is the main component of pectin, in which it exists as the polymer polygalacturonic acid. In its open form, it has an aldehyde group at C1 and a carboxylic acid group at C6. Other oxidized forms of D-galactose are D-galactonic acid (carboxylic group at C1) and meso-galactaric acid (mucic acid) (carboxylic groups at C1 and C6). It is also a uronic acid or hexuronic acid. Naturally occurring uronic acids are D-glucuronic acid, D-galacturonic acid, L-iduronic acid and D-mannuronic acid . Galactopyranuronic acid is the pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a D-galactopyranuronate. Galacturonic acid is a sugar acid, an oxidized form of d-galactose. It is the main component of pectin, in which it exists as the polymer polygalacturonic acid. In its open form, it has an aldehyde group at C1 and a carboxylic acid group at C6. Other oxidized forms of d-galactose are d-galactonic acid (carboxylic group at C1) and meso-galactaric acid (mucic acid) (carboxylic groups at C1 and C6). It is also a uronic acid or hexuronic acid. Naturally occurring uronic acids are d-glucuronic acid, d-galacturonic acid, l-iduronic acid and d-mannuronic acid. Galacturonic acid, also known as D-galacturonate or sodium pectate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Galacturonic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Galacturonic acid has been found in flaxseeds. Galacturonic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as common grapes, cocoa beans, roselles, cow milk, and figs. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
delta7-Avenasterol
delta7-Avenasterol, also known as 7-dehydroavenasterol or 24Z-ethylidenelathosterol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as stigmastanes and derivatives. These are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24. Thus, delta7-avenasterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. delta7-Avenasterol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as garden onions, fenugreeks, vaccinium (blueberry, cranberry, huckleberry), grapefruit/pummelo hybrids, and pulses. This could make delta7-avenasterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. delta7-Avenasterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids. It is the fourth to last step in the synthesis of stigmasterol and is converted from 24-ethylidenelophenol. It is then converted into 5-dehydroavenasterol via the enzyme lathosterol oxidase (EC 1.14.21.6). Avenasterol, also known as (24z)-5alpha-stigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol or 7-dehydroavenasterol, belongs to stigmastanes and derivatives class of compounds. Those are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24. Thus, avenasterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Avenasterol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Avenasterol can be found in a number of food items such as rice, black chokeberry, dandelion, and common mushroom, which makes avenasterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Avenasterol is a natural, non-cholesterol sterol . delta7-Avenasterol is a natural product found in Staphisagria macrosperma, Amaranthus cruentus, and other organisms with data available.
5-Dehydroavenasterol
5-Dehydroavenasterol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as stigmastanes and derivatives. These are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24. Thus, 5-dehydroavenasterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. 5-Dehydroavenasterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. 5-Dehydroavenasterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids. It is the third to last step in the synthesis of stigmasterol and is converted from delta 7-avenasterol via the enzyme lathosterol oxidase (EC 1.14.21.6). It is then converted into Isofucosterol via the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.21). 5-Dehydroavenasterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids (KEGG ID C15783). It is the third to last step in the synthesis of Stigmasterol and is converted from delta 7-Avenasterol via the enzyme lathosterol oxidase [EC:1.14.21.6]. It is then converted to Isofucosterol via the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase [EC:1.3.1.21]. [HMDB]. 5-Dehydroavenasterol is found in many foods, some of which are daikon radish, nance, skunk currant, and jujube.
Brassinolide
24-epi-brassinolide is a 2alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 3alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 22-hydroxy steroid, a 23-hydroxy steroid and a brassinosteroid. 24-epi-Brassinolide is a natural product found in Arabidopsis thaliana, Vicia faba, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of bee collected rape pollen (Brassica napus). Brassinolide is found in many foods, some of which are coconut, grass pea, red huckleberry, and strawberry guava. Brassinolide is found in brassicas. Brassinolide is a constituent of bee collected rape pollen (Brassica napus). D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D060406 - Brassinosteroids Brassinolide is a predominant plant growth modulator that regulate plant cell elongation. Brassinolide is a predominant plant growth modulator that regulate plant cell elongation. Epibrassinolide (24-Epibrassinolide) is a ubiquitously occurring plant growth hormone which shows great potential to alleviate heavy metals and pesticide stress in plants[1]. Epibrassinolide is a potential apoptotic inducer in various cancer cells without affecting the non-tumor cell growth[2]. Epibrassinolide (24-Epibrassinolide) is a ubiquitously occurring plant growth hormone which shows great potential to alleviate heavy metals and pesticide stress in plants[1]. Epibrassinolide is a potential apoptotic inducer in various cancer cells without affecting the non-tumor cell growth[2].
Dehydrovomifoliol
Isolated from rice husks (Oryza sativa L. cv Koshihikari). Dehydrovomifoliol is found in tea, cereals and cereal products, and common grape. Dehydrovomifoliol is found in cereals and cereal products. Dehydrovomifoliol is isolated from rice husks (Oryza sativa L. cv Koshihikari).
Maltose
A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents A maltose that has beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.050 D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.
L-Arabinose
COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials A L-arabinopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position. Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in a noncompetitive manner and suppresses the plasma glucose increase due to sucrose ingestion. L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in a noncompetitive manner and suppresses the plasma glucose increase due to sucrose ingestion.
D-Arabinose
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 233 Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. D-Arabinose, a monosaccharide, shows strong growth inhibition against the Caenorhabditis elegans with an IC50 of 7.5 mM[1]. D-Arabinose, a monosaccharide, shows strong growth inhibition against the Caenorhabditis elegans with an IC50 of 7.5 mM[1]. D-arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. D-arabinose is an endogenous metabolite.
GALACTURONIC ACID
Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
6-METHYLDIOSGENIN
COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials A D-galactopyranuronic acid with a beta-configuration at the anomeric center. Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Melibiose
A glycosylglucose formed by an alpha-(1->6)-linkage between D-galactose and D-glucose. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.051 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.050 COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-Melibiose is a disaccharide which is composed of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. D-Melibiose is a disaccharide which is composed of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions. Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions.
L-Rhamnose
Any rhamnose having L-configuration. L-rhamnose occurs naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 234 Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].
Lysionotin
Nevadensin is a trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 8 and 4 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a trimethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a flavone. It is a conjugate acid of a nevadensin-7-olate. Nevadensin is a natural product found in Calanticaria bicolor, Gardenia resinifera, and other organisms with data available. A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 8 and 4 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 respectively. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2]. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive[1][2].
N-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl p-hydroxycinnamide
Trans-N-p-coumaroyl tyramine is a hydroxycinnamic acid. It has a role as a metabolite. p-Coumaroyltyramine is a natural product found in Ophiopogon japonicus, Polyalthia suberosa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Ipomoea aquatica leaf (part of). Constituent of Chinese onion (Allium chinense) and broad bean (Vicia faba). N-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl p-hydroxycinnamide is found in onion-family vegetables and pulses. N-p-cis-Coumaroyltyramine is found in onion-family vegetables. N-p-cis-Coumaroyltyramine is a constituent of Chinese onion Allium chinense. A natural product found particularly in Solanum melongena and Asimina triloba. N-p-trans-Coumaroyltyramine is a cinnamoylphenethyl amide isolated from polygonum hyrcanicum, acts as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an an IC50 of 122 μM. N-p-trans-Coumaroyltyramine exhibits anti-trypanosomal activity with an IC50 of 13.3 μM for T. brucei rhodesiense[1][2]. N-p-trans-Coumaroyltyramine is a cinnamoylphenethyl amide isolated from polygonum hyrcanicum, acts as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an an IC50 of 122 μM. N-p-trans-Coumaroyltyramine exhibits anti-trypanosomal activity with an IC50 of 13.3 μM for T. brucei rhodesiense[1][2].
6-Acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran
6-Acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran is a 1-benzopyran. 1-(2,2-Dimethylchromen-6-yl)ethanone is a natural product found in Ageratina altissima, Viguiera pazensis, and other organisms with data available. 6-Acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran is found in fats and oils. 6-Acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). 6-Acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran is found in sunflower and fats and oils. Demethoxyencecalin is a chromene isolated from Helianthus annuus, has antifungal activities[1].
Pinoresinol
4-[6-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-3-yl]-2-methoxyphenol is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum riedelianum, Forsythia suspensa, and other organisms with data available. Pinoresinol is a lignol of plant origin serving for defense in a caterpillar. Pinoresinol drastically sensitizes cancer cells against TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) -induced apoptosis[1][2]. Pinoresinol is a lignol of plant origin serving for defense in a caterpillar. Pinoresinol drastically sensitizes cancer cells against TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) -induced apoptosis[1][2].
Lirioresinol A
Syringaresinol is a lignan that is 7,9:7,9-diepoxylignane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3, 3, 5 and 5 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a lignan, a polyphenol, an aromatic ether, a furofuran and a polyether. Syringaresinol is a natural product found in Dracaena draco, Ficus septica, and other organisms with data available. A lignan that is 7,9:7,9-diepoxylignane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3, 3, 5 and 5 respectively. Isolated from Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). Lirioresinol A is found in alcoholic beverages and herbs and spices. Lirioresinol A is found in alcoholic beverages. Lirioresinol A is isolated from Artemisia absinthium (wormwood).
2-Tridecanone
2-tridecanone is a white crystalline solid. (NTP, 1992) Tridecan-2-one is a methyl ketone that is tridecane in which the methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a flavouring agent. It derives from a hydride of a tridecane. 2-Tridecanone is a natural product found in Hedychium spicatum, Azadirachta indica, and other organisms with data available. 2-Tridecanone is found in citrus. 2-Tridecanone is isolated from plant oils, e.g. palm oil, coconut oil. Also found in American cranberry, rabbiteye, blueberry, raspberry, grapefruit, onion, ginger and cheeses. 2-Tridecanone is used as a flavouring essence. Isolated from plant oils, e.g. palm oil, coconut oiland is also found in American cranberry, rabbiteye, blueberry, raspberry, grapefruit, onion, ginger and cheeses. It is used as a flavouring essence. A methyl ketone that is tridecane in which the methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. 2-Tridecanone, a nonalkaloid insecticide, is isolated from the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum. 2-Tridecanone is a volatile organic compound[1][2]. 2-Tridecanone, a nonalkaloid insecticide, is isolated from the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum. 2-Tridecanone is a volatile organic compound[1][2].
Carveol
Carveol is a clear colorless liquid. Insoluble in water. Carveol is a limonene monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 5. It has a role as a volatile oil component and a plant metabolite. Carveol is a natural product found in Echinophora tournefortii, Trachyspermum anethifolium, and other organisms with data available. Present in oil of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), blackcurrant berries, celery, black tea, dill, caraway seeds and lambs lettuce. Flavouring agent. Carveol is found in many foods, some of which are fruits, parsley, tea, and cumin. Carveol is found in caraway. Carveol is present in oil of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), blackcurrant berries, celery, black tea, dill, caraway seeds and lambs lettuce. Carveol is a flavouring agent A limonene monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 5. Carveol is an endogenous metabolite. Carveol is an endogenous metabolite.
2-Methylpropanal
2-Methylpropanal, also known as isobutylaldehyde or isobutyral, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain aldehydes. These are aldehydes with a chain length between 2 and 5 carbon atoms. 2-Methylpropanal exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. 2-Methylpropanal is an aldehydic, floral, and fresh tasting compound. 2-Methylpropanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration within milk (cow). 2-Methylpropanal has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as greenthread tea, wheats, common grapes, other cereal products, and oxheart cabbages. Found in tea, beer, sake, brandy, fresh fruits (apple, banana, cherry etc.), breads, cooked pork, and spearmint oil
ent-17-Hydroxy-15-kauren-19-oic acid
ent-17-Hydroxy-15-kauren-19-oic acid is found in corn. ent-17-Hydroxy-15-kauren-19-oic acid is isolated from Aralia cordata (udo). Isolated from Aralia cordata (udo). ent-17-Hydroxy-15-kauren-19-oic acid is found in green vegetables and corn.
(3R,3'R,6'R,9-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-diol
(3R,3R,6R,9-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids such as serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids (3R,3R,6R,9-cis)-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4]. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4].
Geranylacetone
Constituent of many essential oils including peppermint (Mentha piperita) and Carolina vanilla (Carphephorus odoratissimus). It is used in food flavouring. Geranylacetone is found in many foods, some of which are corn, pepper (c. frutescens), herbs and spices, and watermelon. Geranylacetone is found in carrot. Geranylacetone is a constituent of many essential oils including peppermint (Mentha piperita) and Carolina vanilla (Carphephorus odoratissimus). Geranylacetone is used in food flavouring
3beta-24-Methylenecycloartan-3-ol
3beta-24-Methylenecycloartan-3-ol is a constituent of rice bran oil. Constituent of rice bran oil
Quercimeritrin
Quercimeritrin, isolated from the leaves of Ixeridium dentatum, exhibits significant amylase activity[1]. Quercimeritrin, isolated from the leaves of Ixeridium dentatum, exhibits significant amylase activity[1].
gamma-Taraxasterol
Constituent of dandelion root (Taraxacum officinale) and germinating seeds of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). Flavour component. gamma-Taraxasterol is found in many foods, some of which are shea tree, coffee and coffee products, tea, and soy bean. gamma-Taraxasterol is found in alcoholic beverages. gamma-Taraxasterol is a constituent of dandelion root (Taraxacum officinale) and germinating seeds of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). Flavour component
Annuionone A
Annuionone A is found in fats and oils. Annuionone A is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Annuionone A is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
Methyl hexanoate
Methyl hexanoate, also known as methyl caproate or methyl hexoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as fatty acid methyl esters. Fatty acid methyl esters are compounds containing a fatty acid that is esterified with a methyl group. They have the general structure RC(=O)OR, where R=fatty aliphatic tail or organyl group and R=methyl group. Methyl hexanoate is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Present in wine grapes, melon, raspberry, blackberry, plum, quince, apple brandy, wines, Bourbon vanilla, coffee, black tea, potato, tomato, cheeses, rye bread, meats and other foodstuffs. Flavouring agent. Methyl hexanoate is found in many foods, some of which are milk and milk products, fruits, pineapple, and apple.
Heliannone A
Heliannone A is found in fats and oils. Heliannone A is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Heliannone A is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
(ent-15beta)-15-Hydroxy-19-trachylobanoic acid
(ent-15beta)-15-Hydroxy-19-trachylobanoic acid is found in fats and oils. (ent-15beta)-15-Hydroxy-19-trachylobanoic acid occurs in sunflowers.
Gibberellin A45
Gibberellin A45 (GA45) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are C19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin A45 is found in apple. Gibberellin A45 is a constituent of Pyrus communis (pear). Constituent of Pyrus communis (pear). Gibberellin A45 is found in many foods, some of which are pomes, sunflower, apple, and pear.
1alpha,3beta,22R-Trihydroxyergosta-5,24E-dien-26-oic acid 3-O-b-D-glucoside 26-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-6-acetyl-b-D-glucosyl] ester
1alpha,3beta,22R-Trihydroxyergosta-5,24E-dien-26-oic acid 3-O-b-D-glucoside 26-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-6-acetyl-b-D-glucosyl] ester is found in fruits. 1alpha,3beta,22R-Trihydroxyergosta-5,24E-dien-26-oic acid 3-O-b-D-glucoside 26-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-6-acetyl-b-D-glucosyl] ester is a constituent of Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry).
5-Hydroxy-4,4',6-trimethoxyaurone
5-Hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethoxyaurone is found in fats and oils. 5-Hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethoxyaurone is isolated from the flowers of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Isolated from the flowers of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). 5-Hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethoxyaurone is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
Dammaradienol
Dammaradienol is found in herbs and spices. Dammaradienol is a constituent of Inula helenium (elecampane)
(8alpha,10beta,11beta)-3-Hydroxy-4,15-dinor-1(5)-xanthen-12,8-olide
(8alpha,10beta,11beta)-3-Hydroxy-4,15-dinor-1(5)-xanthen-12,8-olide is found in fats and oils. (8alpha,10beta,11beta)-3-Hydroxy-4,15-dinor-1(5)-xanthen-12,8-olide is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). (8alpha,10beta,11beta)-3-Hydroxy-4,15-dinor-1(5)-xanthen-12,8-olide is found in fats and oils.
Helinorbisabone
Helinorbisabone is found in fats and oils. Helinorbisabone is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Helinorbisabone is found in fats and oils.
Heliannuol A
Heliannuol A is found in fats and oils. Heliannuol A is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Heliannuol A is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
Heliannuol C
Heliannuol C is found in fats and oils. Heliannuol C is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Heliannuol C is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
(2E)-1-(2,4-dihydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Heliannuol B
Heliannuol B is found in fats and oils. Heliannuol B is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Heliannuol B is found in fats and oils.
Glandulone B
Glandulone B is found in fats and oils. Glandulone B is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Glandulone B is found in fats and oils.
Heliannuol D
Heliannuol D is found in fats and oils. Heliannuol D is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Heliannuol D is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
3-O-Methylniveusin A
3-O-Methylniveusin A is found in fats and oils. 3-O-Methylniveusin A is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). 3-O-Methylniveusin A is found in fats and oils.
15-Hydroxyleptocarpin
15-Hydroxyleptocarpin is found in fats and oils. 15-Hydroxyleptocarpin is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). 15-Hydroxyleptocarpin is found in fats and oils.
Heliannuol E
Heliannuol E is found in fats and oils. Heliannuol E is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Heliannuol E is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
Annuolide E
Annuolide D is found in fats and oils. Annuolide D is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Annuolide D is found in fats and oils.
(ent-15beta)-15,19-Dihydroxy-7-trachylobanone
(ent-15beta)-15,19-Dihydroxy-7-trachylobanone is found in fats and oils. (ent-15beta)-15,19-Dihydroxy-7-trachylobanone is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). 15beta,19-ent-Dihydroxy-7-trachylobanone is found in fats and oils.
Annuolide A
Annuolide A is found in fats and oils. Annuolide A is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Annuolide A is found in fats and oils.
Perillyl acetate
Perillyl acetate is found in mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine). Perillyl acetate is a flavouring ingredient. Flavouring ingredient. Perillyl acetate is found in sunflower.
Heliannone B
Heliannone B is found in fats and oils. Heliannone B is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower)
Gibberellin A67
Gibberellin A67 (GA67) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are C19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin A67 is found in sunflower. Gibberellin A67 is a constituent of seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Constituent of seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Gibberellin A67 is found in sunflower.
1,3,11(13)-Eudesmatrien-12-oic acid
1,3,11(13)-Eudesmatrien-12-oic acid is found in fats and oils. 1,3,11(13)-Eudesmatrien-12-oic acid is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). 1,3,11(13)-Eudesmatrien-12-oic acid is found in fats and oils.
Annuionone C
Annuionone C is found in fats and oils. Annuionone C is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Annuionone C is found in fats and oils.
Heliannone C
Heliannone C is found in fats and oils. Heliannone C is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower)
Glandulone A
Glandulone A is found in fats and oils. Glandulone A is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Glandulone A is found in fats and oils.
Heliespirone A
Heliespirone A is found in fats and oils. Heliespirone A is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Heliespirone A is found in fats and oils.
Annuolide C
Annuolide C is found in fats and oils. Annuolide C is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Annuolide C is found in fats and oils.
Gibberellin A72
Gibberellin A72 (GA72) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are C19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin A72 is found in fats and oils. Gibberellin A72 is isolated from Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Isolated from seeds of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Gibberellin A72 is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
Annuionone B
Annuionone B is found in fats and oils. Annuionone B is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Annuionone B is found in sunflower and fats and oils.
Pectin
Pectin, also known as galacturonate or D-lyxose, is a structural acidic heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary and middle lamella and cell walls of terrestrial plants. Its main component is galacturonic acid, a sugar acid derived from galactose. It was first isolated and described in 1825 by Henri Braconnot. It is produced commercially as a white to light brown powder, mainly extracted from citrus fruits, and is used in food as a gelling agent, particularly in jams and jellies. It is also used in dessert fillings, medicines, sweets, as a stabiliser in fruit juices and milk drinks, and as a source of dietary fibre. In plant biology, pectin consists of a complex set of polysaccharides (see below) that are present in most primary cell walls and are particularly abundant in the non-woody parts of terrestrial plants. Pectin is a major component of the middle lamella, where it helps to bind cells together, but is also found in primary cell walls. Pectin is deposited by exocytosis into the cell wall via vesicles produced in the golgi. Pectin is a natural part of the human diet, but does not contribute significantly to nutrition. The daily intake of pectin from fruits and vegetables can be estimated to be around 5g if approximately 500g of fruits and vegetables are consumed per day. Pectin is a heterosaccharide derived from the cell wall of plants. Pectins vary in their chain lengths, complexity and the order of each of the monosaccharide units. The characteristic structure of pectin is a linear chain of alpha(1-4)linked D-galacturonic acid that forms the pectin-backbone, a homogalacturonan. [HMDB] COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
cis-Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid, also known as caffeate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids are compounds containing an cinnamic acid where the benzene ring is hydroxylated. Caffeic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. It is the precursor to ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol, all of which are significant building blocks in lignin. Outside of the human body, caffeic acid has been detected, but not quantified in fats and oils and nuts. Caffeic acid is formally rated as a possible carcinogen (by IARC 2B) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Caffeic acid has a variety of potential pharmacological effects in in vitro studies and in animal models, and the inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on cancer cell proliferation by an oxidative mechanism in the human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line has recently been established. It occurs at high levels in black chokeberry (141 mg per 100 g) and in fairly high level in lingonberry (6 mg per 100 g). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Found in olive oil, peanuts and other plant sources Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).
DEAE-cellulose
DEAE-cellulose is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]"). D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials It is used as a food additive .
(1R)-4-[18-[(1R,4R)-4-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol
D-Glucose, 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-
The most abundant organic material found in plants forming the principal constituent of their cell walls giving them structural strength. Anticaking agent, binding agent and other uses in food. D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. D-(+)-Cellobiose is an endogenous metabolite. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, a reducing sugar. Maltose monohydrate can be used as a energy source for bacteria.
(1R,4R,5S,9R,10S,13R)-5,9-Dimethyl-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid
Kaurenoic acid, also known as kaur-16-en-18-oic acid or kaurenoate, is a member of the class of compounds known as kaurane diterpenoids. Kaurane diterpenoids are diterpene alkaloids with a structure that is based on the kaurane skeleton. Kaurane is a tetracyclic compound that arises by cyclisation of a pimarane precursor followed by rearrangement. It possesses a [3,2,1]-bicyclic ring system with C15-C16 bridge connected to C13, forming the five-membered ring D. Kaurenoic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Kaurenoic acid can be found in sunflower, which makes kaurenoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Kaurenoic acid is a diterpene from Sphagneticola trilobata, inhibits Inflammatory Pain by the inhibition of cytokine production and activation of the NO–cyclic GMP–PKG–ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway[1]. Kaurenoic acid is a diterpene from Sphagneticola trilobata, inhibits Inflammatory Pain by the inhibition of cytokine production and activation of the NO–cyclic GMP–PKG–ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway[1].
alpha-Amyrin
Epi-alpha-amyrin, also known as epi-α-amyrin, is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Epi-alpha-amyrin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Epi-alpha-amyrin can be found in herbs and spices, pomes, and rosemary, which makes epi-alpha-amyrin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
