Gliotoxin (BioDeep_00000008190)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000900900

Toxin


代谢物信息卡片


10H-3,10a-Epidithiopyrazino(1,2-a)indole-1,4-dione, 2,3,5a,6-hydroxy-3- (hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-, (3R-(3-alpha,5a-beta,6-beta,10a-alpha))-

化学式: C13H14N2O4S2 (326.0394964)
中文名称: 胶霉毒素
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 () 0%

分子结构信息

SMILES: CN1C(=O)C23CC4=CC=CC(C4N2C(=O)C1(SS3)CO)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C13H14N2O4S2/c1-14-10(18)12-5-7-3-2-4-8(17)9(7)15(12)11(19)13(14,6-16)21-20-12/h2-4,8-9,16-17H,5-6H2,1H3/t8-,9-,12+,13+/m0/s1

描述信息

Gliotoxin is a pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi. It has a role as a mycotoxin, an immunosuppressive agent, an EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor, a proteasome inhibitor and an antifungal agent. It is an organic disulfide, a pyrazinoindole, an organic heterotetracyclic compound and a dipeptide.
Gliotoxin is a natural product found in Streptomyces, Aspergillus cejpii, and other organisms with data available.
Gliotoxin is a sulfur-containing antibiotic produced by several species of fungi, some of which are pathogens of humans such as Aspergillus, and also by species of Trichoderma, and Penicillium. Gliotoxin possesses immunosuppressive properties as it may suppress and cause apoptosis in certain types of cells of the immune system, including neutrophils, eosinophils, granulocytes, macrophages, and thymocytes. (L1941)
A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.
A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.
D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents
D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins
C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant

同义名列表

23 个代谢物同义名

10H-3,10a-Epidithiopyrazino(1,2-a)indole-1,4-dione, 2,3,5a,6-hydroxy-3- (hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-, (3R-(3-alpha,5a-beta,6-beta,10a-alpha))-; (1R,7S,8S,11R)-7-hydroxy-11-(hydroxymethyl)-15-methyl-12,13-dithia-9,15-diazatetracyclo[9.2.2.01,9.03,8]pentadeca-3,5-diene-10,14-dione; 10H-3,10A-EPIDITHIOPYRAZINO(1,2-A)INDOLE-1,4-DIONE, 2,3,5A,6-TETRAHYDRO-6-HYDROXY-3-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-2-METHYL-, (3R,5AS,6S,10AR)-; 10H-3,10a-Epidithiopyrazino[1,2-a]indole-1,4-dione,2,3,5a,6-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-, (3R,5aS,6S,10aR)-; (3R,5aS,6S,10aR)-2,3,5a,6-Tetrahydr o-6-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-10H-3,10a-e pidithiopyrazino[1,2-a]indole-1,4-dione; (3R,5aS,6S,10aR)-6-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-2,3,6,10-tetrahydro-5aH-3,10a-epidithiopyrazino[1,2-a]indole-1,4-dione; (3R,5aS,6S,10aR)-2,3,5a,6-Tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-10H-3,10a-epidithiopyrazino[1,2-a]indole-1,4-dione; (3R,5aS,6S,10aR)-6-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-2,3,5a,6-tetrahydro-10H-3,10a-epidithiopyrazino[1,2-a]indole-1,4-dione; 7-hydroxy-11-hydroxymethyl-12-methyl-14,15-dithia-9,12-diazatetracyclo[9.2.2.01,9.03,8]pentadeca-3,5-diene-10,13-dione; 10H-3,10a-Epidithiopyrazino(1,2-a)indole-1,4-dione, 2,3,5a,6-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-; 2,3,5a,6-Tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-10H-3,10a-epidithiopyrazino[1,2-a]indole-1,4 dione; 6-Hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-2,3,6,10-tetrahydro-5aH-3,10a-epidithiopyrazino[1,2-a]indole-1,4-dione; 4-27-00-08902 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); Gliotoxin from Gliocladium fimbriatum; UNII-5L648PH06K; GLIOTOXIN [MI]; C13H14N2O4S2; QTL1_000040; Aspergillin; 5L648PH06K; Gliotoxins; AI3-62383; Gliotoxin



数据库引用编号

16 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Yaojie Guo, Jian-Zi Liu, Jarukitt Limwachiranon, Fan Xu, Yi Han, Liru Xu, Zhenzhen Xiong, Nan Zhang, Gang Ding, Daniel H Scharf. Reconstitution of the Early Stage of Chetomin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus Leads to the Production of Epipolythiodioxopiperazines. Organic letters. 2024 May; 26(21):4469-4474. doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01274. [PMID: 38767929]
  • Jun Fu, Xiaowei Luo, Miaoping Lin, Zimin Xiao, Lishan Huang, Jiaxi Wang, Yongyan Zhu, Yonghong Liu, Huaming Tao. Marine-Fungi-Derived Gliotoxin Promotes Autophagy to Suppress Mycobacteria tuberculosis Infection in Macrophage. Marine drugs. 2023 Nov; 21(12):. doi: 10.3390/md21120616. [PMID: 38132937]
  • Hyewon Seo, Suzie Kang, Dongho Lee, Cheol-Won Yun. Regulation of pseurotin A biosynthesis by GliZ and zinc in Aspergillus fumigatus. Scientific reports. 2023 Feb; 13(1):2431. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29753-z. [PMID: 36765124]
  • Huabin Chen, Ruiyun Zhao, Meng Ge, Ying Sun, Yaru Li, Lihong Shan. Gliotoxin, a natural product with ferroptosis inducing properties. Bioorganic chemistry. 2023 Feb; 133(?):106415. doi: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106415. [PMID: 36801787]
  • Akihiro Kawahara, Keishi Kanno, Sayaka Yonezawa, Yuichiro Otani, Tomoki Kobayashi, Susumu Tazuma, Masanori Ito. Depletion of hepatic stellate cells inhibits hepatic steatosis in mice. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2022 Oct; 37(10):1946-1954. doi: 10.1111/jgh.15974. [PMID: 35933582]
  • Shengqiang Zhang, Jida Guo, Hongyan Zhang, Lu Tong, Linyou Zhang. Gliotoxin Induced Ferroptosis by Downregulating SUV39H1 Expression in Esophageal Cancer Cells. Recent patents on anti-cancer drug discovery. 2022 Sep; ?(?):. doi: 10.2174/1574892817666220905114120. [PMID: 36065932]
  • Rinat Zaid, Roni Koren, Efrat Kligun, Rupali Gupta, Meirav Leibman-Markus, Prasun K Mukherjee, Charles M Kenerley, Maya Bar, Benjamin A Horwitz. Gliotoxin, an Immunosuppressive Fungal Metabolite, Primes Plant Immunity: Evidence from Trichoderma virens-Tomato Interaction. mBio. 2022 08; 13(4):e0038922. doi: 10.1128/mbio.00389-22. [PMID: 35862794]
  • Lisa Reidy, Guillaume Desoubeaux, Julia Cardenas, Joshua Seither, Kristin Kahl, David Chauvin, Michael Adkesson, Pamela Govett, Copper Aitken-Palmer, Cynthia Stadler, Maryanne Tocidlowski, Gayle Sirpenski, Ellen Bronson, Carolyn Cray. DETECTION OF GLIOTOXIN BUT NOT BIS(METHYL)GLIOTOXIN IN PLASMA FROM BIRDS WITH CONFIRMED AND PROBABLE ASPERGILLOSIS. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 2022 Mar; 53(1):60-69. doi: 10.1638/2021-0070. [PMID: 35339150]
  • Wei Ye, Taomei Liu, Weiyang Zhang, Weimin Zhang. The Toxic Mechanism of Gliotoxins and Biosynthetic Strategies for Toxicity Prevention. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021 Dec; 22(24):. doi: 10.3390/ijms222413510. [PMID: 34948306]
  • Lixia Hua, Hualan Zeng, Lian He, Qiuping Jiang, Pengsheng Ye, Yong Liu, Xiaofang Sun, Min Zhang. Gliotoxin Is an Important Secondary Metabolite Involved in Suppression of Sclerotium rolfsii of Trichoderma virens T23. Phytopathology. 2021 Oct; 111(10):1720-1725. doi: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0399-r. [PMID: 33620234]
  • Daniel H Scharf, Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon, Kirstin Scherlach, Jan Dworschak, Thorsten Heinekamp, Martin Roth, Axel A Brakhage, Christian Hertweck. N-Heterocyclization in Gliotoxin Biosynthesis is Catalyzed by a Distinct Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase. Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology. 2021 01; 22(2):336-339. doi: 10.1002/cbic.202000550. [PMID: 32835438]
  • Toine Mercier, Agustin Reséndiz Sharpe, Dieter Waumans, Koen Desmet, Katrien Lagrou, Johan Maertens. Gliotoxin and bis(methylthio)gliotoxin are not reliable as biomarkers of invasive aspergillosis. Mycoses. 2019 Oct; 62(10):945-948. doi: 10.1111/myc.12967. [PMID: 31313395]
  • Thaïs Aznar-Fernández, Alessio Cimmino, Marco Masi, Diego Rubiales, Antonio Evidente. Antifeedant activity of long-chain alcohols, and fungal and plant metabolites against pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) as potential biocontrol strategy. Natural product research. 2019 Sep; 33(17):2471-2479. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1452013. [PMID: 29595339]
  • Shunxiang Gao, Xin Zheng, Yuan Tang, Yajun Cheng, Xiaobo Hu, Jihong Wu. Development of a Fluorescently Labeled Aptamer Structure-Switching Assay for Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Gliotoxin. Analytical chemistry. 2019 01; 91(2):1610-1618. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05094. [PMID: 30567425]
  • Prasun K Mukherjee, James F Hurley, James T Taylor, Lorraine Puckhaber, Sylvia Lehner, Irina Druzhinina, Rainer Schumacher, Charles M Kenerley. Ferricrocin, the intracellular siderophore of Trichoderma virens, is involved in growth, conidiation, gliotoxin biosynthesis and induction of systemic resistance in maize. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2018 10; 505(2):606-611. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.170. [PMID: 30278887]
  • Helena Hammarström, Anna Stjärne Aspelund, Bertil Christensson, Claus Peter Heußel, Jenny Isaksson, Nahid Kondori, Lennart Larsson, Pawel Markowicz, Johan Richter, Christine Wennerås, Vanda Friman. Prospective evaluation of a combination of fungal biomarkers for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in high-risk haematology patients. Mycoses. 2018 Sep; 61(9):623-632. doi: 10.1111/myc.12773. [PMID: 29577474]
  • Sachin Jain, Relebohile Sekonyela, Benjamin P Knox, Jonathan M Palmer, Anna Huttenlocher, Mehdi Kabbage, Nancy P Keller. Selenate sensitivity of a laeA mutant is restored by overexpression of the bZIP protein MetR in Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B. 2018 08; 117(?):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.05.001. [PMID: 29753128]
  • Janyce A Sugui, Stacey R Rose, Glenn Nardone, Muthulekha Swamydas, Chyi-Chia R Lee, Kyung J Kwon-Chung, Michail S Lionakis. Host immune status-specific production of gliotoxin and bis-methyl-gliotoxin during invasive aspergillosis in mice. Scientific reports. 2017 09; 7(1):10977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10888-9. [PMID: 28887465]
  • Xiaowei Luo, Xuefeng Zhou, Xiuping Lin, Xiaochu Qin, Tianyu Zhang, Junfeng Wang, Zhengchao Tu, Bin Yang, Shengrong Liao, Yongqi Tian, Xiaoyan Pang, Kumaravel Kaliyaperumal, Jian Lin Li, Huaming Tao, Yonghong Liu. Antituberculosis compounds from a deep-sea-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSIO Ind09F01. Natural product research. 2017 Aug; 31(16):1958-1962. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1266353. [PMID: 28068839]
  • Antonio Pereira-Neves, Rubem F S Menna-Barreto, Marlene Benchimol. The fungal metabolite gliotoxin inhibits proteasome proteolytic activity and induces an irreversible pseudocystic transformation and cell death in Tritrichomonas foetus. Parasitology research. 2016 Aug; 115(8):3057-69. doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-5061-y. [PMID: 27106236]
  • Daniel H Scharf, Axel A Brakhage, Prasun K Mukherjee. Gliotoxin--bane or boon?. Environmental microbiology. 2016 Apr; 18(4):1096-109. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13080. [PMID: 26443473]
  • Ivana Cacciatore, Erika Fornasari, Antonio Di Stefano, Lisa Marinelli, Laura Serafina Cerasa, Hasan Turkez, Elanur Aydin, Alessandro Moretto, Alessio Ferrone, Mirko Pesce, Viviana di Giacomo, Marcella Reale, Erica Costantini, Pamela Di Giovanni, Lorenza Speranza, Mario Felaco, Antonia Patruno. Development of glycine-α-methyl-proline-containing tripeptides with neuroprotective properties. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2016 Jan; 108(?):553-563. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.003. [PMID: 26717205]
  • C Anisha, E K Radhakrishnan. Gliotoxin-producing endophytic Acremonium sp. from Zingiber officinale found antagonistic to soft rot pathogen Pythium myriotylum. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2015 Apr; 175(7):3458-67. doi: 10.1007/s12010-015-1517-2. [PMID: 25820297]
  • V Alonso, L Díaz Vergara, C Aminahuel, C Pereyra, G Pena, A Torres, A Dalcero, L Cavaglieri. Physiological behaviour of gliotoxigenic Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto isolated from maize silage under simulated environmental conditions. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment. 2015; 32(2):236-44. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2014.996256. [PMID: 25599419]
  • Ira Bhatnagar, Se-Kwon Kim. Gliotoxin from Aspergillus fumigatus reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition: implications in renal fibrosis. International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM. 2015 Jan; 305(1):11-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.09.005. [PMID: 25455839]
  • Walter A Vargas, Prasun K Mukherjee, David Laughlin, Aric Wiest, Maria E Moran-Diez, Charles M Kenerley. Role of gliotoxin in the symbiotic and pathogenic interactions of Trichoderma virens. Microbiology (Reading, England). 2014 Oct; 160(Pt 10):2319-2330. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.079210-0. [PMID: 25082950]
  • Letícia B Cerqueira, Thais M G de Francisco, João C Gasparetto, Francinete R Campos, Roberto Pontarolo. Development and validation of an HPLC-MS/MS method for the early diagnosis of aspergillosis. PloS one. 2014; 9(4):e92851. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092851. [PMID: 24690884]
  • Maria P Domingo, Cristina Colmenarejo, Luis Martínez-Lostao, Arno Müllbacher, Carmen Jarne, María J Revillo, Pilar Delgado, Lourdes Roc, Jacques F Meis, Antonio Rezusta, Julian Pardo, Eva M Gálvez. Bis(methyl)gliotoxin proves to be a more stable and reliable marker for invasive aspergillosis than gliotoxin and suitable for use in diagnosis. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2012 May; 73(1):57-64. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.01.012. [PMID: 22480566]
  • Peng Zheng, Yongliang Xia, Guohua Xiao, Chenghui Xiong, Xiao Hu, Siwei Zhang, Huajun Zheng, Yin Huang, Yan Zhou, Shengyue Wang, Guo-Ping Zhao, Xingzhong Liu, Raymond J St Leger, Chengshu Wang. Genome sequence of the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. Genome biology. 2011 Nov; 12(11):R116. doi: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-11-r116. [PMID: 22112802]
  • Alga Zuccaro, Urs Lahrmann, Ulrich Güldener, Gregor Langen, Stefanie Pfiffi, Dagmar Biedenkopf, Philip Wong, Birgit Samans, Carolin Grimm, Magdalena Basiewicz, Claude Murat, Francis Martin, Karl-Heinz Kogel. Endophytic life strategies decoded by genome and transcriptome analyses of the mutualistic root symbiont Piriformospora indica. PLoS pathogens. 2011 Oct; 7(10):e1002290. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002290. [PMID: 22022265]
  • Candace E Elliott, Ellen M Fox, Renee S Jarvis, Barbara J Howlett. The cross-pathway control system regulates production of the secondary metabolite toxin, sirodesmin PL, in the ascomycete, Leptosphaeria maculans. BMC microbiology. 2011 Jul; 11(?):169. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-169. [PMID: 21791055]
  • Qiang Gao, Kai Jin, Sheng-Hua Ying, Yongjun Zhang, Guohua Xiao, Yanfang Shang, Zhibing Duan, Xiao Hu, Xue-Qin Xie, Gang Zhou, Guoxiong Peng, Zhibing Luo, Wei Huang, Bing Wang, Weiguo Fang, Sibao Wang, Yi Zhong, Li-Jun Ma, Raymond J St Leger, Guo-Ping Zhao, Yan Pei, Ming-Guang Feng, Yuxian Xia, Chengshu Wang. Genome sequencing and comparative transcriptomics of the model entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and M. acridum. PLoS genetics. 2011 Jan; 7(1):e1001264. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001264. [PMID: 21253567]
  • Richard W Jones, Manuel Ospina-Giraldo. Novel cellulose-binding-domain protein in Phytophthora is cell wall localized. PloS one. 2011; 6(8):e23555. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023555. [PMID: 21887271]
  • Alan P Knutsen. Immunopathology and immunogenetics of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Journal of allergy. 2011; 2011(?):785983. doi: 10.1155/2011/785983. [PMID: 21966295]
  • Ekkehard M Kasper, Jiri Bartek, Scott Johnson, Burkhard S Kasper, Martha Pavlakis, Michael Wong. Post-transplant aspergillosis and the role of combined neurosurgical and antifungal therapies under belatacept immunosuppression. Surgical neurology international. 2011; 2(?):75. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.81969. [PMID: 21748028]
  • Markus Schrettl, Nicola Beckmann, John Varga, Thorsten Heinekamp, Ilse D Jacobsen, Christoph Jöchl, Tarek A Moussa, Shaohua Wang, Fabio Gsaller, Michael Blatzer, Ernst R Werner, William C Niermann, Axel A Brakhage, Hubertus Haas. HapX-mediated adaption to iron starvation is crucial for virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS pathogens. 2010 Sep; 6(9):e1001124. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001124. [PMID: 20941352]
  • Alka Puri, Ajaz Ahmad, Bibhu Prasad Panda. Development of an HPTLC-based diagnostic method for invasive aspergillosis. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 2010 Aug; 24(8):887-92. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1382. [PMID: 20033890]
  • Nicole Schütze, Irina Lehmann, Ulrike Bönisch, Jan C Simon, Tobias Polte. Exposure to mycotoxins increases the allergic immune response in a murine asthma model. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2010 Jun; 181(11):1188-99. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200909-1350oc. [PMID: 20194814]
  • Vanessa González-Pérez, David J Reiner, Jamie K Alan, Cicely Mitchell, Lloyd J Edwards, Vladimir Khazak, Channing J Der, Adrienne D Cox. Genetic and functional characterization of putative Ras/Raf interaction inhibitors in C. elegans and mammalian cells. Journal of molecular signaling. 2010 Feb; 5(?):2. doi: 10.1186/1750-2187-5-2. [PMID: 20178605]
  • Kathryn E Bushley, B Gillian Turgeon. Phylogenomics reveals subfamilies of fungal nonribosomal peptide synthetases and their evolutionary relationships. BMC evolutionary biology. 2010 Jan; 10(?):26. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-26. [PMID: 20100353]
  • Banishree Saha, Dipankar Nandi. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors reduce Ras activation and ameliorate acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2009 Nov; 50(5):1547-57. doi: 10.1002/hep.23180. [PMID: 19739265]
  • Jeffrey J Coleman, Eleftherios Mylonakis. Efflux in fungi: la pièce de résistance. PLoS pathogens. 2009 Jun; 5(6):e1000486. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000486. [PMID: 19557154]
  • Sharda P Singh, Maciej Niemczyk, Ludwika Zimniak, Piotr Zimniak. Fat accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans triggered by the electrophilic lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Aging. 2008 Dec; 1(1):68-80. doi: 10.18632/aging.100005. [PMID: 20157589]
  • Ivan Kosalec, Olivier Puel, Marcel Delaforge, Nevenka Kopjar, Roberto Antolovic, Dubravko Jelic, Biserka Matica, Pierre Galtier, Stjepan Pepeljnjak. Isolation and cytotoxicity of low-molecular-weight metabolites of Candida albicans. Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library. 2008 May; 13(?):6893-904. doi: 10.2741/3197. [PMID: 18508703]
  • Ellen M Fox, Donald M Gardiner, Nancy P Keller, Barbara J Howlett. A Zn(II)2Cys6 DNA binding protein regulates the sirodesmin PL biosynthetic gene cluster in Leptosphaeria maculans. Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B. 2008 May; 45(5):671-82. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.10.005. [PMID: 18023597]
  • Kittipong Tachampa, Michio Takeda, Suparat Khamdang, Rie Noshiro-Kofuji, Minoru Tsuda, Surawat Jariyawat, Toshiyuki Fukutomi, Samaisukh Sophasan, Naohiko Anzai, Hitoshi Endou. Interactions of organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters with mycotoxins. Journal of pharmacological sciences. 2008 Mar; 106(3):435-43. doi: 10.1254/jphs.fp0070911. [PMID: 18319568]
  • Slavica Djonovic, Walter A Vargas, Michael V Kolomiets, Michelle Horndeski, Aric Wiest, Charles M Kenerley. A proteinaceous elicitor Sm1 from the beneficial fungus Trichoderma virens is required for induced systemic resistance in maize. Plant physiology. 2007 Nov; 145(3):875-89. doi: 10.1104/pp.107.103689. [PMID: 17885089]
  • Nicola J Patron, Ross F Waller, Anton J Cozijnsen, David C Straney, Donald M Gardiner, William C Nierman, Barbara J Howlett. Origin and distribution of epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) gene clusters in filamentous ascomycetes. BMC evolutionary biology. 2007 Sep; 7(?):174. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-174. [PMID: 17897469]
  • Mikko Arvas, Teemu Kivioja, Alex Mitchell, Markku Saloheimo, David Ussery, Merja Penttila, Stephen Oliver. Comparison of protein coding gene contents of the fungal phyla Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina. BMC genomics. 2007 Sep; 8(?):325. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-325. [PMID: 17868481]
  • Elena Barnaeva, Agladze Nadezhda, Ewald Hannappel, Maria H Sjogren, Marcos Rojkind. Thymosin beta4 upregulates the expression of hepatocyte growth factor and downregulates the expression of PDGF-beta receptor in human hepatic stellate cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007 Sep; 1112(?):154-60. doi: 10.1196/annals.1415.035. [PMID: 17584975]
  • Ignazio Carbone, Jorge H Ramirez-Prado, Judy L Jakobek, Bruce W Horn. Gene duplication, modularity and adaptation in the evolution of the aflatoxin gene cluster. BMC evolutionary biology. 2007 Jul; 7(?):111. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-111. [PMID: 17620135]
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