Gene Association: S100B
UniProt Search:
S100B (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: S100 calcium binding protein B
found 108 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Cucurbitacin_E
Cucurbitacin E is a cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 1, 5 and 23. It is a cucurbitacin and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone. Cucurbitacin E is a natural product found in Cucurbita foetidissima, Helicteres angustifolia, and other organisms with data available. A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 1, 5 and 23. Cucurbitacin E is a natural compound which from Cucurbitaceae plants. Cucurbitacin E significantly suppresses the activity of the cyclin B1/CDC2 complex. Cucurbitacin E is a natural compound which from Cucurbitaceae plants. Cucurbitacin E significantly suppresses the activity of the cyclin B1/CDC2 complex.
Homovanillate
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 182 COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank KEIO_ID H059 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Homovanillic acid is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency. Homovanillic acid is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency.
Lobeline
(-)-lobeline is an optically active piperidine alkaloid having a 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl group at the 6-position. It has a role as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. It is a piperidine alkaloid, a tertiary amine and an aromatic ketone. Lobeline is a natural product found in Lobelia sessilifolia, Lobelia inflata, and other organisms with data available. An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D005731 - Ganglionic Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist > C73579 - Nicotinic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists D019141 - Respiratory System Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.733 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.728
Castanospermine
Castanospermine is a tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer). It has a role as a metabolite, an anti-HIV-1 agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and an EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor. Castanospermine is a natural product found in Alexa grandiflora, Alexa wachenheimii, and other organisms with data available. A tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer). D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D065089 - Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID C043 Castanospermine inhibits all forms of α- and β-glucosidases, especially glucosidase L.
Toralactone
Toralactone is an organic heterotricyclic compound that is 9,10-dihydroxy-1H-benzo[g]isochromen-1-one substituted at positions 3 and 7 by methyl and methoxy groups respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an organic heterotricyclic compound, a lactone, a member of phenols, an aromatic ether, a polyketide and a naphtho-alpha-pyrone. It is functionally related to a nor-toralactone. Toralactone is a natural product found in Senna obtusifolia and Senna tora with data available. An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 9,10-dihydroxy-1H-benzo[g]isochromen-1-one substituted at positions 3 and 7 by methyl and methoxy groups respectively. Isolated from seeds of Cassia tora (charota). Toralactone is found in coffee and coffee products, herbs and spices, and pulses. Toralactone is found in coffee and coffee products. Toralactone is isolated from seeds of Cassia tora (charota). Toralactone, isolated from Cassia obtusifolia, mediates hepatoprotection via an Nrf2-dependent anti-oxidative mechanism[1]. Toralactone, isolated from Cassia obtusifolia, mediates hepatoprotection via an Nrf2-dependent anti-oxidative mechanism[1].
Kynurenic acid
Kynurenic acid is a quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4. It has a role as a G-protein-coupled receptor agonist, a NMDA receptor antagonist, a nicotinic antagonist, a neuroprotective agent, a human metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a monohydroxyquinoline and a quinolinemonocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a kynurenate. Kynurenic Acid is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02340325 (FS2 Safety and Tolerability Study in Healthy Volunteers). Kynurenic acid is a natural product found in Ephedra foeminea, Ephedra intermedia, and other organisms with data available. Kynurenic acid is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a well-known endogenous antagonist of the glutamate ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainate receptors and of the nicotine cholinergic subtype alpha 7 receptors. KYNA neuroprotective and anticonvulsive activities have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Because of KYNAs neuromodulatory character, its involvement has been speculatively linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological conditions including those in the ageing process. Different patterns of abnormalities in various stages of KYNA metabolism in the CNS have been reported in Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease. In HIV-1-infected patients and in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis a marked rise of KYNA metabolism was seen. In the ageing process KYNA metabolism in the CNS of rats shows a characteristic pattern of changes throughout the life span. A marked increase of the KYNA content in the CNS occurs before the birth, followed by a dramatic decline on the day of birth. A low activity was seen during ontogenesis, and a slow and progressive enhancement occurs during maturation and ageing. This remarkable profile of KYNA metabolism alterations in the mammalian brain has been suggested to result from the development of the organisation of neuronal connections and synaptic plasticity, development of receptor recognition sites, maturation and ageing. There is significant evidence that KYNA can improve cognition and memory, but it has also been demonstrated that it interferes with working memory. Impairment of cognitive function in various neurodegenerative disorders is accompanied by profound reduction and/or elevation of KYNA metabolism. The view that enhancement of CNS KYNA levels could underlie cognitive decline is supported by the increased KYNA metabolism in Alzheimers disease, by the increased KYNA metabolism in downs syndrome and the enhancement of KYNA function during the early stage of Huntingtons disease. Kynurenic acid is the only endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist identified up to now, that mediates glutamatergic hypofunction. Schizophrenia is a disorder of dopaminergic neurotransmission, but modulation of the dopaminergic system by glutamatergic neurotransmission seems to play a key role. Despite the NMDA receptor antagonism, kynurenic acid also blocks, in lower doses, the nicotinergic acetycholine receptor, i.e., increased kynurenic acid levels can explain psychotic symptoms and cognitive deterioration. Kynurenic acid levels are described to be higher in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in critical central nervous system (CNS) regions of schizophrenics as compared to controls. (A3279, A3280).... Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a well-known endogenous antagonist of the glutamate ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainate receptors and of the nicotine cholinergic subtype alpha 7 receptors. KYNA neuroprotective and anticonvulsive activities have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Because of KYNAs neuromodulatory character, its involvement has been speculatively linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological conditions including those in the ageing process. Different patterns of abnormalities in various stages of KYNA metabolism in the CNS have been reported in Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease. In HIV-1-infected patients and in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis a marked rise of KYNA metabolism was seen. In the ageing process KYNA metabolism in the CNS of rats shows a characteristic pattern of changes throughout the life span. A marked increase of the KYNA content in the CNS occurs before the birth, followed by a dramatic decline on the day of birth. A low activity was seen during ontogenesis, and a slow and progressive enhancement occurs during maturation and ageing. This remarkable profile of KYNA metabolism alterations in the mammalian brain has been suggested to result from the development of the organisation of neuronal connections and synaptic plasticity, development of receptor recognition sites, maturation and ageing. There is significant evidence that KYNA can improve cognition and memory, but it has also been demonstrated that it interferes with working memory. Impairment of cognitive function in various neurodegenerative disorders is accompanied by profound reduction and/or elevation of KYNA metabolism. The view that enhancement of CNS KYNA levels could underlie cognitive decline is supported by the increased KYNA metabolism in Alzheimers disease, by the increased KYNA metabolism in downs syndrome and the enhancement of KYNA function during the early stage of Huntingtons disease. Kynurenic acid is the only endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist identified up to now, that mediates glutamatergic hypofunction. Schizophrenia is a disorder of dopaminergic neurotransmission, but modulation of the dopaminergic system by glutamatergic neurotransmission seems to play a key role. Despite the NMDA receptor antagonism, kynurenic acid also blocks, in lower doses, the nicotinergic acetycholine receptor, i.e., increased kynurenic acid levels can explain psychotic symptoms and cognitive deterioration. Kynurenic acid levels are described to be higher in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in critical central nervous system (CNS) regions of schizophrenics as compared to controls. (PMID: 17062375 , 16088227). KYNA has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a well-known endogenous antagonist of the glutamate ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainate receptors and of the nicotine cholinergic subtype alpha 7 receptors. KYNA neuroprotective and anticonvulsive activities have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Because of KYNAs neuromodulatory character, its involvement has been speculatively linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological conditions including those in the ageing process. Different patterns of abnormalities in various stages of KYNA metabolism in the CNS have been reported in Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease. In HIV-1-infected patients and in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis a marked rise of KYNA metabolism was seen. In the ageing process KYNA metabolism in the CNS of rats shows a characteristic pattern of changes throughout the life span. A marked increase of the KYNA content in the CNS occurs before the birth, followed by a dramatic decline on the day of birth. A low activity was seen during ontogenesis, and a slow and progressive enhancement occurs during maturation and ageing. This remarkable profile of KYNA metabolism alterations in the mammalian brain has been suggested to result from the development of the organisation of neuronal connections and synaptic plasticity, development of receptor recognition sites, maturation and ageing. There is significant evidence that KYNA can improve cognition and memory, but it has also been demonstrated that it interferes with working memory. Impairment of cognitive function in various neurodegenerative disorders is accompanied by profound reduction and/or elevation of KYNA metabolism. The view that enhancement of CNS KYNA levels could underlie cognitive decline is supported by the increased KYNA metabolism in Alzheimers disease, by the increased KYNA metabolism in downs syndrome and the enhancement of KYNA function during the early stage of Huntingtons disease. Kynurenic acid is the only endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist identified up to now, that mediates glutamatergic hypofunction. Schizophrenia is a disorder of dopaminergic neurotransmission, but modulation of the dopaminergic system by glutamatergic neurotransmission seems to play a key role. Despite the NMDA receptor antagonism, kynurenic acid also blocks, in lower doses, the nicotinergic acetycholine receptor, i.e., increased kynurenic acid levels can explain psychotic symptoms and cognitive deterioration. Kynurenic acid levels are described to be higher in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in critical central nervous system (CNS) regions of schizophrenics as compared to controls. (PMID: 17062375, 16088227) [HMDB] D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4. [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_30eV_1-3_01_673.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_50eV_1-3_01_675.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_40eV_1-3_01_674.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_30eV_1-3_01_726.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_20eV_1-3_01_672.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_pos_10eV_1-3_01_671.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_20eV_1-3_01_725.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_50eV_1-3_01_728.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_40eV_1-3_01_727.txt [Raw Data] CBA11_Kynurenic-acid_neg_10eV_1-3_01_724.txt Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8.
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, also known as 2-amino-3-hydroxy-benzoate or 3-ohaa, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is a drug. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-3-hydroxykynurenine through the action of the enzyme kynureninase. In addition, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid can be converted into cinnavalininate through the action of the enzyme catalase. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan. In humans, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid has been detected, but not quantified in brassicas. This could make 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is new antioxidant isolated from methanol extract of tempeh. It is effective in preventing autoxidation of soybean oil and powder, while antioxidant 6,7,4-trihydroxyisoflavone is not. D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_pos_30eV_1-6_01_808.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_neg_40eV_1-6_01_832.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_pos_40eV_1-6_01_809.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_neg_20eV_1-6_01_830.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_neg_10eV_1-6_01_829.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_pos_10eV_1-6_01_806.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_pos_20eV_1-6_01_807.txt [Raw Data] CBA14_3-OH-anthranili_neg_30eV_1-6_01_831.txt D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Isolated from Brassica oleracea (cauliflower) 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is a tryptophan metabolite in the kynurenine pathway.
L-Threoneopterin
L-Threoneopterin is a catabolic product of GTP. It is synthesized by macrophages upon stimulation by interferon-gamma. It is used as a marker of HIV infection. It belongs to the chemical group known as pterins. Neopterin is a pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections (From Stedman, 26th ed). Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. Neopterin is a catabolic product of GTP. It is synthesised by macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. It is used as a marker of HIV infection. It belongs to the chemical group known as pterins.A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. [HMDB] Neopterin (D-(+)-Neopterin), a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTM), serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation.
L-Kynurenine
Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan used in the production of niacin. L-Kynurenine is a central compound of the tryptophan metabolism pathway since it can change into the neuroprotective agent kynurenic acid or to the neurotoxic agent quinolinic acid. The break-up of these endogenous compounds balance can be observable in many disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It can also occur in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Alzheimers disease; and in mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan used in the production of niacin. [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_10eV_1-2_01_666.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_30eV_1-2_01_668.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_40eV_1-2_01_669.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_20eV_1-2_01_667.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_50eV_1-2_01_670.txt L-Kynurenine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2922-83-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 2922-83-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. L-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan. L-Kynurenine is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist.
Parathion
Parathion is a highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide. [HMDB] C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals
Buspirone
Buspirone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [PubChem]Buspirone binds to 5-HT type 1A serotonin receptors on presynaptic neurons in the dorsal raphe and on postsynaptic neurons in the hippocampus, thus inhibiting the firing rate of 5-HT-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe. Buspirone also binds at dopamine type 2 (DA2) receptors, blocking presynaptic dopamine receptors. Buspirone increases firing in the locus ceruleus, an area of brain where norepinephrine cell bodies are found in high concentration. The net result of buspirone actions is that serotonergic activity is suppressed while noradrenergic and dopaminergic cell firing is enhanced. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6951; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6950 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6947; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6945 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6914; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6912 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6879; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6877 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6955; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6953 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 520; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6922; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6920 D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05B - Anxiolytics > N05BE - Azaspirodecanedione derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent Buspirone is an orally active 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and a dopamine D2 autoreceptorsant antagonist. Buspirone is an anxiolytic agent, and can be used for the generalized anxiety disorder research[1].
Ephedrine
Ephedrine is only found in individuals who have consumed this drug. Ephedrine is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [PubChem] Ephedrine is similar in molecular structure to the well-known drugs phenylpropanolamine and methamphetamine, as well as to the important neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenalin). Chemically, it is an alkaloid with a phenethylamine skeleton found in various plants in the genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae). It works mainly by increasing the activity of norepinephrine (noradrenalin) on adrenergic receptors. It is most usually marketed as the hydrochloride or sulfate salt. R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AB - Sympathomimetics, combinations excl. corticosteroids R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03C - Adrenergics for systemic use > R03CA - Alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonists R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AA - Sympathomimetics, plain C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FB - Sympathomimetics excl. antiglaucoma preparations D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2758
Methohexital
Methohexital is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia. [PubChem]Methohexital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CA - Barbiturates, plain N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AF - Barbiturates, plain C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C67084 - Barbiturate
Angiotensin IV
Angiotensin IV is one of the N-terminal angiotensin degradation products of angiotensin II. Angiotensin IV (AngIV) mediates important physiologic functions in the central nervous system, including blood flow regulation, processes underlying to learning and memory, and presents anticonvulsant activity. The presence of AngIV-specific binding sites has been identified in various mammalian tissues, including blood vessels, heart, kidney, and brain. Besides the presence of AngIV binding sites in the cardiovascular system, the major AngIV synthesizing enzymes aminopeptidase N (APN) and aminopeptidase B (APB) are also expressed in different cell types of this system. AngIV activates several protein kinases, including phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, PI-dependent kinase-1, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), protein kinase B-α/Akt, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. AngIV could contribute to vascular damage, increasing the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, the main chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, and up-regulates the expression of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 that is involved in the attachment and transmigration of circulating cells into the damaged tissue. (PMID: 17210474) [HMDB] Angiotensin IV is one of the N-terminal angiotensin degradation products of angiotensin II. Angiotensin IV (AngIV) mediates important physiologic functions in the central nervous system, including blood flow regulation, processes underlying to learning and memory, and presents anticonvulsant activity. The presence of AngIV-specific binding sites has been identified in various mammalian tissues, including blood vessels, heart, kidney, and brain. Besides the presence of AngIV binding sites in the cardiovascular system, the major AngIV synthesizing enzymes aminopeptidase N (APN) and aminopeptidase B (APB) are also expressed in different cell types of this system. AngIV activates several protein kinases, including phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, PI-dependent kinase-1, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), protein kinase B-α/Akt, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. AngIV could contribute to vascular damage, increasing the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, the main chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, and up-regulates the expression of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 that is involved in the attachment and transmigration of circulating cells into the damaged tissue. (PMID: 17210474). D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Venlafaxine
Venlafaxine (brand name: Effexor or Efexor) is a bicyclic antidepressant and is usually categorized as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), but it has been referred to as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It works by blocking the transporter reuptake proteins for key neurotransmitters affecting mood, thereby leaving more active neurotransmitter in the synapse. The neurotransmitters affected are serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Additionally, in high doses, it weakly inhibits the reuptake of dopamine. A comparison of adverse event rates in a fixed-dose study comparing venlafaxine 75, 225, and 375 mg/day with placebo revealed a dose dependency for some of the more common adverse events associated with venlafaxine use. The rule for including events was to enumerate those that occurred at an incidence of 5\\% or more for at least one of the venlafaxine groups and for which the incidence was at least twice the placebo incidence for at least one venlafaxine group. Tests for potential dose relationships for these events (Cochran-Armitage Test, with a criterion of exact 2-sided p-value <= 0.05) suggested a dose-dependency for several adverse events in this list, including chills, hypertension, anorexia, nausea, agitation, dizziness, somnolence, tremor, yawning, sweating, and abnormal ejaculation (Wyeth Monograph). Venlafaxine is an effective anti-depressant for many persons; however, it seems to be especially effective for those with treatment-resistant depression. Patients suffering from severe long-term depression typically respond better to venlafaxine than other drugs. However, venlafaxine has been reported to be more difficult to discontinue than other antidepressants. In addition, a September 2004 Consumer Reports study ranked venlafaxine as the most effective among six commonly prescribed antidepressants. However, this should not be considered a definitive finding, since responses to psychiatric medications can vary significantly from individual to individual. A black box warning has been issued with venlafaxine and with other SSRI and SNRI anti-depressants advising of risk of suicide. There is an additional risk if a physician misinterprets patient expression of adverse effects such as panic or akathisia. Careful assessment of patient history and comorbid risk factors such as drug abuse are essential in evaluating the safety of venlafaxine for individual patients. Another risk is serotonin syndrome. This is a serious effect that can be caused by interactions with other drugs and is potentially fatal. This risk necessitates clear information to patients and proper medical history. Venlafaxine is used primarily for the treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder in adults. It is also used for other general depressive disorders. Although it is not approved for use in children or adolescents, there is considerable information by Wyeth on cautions if prescribed to this age group. Venlafaxine hydrochloride is a prescription antidepressant first introduced by Wyeth in 1993. As of August 2006, generic venlafaxine is available in the United States. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7277; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7275 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7245; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7242 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7253; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7251 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7306; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7304 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7276; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7274 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 417; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7292; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7289 D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D000068760 - Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents CONFIDENCE Parent Substance with Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 1900 C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8322 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1502 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
N-acetylaspartate (NAA)
N-Acetyl-L-Aspartic acid (NAA) or N-Acetylaspartic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-alpha-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-aspartic acid. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\\% of all human proteins and 68\\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylaspartate can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free aspartic acid can also occur. In particular, N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid can be synthesized in neurons from the amino acid aspartate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Specifically, the enzyme known as aspartate N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.17) catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group of acetyl CoA to the amino group of aspartate. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is the second most concentrated molecule in the brain after the amino acid glutamate. The various functions served by N-acetylaspartic acid are still under investigation, but the primary proposed functions include (1) acting as a neuronal osmolyte that is involved in fluid balance in the brain, (2) serving as a source of acetate for lipid and myelin synthesis in oligodendrocytes (the glial cells that myelinate neuronal axons), (3) serving as a precursor for the synthesis of the important dipeptide neurotransmitter N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), and (4) playing a potential role in energy production from the amino acid glutamate in neuronal mitochondria. High neurotransmitter (i.e. N-acetylaspartic acid) levels can lead to abnormal neural signaling, delayed or arrested intellectual development, and difficulties with general motor skills. When present in sufficiently high levels, N-acetylaspartic acid can be a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural tissue. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of N-acetylaspartic acid are associated with Canavan disease. Because N-acetylaspartic acid functions as an organic acid and high levels of organic acids can lead to a condition known... N-Acetylaspartic acid is a derivative of aspartic acid. It is the second most concentrated molecule in the brain after the amino acid glutamate. It is synthesized in neurons from the amino acid aspartate and acetyl coenzyme A. The various functions served by N-acetylaspartic acid are still under investigation, but the primary proposed functions include: Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids KEIO_ID A142 N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is a derivative of aspartic acid.
Dibutyl succinate
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P03 - Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides, insecticides and repellents > P03B - Insecticides and repellents
Benzocaine
Benzocaine is a surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings. Benzocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter analgesic ointments. Benzocaine is an ester, a compound made from the organic acid PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) and ethanol. The process in which this ester is created is known as Fischer esterification. A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings.; Benzocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter analgesic ointments. Benzocaine is an ester, a compound made from the organic acid PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) and ethanol. The process in which this ester is created is known as Fischer esterification. [HMDB] D - Dermatologicals > D04 - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04A - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04AB - Anesthetics for topical use C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05A - Agents for treatment of hemorrhoids and anal fissures for topical use > C05AD - Local anesthetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AD - Anesthetics, local N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local > N01BA - Esters of aminobenzoic acid D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent KEIO_ID B011
Dobutamine
Dobutamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [PubChem]Dobutamine directly stimulates beta-1 receptors of the heart to increase myocardial contractility and stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output. C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents KEIO_ID D185; [MS2] KO008933 KEIO_ID D185
Hydroxyzine
A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [PubChem] CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8146; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8142 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8167; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8166 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8152; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8147 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8169; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8167 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8128; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8124 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1306; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8120; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8118 N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05B - Anxiolytics > N05BB - Diphenylmethane derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics Hydroxyzine, a benzodiazepine antihistamine agent, acts as an orally active histamine?H1-receptor and serotonin antagonist. Hydroxyzine has anxiolytic effect and can be used for the research of generalised anxiety disorder[1].
Iproniazid
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AF - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, non-selective D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
Remifentanil
Remifentanil (marketed by Abbott as Ultiva) is a potent ultra short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anaesthetic. Remifentanil is a specific mu-type-opioid receptor agonist. Hence, it causes a reduction in sympathetic nervous system tone, respiratory depression and analgesia. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AH - Opioid anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Midazolam
A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. [PubChem] Midazolam is a schedule IV drug in the United States. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CD - Benzodiazepine derivatives D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C1012 - Benzodiazepine D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3023 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1559 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Pilocarpine
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D008916 - Miotics N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2265 Pilocarpine is a selective M3-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 muscarinic receptor) agonist.
Pentamidine
Pentamidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [PubChem]The mode of action of pentamidine is not fully understood. It is thought that the drug interferes with nuclear metabolism producing inhibition of the synthesis of DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and proteins. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent
Olopatadine
Used to treat allergic conjunctivitis (itching eyes), olopatadine inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. It is a relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist that inhibits the in vivo and in vitro type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction including inhibition of histamine induced effects on human conjunctival epithelial cells. R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AC - Antiallergic agents, excl. corticosteroids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01G - Decongestants and antiallergics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents
Zonisamide
Zonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. Zonisamide may be a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor although this is not one of the primary mechanisms of action. Zonisamide may act by blocking repetitive firing of voltage-gated sodium channels leading to a reduction of T-type calcium channel currents, or by binding allosterically to GABA receptors. This latter action may inhibit the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while enhancing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3132 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Sufentanil
Sufentanil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [PubChem]Opiate receptors are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as both positive and negative regulators of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. Binding of the opiate stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline is inhibited. Opioids also inhibit the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin and glucagon. Sufentanils analgesic activity is, most likely, due to its conversion to morphine. Opioids open calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels (OP1 receptor agonist). This results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AH - Opioid anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Carprofen
Carprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used by veterinarians as a supportive treatment for the relief of arthritic symptoms in geriatric dogs. Carprofen was previously used in human medicine for over 10 years (1985-1995). It was generally well tolerated, with the majority of adverse effects being mild, such as gastro-intestinal pain and nausea, similar to those recorded with aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is no longer marketed for human usage, after being withdrawn on commercial grounds. [Wikipedia] C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Carprofen is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a multi-target FAAH/COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 3.9 μM, 22.3 μM and 78.6 μM for COX-2, COX-1 and FAAH, respectively.
Palmitoylethanolamide
N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is present in the tissues of most mammals. It was initially described as an agonist of the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2), although it is now universally recognized that PEA is in fact incapable of binding to cannabinoid receptors, or at least not to the known receptors. In addition to its anti-inflammatory activity, PEA also produces analgesia, neuroprotection, and possesses anti-epileptic properties. It also reduces gastrointestinal motility and cancer cell proliferation, as well as protecting the vascular endothelium in the ischemic heart. The physiological stimuli that regulate PEA levels in mammalian tissues are largely unknown, however, multiple studies indicate that this lipid accumulates during cellular stress, particularly following tissue injury. For example, PEA increases post-mortem in the pig brain. Similar elevations in PEA levels have been observed in the ischemic brain and PEA is also up-regulated in response to ultraviolet-B irradiation in mouse epidermal cells. Adipose tissue is highly implicated in the systemic secretion of IL-6 and leptin, and human mature adipocytes are able to secrete large quantity of PEA. Human adipose tissue can be subjected to modulation of its inflammatory state by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS strongly inhibits adipose cell leptin release, with PEA acting as a potentiator of this inhibitory effect. These actions are not linked to a reduction in leptin gene transcription. Thus, PEA does not have an anti-inflammatory role in the secretion of IL-6 via NFkappaB at the adipocyte level, but instead seems to act at the heart of the LPS-stimulated pathway, which, independently of NFkappaB, inhibits the secretion of leptin. (PMID: 16884908). D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators > D063386 - Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Isolated from soybean lecithin, egg yolk and peanut meal. Palmidrol is found in eggs, pulses, and nuts. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Same as: D08328 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Palmitoylethanolamide (Palmidrol) is an active endogenous compound which can used for preventing virus infection of the respiratory tract.
Medetomidine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dexmedetomidine ((+)-Medetomidine) is a potent, selective and orally active agonist of α2-adrenoceptor, with a Ki of 1.08 nM. Dexmedetomidine shows 1620-fold selectivity against α1-adrenoceptor. Dexmedetomidine exhibits anxiolysis, sedation, and modest analgesia effects[1][2][3]. Medetomidine is an orally active α2-adrenoceptor agonist (Ki: 1.08 nM). Medetomidine has sedative and analgesic effects. Medetomidine can cause peripheral vasoconstriction through the activation of α2 adrenoceptors on blood vessels[1][2][3][4].
D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid
In humans, D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid is formed by a hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase whereas in bacteria it is formed by a 2-hydroxyglutarate synthase. D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid is also formed via the normal activity of hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase during conversion of 4-hydroxybutyrate to succinate semialdehyde. The compound can be converted to alpha-ketoglutaric acid through the action of a 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.2). In humans, there are two such enzymes (D2HGDH and L2HGDH). Both the D and the L stereoisomers of hydroxyglutaric acid are found in body fluids. D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a biochemical hallmark of the inherited neurometabolic disorder D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (OMIM: 600721) and the genetic disorder glutaric aciduria II. D-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (caused by loss of D2HGDH or gain of function of IDH) is rare, with symptoms including cancer, macrocephaly, cardiomyopathy, mental retardation, hypotonia, and cortical blindness. An elevated urine level of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid has been reported in patients with spondyloenchondrodysplasia (OMIM: 271550). D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid can be converted to alpha-ketoglutaric acid through the action of 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D2HGDH). Additionally, the enzyme D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) can catalyze the NADH-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). Nyhan et al. (1995) described 3 female patients, 2 of them sibs, who were found to have excess accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in the urine. The phenotype was quite variable, even among the sibs, but included mental retardation, macrocephaly with cerebral atrophy, hypotonia, seizures, and involuntary movements. One of the patients developed severe intermittent vomiting and was given a pyloromyotomy. The electroencephalogram demonstrated hypsarrhythmia. There was an increased concentration of protein in cerebrospinal fluid, an unusual finding in inborn errors of metabolism. D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid can also be produced via gain-of-function mutations in the cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). IDH is part of the TCA cycle and this compound is generated in high abundance when IDH is mutated. Since D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid is sufficiently similar in structure to 2-oxoglutarate (2OG), it is able to inhibit a range of 2OG-dependent dioxygenases, including histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) and members of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylases. This inhibitory effect leads to alterations in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated hypoxic response and alterations in gene expression through global epigenetic remodeling. The net effect is that D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid causes a cascading effect that leads genetic perturbations and malignant transformation. Depending on the circumstances, D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid can act as an oncometabolite, a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. An oncometabolite is a compound that promotes tumour growth and survival. A neurotoxin is compound that is toxic to neurons or nerual tissue. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. As an oncometabolite, D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid is a competitive inhibitor of multiple alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, including histone demethylases and the TET family of 5mC hydroxylases. As a result, high levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate lead to genome-wide histone and DNA methylation alterations, which in turn lead to mutations that ultimately cause cancer (PMID: 29038145). As a neurotoxin, D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid mediates its neurotoxicity through activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid is structurally similar to the excitatory amino acid glutamate and stimul... Tissue accumulation of high amounts of D 2 hydroxyglutaric acid is the biochemical hallmark of the inherited neurometabolic disorder D 2 hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
Guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), also known as 5′-guanidylic acid or guanylic acid (conjugate base guanylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine; hence it is a ribonucleoside monophosphate. Guanosine monophosphate is commercially produced by microbial fermentation. Guanosine monophosphate, also known as guanylic acid or 5-GMP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature. Guanosine monophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, guanosine monophosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, guanosine triphosphate and guanosine monophosphate can be biosynthesized from diguanosine tetraphosphate through its interaction with the enzyme bis(5-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase [asymmetrical]. In addition, guanosine monophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine diphosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5. In humans, guanosine monophosphate is involved in the metabolic disorder called the lesch-nyhan syndrome (lns) pathway. Outside of the human body, guanosine monophosphate has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as common cabbages, tea, winter squash, spearmints, and sugar apples. Guanosine-5-monophosphate, also known as 5-gmp or guanylic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. Purine ribonucleoside monophosphates are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Guanosine-5-monophosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Guanosine-5-monophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as mustard spinach, swiss chard, watercress, and colorado pinyon, which makes guanosine-5-monophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Guanosine-5-monophosphate can be found primarily in blood and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Guanosine-5-monophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine-5-monophosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include clarithromycin action pathway, erythromycin action pathway, minocycline action pathway, and tetracycline action pathway. Guanosine-5-monophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome, xanthine dehydrogenase deficiency (xanthinuria), aICA-Ribosiduria, and molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Guanosine monophosphate is known as E number reference E626.[7] In the form of its salts, such as disodium guanylate (E627), dipotassium guanylate (E628) and calcium guanylate (E629), are food additives used as flavor enhancers to provide the umami taste.[7] It is often used in synergy with disodium inosinate; the combination is known as disodium 5′-ribonucleotides. Disodium guanylate is often found in instant noodles, potato chips and snacks, savoury rice, tinned vegetables, cured meats, and packet soup. As it is a fairly expensive additive, it is usually not used independently of glutamic acid or monosodium glutamate (MSG), which also contribute umami. If inosinate and guanylate salts are present in a list of ingredients but MSG does not appear to be, the glutamic acid is likely provided as part of another ingredient, such as a processed soy protein complex (hydrolyzed soy protein), autolyzed yeast, or soy sauce. 5'-Guanylic acid (5'-GMP) is involved in several metabolic disorders, including the AICA-ribosiduria pathway, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and the 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria pathway. 5'-Guanylic acid (5'-GMP) is involved in several metabolic disorders, including the AICA-ribosiduria pathway, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and the 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria pathway.
Altanserin
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist Altanserin can synthesize Fluorine-18 Altanserin. Fluorine-18 Altanserin binds to the brain 5HT2 receptors[1].
3-Methylamino-L-alanine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists
3-methyl-2-oxovalerate
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid (CAS: 1460-34-0) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid are associated with maple syrup urine disease. MSUD is a metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in the blood and urine. The symptoms of MSUD often show in infancy and lead to severe brain damage if untreated. MSUD may also present later depending on the severity of the disease. If left untreated in older individuals, during times of metabolic crisis, symptoms of the condition include uncharacteristically inappropriate, extreme, or erratic behaviour and moods, hallucinations, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, oscillating hypertonia and hypotonia, ataxia, seizures, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, opisthotonus, pancreatitis, rapid neurological decline, and coma. In maple syrup urine disease, the brain concentration of branched-chain ketoacids can increase 10- to 20-fold. This leads to a depletion of glutamate and a consequent reduction in the concentration of brain glutamine, aspartate, alanine, and other amino acids. The result is a compromise of energy metabolism because of a failure of the malate-aspartate shuttle and a diminished rate of protein synthesis (PMID: 15930465). 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a keto-acid, which is a subclass of organic acids. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated MSUD. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, also known as (3s)-2-oxo-3-methyl-N-valeric acid or (S)-omv, belongs to short-chain keto acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms. Thus, (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate can be found in a number of food items such as bean, prickly pear, wild leek, and nutmeg, which makes (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite.
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
Vanillylmandelic acid, also known as vanillylmandelate or VMA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Vanillylmandelic acid is a sweet and vanilla tasting compound. Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of artificial vanilla flavorings and is an end-stage metabolite of the catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine). Vanillylmandelic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, vanillylmandelic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, vanillylmandelic acid can be biosynthesized from 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde through its interaction with the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase. In addition, vanillylmandelic acid and pyrocatechol can be biosynthesized from 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid and guaiacol through the action of the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase. Urinary VMA is elevated in patients with tumors that secrete catecholamines. Urinary VMA tests may also be used to diagnose neuroblastomas, and to monitor treatment of these conditions. VMA urinalysis tests can be used to diagnose an adrenal gland tumor called pheochromocytoma, a tumor of catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells. Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is produced in the liver and is a major product of norepinephrine and epinephrine metabolism excreted in the urine. Vanillylmandelic acid is one of the products of the catabolism of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine). High levels of vanillylmandelic acid can indicate an adrenal gland tumor (pheochromocytoma) or another type of tumor that produces catecholamines. (WebMD) [HMDB] D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000892 - Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary > D008333 - Mandelic Acids Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID H056 Vanillylmandelic acid is the endproduct of epinephrine and norepinephrine metabolism. Vanillylmandelic acid can be used as an indication of the disorder in neurotransmitter metabolism as well. Vanillylmandelic acid has antioxidant activity towards DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 33 μM[1].
Pyruvaldehyde
Methylglyoxal, also known as 2-ketopropionaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal, is a member of the class of compounds known as alpha ketoaldehydes. Alpha ketoaldehydes are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the adjacent carbon. Methylglyoxal is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Methylglyoxal can be found in a number of food items such as shiitake, yellow zucchini, roman camomile, and carob, which makes methylglyoxal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Methylglyoxal can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Methylglyoxal exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, methylglyoxal is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include glycine and serine metabolism, pyruvaldehyde degradation, pyruvate metabolism, and spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Methylglyoxal is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic, pyruvate kinase deficiency, non ketotic hyperglycinemia, and pyruvate decarboxylase E1 component deficiency (PDHE1 deficiency). Moreover, methylglyoxal is found to be associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. Methylglyoxal, also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal, is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO. Gaseous methylglyoxal has two carbonyl groups, an aldehyde and a ketone but in the presence of water, it exists as hydrates and oligomers. It is a reduced derivative of pyruvic acid . Pyruvaldehyde is an organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.
Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate
Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate (CAS: 1981-49-3), also known as 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG) or PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all living creatures. It primarily exists as a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis during respiration. 1,3BPG has been recognized as regulatory signal implicated in the control of metabolism, oxygen affinity of red cells, and other cellular functions. 1,3BPG concentration in erythrocytes changes in a number of pathological conditions, such as inherited phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency in erythrocytes (involved in the synthesis and breakdown of 1,3BPG) (PMID: 3555887). Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate is phosphorylated at the number 1 and 3 carbons. The result of this phosphorylation gives 1,3BPG important biological properties such as the ability to phosphorylate ADP to form the energy storage molecule ATP (Wikipedia). 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate, also known as 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate or D-glycerate 1,3-diphosphate, is a member of the class of compounds known as acyl monophosphates. Acyl monophosphates are organic compounds containing a monophosphate linked to an acyl group. They have the general structure R-CO-P(O)(O)OH, R=H or organyl. 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as tamarind, narrowleaf cattail, mustard spinach, and cereals and cereal products, which makes 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is the product of the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds, notably in internal-combustion engines. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is a gas at room temperature. Carbon monoxide is a significantly toxic gas and is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries. Exposures can lead to significant toxicity of the central nervous system and heart. Carbon monoxide has a higher diffusion coefficient compared to oxygen and the only enzyme in the human body that produces carbon monoxide is heme oxygenase which is located in all cells and breaks down heme. Because it has a higher diffusion coefficient than oxygen the body easily gets rid of any CO made. When CO is not ventilated it binds to hemoglobin, which is the principal oxygen-carrying compound in blood; this produces a compound known as carboxyhemoglobin. The traditional belief is that carbon monoxide toxicity arises from the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, which decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and inhibits the transport, delivery, and utilization of oxygen by the body. The affinity between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide is approximately 230 times stronger than the affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen so hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide in preference to oxygen. Following poisoning, long-term sequelae often occur. Carbon monoxide can also have severe effects on the fetus of a pregnant woman. Despite its serious toxicity, CO is extremely useful and underpins much modern technology, being a precursor to a myriad of useful - even life-saving - products. Carbon monoxide, though thought of as a pollutant today, has always been present in the atmosphere, chiefly as a product of volcanic activity. It occurs dissolved in molten volcanic rock at high pressures in the earths mantle. Carbon monoxide contents of volcanic gases vary from less than 0.01\\% to as much as 2\\% depending on the volcano. It also occurs naturally in bushfires. Because natural sources of carbon monoxide are so variable from year to year, it is extremely difficult to accurately measure natural emissions of the gas. (wikipedia). Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is the product of the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds, notably in internal-combustion engines. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is a gas at room temperature. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D064426 - Gasotransmitters D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents
Isosorbide Dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a vasodilator used in the treatment of angina pectoris. Its actions are similar to nitroglycerin but with a slower onset of action. [PubChem]Similar to other nitrites and organic nitrates, isosorbide dinitrate is converted to nitric oxide (NO), an active intermediate compound which activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase (atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A). This stimulates the synthesis of cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate (cGMP) which then activates a series of protein kinase-dependent phosphorylations in the smooth muscle cells, eventually resulting in the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain of the smooth muscle fiber. The subsequent release of calcium ions results in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation. C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05A - Agents for treatment of hemorrhoids and anal fissures for topical use > C05AE - Muscle relaxants C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01D - Vasodilators used in cardiac diseases > C01DA - Organic nitrates C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C29707 - Vasodilating Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D020030 - Nitric Oxide Donors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents
Isoflurane
Isoflurane is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [PubChem]Isoflurane induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times. Isoflurane also activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane. Also appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase. Isoflurane also binds to the GABA receptor, the large conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channel, the glutamate receptor and the glycine receptor. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Desflurane
Desflurane is a highly fluorinated methyl ethyl ether used for maintenance of general anaesthesia. Volatile agents such as desflurane may activate GABA channels and hyperpolarize cell membranes. In addition, they may inhibit certain calcium channels and therefore prevent release of neurotransmitters and inhibit glutamate channels. Volatile anesthetics easily partition into cellular membranes and could expand the volume of the cell membrane and subsequently distort channels necessary for sodium ion flux and the development of action potentials necessary for synaptic transmission. Desflurane preconditions human myocardium against ischemia through activation of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels, adenosine A1 receptor, and alpha and beta adrenoceptors. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
Sevoflurane
Sevoflurane is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. Sevoflurane (2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[trifluoromethyl]ethyl fluoromethyl ether), also called fluoromethyl, is a sweet-smelling, non-flammable, highly fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Together with desflurane, it is replacing isoflurane and halothane in modern anesthesiology. [Wikipedia]Sevoflurane induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times. Sevoflurane also activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane. It also appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase and also binds to the GABA receptor, the large conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channel, the glutamate receptor, and the glycine receptor. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Propofol
Propofol is an intravenous anaesthetic agent used for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia. IV administration of propfol is used to induce unconsciousness after which anaesthesia may be maintained using a combination of medications. Recovery from propofol-induced anaesthesia is generally rapid and associated with less frequent side effects (e.g. drowsiness, nausea, vomiting) than with thiopental, methohexital, and etomidate. Propofol may be used prior to diagnostic procedures requiring anaesthesia, in the management of refractory status epilepticus, and for induction and/or maintenance of anaesthesia prior to and during surgeries. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Propofol potently and directly activates GABAA receptor and inhibits glutamate receptor mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Propofol has antinociceptive properties and is used for sedation and hypnotic[1].
Matricin
Constituent of Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile). Matricin is found in many foods, some of which are german camomile, fats and oils, tea, and herbs and spices. Matricin is found in fats and oils. Matricin is a constituent of Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile).
Gliotoxin
Gliotoxin is a pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi. It has a role as a mycotoxin, an immunosuppressive agent, an EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor, a proteasome inhibitor and an antifungal agent. It is an organic disulfide, a pyrazinoindole, an organic heterotetracyclic compound and a dipeptide. Gliotoxin is a natural product found in Streptomyces, Aspergillus cejpii, and other organisms with data available. Gliotoxin is a sulfur-containing antibiotic produced by several species of fungi, some of which are pathogens of humans such as Aspergillus, and also by species of Trichoderma, and Penicillium. Gliotoxin possesses immunosuppressive properties as it may suppress and cause apoptosis in certain types of cells of the immune system, including neutrophils, eosinophils, granulocytes, macrophages, and thymocytes. (L1941) A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent. A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi. D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant
Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
The neurosteroid allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) is an allosteric modulator of the GABA(A) receptor. Although the role of THDOC within the brain is undefined, recent studies indicate that stress induces THDOC to levels that can activate GABA(A) receptors. These results might have significant implications for human stress-sensitive conditions such as epilepsy, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. (PMID 12628349) [HMDB] The neurosteroid allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) is an allosteric modulator of the GABA(A) receptor. Although the role of THDOC within the brain is undefined, recent studies indicate that stress induces THDOC to levels that can activate GABA(A) receptors. These results might have significant implications for human stress-sensitive conditions such as epilepsy, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. (PMID 12628349). D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D000081227 - Neurosteroids 3α,21-Dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (THDOC), an endogenous neurosteroid, is a positive modulator of GABAA receptors. 3α,21-Dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one potentiates neuronal response to low concentrations of GABA at α4β1δ GABAA receptors in vitro.
Monobenzone
Monobenzone is the monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone used medically for depigmentation. Monobenzone occurs as a white, almost tasteless crystalline powder, soluble in alcohol and practically insoluble in water. The topical application of monobenzone in animals increases the excretion of melanin from the melanocytes. The same action is thought to be responsible for the depigmenting effect of the drug in humans. Monobenzone may cause destruction of melanocytes and permanent depigmentation. D - Dermatologicals Same as: D05072
Dopamine quinone
Dopamine-quinone is synthesized by oxidation of the catechol ring of dopamine. If this occurs within the neuronal cytosol, the quinone may react with cytosolic components, particularly with cysteine residues. (PMID: 12835101). Dopamine quinone is produce by the reaction between dopamine and oxygen, with water as the byproduct. The reaction is catalyzed by the tyrosinase precursor. Dopamine-quinone is synthesized by oxidation of the catechol ring of dopamine. If this occurs within the neuronal cytosol, the quinone may react with cytosolic components, particularly with cysteine residues. (PMID: 12835101)
D-Kynurenine
Kynurenine, also known as 3-anthraniloylalanine, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkyl-phenylketones. Alkyl-phenylketones are aromatic compounds containing a ketone substituted by one alkyl group, and a phenyl group. Kynurenine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Kynurenine can be found in a number of food items such as yellow zucchini, carrot, spinach, and broccoli, which makes kynurenine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Kynurenine is synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase, which is made primarily but not exclusively in the liver, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which is made in many tissues in response to immune activation. Kynurenine and its further breakdown products carry out diverse biological functions, including dilating blood vessels during inflammation and regulating the immune response. Some cancers increase kynurenine production, which increases tumor growth . 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
2-Oxo-3-methylvalerate
CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 14 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin, and also an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
pentamidine
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_50eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_40eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_30eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_20eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt [Raw Data] CB201_Pentamidine_pos_10eV_isCID-10eV_rep000006.txt KEIO_ID P209; [MS2] KO009179 KEIO_ID P209; [MS3] KO009180 KEIO_ID P209
Homovanillic acid (HVA)
Homovanillic acid (HVA), also known as homovanillate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. HVA is also classified as a catechol. HVA is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase on dopamine. HVA is typically elevated in patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors (such as neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and other neural crest tumors). HVA levels are also used in monitoring patients who have been treated for these kinds tumors. HVA levels may also be altered in disorders of catecholamine metabolism such as monoamine oxidase-A (MOA) deficiency. MOA deficiency can cause decreased urinary HVA values, while a deficiency of dopamine beta-hydrolase (the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine) can cause elevated urinary HVA values. Within humans, HVA participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, HVA and pyrocatechol can be biosynthesized from 3,4-dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid and guaiacol. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme known as catechol O-methyltransferase. In addition, HVA can be biosynthesized from homovanillin through the action of the enzyme known aldehyde dehydrogenase. HVA has recently been found in a number of beers and appears to arise from the fermentation process (https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1999.0593). HVA is also a metabolite of Bifidobacterium (PMID: 24958563) and the bacterial breakdown of dietary flavonoids. Dietary flavonols commonly found in tomatoes, onions, and tea, can lead to significantly elevated levels of urinary HVA (PMID: 20933512). Likewise, the microbial digestion of hydroxytyrosol (found in olive oil) can also lead to elevated levels of HVA in humans (PMID: 11929304). Homovanillic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a member of guaiacols and a monocarboxylic acid. It is functionally related to a (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a homovanillate. Homovanillic acid is a natural product found in Aloe africana, Ginkgo biloba, and other organisms with data available. Homovanillic Acid is a monocarboxylic acid that is a catecholamine metabolite. Homovanillic acid may be used a marker for metabolic stress, tobacco usage or the presence of a catecholamine secreting tumor, such as neuroblastoma or pheochromocytoma. Homovanillic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. See also: Ipomoea aquatica leaf (part of). Homovanillic acid is a major catecholamine metabolite. 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found in beer, olive, and avocado. A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite. Homovanillic acid is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency. Homovanillic acid is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency.
Dexmedetomidine
Dexmedetomidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an agonist of receptors, adrenergic alpha-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of dexmedetomidine. [PubChem]Dexmedetomidine is a specific and selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist. By binding to the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors, it inhibits the release if norepinephrine, therefore, terminate the propagation of pain signals. Activation of the postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreases blood pressure and heart rate. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dexmedetomidine ((+)-Medetomidine) is a potent, selective and orally active agonist of α2-adrenoceptor, with a Ki of 1.08 nM. Dexmedetomidine shows 1620-fold selectivity against α1-adrenoceptor. Dexmedetomidine exhibits anxiolysis, sedation, and modest analgesia effects[1][2][3]. Medetomidine is an orally active α2-adrenoceptor agonist (Ki: 1.08 nM). Medetomidine has sedative and analgesic effects. Medetomidine can cause peripheral vasoconstriction through the activation of α2 adrenoceptors on blood vessels[1][2][3][4].
Neopterin
Neopterin, also known as monapterin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative and are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. Neopterin is a solid that is soluble in water. Neopterin is a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). In humans, it is involved in pterine biosynthesis and it also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin, which is an essential cofactor in neurotransmitter synthesis. Neopterin has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces. Uremic toxins can cause kidney, liver and heart damage. They can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Uremic toxins such as neopterin are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Elevated levels of neopterin result from immune system activation, including from malignant cancer, allograft rejection, viral infection, and autoimmune disorders (PMID: 19500901). Measurement of neopterin concentration allows estimation of the extent of oxidative stress elicited by the immune system. Neopterin concentrations usually correlate with the extent and activity of a given disease, and are also used to monitor the course of the disease. Elevated neopterin concentrations are among the best predictors of adverse outcome in patients with HIV infection, in cardiovascular disease, and in various types of cancer. Neopterin (D-(+)-Neopterin), a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTM), serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation.
Inflatine
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D005731 - Ganglionic Stimulants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists D019141 - Respiratory System Agents
Proazulene
Proazulene, also known as matricine, is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Thus, proazulene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Proazulene is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Proazulene can be found in anise, which makes proazulene a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Chamazulene, a blue-violet derivative of azulene, found in a variety of plants including in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is biosynthesized from matricin .
venlafaxine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D000068760 - Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 645 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid carrying oxo- and methyl substituents at C-2 and C-3, respectively. An alpha-keto acid analogue and metabolite of isoleucine in man, animals and bacteria. Used as a clinical marker for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin, and also an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
Vanillylmandelic acid
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000892 - Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary > D008333 - Mandelic Acids An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. Vanillylmandelic acid is the endproduct of epinephrine and norepinephrine metabolism. Vanillylmandelic acid can be used as an indication of the disorder in neurotransmitter metabolism as well. Vanillylmandelic acid has antioxidant activity towards DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 33 μM[1].
Ephedrine
R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AB - Sympathomimetics, combinations excl. corticosteroids R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03C - Adrenergics for systemic use > R03CA - Alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonists R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AA - Sympathomimetics, plain C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FB - Sympathomimetics excl. antiglaucoma preparations D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.064 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.062
Cucurbitacin E
Cucurbitacin e is a member of the class of compounds known as cucurbitacins. Cucurbitacins are polycyclic compounds containing the tetracyclic cucurbitane nucleus skeleton, 19-(10->9b)-abeo-10alanost-5-ene (also known as 9b-methyl-19-nor lanosta-5-ene), with a variety of oxygenation functionalities at different positions. Cucurbitacin e is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cucurbitacin e is a bitter tasting compound found in cucumber, muskmelon, and watermelon, which makes cucurbitacin e a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cucurbitacin E is a natural compound which from Cucurbitaceae plants. Cucurbitacin E significantly suppresses the activity of the cyclin B1/CDC2 complex. Cucurbitacin E is a natural compound which from Cucurbitaceae plants. Cucurbitacin E significantly suppresses the activity of the cyclin B1/CDC2 complex.
Olopatadine
R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AC - Antiallergic agents, excl. corticosteroids D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01G - Decongestants and antiallergics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2210 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3323
venlafaxine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D000068760 - Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1)
buspirone
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05B - Anxiolytics > N05BE - Azaspirodecanedione derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent Buspirone is an orally active 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and a dopamine D2 autoreceptorsant antagonist. Buspirone is an anxiolytic agent, and can be used for the generalized anxiety disorder research[1].
dobutamine
C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents
REMIFENTANIL
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AH - Opioid anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
SUFENTANIL
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AH - Opioid anesthetics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Kynurenic acid
MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; HCZHHEIFKROPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0005_Kynurenic acid_2000fmol_180410_S2_LC02_MS02_66; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.374 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.376 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.370 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.372 Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Transtorine is a quinoline alkaloid, found from Ephedra transitoria, with antibacterial activity[1]. Transtorine is a quinoline alkaloid, found from Ephedra transitoria, with antibacterial activity[1].
Guanosine monophosphate
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.057 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.058 5'-Guanylic acid (5'-GMP) is involved in several metabolic disorders, including the AICA-ribosiduria pathway, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and the 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria pathway. 5'-Guanylic acid (5'-GMP) is involved in several metabolic disorders, including the AICA-ribosiduria pathway, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and the 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria pathway.
Kynurenine
A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.061 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.060 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. L-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan. L-Kynurenine is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist.
Pilocarpine
S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D008916 - Miotics N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist Annotation level-1 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.052 Pilocarpine is a selective M3-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 muscarinic receptor) agonist.
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid
An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; OTCCIMWXFLJLIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N_STSL_0218_N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid_2000fmol_190326_S2_LC02MS02_065; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is a derivative of aspartic acid.
benzocaine
D - Dermatologicals > D04 - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04A - Antipruritics, incl. antihistamines, anesthetics, etc. > D04AB - Anesthetics for topical use C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05A - Agents for treatment of hemorrhoids and anal fissures for topical use > C05AD - Local anesthetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AD - Anesthetics, local N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local > N01BA - Esters of aminobenzoic acid D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1023; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10012; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10007 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1023; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10042; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10037 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1023; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10067; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10063 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1023; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10090; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10086 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1023; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10098; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10094 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2726 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8623 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8273
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; WJXSWCUQABXPFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0003_3-hydroxyanthranillic acid_8000fmol_180416_S2_LC02_MS02_37; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is a tryptophan metabolite in the kynurenine pathway.
Altanserin
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist Altanserin can synthesize Fluorine-18 Altanserin. Fluorine-18 Altanserin binds to the brain 5HT2 receptors[1].
Methohexital
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CA - Barbiturates, plain N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AF - Barbiturates, plain C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C67084 - Barbiturate
midazolam
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CD - Benzodiazepine derivatives D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C1012 - Benzodiazepine D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
NAE 16:0
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators > D063386 - Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 42 D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Palmitoylethanolamide (Palmidrol) is an active endogenous compound which can used for preventing virus infection of the respiratory tract.
iproniazid
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AF - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, non-selective D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
hydroxyzine
N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05B - Anxiolytics > N05BB - Diphenylmethane derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D000982 - Antipruritics Hydroxyzine, a benzodiazepine antihistamine agent, acts as an orally active histamine?H1-receptor and serotonin antagonist. Hydroxyzine has anxiolytic effect and can be used for the research of generalised anxiety disorder[1].
Kynurenate
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018691 - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8. Transtorine is a quinoline alkaloid, found from Ephedra transitoria, with antibacterial activity[1]. Transtorine is a quinoline alkaloid, found from Ephedra transitoria, with antibacterial activity[1].
THDOC
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D000081227 - Neurosteroids 3α,21-Dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (THDOC), an endogenous neurosteroid, is a positive modulator of GABAA receptors. 3α,21-Dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one potentiates neuronal response to low concentrations of GABA at α4β1δ GABAA receptors in vitro.
Angiotensin IV
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Toralactone
Toralactone, isolated from Cassia obtusifolia, mediates hepatoprotection via an Nrf2-dependent anti-oxidative mechanism[1]. Toralactone, isolated from Cassia obtusifolia, mediates hepatoprotection via an Nrf2-dependent anti-oxidative mechanism[1].
Eciphin
R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AB - Sympathomimetics, combinations excl. corticosteroids R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03C - Adrenergics for systemic use > R03CA - Alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonists R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AA - Sympathomimetics, plain C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01C - Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides > C01CA - Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FB - Sympathomimetics excl. antiglaucoma preparations D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents
Carbon monoxide
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D064426 - Gasotransmitters D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents
isosorbide dinitrate
C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05A - Agents for treatment of hemorrhoids and anal fissures for topical use > C05AE - Muscle relaxants C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01D - Vasodilators used in cardiac diseases > C01DA - Organic nitrates C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C29707 - Vasodilating Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D020030 - Nitric Oxide Donors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents
zonisamide
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
isoflurane
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
sevoflurane
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
DESFLURANE
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AB - Halogenated hydrocarbons C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent
carprofen
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Carprofen is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a multi-target FAAH/COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 3.9 μM, 22.3 μM and 78.6 μM for COX-2, COX-1 and FAAH, respectively.
propofol
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Propofol potently and directly activates GABAA receptor and inhibits glutamate receptor mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Propofol has antinociceptive properties and is used for sedation and hypnotic[1].
DIBUTYL SUCCINATE
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P03 - Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides, insecticides and repellents > P03B - Insecticides and repellents
Dexmedetomidine
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dexmedetomidine ((+)-Medetomidine) is a potent, selective and orally active agonist of α2-adrenoceptor, with a Ki of 1.08 nM. Dexmedetomidine shows 1620-fold selectivity against α1-adrenoceptor. Dexmedetomidine exhibits anxiolysis, sedation, and modest analgesia effects[1][2][3].
L-BMAA
A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimers disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists
Dopaminoquinone
A member of the class of 1,2-benzoquinones that is 1,2-benzoquinone in which a hydrogen at para to one of the oxo groups has been replaced by a 2-aminoethyl group.
Palmidrol
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators > D063386 - Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Same as: D08328 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Palmitoylethanolamide (Palmidrol) is an active endogenous compound which can used for preventing virus infection of the respiratory tract.
Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1981-49-3 (retrieved 2024-10-16) (CAS RN: 1981-49-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
