Chemical Formula: C3H4O2
Chemical Formula C3H4O2
Found 18 metabolite its formula value is C3H4O2
Acrylic acid
Polyacrylic acid, sodium salt is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]") Monomer component of packaging materials for food. Acrylic acid is found in pineapple. D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials > D014014 - Tissue Adhesives KEIO_ID A041
Pyruvaldehyde
Methylglyoxal, also known as 2-ketopropionaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal, is a member of the class of compounds known as alpha ketoaldehydes. Alpha ketoaldehydes are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the adjacent carbon. Methylglyoxal is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Methylglyoxal can be found in a number of food items such as shiitake, yellow zucchini, roman camomile, and carob, which makes methylglyoxal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Methylglyoxal can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Methylglyoxal exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, methylglyoxal is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include glycine and serine metabolism, pyruvaldehyde degradation, pyruvate metabolism, and spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Methylglyoxal is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic, pyruvate kinase deficiency, non ketotic hyperglycinemia, and pyruvate decarboxylase E1 component deficiency (PDHE1 deficiency). Moreover, methylglyoxal is found to be associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. Methylglyoxal, also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal, is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO. Gaseous methylglyoxal has two carbonyl groups, an aldehyde and a ketone but in the presence of water, it exists as hydrates and oligomers. It is a reduced derivative of pyruvic acid . Pyruvaldehyde is an organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.
beta-propiolactone
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D004202 - Disinfectants
Malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the dialdehyde of malonic acid and a biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking. Oxidized lipids are able to produce MDA as a decomposition product. The mechanism is thought to involve formation of prostaglandin-like endoperoxides from polyunsaturated fatty acids with two or more double bonds. An alternative mechanism is based on successive hydroperoxide formation and β-cleavage of polyunsaturated fatty acids. MDA is then directly formed by β-scission of a 3-hydroperoxyaldehyde or by reaction between acrolein and hydroxyl radicals. While oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is the major source of MDA in vivo, other minor sources exists such as byproducts of free radical generation by ionizing radiation and of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aldehydes are generally reactive species capable of forming adducts and complexes in biological systems and MDA is no exception although the main species at physiological pH is the enolate ion which is of relative low reactivity. Consistent evidence is available for the reaction between MDA and cellular macromolecules such as proteins, RNA and DNA. MDA reacts with DNA to form adducts to deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine which may be mutagenic and these can be quantified in several human tissues. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants on a cellular or individual level. Oxidative damage is one result of such an imbalance and includes oxidative modification of cellular macromolecules, induction of cell death by apoptosis or necrosis, as well as structural tissue damage. Chemically speaking, oxidants are compounds capable of oxidizing target molecules. This can take place in three ways: abstraction of hydrogen, abstraction of electrons or addition of oxygen. All cells living under aerobic conditions are continuously exposed to a large numbers of oxidants derived from various endogenous and exogenous sources. The endogenous sources of oxidants are several and include the respiratory chain in the mitochondria, immune reactions, enzymes such as xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase and transition metal mediated oxidation. Various exogenous sources of ROS also contribute directly or indirectly to the total oxidant load. These include effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, air pollution and natural toxic gases such as ozone, and chemicals and toxins including oxidizing disinfectants. A poor diet containing inadequate amounts of nutrients may also indirectly result in oxidative stress by impairing cellular defense mechanisms. The cellular macromolecules, in particular lipids, proteins and DNA, are natural targets of oxidation. Oxidants are capable of initiating lipid oxidation by abstraction of an allylic proton from a polyunsaturated fatty acid. This process, by multiple stages leading to the formation of lipid hydroperoxides, is a known contributor to the development of atherosclerosis. (PMID: 17336279). MDA has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). It is used as an indicator of fatty acid and lipid peroxidation, and oxidative changes in foods
ACRYLIC ACID
A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group. D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials > D014014 - Tissue Adhesives It is used as a food additive .