Gene Association: SCARB1

Sudan_IV

C24H20N4O (380.1637)

Sudan IV is a bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a {2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections. It has a role as a histological dye, a fluorochrome and a carcinogenic agent. It is a bis(azo) compound, a member of naphthols and a member of azobenzenes. It is functionally related to a 2-naphthol. D004396 - Coloring Agents

Sudan_III

C22H16N4O (352.1324)

Sudan III is a bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections. It has a role as a fluorochrome, a histological dye and a carcinogenic agent. It is a member of azobenzenes, a bis(azo) compound and a member of naphthols. It is functionally related to a 2-naphthol. D004396 - Coloring Agents

Campesterol

C28H48O (400.3705)

Campesterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is a steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15\\\\\%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. -- Wikipedia. Campesterol is a member of phytosterols, a 3beta-sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a C28-steroid. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a campestane. Campesterol is a natural product found in Haplophyllum bucharicum, Bugula neritina, and other organisms with data available. Campesterol is a steroid derivative that is the simplest sterol, characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and saturated bonds throughout the sterol structure, with the exception of the 5-6 double bond in the B ring. Campesterol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=474-62-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 474-62-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects. Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects.

Erythrodiol

C30H50O2 (442.3811)

Erythrodiol is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Erythrodiol exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. (PMID: 17292619, 15522132). Erythrodiol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is beta-amyrin in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group at position 28 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a plant metabolite found in olive oil as well as in Rhododendron ferrugineum and other Rhododendron species. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol and a diol. It is functionally related to a beta-amyrin. Erythrodiol is a natural product found in Salacia chinensis, Monteverdia ilicifolia, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Centaurium erythraea whole (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is beta-amyrin in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group at position 28 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a plant metabolite found in olive oil as well as in Rhododendron ferrugineum and other Rhododendron species. Found in grapes, olives, pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) and other plants Erythrodiol is an olive oil component. Erythrodiol promotes Cholesterol efflux (ChE) by selectively inhibiting the degradation of ABCA1 protein. Erythrodiol is a good candidate to be further explored for therapeutic or preventive application in the context of atherosclerosis[1]. Erythrodiol is an olive oil component. Erythrodiol promotes Cholesterol efflux (ChE) by selectively inhibiting the degradation of ABCA1 protein. Erythrodiol is a good candidate to be further explored for therapeutic or preventive application in the context of atherosclerosis[1].

beta-Carotene

C40H56 (536.4382)

Beta-carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. It has a role as a biological pigment, a provitamin A, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a cofactor, a ferroptosis inhibitor and an antioxidant. It is a cyclic carotene and a carotenoid beta-end derivative. Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors. It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits. Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS). Beta-Carotene is a natural product found in Epicoccum nigrum, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. Beta-Carotene is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (NCI04) beta-Carotene is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). See also: Lycopene (part of); Broccoli (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis. Yellow food colour, dietary supplement, nutrient, Vitamin A precursor. Nutriceutical with antioxidation props. beta-Carotene is found in many foods, some of which are summer savory, gram bean, sunburst squash (pattypan squash), and other bread product. A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins

Lutein

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Lutein is a common carotenoid xanthophyll found in nature. Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid-soluble antioxidants. Lutein is one of the two carotenoids (the other is zeaxanthin) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli, and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataracts (up to 20\\\\\%) and age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\\\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations (PMID: 11023002). Lutein is a carotenol. It has a role as a food colouring and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a (6R)-beta,epsilon-carotene. Lutein is an xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots. In green plants, xanthophylls act to modulate light energy and serve as non-photochemical quenching agents to deal with triplet chlorophyll (an excited form of chlorophyll), which is overproduced at very high light levels, during photosynthesis. Lutein is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Hibiscus syriacus, and other organisms with data available. Lutein is lutein (LOO-teen) is a oxygenated carotenoid found in vegetables and fruits. lutein is found in the macula of the eye, where it is believed to act as a yellow filter. Lutein acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells against the damaging effects of free radicals. A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Corn (part of); Chicken; lutein (component of) ... View More ... Pigment from egg yolk and leaves. Found in all higher plants. Nutriceutical with anticancer and antioxidation props. Potentially useful for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) of the eye Lutein A. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=127-40-2 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 127-40-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4]. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4].

beta-Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

beta-Cryptoxanthin has been isolated from abalone, fish eggs, and many higher plants. beta-Cryptoxanthin is a major source of vitamin A, often second only to beta-carotene, and is present in fruits such as oranges, tangerines, and papayas (PMID: 8554331). Frequent intake of tropical fruits that are rich in beta-cryptoxanthin is associated with higher plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations in Costa Rican adolescents. Papaya intake was the best food predictor of plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations. Subjects that frequently consumed (i.e. greater or equal to 3 times/day) tropical fruits with at least 50 micro g/100 g beta-cryptoxanthin (e.g. papaya, tangerine, orange, watermelon) had twofold the plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations of those with intakes of less than 4 times/week (PMID: 12368412). A modest increase in beta-cryptoxanthin intake, equivalent to one glass of freshly squeezed orange juice per day, is associated with a reduced risk of developing inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (PMID: 16087992). Higher prediagnostic serum levels of total carotenoids and beta-cryptoxanthin were associated with lower smoking-related lung cancer risk in middle-aged and older men in Shanghai, China (PMID: 11440962). Consistent with inhibition of the lung cancer cell growth, beta-cryptoxanthin induced the mRNA levels of retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-beta) in BEAS-2B cells, although this effect was less pronounced in A549 cells. Furthermore, beta-cryptoxanthin transactivated the RAR-mediated transcription activity of the retinoic acid response element. These findings suggest a mechanism of anti-proliferative action of beta-cryptoxanthin and indicate that beta-cryptoxanthin may be a promising chemopreventive agent against lung cancer (PMID: 16841329). Cryptoxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment. It has been isolated from a variety of sources including the petals and flowers of plants in the genus Physalis, orange rind, papaya, egg yolk, butter, apples, and bovine blood serum. In a pure form, cryptoxanthin is a red crystalline solid with a metallic lustre. It is freely soluble in chloroform, benzene, pyridine, and carbon disulfide. In the human body, cryptoxanthin is converted into vitamin A (retinol) and is therefore considered a provitamin A. As with other carotenoids, cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant and may help prevent free radical damage to cells and DNA, as well as stimulate the repair of oxidative damage to DNA. Structurally, cryptoxanthin is closely related to beta-carotene, with only the addition of a hydroxyl group. It is a member of the class of carotenoids known as xanthophylls. Beta-cryptoxanthin is a carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges. It has a role as a provitamin A, an antioxidant, a biomarker and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. beta-Cryptoxanthin is a natural product found in Hibiscus syriacus, Cladonia gracilis, and other organisms with data available. A mono-hydroxylated xanthophyll that is a provitamin A precursor. See also: Corn (part of). A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins Cryptoxanthin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=472-70-8 (retrieved 2024-10-31) (CAS RN: 472-70-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

alpha-Carotene

C40H56 (536.4382)

alpha-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. alpha-Carotene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. alpha-Carotene is one of the primary isomers of carotene. Plasma levels of alpha-carotene are positively associated with the detection rate of AFB1-DNA adducts in a dose-dependent manner, whereas plasma lycopene level was inversely related to the presence of the adducts in urine (PMID: 9214602). (6R)-beta,epsilon-carotene is an alpha-carotene. It is an enantiomer of a (6S)-beta,epsilon-carotene. alpha-Carotene is a natural product found in Hibiscus syriacus, Scandix stellata, and other organisms with data available. Widespread carotenoid, e.g. in carrots and palm oil. Has vitamin A activity but less than that of b-Carotene A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Stigmastanol

C29H52O (416.4018)

Stigmastanol is a 3-hydroxy steroid that is 5alpha-stigmastane which is substituted at the 3beta position by a hydroxy group. It has a role as an anticholesteremic drug and a plant metabolite. It is a 3-hydroxy steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a 5alpha-stigmastane. Stigmastanol is a natural product found in Alnus japonica, Dracaena cinnabari, and other organisms with data available. Stigmastanol is a steroid derivative characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and a saturated bond in position 5-6 of the B ring. See also: Saw Palmetto (part of). D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68422 - Saturated Phytosterol D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Stigmastanol is the 6-amino derivative isolated from Hypericum riparium. Hypericum riparium A. Chev. is a Cameroonian medicinal plant belonging to the family Guttiferae[1][2]. Stigmastanol is the 6-amino derivative isolated from Hypericum riparium. Hypericum riparium A. Chev. is a Cameroonian medicinal plant belonging to the family Guttiferae[1][2].

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid xanthophyll and is one of the most common carotenoid found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color. Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma of saffron Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid soluble antioxidants. Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids (the other is lutein) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataract (up to 20\\%) and for age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations. (PMID: 11023002). Zeaxanthin has been found to be a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Algibacter, Aquibacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Formosa, Gramella, Hyunsoonleella, Kordia, Mesoflavibacter, Muricauda, Nubsella, Paracoccus, Siansivirga, Sphingomonas, Zeaxanthinibacter and yeast (https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0924224417302571?token=DE6BC6CC7DCDEA6150497AA3E375097A00F8E0C12AE03A8E420D85D1AC8855E62103143B5AE0B57E9C5828671F226801). It is a marker for the activity of Bacillus subtilis and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Bacillus or Pseudomonas. (PMID: 17555270; PMID: 12147474) Zeaxanthin is a carotenol. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a cofactor and an antioxidant. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. Zeaxanthin is a most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature that is involved in the xanthophyll cycle. As a coexistent isomer of lutein, zeaxanthin is synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms. It gives the distinct yellow color to many vegetables and other plants including paprika, corn, saffron and wolfberries. Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye and plays a predominant component in the central macula. It is available as a dietary supplement for eye health benefits and potential prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Zeaxanthin is also added as a food dye. Zeaxanthin is a natural product found in Bangia fuscopurpurea, Erythrobacter longus, and other organisms with data available. Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Saffron (part of); Corn (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

L-Ascorbic acid

C6H8O6 (176.0321)

L-ascorbic acid is a white to very pale yellow crystalline powder with a pleasant sharp acidic taste. Almost odorless. (NTP, 1992) L-ascorbic acid is the L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate. It has a role as a coenzyme, a flour treatment agent, a food antioxidant, a plant metabolite, a cofactor, a skin lightening agent and a geroprotector. It is an ascorbic acid and a vitamin C. It is a conjugate acid of a L-ascorbate. It is an enantiomer of a D-ascorbic acid. A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. Ascorbic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Ascorbic acid is a Vitamin C. Ascorbic Acid is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Rosa platyacantha, and other organisms with data available. Ascorbic Acid is a natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries. Found in citrus and other fruits, and in vegetables, vitamin C cannot be produced or stored by humans and must be obtained in the diet. (NCI04) A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. See also: Sodium Ascorbate (active moiety of); D-ascorbic acid (related); Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate (active moiety of) ... View More ... G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11G - Ascorbic acid (vitamin c), incl. combinations > A11GA - Ascorbic acid (vitamin c), plain B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03A - Iron preparations > B03AA - Iron bivalent, oral preparations COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor[1][2][3]. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits anti-cancer effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective damage to cancer cells[4]. L-Ascorbic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-81-7 (retrieved 2024-10-29) (CAS RN: 50-81-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Tannic acid

C76H52O46 (1700.173)

A gallotannin obtained by acylation of the five hydroxy groups of D-glucose by 3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid (a gallic acid dimer). Same as: D01959 Tannic acid is a light yellow to tan solid with a faint odor. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999) Chinese gallotannin is a tannin. Tannic acid is a natural product found in Achillea millefolium, Calluna vulgaris, and other organisms with data available. Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC50 of 3.4 μM. Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC50 of 3.4 μM.

alpha-Tocopherol

C29H50O2 (430.3811)

Alpha-tocopherol is a pale yellow, viscous liquid. (NTP, 1992) (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol is an alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. It has a role as an antioxidant, a nutraceutical, an antiatherogenic agent, an EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor, an anticoagulant, an immunomodulator, an antiviral agent, a micronutrient, an algal metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a (S,S,S)-alpha-tocopherol. In 1922, vitamin E was demonstrated to be an essential nutrient. Vitamin E is a term used to describe 8 different fat soluble tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage. The antioxidant effects are currently being researched for use in the treatment of diseases causing bone loss, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities, eye diseases, inflammatory diseases (including skin conditions), lipid disorders, neurological diseases, and radiation damage. Though this research is so far inconclusive, vitamin E remains a popular supplement and is generally considered safe by the FDA. Vitamin E is a natural product found in Monteverdia ilicifolia, Calea jamaicensis, and other organisms with data available. Alpha-Tocopherol is the orally bioavailable alpha form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, with potent antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. Upon administration, alpha-tocopherol neutralizes free radicals, thereby protecting tissues and organs from oxidative damage. Alpha-tocopherol gets incorporated into biological membranes, prevents protein oxidation and inhibits lipid peroxidation, thereby maintaining cell membrane integrity and protecting the cell against damage. In addition, alpha-tocopherol inhibits the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC-mediated pathways. Alpha-tocopherol also modulates the expression of various genes, plays a key role in neurological function, inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances vasodilation. Compared with other forms of tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form and is the form that is preferentially absorbed and retained in the body. A generic descriptor for all tocopherols and tocotrienols that exhibit alpha-tocopherol activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of isoprenoids. See also: Alpha-Tocopherol Acetate (is active moiety of); Tocopherol (related); Vitamin E (related) ... View More ... alpha-Tocopherol is traditionally recognized as the most active form of vitamin E in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant. The measurement of "vitamin E" activity in international units (IU) was based on fertility enhancement by the prevention of spontaneous abortions in pregnant rats relative to alpha-Tocopherol. Natural vitamin E exists in eight different forms or isomers: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. In foods, the most abundant sources of vitamin E are vegetable oils such as palm oil, sunflower, corn, soybean, and olive oil. Nuts, sunflower seeds, and wheat germ are also good sources. Constituent of many vegetable oils such as soya and sunflower oils. Dietary supplement and nutrient. Nutriceutical with anticancer and antioxidant props. Added to fats and oils to prevent rancidity. The naturally-occurring tocopherol is a single stereoisomer; synthetic forms are a mixture of all eight possible isomers An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. α-Tocopherol (alpha-tocopherol) is a type of vitamin E. Its E number is "E307". Vitamin E exists in eight different forms, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. All feature a chromane ring, with a hydroxyl group that can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain which allows for penetration into biological membranes. Compared to the others, α-tocopherol is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans. Vitamin E is found in a variety of tissues, being lipid-soluble, and taken up by the body in a wide variety of ways. The most prevalent form, α-tocopherol, is involved in molecular, cellular, biochemical processes closely related to overall lipoprotein and lipid homeostasis. Ongoing research is believed to be "critical for manipulation of vitamin E homeostasis in a variety of oxidative stress-related disease conditions in humans."[2] One of these disease conditions is the α-tocopherol role in the use by malaria parasites to protect themselves from the highly oxidative environment in erythrocytes.[3] DL-α-Tocopherol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=16826-11-2 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 10191-41-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-alpha-Tocopherol is a synthetic vitamin E, with antioxidation effect. DL-alpha-Tocopherol protects human skin fibroblasts against the cytotoxic effect of UVB[1]. DL-alpha-Tocopherol is a synthetic vitamin E, with antioxidation effect. DL-alpha-Tocopherol protects human skin fibroblasts against the cytotoxic effect of UVB[1]. rel-α-Vitamin E (rel-D-α-Tocopherol) is a vitamin with antioxidant properties and also a mixture[1]. α-Vitamin E ((+)-α-Tocopherol), a naturally occurring vitamin E form, is a potent antioxidant[1][2]. α-Vitamin E ((+)-α-Tocopherol), a naturally occurring vitamin E form, is a potent antioxidant[1][2].

Angustifoline

C14H22N2O (234.1732)

Angustifoline is a member of quinolizidines and a cyclic ketone. 4-(Prop-2-en-1-yl)decahydro-8H-1,5-methanopyrido[1,2-a][1,5]diazocin-8-one is a natural product found in Haplophyllum thesioides, Lupinus hintonii, and other organisms with data available. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 54 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 18 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 33 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 40 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 25 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 10 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 3

Gamma-tocopherol

C28H48O2 (416.3654)

Gamma-tocopherol is a tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a food antioxidant and an algal metabolite. It is a vitamin E and a tocopherol. gamma-Tocopherol is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00836368 (In Vitro Basophil Responsiveness to Allergen Challenge After Gamma-tocopherol Supplementation in Allergic Asthmatics). gamma-Tocopherol is a natural product found in Hypericum perfoliatum, Hypericum tomentosum, and other organisms with data available. Gamma-Tocopherol is the orally bioavailable gamma form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, found in certain nuts and seeds, with potential antioxidant activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of this tocopherol has yet to be fully identified, gamma-tocopherol appears to have the ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby protecting against oxidative damage. A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites. gamma-Tocopherol, also known as 7,8-dimethyltocol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tocopherols. These are vitamin E derivatives containing a saturated trimethyltridecyl chain attached to the carbon C6 atom of a benzopyran ring system. They differ from tocotrienols which contain an unsaturated trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl chain. It is estimated that 50\\\\\% of gamma-tocopherol is metabolized into gamma-CEHC and excreted into the urine. gamma-Tocopherol is the predominant form of vitamin E in plant seeds and derived products (e.g. nuts and vegetable oils). Unlike alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol inhibits cyclooxygenase activity and, therefore, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties (PMID: 11722951). Occurs in many nut and other vegetable oils such as soya and sunflower oil. It is used as antioxidant food additive. Member of Vitamin E group. Added to fats and oils to prevent rancidity. The naturally occurring tocopherol is a single steroisomer; synthetic forms are a mixture of all eight possible isomers [DFC] A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils. (+)-γ-Tocopherol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-28-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 54-28-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). γ-Tocopherol (D-γ-Tocopherol) is a potent cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. γ-Tocopherol is a naturally occurring form of Vitamin E in many plant seeds, such as corn oil and soybeans. γ-Tocopherol possesses antiinflammatory properties and anti-cancer activity[1]. γ-Tocopherol (D-γ-Tocopherol) is a potent cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. γ-Tocopherol is a naturally occurring form of Vitamin E in many plant seeds, such as corn oil and soybeans. γ-Tocopherol possesses antiinflammatory properties and anti-cancer activity[1].

Abyssinone V

C25H28O5 (408.1937)

Abyssinone V is a trihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4 and prenyl groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a member of phenols, a trihydroxyflavanone and a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones. Abyssinone V is a natural product found in Erythrina abyssinica, Azadirachta indica, and other organisms with data available. A trihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4 and prenyl groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively.

Dipentyl phthalate

C18H26O4 (306.1831)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10474; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10473 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10545; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10543 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10558; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10557 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10489; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10487 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10535; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10530 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 613; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10434; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10431 Dipentyl phthalate is an endocrine-disrupting phthalate plasticizer. Dipentyl phthalate increases AMPK phosphorylation and decreases AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1 levels. Dipentyl phthalate reduces adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dipentyl phthalate is a testicular toxicant[1]. Dipentyl phthalate is an endocrine-disrupting phthalate plasticizer. Dipentyl phthalate increases AMPK phosphorylation and decreases AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1 levels. Dipentyl phthalate reduces adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dipentyl phthalate is a testicular toxicant[1].

Dibutyl phthalate

C16H22O4 (278.1518)

Di-n-phtalate is a manufactured chemical that does not occur naturally. It is an odorless and oily liquid that is colorless to faint yellow in color. It is slightly soluble in water and does not evaporate easily. Di-n-phtalate is used to make plastics more flexible and is also in carpet backings, paints, glue, insect repellents, hair spray, nail polish, and rocket fuel. N-butyl phthalate is a colorless oily liquid. It is insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Since it is a liquid it can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater and nearby streams. It is combustible though it may take some effort to ignite. It is used in paints and plastics and as a reaction media for chemical reactions. Dibutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans. It has a role as an environmental contaminant, a teratogenic agent, a plasticiser, a metabolite and an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor. It is a phthalate ester and a diester. It is functionally related to a butan-1-ol. Dibutyl phthalate is used in making flexible plastics that are found in a variety of consumer products. It appears to have relatively low acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) toxicity. No information is available regarding the effects in humans from inhalation or oral exposure to dibutyl phthalate, and only minimal effects have been noted in animals exposed by inhalation. No studies are available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of dibutyl phthalate in humans. Animal studies have reported developmental and reproductive effects from oral exposure. EPA has classified dibutyl phthalate as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. Dibutyl phthalate is a natural product found in Scutellaria amoena, Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus, and other organisms with data available. Dibutyl phthalate is found in cloves. DBP was added to the California Proposition 65 (1986) list of suspected teratogens in November 2006. It is a suspected endocrine disruptor. It was used in some nail polishes; all major producers began eliminating this chemical from nail polishes in the Fall of 2006. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a commonly used plasticizer. It is also used as an additive to adhesives or printing inks. It is soluble in various organic solvents, e.g. in alcohol, ether and benzene. DBP is also used as an ectoparasiticide. A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure. DBP was added to the California Proposition 65 (1986) list of suspected teratogens in November 2006. It is a suspected endocrine disruptor. It was used in some nail polishes; all major producers began eliminating this chemical from nail polishes in the Fall of 2006.; Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a commonly used plasticizer. It is also used as an additive to adhesives or printing inks. It is soluble in various organic solvents, e.g. in alcohol, ether and benzene. DBP is also used as an ectoparasiticide. Dibutyl phthalate is found in kohlrabi and cloves. Dibutyl phthalate is found in cloves. DBP was added to the California Proposition 65 (1986) list of suspected teratogens in November 2006. It is a suspected endocrine disruptor. It was used in some nail polishes; all major producers began eliminating this chemical from nail polishes in the Fall of 2006. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a commonly used plasticizer. It is also used as an additive to adhesives or printing inks. It is soluble in various organic solvents, e.g. in alcohol, ether and benzene. DBP is also used as an ectoparasiticide. A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P03 - Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides, insecticides and repellents > P03B - Insecticides and repellents D010968 - Plasticizers ATC code: P03BX03 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 823; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10079; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10075 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 823; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10082; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10080 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 823; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10083; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10080 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 823; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10016; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10013 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 823; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10065; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10063 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 823; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10036; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10031 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3670 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3670; CONFIDENCE standard compound INTERNAL_ID 4180; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4180 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8224 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 199

Dicyclohexyl phthalate

C20H26O4 (330.1831)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10526; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10521 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10560; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10557 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10461; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10459 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10525; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10523 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10437; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10436 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10483; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10481 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3962; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3958 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3999; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3998 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3955; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3952 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3967; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3965 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3986; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3983 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 998; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3985; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3982 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8270 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2506

Pregnenolone

C21H32O2 (316.2402)

Pregnenolone is a derivative of cholesterol, the product of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (EC 1.14.15.6, CYP11A1. This reaction consists of three consecutive monooxygenations, a 22-hydroxylation, a 20-hydroxylation, and the cleavage of the C20-C22 bond, yielding pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is the precursor to gonadal steroid hormones and the adrenal corticosteroids. This reaction occurs in steroid hormone-producing tissues such as the adrenal cortex, corpus luteum, and placenta. The most notable difference between the placenta and other steroidogenic tissues is that electron supply to CYP11A1 limits the rate at which cholesterol is converted into pregnenolone in the placenta. The limiting component for electron delivery to CYP11A1 is the concentration of adrenodoxin reductase in the mitochondrial matrix which is insufficient to maintain the adrenodoxin pool in a fully reduced state. Pregnenolone is also a neurosteroid, and is produced in the spinal cord; CYP11A1 is the key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of all classes of steroids, and has been localized in sensory networks of the spinal cord dorsal horn. In the adrenal glomerulosa cell, angiotensin II, one of the major physiological regulators of mineralocorticoid synthesis, appears to affect most of the cholesterol transfer to the mitochondrial outer membrane and many steps in the transport to the inner membrane. Thus, it exerts a powerful control over the use of cholesterol for aldosterone production (PMID: 17222962, 15823613, 16632873, 15134809). C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3]. Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3].

typhon

C14H16ClN3O2 (293.0931)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9257; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9255 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9197; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9195 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9205; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9203 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9250; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9246 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4784; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4780 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4767; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4764 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4773; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4771 ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4761; CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4756 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9251; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9247 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9148; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9147 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4768; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4764 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4761; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4756 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 553; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4740; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4739 KEIO_ID T112; [MS2] KO009258 KEIO_ID T112; [MS3] KO009259 KEIO_ID T112; [MS3] KO009260 D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides KEIO_ID T112

β-Butoxyethyl phthalate

C20H30O6 (366.2042)

Monoethylhexyl phthalic acid

C16H22O4 (278.1518)

Monoethylhexyl phthalic acid (MEHP) is an active metabolite of Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). DEHP measured from the blood of pregnant women have been significantly associated with the decreased penis width, shorter anogenital distance, and the incomplete descent of testes of their newborn sons, replicating effects identified in animals(Wikipedia). DEHP hydrolyzes to MEHP via the enzyme Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate acylhydrolase(3.1.1.60)and subsequently to phthalate salts. The released alcohol is susceptible to oxidation to the aldehyde and carboxylic acid. Monoethylhexyl phthalic acid (MEHP) is an active metabolite of Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). DEHP measured from the blood of pregnant women have been significantly associated with the decreased penis width, shorter anogenital distance, and the incomplete descent of testes of their newborn sons, replicating effects identified in animals. DEHP hydrolyzes to MEHP via the enzyme Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate acylhydrolase(3.1.1.60)and subsequently to phthalate salts. The released alcohol is susceptible to oxidation to the aldehyde and carboxylic acid. [HMDB] CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10026; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10023 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4968; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4967 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4980; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4979 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4973; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4971 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9948; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9944 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9960; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9957 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9947; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9946 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9930; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9925 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4975; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4972 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4995; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4994 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1238; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4973; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4969 Phthalic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (MEHP) is a major bioactive metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which inhibits the 17, 20 lyase activity of CYP17[1]. Phthalic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (MEHP) is a major bioactive metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which inhibits the 17, 20 lyase activity of CYP17[1].

Ethyl (±)-3-hydroxybutyrate

C6H12O3 (132.0786)

Ethyl (±)-3-hydroxybutyrate is a flavouring ingredient. Flavouring ingredient Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate is a fragrance found in wine and Tribolium castaneum[1][2]. Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate is a fragrance found in wine and Tribolium castaneum[1][2].

Skullcapflavone II

C19H18O8 (374.1002)

Skullcapflavone II, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activities. Skullcapflavone II regulates osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function. Skullcapflavone II exerts potent antimicrobial activity against M. aurum and M. bovis BCG[1][2]. Skullcapflavone II, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activities. Skullcapflavone II regulates osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function. Skullcapflavone II exerts potent antimicrobial activity against M. aurum and M. bovis BCG[1][2].

Diisobutyl phthalate

C16H22O4 (278.1518)

Di-(2-methylpropyl)-phthalate, also known as dibp or isobutyl phthalate, is a member of the class of compounds known as benzoic acid esters. Benzoic acid esters are ester derivatives of benzoic acid. Di-(2-methylpropyl)-phthalate is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Di-(2-methylpropyl)-phthalate can be found in kohlrabi, which makes di-(2-methylpropyl)-phthalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Di-(2-methylpropyl)-phthalate can be found primarily in urine. Di-(2-methylpropyl)-phthalate is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Phthalate esters are endocrine disruptors. Animal studies have shown that they disrupt reproductive development and can cause a number of malformations in affected young, such as reduced anogenital distance (AGD), cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and reduced fertility. The combination of effects associated with phthalates is called phthalate syndrome’ (A2883) (T3DB). DIBP is an odorless plasticizer and has excellent heat and light stability. It is the lowest cost plasticizer for cellulose nitrate. DIBP has lower density and freezing point than DBP (dibutyl phthalate, CAS No.: 84-74-2). It has similar properties as dibutyl phthalate and can be used as a substitute for it. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1189; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10016; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10013 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1189; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10059; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10056 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1189; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10032; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10030 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1189; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10082; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10080 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1189; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9953; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9950 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1189; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9952; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9950

Vaccenic acid

C18H34O2 (282.2559)

Vaccenic acid is a naturally occurring trans fatty acid. It is the predominant kind of trans-fatty acid found in human milk, in the fat of ruminants, and in dairy products such as milk, butter, and yogurt. Trans fat in human milk may depend on trans fat content in food. Its IUPAC name is (11E)-11-octadecenoic acid, and its lipid shorthand name is 18:1 trans-11. The name was derived from the Latin vacca (cow). Vaccenic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Vaccenic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Occurs in small proportions in ruminant fats (e.g., butter) via biohydrogenation of dietary polyene acids. Vaccenic acid is found in many foods, some of which are almond, romaine lettuce, butter, and pak choy. trans-Vaccenic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of saturated fatty acid in the rumen and of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at the tissue level. trans-Vaccenic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of saturated fatty acid in the rumen and of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at the tissue level.

Clupanodonic acid

C22H34O2 (330.2559)

Docosapentaenoic acid (also known as clupanodonic acid) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid (EFA) which is prevalent in fish oils. Docosapentaenoic acid, commonly called DPA, is an intermediary between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω-3). Seal oil is a rich source. There are three functions of docosapentaenoic acid. The most important is as part of phospholipids in all animal cellular membranes: a deficiency of docosapentaenoic acid leads to faulty membranes being formed. A second is in the transport and oxidation of cholesterol: clupanodonic acid tends to lower plasma cholesterol. A third function is as a precursor of prostanoids which are only formed from docosapentaenoic acid. Deficiency of this in experimental animals causes lesions mainly attributable to faulty cellular membranes: sudden failure of growth, lesions of skin and kidney and connective tissue, erythrocyte fragility, impaired fertility, uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation. In man pure deficiency of docosapentaenoic acid has been studied particularly in persons fed intravenously. A relative deficiency (that is, a low ratio in the body of docosapentaenoic to long-chain saturated fatty acids and isomers of docosapentaenoate) is common on Western diets and plays an important part in the causation of atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis, multiple sclerosis, the triopathy of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and certain forms of malignant disease. Various factors affect the dietary requirement of docosapentaenoic acid. (PMID: 6469703) [HMDB]. 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-Docosapentaenoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are green zucchini, green bell pepper, green bean, and red bell pepper. Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3) (also known as clupanodonic acid) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid (EFA) which is prevalent in fish oils. Docosapentaenoic acid, commonly called DPA, is an intermediary between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω-3). Seal oil is a rich source of this metabolite. There are three functions of docosapentaenoic acid. Most importantly, it is a component of phospholipids found in all animal cell membranes, and a deficiency of docosapentaenoic acid leads to faulty membranes being formed. Secondly, it is involved in the transport and oxidation of cholesterol, and clupanodonic acid tends to lower plasma cholesterol. A third function is as a precursor of prostanoids which are only formed from docosapentaenoic acid. Deficiency of this in experimental animals causes lesions mainly attributable to faulty cellular membranes. Outcomes include sudden failure of growth, lesions of the skin, kidney, and connective tissue, erythrocyte fragility, impaired fertility, and the uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation. In humans, pure deficiency of docosapentaenoic acid has been studied particularly in persons fed intravenously. A relative deficiency (that is, a low ratio in the body of docosapentaenoic to long-chain saturated fatty acids and isomers of docosapentaenoate) is common in Western diets and plays an important part in the causation of atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis, multiple sclerosis, the triopathy of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and certain forms of malignant disease. Various factors affect the dietary requirement of docosapentaenoic acid (PMID: 6469703). Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3) is a component of phospholipids found in all animal cell membranes.

Cholesterol

C27H46O (386.3548)

Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol. This is because researchers first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1784. In the body, cholesterol can exist in either the free form or as an ester with a single fatty acid (of 10-20 carbons in length) covalently attached to the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol ring. Due to the mechanism of synthesis, plasma cholesterol esters tend to contain relatively high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the cholesterol consumed as a dietary lipid exists as cholesterol esters. Cholesterol esters have a lower solubility in water than cholesterol and are more hydrophobic. They are hydrolyzed by the pancreatic enzyme cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol has vital structural roles in membranes and in lipid metabolism in general. It is a biosynthetic precursor of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogens, progesterones, androgens and aldosterone). In addition, it contributes to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, and it has major functions in signal transduction and sperm development. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous component of all animal tissues where much of it is located in the membranes, although it is not evenly distributed. The highest proportion of unesterified cholesterol is in the plasma membrane (roughly 30-50\\\\% of the lipid in the membrane or 60-80\\\\% of the cholesterol in the cell), while mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have very low cholesterol contents. Cholesterol is also enriched in early and recycling endosomes, but not in late endosomes. The brain contains more cholesterol than any other organ where it comprises roughly a quarter of the total free cholesterol in the human body. Of all the organic constituents of blood, only glucose is present in a higher molar concentration than cholesterol. Cholesterol esters appear to be the preferred form for transport in plasma and as a biologically inert storage (de-toxified) form. They do not contribute to membranes but are packed into intracellular lipid particles. Cholesterol molecules (i.e. cholesterol esters) are transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol that are from food, especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile. In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol. They are then converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. There is a worldwide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though some studies refute this idea). As a result, cholesterol has become a very large focus for the scientific community trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with c... Constituent either free or as esters, of fish liver oils, lard, dairy fats, egg yolk and bran Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].

Phytoene

C40H64 (544.5008)

Phytoene, also known as all-trans-phytoene or 15-cis-phytoene, is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Thus, phytoene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Phytoene can be found in a number of food items such as turmeric, garden onion, winter squash, and coconut, which makes phytoene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Phytoene can be found primarily in blood and breast milk. Phytoene (FY-toe-een) is a 40-carbon intermediate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. The synthesis of phytoene is the first committed step in the synthesis of carotenoids in plants. Phytoene is produced from two molecules of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) by the action of the enzyme phytoene synthase. The two GGPP molecules are condensed together followed by removal of diphosphate and proton shift leading to the formation of phytoene . Phytoene, also known as 7,7,8,8,11,11,12,12-octahydrocarotene, is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer-preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

all-trans-Phytofluene

C40H62 (542.4851)

all-trans-Phytofluene is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids 7,7,8,8,11,12-Hexahydro-Carotene is a carotenoid found in human fluids.

CE(18:1(9Z))

C45H78O2 (650.6001)

Cholesteryl oleate is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). Cholesteryl esters, formed by the esterification of cholesterol with long-chain fatty acids, on one hand, are the means by which cholesterol is transported through the blood by lipoproteins, on the other, the way cholesterol itself can be accumulated in the cells. (PMID: 15939411) [HMDB] Cholesteryl oleate is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). Cholesteryl esters, formed by the esterification of cholesterol with long-chain fatty acids, on one hand, are the means by which cholesterol is transported through the blood by lipoproteins, on the other, the way cholesterol itself can be accumulated in the cells. (PMID: 15939411). Cholesteryl oleate is an esterified form of Cholesterol. Cholesteryl oleate can be used in the generation of solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN, a nanoparticle-based method for gene therapy)[1][2].

Sterol

C17H28O (248.214)

Sterols, also known as steroid alcohols, are a subgroup of the steroids and an important class of organic molecules. They occur naturally in plants, animals, and fungi, with the most familiar type of animal sterol being cholesterol. Cholesterol is vital to animal cell membrane structure and function and a precursor to fat-soluble vitamins and steroid hormones. (Wikipedia) Sterols are a subgroup of the steroids and an important class of organic molecules. They occur naturally in plants, animals, and fungi, with the most familiar type of animal sterol being cholesterol. Cholesterol is vital to cellular function, and a precursor to fat-soluble vitamins and steroid hormones. Sterols is found in burdock, soft-necked garlic, and sesame.

Lathosterol

C27H46O (386.3548)

Lathosterol is a a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. It is used as an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis (PMID 14511438). Plasma lathosterol levels are significantly elevated in patients with bile acid malabsorption (PMID: 8777839). Lathosterol oxidase (EC 1.14.21.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol + NAD(P)+ + 2 H2O [HMDB] Lathosterol is a a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. It is used as an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis (PMID 14511438). Plasma lathosterol levels are significantly elevated in patients with bile acid malabsorption (PMID:8777839). Lathosterol oxidase (EC 1.14.21.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol + NAD(P)+ + 2 H2O. Lathosterol is a cholesterol-like molecule. Serum Lathosterol concentration is an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis. Lathosterol is a cholesterol-like molecule. Serum Lathosterol concentration is an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis.

Desmosterol

C27H44O (384.3392)

Desmosterol is an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol. Desmosterolosis is a rare autosomal recessive inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis that is caused by defective activity of desmosterol reductase which results in an accumulation of demosterol (DHCR24, EC 1.3.1.72), combines a severe osteosclerotic skeletal dysplasia and includes 2-3 toe syndactyly with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS; the biochemical block in SLOS results in decreased cholesterol levels and increased 7-dehydrocholesterol levels). Desmosterolosis is caused by mutation of the 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene (DHCR24). Many of the malformations in SLOS and desmosterolosis are consistent with impaired hedgehog function. The hedgehog proteins include Sonic hedgehog (SHH), which plays a major role in midline patterning and limb development. Desmosterolosis, caused by defective activity of desmosterol reductase, combines a severe osteosclerotic skeletal dysplasia. 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7, EC 1.3.1.21) reduces the C7-C8 double bond in the sterol B ring to form cholesterol or desmosterol depending upon the precursor. Desmosterol can be converted to cholesterol by DHCR24. Therefore, SLOS and Desmosterolosis patients invariably have elevated levels of cholesterol precursors 7-dehydrocholesterol (and its spontaneous isomer 8-dehydrocholesterol) and absent desmosterol. (PMID: 14631207, 16207203). Desmosterol is found in many foods, some of which are fig, sago palm, mexican groundcherry, and pepper (c. frutescens). Desmosterol is an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol. Desmosterolosis is a rare autosomal recessive inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis that is caused by defective activity of desmosterol reductase which results in an accumulation of demosterol (DHCR24, EC 1.3.1.72), combines a severe osteosclerotic skeletal dysplasia and includes 2-3 toe syndactyly with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS; the biochemical block in SLOS results in decreased cholesterol levels and increased 7-dehydrocholesterol levels). Desmosterolosis is caused by mutation of the 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene (DHCR24). Many of the malformations in SLOS and desmosterolosis are consistent with impaired hedgehog function. The hedgehog proteins include Sonic hedgehog (SHH), which plays a major role in midline patterning and limb development. Desmosterolosis, caused by defective activity of desmosterol reductase, combines a severe osteosclerotic skeletal dysplasia. 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7, EC 1.3.1.21) reduces the C7-C8 double bond in the sterol B ring to form cholesterol or desmosterol depending upon the precursor. Desmosterol can be converted to cholesterol by DHCR24. Therefore, SLOS and Desmosterolosis patients invariably have elevated levels of cholesterol precursors 7-dehydrocholesterol (and its spontaneous isomer 8-dehydrocholesterol) and absent desmosterol. (PMID: 14631207, 16207203). Desmosterol is a molecule similar to cholesterol. Desmosterol is the immediate precursor of cholesterol in the Bloch pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Desmosterol, as an endogenous metabolite, used to study cholesterol metabolism[1]. Desmosterol is a molecule similar to cholesterol. Desmosterol is the immediate precursor of cholesterol in the Bloch pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Desmosterol, as an endogenous metabolite, used to study cholesterol metabolism[1].

5a-Androstan-3b-ol

C19H32O (276.2453)

5a-Androstan-3b-ol is a steroidal compound belonging to the group of odorous 16-androstenes, first isolated from boar testes and also found in humans. 5a-Androstan-3b-ol has pheromone-like properties in both animals and humans, but the molecular targets of its pheromonal activity are unknown. 5a-Androstan-3b-ol as a pheromone is well suited because of high volatility and lipophilicity. (PMID: 1419890, 8142319, 16415088) [HMDB] 5a-Androstan-3b-ol is a steroidal compound belonging to the group of odorous 16-androstenes, first isolated from boar testes and also found in humans. 5a-Androstan-3b-ol has pheromone-like properties in both animals and humans, but the molecular targets of its pheromonal activity are unknown. 5a-Androstan-3b-ol as a pheromone is well suited because of high volatility and lipophilicity. (PMID: 1419890, 8142319, 16415088).

22b-Hydroxycholesterol

C27H46O2 (402.3498)

22beta-Hydroxycholesterol is a substrate for DCC-interacting protein 13 beta. [HMDB] 22beta-Hydroxycholesterol is a substrate for DCC-interacting protein 13 beta.

Probucol

C31H48O2S2 (516.3096)

Probucol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).Probucol lowers serum cholesterol by increasing the fractional rate of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) catabolism in the final metabolic pathway for cholesterol elimination from the body. Additionally, probucol may inhibit early stages of cholesterol biosynthesis and slightly inhibit dietary cholesterol absorption. Recent information suggests that probucol may inhibit the oxidation and tissue deposition of LDL cholesterol, thereby inhibiting atherogenesis. It appears to inhibits ABCA1-mediated cellular lipid efflux. D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites

Pteridine

C6H4N4 (132.0436)

INF271

C18H16N2O2 (292.1212)

CE(16:0)

C43H76O2 (624.5845)

CE(16:0), also known as cholesteryl palmitic acid, is a cholesteryl ester. A cholesteryl ester is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination of steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). CE(16:0) may also accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism. Cholesteryl palmitate is one of the four important lipids found in the tear film. Amniotic fluid cholesteryl palmitate, as measured by thin-layer chromatography, appears to be a very sensitive and specific predictor for the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns of normal pregnancies (PMID:3405552, 16922549). Cholesteryl palmitic acid is a cholesteryl ester. A cholesteryl ester is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). Cholesteryl palmitate is one of the four important lipids found in the tear film. Amniotic fluid cholesteryl palmitate, as measured by thin-layer chromatography, appears to be a very sensitive and specific predictor for the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns of normal pregnancies. (PMID: 3405552, 16922549) [HMDB]

Foscan

C44H32N4O4 (680.2423)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01X - Other antineoplastic agents > L01XD - Sensitizers used in photodynamic/radiation therapy D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Same as: D06066

Tannic acid

C76H52O46 (1700.173)

Clarifying agent for beer and wine; flavour enhancer, colour modifier, pH control agent. Permitted boiler water additive in generation of steam for use in food contact processes Same as: D01959 Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC50 of 3.4 μM. Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC50 of 3.4 μM.

24-Hydroxycholesterol

C27H46O2 (402.3498)

24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimers disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimers disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism. 24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimers disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimers disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622) [HMDB] 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the major brain cholesterol metabolite, plays an important role to maintain homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is one of the most efficient endogenous LXR agonist known and is present in the brain and in the circulation at relatively high levels. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is a very potent, direct, and selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs with a mechanism that does not overlapthat of other allosteric modulators[1][2][3]. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the major brain cholesterol metabolite, plays an important role to maintain homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is one of the most efficient endogenous LXR agonist known and is present in the brain and in the circulation at relatively high levels. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is a very potent, direct, and selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs with a mechanism that does not overlapthat of other allosteric modulators[1][2][3].

Tetrachlorobisphenol A

C15H12Cl4O2 (363.9591)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 547; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5355; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5350 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 547; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5349; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5347 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 547; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5353; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5351 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 547; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5359; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5357 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 547; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5328; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5327

Diisodecyl phthalate

C28H46O4 (446.3396)

3-(3-(N-(2-Chloro-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)(2,2-diphenylethyl)amino)propoxy)phenylacetic acid

C33H31ClF3NO3 (581.1944)

Campestanol

C28H50O (402.3861)

Campestanol is plant stanol. It can decrease the circulating LDL-cholesterol level by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. (PMID 8143759). Constituent of coffee and of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis)

Ergostanol

C28H50O (402.3861)

Neobaicalein

C19H18O8 (374.1002)

Scullcapflavone II is a tetramethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7, 8 and 6 and hydroxy groups at positons 5 and 2 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an anti-asthmatic drug. It is a tetramethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a flavone. Skullcapflavone II is a natural product found in Lagochilus leiacanthus, Scutellaria guatemalensis, and other organisms with data available. A tetramethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7, 8 and 6 and hydroxy groups at positons 5 and 2 respectively. Skullcapflavone II, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activities. Skullcapflavone II regulates osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function. Skullcapflavone II exerts potent antimicrobial activity against M. aurum and M. bovis BCG[1][2]. Skullcapflavone II, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activities. Skullcapflavone II regulates osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function. Skullcapflavone II exerts potent antimicrobial activity against M. aurum and M. bovis BCG[1][2].

(3R,3'R,6'R,9-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3R,3R,6R,9-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids such as serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids (3R,3R,6R,9-cis)-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4]. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4].

y,y-Carotene, 7,7',8,8',11,12-hexahydro-, cis-(9CI)

C40H62 (542.4851)

sitostanol

C29H52O (416.4018)

Constituent of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), sweet corn (Zea mays) and Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus). Stigmastanol is found in many foods, some of which are corn, fats and oils, pepper (spice), and soy bean. D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68422 - Saturated Phytosterol D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Stigmastanol is the 6-amino derivative isolated from Hypericum riparium. Hypericum riparium A. Chev. is a Cameroonian medicinal plant belonging to the family Guttiferae[1][2]. Stigmastanol is the 6-amino derivative isolated from Hypericum riparium. Hypericum riparium A. Chev. is a Cameroonian medicinal plant belonging to the family Guttiferae[1][2].

Sudan III

C22H16N4O (352.1324)

D004396 - Coloring Agents

Scarlet red

C24H20N4O (380.1637)

D004396 - Coloring Agents

FA 22:5

C22H34O2 (330.2559)

Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3) is a component of phospholipids found in all animal cell membranes.

Cholesterol

C27H46O (386.3548)

A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].

phytofluene

C40H62 (542.4851)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Phytofluene is a carotenoid pigment with an orange color found naturally in tomatoes and other vegetables. It is the second product of carotenoid biosynthesis. It is formed from phytoene in a desaturation reaction leading to the formation of five conjugated double bonds. In the following step, addition of carbon-carbon conjugated double bonds leads to the formation of z-carotene and appearance of visible color.; Phytofluene is a carotenoid pigment with an orange color found naturally in tomatoes and other vegetables. It is the second product of carotenoid biosynthesis. Phytofluene is found in many foods, some of which are bitter gourd, yellow bell pepper, caraway, and pepper (c. annuum).

Tocopherol

C29H50O2 (430.3811)

2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol is a tocopherol. Tocopherol exists in four different forms designated as α, β, δ, and γ. They present strong antioxidant activities, and it is determined as the major form of vitamin E. Tocopherol, as a group, is composed of soluble phenolic compounds that consist of a chromanol ring and a 16-carbon phytyl chain. The classification of the tocopherol molecules is designated depending on the number and position of the methyl substituent in the chromanol ring. The different types of tocopherol can be presented trimethylated, dimethylated or methylated in the positions 5-, 7- and 8-. When the carbons at position 5- and 7- are not methylated, they can function as electrophilic centers that can trap reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Tocopherols can be found in the diet as part of vegetable oil such as corn, soybean, sesame, and cottonseed. It is currently under the list of substances generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in the FDA for the use of human consumption. DL-alpha-Tocopherol is a natural product found in Sida acuta, Tainia latifolia, and other organisms with data available. dl-alpha-Tocopherol is a synthetic form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with potent antioxidant properties. Considered essential for the stabilization of biological membranes (especially those with high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids), d-alpha-Tocopherol is a potent peroxyl radical scavenger and inhibits noncompetitively cyclooxygenase activity in many tissues, resulting in a decrease in prostaglandin production. Vitamin E also inhibits angiogenesis and tumor dormancy through suppressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transcription. (NCI04) DL-alpha-Tocopherol is a synthetic vitamin E, with antioxidation effect. DL-alpha-Tocopherol protects human skin fibroblasts against the cytotoxic effect of UVB[1]. DL-alpha-Tocopherol is a synthetic vitamin E, with antioxidation effect. DL-alpha-Tocopherol protects human skin fibroblasts against the cytotoxic effect of UVB[1]. rel-α-Vitamin E (rel-D-α-Tocopherol) is a vitamin with antioxidant properties and also a mixture[1]. α-Vitamin E ((+)-α-Tocopherol), a naturally occurring vitamin E form, is a potent antioxidant[1][2]. α-Vitamin E ((+)-α-Tocopherol), a naturally occurring vitamin E form, is a potent antioxidant[1][2].

Stigmastanol

C29H52O (416.4018)

Stigmastanol is a 3-hydroxy steroid that is 5alpha-stigmastane which is substituted at the 3beta position by a hydroxy group. It has a role as an anticholesteremic drug and a plant metabolite. It is a 3-hydroxy steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a 5alpha-stigmastane. Stigmastanol is a natural product found in Alnus japonica, Dracaena cinnabari, and other organisms with data available. Stigmastanol is a steroid derivative characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and a saturated bond in position 5-6 of the B ring. See also: Saw Palmetto (part of). A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 5alpha-stigmastane which is substituted at the 3beta position by a hydroxy group. D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68422 - Saturated Phytosterol D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Stigmastanol is the 6-amino derivative isolated from Hypericum riparium. Hypericum riparium A. Chev. is a Cameroonian medicinal plant belonging to the family Guttiferae[1][2]. Stigmastanol is the 6-amino derivative isolated from Hypericum riparium. Hypericum riparium A. Chev. is a Cameroonian medicinal plant belonging to the family Guttiferae[1][2].

Pregnenolone

C21H32O2 (316.2402)

A 20-oxo steroid that is pregn-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 20. C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pregnenolone is a derivative of cholesterol, the product of Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (EC 1.14.15.6, CYP11A1); this reaction consists of three consecutive monooxygenations; a 22-hydroxylation, 20-hydroxylation and the cleavage of the C20-C22 bond, yielding pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is the precursor to gonadal steroid hormones and the adrenal corticosteroids. This reaction occurs in steroid hormone-producing tissues such as the adrenal cortex, corpus luteum and placenta. The most notable difference between the placenta and other steroidogenic tissues is that electron supply to CYP11A1 limits the rate at which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone in the placenta. The limiting component for electron delivery to CYP11A1 is the concentration of adrenodoxin reductase in the mitochondrial matrix which is insufficient to maintain the adrenodoxin pool in a fully reduced state. Pregnenolone is also a neurosteroid, and is produced in the spinal cord; CYP11A1 is the key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of all classes of steroids, and has been localized in sensory networks of the spinal cord dorsal horn. In the adrenal glomerulosa cell angiotensin II, one of the major physiological regulators of mineralocorticoid synthesis, appears to affect most of the cholesterol transfer to the mitochondrial outer membrane and transport to the inner membrane steps and thus to exerts a powerful control over the use of cholesterol for aldosterone production. (PMID: 17222962, 15823613, 16632873, 15134809) [HMDB]. Pregnenolone is found in many foods, some of which are common wheat, yellow bell pepper, oval-leaf huckleberry, and fenugreek. Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3]. Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3].

β-Carotene

C40H56 (536.4382)

The novel carbohydrate-derived b-carboline, 1-pentahydroxypentyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-b-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, was identified in fruit- and vegetable-derived products such as juices, jams, and tomato sauces. This compound occurred as two diastereoisomers, a cis isomer (the major compound) and a trans isomer, ranging from undetectable amounts to 6.5 ug/g. Grape, tomato, pineapple, and tropical juices exhibited the highest amount of this alkaloid (up to 3.8 mg/L), whereas apple, banana, and peach juices showed very low or nondetectable levels. This tetrahydro-b-carboline was also found in jams (up to 0.45 ug/g), and a relative high amount was present in tomato concentrate (6.5 ug/g) and sauce (up to 1.8 ug/g). This b-carboline occurred in fruit-derived products as a glycoconjugate from a chemical condensation of d-glucose and l-tryptophan that is highly favored at low pH values and high temperature. Production, processing treatments, and storage of fruit juices and jams can then release this b-carboline. Fruit-derived products and other foods containing this compound might be an exogenous dietary source of this glucose-derived tetrahydro-b-carboline.(PMID: 12137498) [HMDB] Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE is 20 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE is 10 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.

Lutein

C40H56O2 (568.428)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Window width for selecting the precursor ion was 3 Da.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16HP2005 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4]. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4].

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Meso-zeaxanthin (3R,3´S-zeaxanthin) is a xanthophyll carotenoid, as it contains oxygen and hydrocarbons, and is one of the three stereoisomers of zeaxanthin. Of the three stereoisomers, meso-zeaxanthin is the second most abundant in nature after 3R,3´R-zeaxanthin, which is produced by plants and algae. To date, meso-zeaxanthin has been identified in specific tissues of marine organisms and in the macula lutea, also known as the "yellow spot", of the human retina . Meso-zeaxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Meso-zeaxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Meso-zeaxanthin can be found in channel catfish, crustaceans, and fishes, which makes meso-zeaxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Window width for selecting the precursor ion was 3 Da.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16HP2005 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.

VITAMIN E

C29H50O2 (430.3811)

Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE was 40 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE was 15 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE was 20 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. DL-alpha-Tocopherol is a synthetic vitamin E, with antioxidation effect. DL-alpha-Tocopherol protects human skin fibroblasts against the cytotoxic effect of UVB[1]. DL-alpha-Tocopherol is a synthetic vitamin E, with antioxidation effect. DL-alpha-Tocopherol protects human skin fibroblasts against the cytotoxic effect of UVB[1]. rel-α-Vitamin E (rel-D-α-Tocopherol) is a vitamin with antioxidant properties and also a mixture[1]. α-Vitamin E ((+)-α-Tocopherol), a naturally occurring vitamin E form, is a potent antioxidant[1][2]. α-Vitamin E ((+)-α-Tocopherol), a naturally occurring vitamin E form, is a potent antioxidant[1][2].

Desmesterol

C27H44O (384.3392)

A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol. Desmosterol is a molecule similar to cholesterol. Desmosterol is the immediate precursor of cholesterol in the Bloch pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Desmosterol, as an endogenous metabolite, used to study cholesterol metabolism[1]. Desmosterol is a molecule similar to cholesterol. Desmosterol is the immediate precursor of cholesterol in the Bloch pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Desmosterol, as an endogenous metabolite, used to study cholesterol metabolism[1].

TRIADIMEFON

C14H16ClN3O2 (293.0931)

D016573 - Agrochemicals D010575 - Pesticides

Erythrodiol

C30H50O2 (442.3811)

Erythrodiol is an olive oil component. Erythrodiol promotes Cholesterol efflux (ChE) by selectively inhibiting the degradation of ABCA1 protein. Erythrodiol is a good candidate to be further explored for therapeutic or preventive application in the context of atherosclerosis[1]. Erythrodiol is an olive oil component. Erythrodiol promotes Cholesterol efflux (ChE) by selectively inhibiting the degradation of ABCA1 protein. Erythrodiol is a good candidate to be further explored for therapeutic or preventive application in the context of atherosclerosis[1].

Hexadecanoate

C43H76O2 (624.5845)

FA 22:5

C22H34O2 (330.2559)

The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions. Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3) is a component of phospholipids found in all animal cell membranes.

ST 27:1;O2

C27H46O2 (402.3498)

D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites

Lathosterol

C27H46O (386.3548)

Lathosterol is a cholesterol-like molecule. Serum Lathosterol concentration is an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis. Lathosterol is a cholesterol-like molecule. Serum Lathosterol concentration is an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis.

Phytoene

C40H64 (544.5008)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-3-naphthalen-2-ylurea

C18H16N2O2 (292.1212)

Tetrachlorobisphenol A

C15H12Cl4O2 (363.9591)

cholesteryl palmitate

C43H76O2 (624.5845)

A cholesterol ester obtained by the formal condensation of cholesterol with palmitic acid.

TEMOPORFIN

C44H32N4O4 (680.2423)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01X - Other antineoplastic agents > L01XD - Sensitizers used in photodynamic/radiation therapy D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents

Liquidambar styraciflua

C76H52O46 (1700.173)

Hatcol DIBP

C16H22O4 (278.1518)

Elaol

C16H22O4 (278.1518)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P03 - Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides, insecticides and repellents > P03B - Insecticides and repellents D010968 - Plasticizers

Lanol

C27H46O (386.3548)

Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].

CMC_13393

C21H32O2 (316.2402)

C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3]. Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3].

E160A

C40H56 (536.4382)

D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins

NCI60_040650

C19H18O8 (374.1002)

Skullcapflavone II, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activities. Skullcapflavone II regulates osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function. Skullcapflavone II exerts potent antimicrobial activity against M. aurum and M. bovis BCG[1][2]. Skullcapflavone II, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activities. Skullcapflavone II regulates osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function. Skullcapflavone II exerts potent antimicrobial activity against M. aurum and M. bovis BCG[1][2].

Vestinol DZ

C28H46O4 (446.3396)

probucol

C31H48O2S2 (516.3096)

D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites

UNII:FU2EWB60RT

C16H22O4 (278.1518)

Phthalic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (MEHP) is a major bioactive metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which inhibits the 17, 20 lyase activity of CYP17[1]. Phthalic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (MEHP) is a major bioactive metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which inhibits the 17, 20 lyase activity of CYP17[1].

22R-hydroxycholesterol

C27H46O2 (402.3498)

An oxysterol that is the 22R-hydroxy derivative of cholesterol.

PTERIDINE

C6H4N4 (132.0436)

Ethyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate

C6H12O3 (132.0786)

Foscan

C44H32N4O4 (680.2423)

L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01X - Other antineoplastic agents > L01XD - Sensitizers used in photodynamic/radiation therapy D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Same as: D06066

GW 3965

C33H31ClF3NO3 (581.1944)

Tetrachlorodian

C15H12Cl4O2 (363.9591)

Cholesteryl oleate

C45H78O2 (650.6001)

The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate. Cholesteryl oleate is an esterified form of Cholesterol. Cholesteryl oleate can be used in the generation of solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN, a nanoparticle-based method for gene therapy)[1][2].

Cerebrosterol

C27H46O2 (402.3498)

A 24-hydroxycholesterol that has S configuration at position 24. It is the major metabolic breakdown product of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the major brain cholesterol metabolite, plays an important role to maintain homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is one of the most efficient endogenous LXR agonist known and is present in the brain and in the circulation at relatively high levels. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is a very potent, direct, and selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs with a mechanism that does not overlapthat of other allosteric modulators[1][2][3]. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the major brain cholesterol metabolite, plays an important role to maintain homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is one of the most efficient endogenous LXR agonist known and is present in the brain and in the circulation at relatively high levels. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is a very potent, direct, and selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs with a mechanism that does not overlapthat of other allosteric modulators[1][2][3].

Reomol DiDP

C28H46O4 (446.3396)

Diamyl phthalate

C18H26O4 (306.1831)

Dipentyl phthalate is an endocrine-disrupting phthalate plasticizer. Dipentyl phthalate increases AMPK phosphorylation and decreases AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1 levels. Dipentyl phthalate reduces adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dipentyl phthalate is a testicular toxicant[1]. Dipentyl phthalate is an endocrine-disrupting phthalate plasticizer. Dipentyl phthalate increases AMPK phosphorylation and decreases AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1 levels. Dipentyl phthalate reduces adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dipentyl phthalate is a testicular toxicant[1].

DICYCLOHEXYL PHTHALATE

C20H26O4 (330.1831)

DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE

C16H22O4 (278.1518)

2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,10,12,14,16,18,22,26,30-decaene

C40H62 (542.4851)