Gene Association: DEPP1
UniProt Search:
DEPP1 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: DEPP autophagy regulator 1
found 70 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Yohimbine
Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina. It has a role as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, a serotonergic antagonist and a dopamine receptor D2 antagonist. It is functionally related to a yohimbic acid. A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the Central African yohimbe tree (Pausinystalia yohimbe) that is widely used as therapy for erectile dysfunction. Yohimbine use has been associated with occasional severe adverse events, but has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. Yohimbine is a natural product found in Rauvolfia yunnanensis, Tabernaemontana corymbosa, and other organisms with data available. A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. See also: Yohimbine Hydrochloride (active moiety of) ... View More ... Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BE - Drugs used in erectile dysfunction An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D000089162 - Genitourinary Agents > D064804 - Urological Agents D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials > D003764 - Dental Materials Yohimbine is a potent and relatively nonselective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, with IC50 of 0.6 μM. IC50 value: 0.6 uM [1] Target: alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in vitro: Yohimbine inhibits alpha2-receptor antagonist with Ki of 1.05 nM, 1.19 nM, and 1.19 nM for α2A, α2B, α2C, respectively. Yohimbine also inhibits 5-HT1B with Ki of 19.9 nM. Yohimbine acts to block the lowering of cAMP by alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. yohimbine actually causes a pronounced lowering of tyrosinase activity. [3] in vivo: Yohimbine is an antagonist at alpha2-noradrenaline receptors with putative panicogenic effects in human subjects, was administered to Swiss-Webster mice at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine potentiates active defensive responses to threatening stimuli in Swiss-Webster mice.[2] Yohimbine is a potent and relatively nonselective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, with IC50 of 0.6 μM. IC50 value: 0.6 uM [1] Target: alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in vitro: Yohimbine inhibits alpha2-receptor antagonist with Ki of 1.05 nM, 1.19 nM, and 1.19 nM for α2A, α2B, α2C, respectively. Yohimbine also inhibits 5-HT1B with Ki of 19.9 nM. Yohimbine acts to block the lowering of cAMP by alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. yohimbine actually causes a pronounced lowering of tyrosinase activity. [3] in vivo: Yohimbine is an antagonist at alpha2-noradrenaline receptors with putative panicogenic effects in human subjects, was administered to Swiss-Webster mice at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine potentiates active defensive responses to threatening stimuli in Swiss-Webster mice.[2]
Accent
One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor. See also: Monosodium Glutamate (preferred); Glutamic Acid (has active moiety) ... View More ... D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
Hyoscyamine
Atropine is a racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine. It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a mydriatic agent, a parasympatholytic, a bronchodilator agent, a plant metabolite, an antidote to sarin poisoning and a oneirogen. It contains a (S)-atropine and a (R)-atropine. Atropine is an alkaloid originally synthesized from Atropa belladonna. It is a racemic mixture of d-and l-hyoscyamine, of which only l-hyoscyamine is pharmacologically active. Atropine is generally available as a sulfate salt and can be administered by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraosseous, endotracheal and ophthalmic methods. Oral atropine is only available in combination products. Atropine is a competitive, reversible antagonist of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine and other choline esters. It has a variety of therapeutic applications, including pupil dilation and the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning and symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of reversible causes. Atropine is a relatively inexpensive drug and is included in the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines. Atropine is an Anticholinergic and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. The mechanism of action of atropine is as a Cholinergic Antagonist and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury. Atropine is a natural product found in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Anthocercis ilicifolia, and other organisms with data available. Atropine Sulfate is the sulfate salt of atropine, a naturally-occurring alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Atropine is a synthetically-derived form of the endogenous alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility. An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders > A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain > A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FA - Anticholinergics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2292 INTERNAL_ID 2292; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3334 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents KEIO_ID A080; [MS2] KO008864 KEIO_ID A080 Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. Atropine (Tropine tropate) is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2]. L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine), a natural plant tropane alkaloid, is a potent and competitive muscarinic receptor (MR) antagonist. L-Hyoscyamine is a levo-isomer to Atropine (HY-B1205)[1][2].
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol, also known as DHPG or DOPEG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as catechols. Catechols are compounds containing a 1,2-benzenediol moiety. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It is a potent antioxidant (PMID: 30007612). In mammals, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol is the primary metabolite of norepinephrine and is generated through the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). DHPG is then further metabolized by the enzyme Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG). Within humans, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol can be biosynthesized from 3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde; which is mediated by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase 1A. In addition, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol and guaiacol can be converted into vanylglycol and pyrocatechol through its interaction with the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase. Outside of the human body, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in olives. High levels of DHPG (up to 368 mg/kg of dry weight) have been found in the pulp of natural black olives. This could make 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol a potential biomarker for the consumption of olives and olive oil. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol has been linked to Menkes disease (PMID: 19234788). DHPG level are lower in Menkes patients (3.57 ± 0.40 nM) than healthy infants 8.91 ± 0.77 nM). Menkes disease (also called “kinky hair disease”) is an X-linked recessive neurodevelopmental disorder caused by defects in a gene that encodes a copper-transporting ATPase (ATP7A). Affected infants typically appear healthy at birth and show normal neurodevelopment for 2-3 months. Subsequently there is loss of milestones (e.g., smiling, visual tracking, head control) and death in late infancy or childhood (PMID: 19234788). 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) is a normal norepinephrine metabolite present in CSF, plasma and urine in humans (PMID 6875564). In healthy individuals there is a tendency for free DOPEG to increase and for conjugated DOPEG to decrease with age; plasmatic DOPEG levels are significantly lower in depressed patients as compared to healthy controls (PMID 6671452). DL-1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol is found in olive. 4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol, a normal norepinephrine metabolite, is found to be associated with Menkes syndrome.
3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid
3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal human metabolite excreted in the urine. It is a byproduct of the leucine degradation pathway. Production of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid begins with the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA into 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA in the mitochondria by the biotin-dependent enzyme methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Biotin deficiencies, certain lifestyle habits (smoking), or specific genetic conditions can reduce methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. This reduction can lead to a buildup of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA, which is converted into 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA by the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase. Increased concentrations of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA and 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA can lead to a disruption of the esterified CoA:free CoA ratio, and ultimately to mitochondrial toxicity. Detoxification of these metabolic end products occur via the transfer of the 3-hydroxyisovaleryl moiety to carnitine forming 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid-carnitine or 3HIA-carnitine, which is then transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane where 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is released as the free acid (PMID: 21918059). 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid has been found to be elevated in smokers and in subjects undergoing long-term anticonvulsant therapy with carbamazepine and/or phenytoin. These levels are elevated due to impairment of renal reclamation of biotin. Levels may also be increased from prolonged consumption of raw egg-whites (PMID: 16895887, 9523856, 15447901, 9176832) (OMIM: 210210, 253270, 600529, 253260, 246450, 210200, 238331). When present in sufficiently high levels, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid are associated with at least a dozen inborn errors of metabolism, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I, biotinidase deficiency and isovaleric aciduria, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency, holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency, and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 2 deficiency. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal human metabolite excreted in the urine. Elevated levels of this compound are found in several inherited disorders such as Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Deficiency, 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl -CoA lyase Deficiency, Biotinidase deficiency multiple carboxylase deficiency late-onset , Late onset multiple carboxylase deficiency, HolMcarboxylase synthetase deficiency, 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 2 deficiency. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is also elevated in smokers, in subjects undergoing long-term anticonvulsant therapy with carbamazepine and/or phenytoin. These levels are elevated due to impairment of renal reclamation of biotin. Levels may also be increased from prolonged consumption of raw egg-whites (PMID: 16895887, 9523856, 15447901, 9176832)(OMIM: 210210, 253270, 600529, 253260, 246450, 210200, 238331) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2]. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2].
3-Hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric acid (CAS: 300-85-6), also known as beta-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (catalyzes the oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyrate to form acetoacetate, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor). The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel. In the liver mitochondrial matrix, the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction, a step in ketogenesis. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound having two enantiomers, D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and L-3-hydroxybutyric acid, and is a ketone body. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and urine are raised in ketosis. In humans, 3-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. Blood levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid levels may be monitored in diabetic patients to look for diabetic ketoacidosis. Persistent mild hyperketonemia is a common finding in newborns. Ketone bodies serve as an indispensable source of energy for extrahepatic tissues, especially the brain and lung of developing mammals. Another important function of ketone bodies is to provide acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA for the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and complex lipids. During the early postnatal period, acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate are preferred over glucose as substrates for the synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids in accord with requirements for brain growth and myelination. Thus, during the first two weeks of postnatal development, when the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipids accelerates, the proportion of ketone bodies incorporated into these lipids increases. On the other hand, an increased proportion of ketone bodies is utilized for cerebroside synthesis during the period of active myelination. In the lung, AcAc serves better than glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of lung phospholipids. The synthesized lipids, particularly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, are incorporated into surfactant, and thus have a potential role in supplying adequate surfactant lipids to maintain lung function during the early days of life (PMID: 3884391). 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite of Alcaligenes and can be produced from plastic metabolization or incorporated into polymers, depending on the species (PMID: 7646009, 18615882). (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a butyric acid substituted with a hydroxyl group in the beta or 3 position. It is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (catalyzes the oxidation of D-3-hydroxybutyrate to form acetoacetate, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor). The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel. In the liver mitochondrial matrix, the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction, a step in ketogenesis. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound having two enantiomers, D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and L-3-hydroxybutyric acid. In humans, beta-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. It can also be used for the synthesis of biodegradable plastics . [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID H022 (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a metabolite, and converted from acetoacetic acid catalyzed by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid has applications as a nutrition source and as a precursor for vitamins, antibiotics and pheromones[1][2]. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids[1]. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids[1].
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid is an amino acid derivative acting as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor, and therefore mimics the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate on that receptor. In contrast to glutamate, NMDA binds to and regulates the above receptor only, but not other glutamate receptors. NMDA is a water-soluble endogenous metabolite that plays an important role in the neuroendocrine system of species across Animalia (PMID:18096065). It was first synthesized in the 1960s (PMID:14056452). NMDA is an excitotoxin; this trait has applications in behavioural neuroscience research. The body of work utilizing this technique falls under the term "lesion studies." Researchers apply NMDA to specific regions of an (animal) subjects brain or spinal cord and subsequently test for the behaviour of interest, such as operant behaviour. If the behaviour is compromised, it suggests that the destroyed tissue was part of a brain region that made an important contribution to the normal expression of that behaviour. Examples of antagonists of the NMDA receptor are ketamine, amantadine, dextromethorphan (DXM), riluzole, and memantine. They are commonly referred to as NMDA receptor antagonists (PMID:28877137). N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid is an amino acid derivative acting as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor, and therefore mimics the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate on that receptor. In contrast to glutamate, NMDA binds to and regulates the above receptor only, but not other glutamate receptors. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists N-Methyl-DL-aspartic acid is a glutamate analogue and a?NMDA?receptor?agonist and can be used for neurological diseases research[1][2].
2'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), also known as deoxyadenylic acid or deoxyadenylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a derivative of the common nucleic acid AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been reduced to just a hydrogen atom (hence the "deoxy-" part of the name). Additionally, the monophosphate of the name indicates that two of the phosphoryl groups of GTP have been removed, most likely by hydrolysis. It is a monomer used in DNA. Adenosine is a nucleoside comprised of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a -N9-glycosidic bond. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage[1]. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage[1].
Suberic acid
Suberic acid, also octanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid, with formula C6H12(COOH)2. It is present in the urine of patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders (PMID 10404733). A metabolic breakdown product derived from oleic acid. Elevated levels of this unstaruated dicarboxylic acid are found in individuals with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). Suberic acid is also found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. Isolated from the roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 153 KEIO_ID S013 Suberic acid (Octanedioic acid) is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency. Suberic acid (Octanedioic acid) is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency.
Albendazole sulfone
Albendazole sulfone is a metabolite of albendazole. Albendazole, marketed as Albenza, Eskazole, Zentel, Andazol and Alworm, is a member of the benzimidazole compounds used as a drug indicated for the treatment of a variety of worm infestations. Although this use is widespread in the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved albendazole for this indication. It is marketed by Amedra Pharmaceuticals. Albendazole was first discovered at the SmithKline Animal Health Laboratories in 1972. (Wikipedia) D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3647 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1059
albendazole S-oxide
Albendazole s-oxide is part of the Steroid hormone biosynthesis, Linoleic acid metabolism, Retinol metabolism, and Bile secretion pathways. It is a substrate for: Cytochrome P450 3A4. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent
alpha-D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
Glucose 1,6-diphosphate (G-1,6-P2) is considered to be a major regulator of carbohydrate metabolism. It has been demonstrated that G-1,6-P2 is a potent activator (deinhibitor) of skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) and phosphoglucomutase, while being an inhibitor of hexokinase (see Ref. 2). In addition, G-1,6-P2 has been shown to inhibit 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in various rat tissues and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in bovine liver. Various factors and conditions affect the tissue content of G-1,6-P2. Specifically, anoxia induces a rapid fall in the content of G-l,6-P2 in the brain. Glucose 1,6-diphosphate has been recognized as a regulatory signal implicated in the control of metabolism, oxygen affinity of red cells, and other cellular functions. The levels of G 1,6-P2 are reduced in the liver and in the muscle of rats with experimentally induced diabetes. In muscle of genetically dystrophic mice, a decrease in the levels of G 1,6-P2 has been found, probably resulting from enhancement of glucose 1,6-P2 phosphatase activity. G 1,6-P2 is an inhibitor of hexokinase and its level is increased significantly after 5 min of exercise (~25\\%) and then decreased continuously. G 1,6-P2 is a potent allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase, and is markedly decreased in muscles of patients with glycogenosis type VII (muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency) and type V (muscle phosphorylase deficiency). Chronic alcohol intake produces an increase in the concentration of G 1,6-P2 in human muscle before the first sign of myopathy appears. When myopathy is present the level decreases to be similar to healthy humans. These changes could contribute to the decline in skeletal muscle performance (PMID:1449560, 2018547, 2003594, 3407759). Glucose 1,6-diphosphate is considered to be a major regulator of carbohydrate metabolism. It has been demonstrated that G-1,6-P2 is a potent activator (deinhibitor) of skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) and phosphoglucomutase, while being an inhibitor of hexokinase (see Ref. 2). In addition, G-1,6 P2 has been shown to inhibit 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in various rat tissues and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in bovine liver. Various factors and conditions affect the tissue content of G-1,6-P2. Specifically, anoxia induce a rapid fall in the content of G-l,6-P2 in brain. Glucose 1,6-diphosphate (G 1,6-P2 )have been recognized as a regulatory signal implicated in the control of metabolism, oxygen affinity of red cells and other cellular functions. The levels of G 1,6-P2 are reduced in the liver and in the muscle of rats with experimentally induced diabetes. In muscle of genetically dystrophic mice a decrease in the levels of G 1,6-P2 has been found, probably resulting from enhancement of glucose 1,6-P2 phosphatase activity. G 1,6-P2 is an inhibitor of hexokinase and its level is increased significantly after 5 min of exercise (~ 25\\%) and then decreased continuously. G 1,6-P2 is a potent allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase, and is markedly decreased in muscles of patients with glycogenosis type VII (muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency) and type V (muscle phosphorylase deficiency). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Albendazole
Albendazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to mebendazole that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)Albendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. The loss of the cytoplasmic microtubules leads to impaired uptake of glucose by the larval and adult stages of the susceptible parasites, and depletes their glycogen stores. Degenerative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria of the germinal layer, and the subsequent release of lysosomes result in decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy required for the survival of the helminth. Due to diminished energy production, the parasite is immobilized and eventually dies. P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P02 - Anthelmintics > P02C - Antinematodal agents > P02CA - Benzimidazole derivatives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3580 KEIO_ID A082; [MS3] KO008867 KEIO_ID A082; [MS2] KO008866 KEIO_ID A082 Albendazole (SKF-62979) is an orally active and broad-spectrum parasiticide with high effectiveness and low host toxicity, is used for the research of gastrointestinal parasites in humans and animals. Albendazole induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Albendazole also inhibits tubulin polymerization and HIF-1α, VEGF expression, has antioxidant activity, and inhibits the glycolytic process in cancer cells[1][2][3][4][5].
Pirinixic acid
2-methylthioribosyl-trans-zeatin, also known as wy-14,643 or cxpta, is a member of the class of compounds known as aryl thioethers. Aryl thioethers are organosulfur compounds containing a thioether group that is substituted by an aryl group. 2-methylthioribosyl-trans-zeatin is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-methylthioribosyl-trans-zeatin can be found in common pea and common wheat, which makes 2-methylthioribosyl-trans-zeatin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9387; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9382 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9350; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9349 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4901; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4897 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4896; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4894 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9397; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9396 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4984; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4982 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9362; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9360 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9288; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9287 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4364; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4363 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9321; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9318 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX499; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4386; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4382 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 293; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4906; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4904 Pirinixic acid (Wy-14643) is a potent agonist of PPARα, with EC50s of 0.63 μM, 32 μM for murine PPARα and PPARγ, and 5.0 μM, 60 μM, 35 μM for human PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, respectively.
Isatidine
Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Alkaloids derived from ornithine, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.363 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.358 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.361 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2325 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 177 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 117 INTERNAL_ID 147; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 147 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 137 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 157 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 167 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 127 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 107 D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Retrorsine is a naturally occurring toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Retrorsine can bind with DNA and inhibits the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes. Retrorsine can be used for the research of hepatocellular injury[1][2]. Retrorsine is a naturally occurring toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Retrorsine can bind with DNA and inhibits the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes. Retrorsine can be used for the research of hepatocellular injury[1][2].
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid, also known as udpglucuronate or udp-D-glucuronic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine nucleotide sugars. Pyrimidine nucleotide sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides bound to a saccharide derivative through the terminal phosphate group. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be synthesized from alpha-D-glucuronic acid. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can also be synthesized into UDP-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucuronic acid. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be found in a number of food items such as parsley, chervil, black mulberry, and malabar plum, which makes uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be found primarily in human liver tissue. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include etoposide metabolism pathway, estrone metabolism, tamoxifen action pathway, and androgen and estrogen metabolism. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include porphyria variegata (PV), glycogenosis, type III. cori disease, debrancher glycogenosis, 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, and hereditary coproporphyria (HCP). Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is made from UDP-glucose by UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) using NAD+ as a cofactor. It is the source of the glucuronosyl group in glucuronosyltransferase reactions . Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP Iduronic acid, which donates Iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. The transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid onto a terminal galactose residue is done by beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferases, responsible for the completion of the protein-glycosaminoglycan linkage region of proteoglycans and of the HNK1 epitope of glycoproteins and glycolipids. In humans the enzyme galactose-beta-1,3-glucuronosyltransferase I completes the synthesis of the common linker region of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by transferring glucuronic acid (GlcA) onto the terminal galactose of the glycopeptide primer of proteoglycans. The GAG chains of proteoglycans regulate major biological processes such as cell proliferation and recognition, extracellular matrix deposition, and morphogenesis. (PMID:16815917). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Ketoleucine
Ketoleucine is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. Ketoleucine is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of ketoleucine are associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). MSUD is a metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in the blood and urine. The symptoms of MSUD often show in infancy and lead to severe brain damage if untreated. MSUD may also present later depending on the severity of the disease. If left untreated in older individuals, during times of metabolic crisis, symptoms of the condition include uncharacteristically inappropriate, extreme, or erratic behaviour and moods, hallucinations, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, oscillating hypertonia and hypotonia, ataxia, seizures, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, opisthotonus, pancreatitis, rapid neurological decline, and coma. In maple syrup urine disease, the brain concentration of branched-chain ketoacids can increase 10- to 20-fold. This leads to a depletion of glutamate and a consequent reduction in the concentration of brain glutamine, aspartate, alanine, and other amino acids. The result is a compromise of energy metabolism because of a failure of the malate-aspartate shuttle and a diminished rate of protein synthesis (PMID: 15930465). Ketoleucine, also known as alpha-ketoisocaproic acid or 2-oxoisocaproate, belongs to short-chain keto acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms. Ketoleucine is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ketoleucine can be found in a number of food items such as arctic blackberry, sesame, sea-buckthornberry, and soft-necked garlic, which makes ketoleucine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ketoleucine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including saliva, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human muscle, neuron and prostate tissues. Ketoleucine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ketoleucine is involved in the valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation. Ketoleucine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, propionic acidemia, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type IV, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I. Ketoleucine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Ketoleucine is a metabolite that accumulates in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) and shown to compromise brain energy metabolism by blocking the respiratory chain (T3DB). 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid), an abnormal metabolite, is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
Palmitoylcarnitine
D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 250
Mesobilirubinogen
Mesobilirubinogen (also known as I-urobilinogen) is a tetrapyrrole chemical compound that is closely related to two other compounds: urobilinogen (also known as D-urobilinogen) and stercobilinogen (also known as L-urobilinogen). Specifically, urobilinogen can be reduced to form mesobilirubinogen, and mesobilirubinogen can be further reduced to form stercobilinogen. Confusingly, all three of these compounds are frequently collectively referred to as "urobilinogens". Urobilinogen is the parent compound of both stercobilin (the pigment that is responsible for the brown colour of feces) and urobilin (the pigment that is responsible for the yellow colour of urine). Urobilinogen is formed through the microbial degradation of its parent compound bilirubin. Urobilinogen is actually generated through the degradation of heme, the red pigment in hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs have a life span of about 120 days. When the RBCs have reached the end of their useful lifespan, the cells are engulfed by macrophages and their constituents recycled or disposed of. Heme is broken down when the heme ring is opened by the enzyme known as heme oxygenase, which is found in the endoplasmic reticulum of the macrophages. The oxidation process produces the linear tetrapyrrole known as biliverdin along with ferric iron (Fe3+), and carbon monoxide (CO). In the next reaction, a second methylene group (located between rings III and IV of the porphyrin ring) is reduced by the enzyme known as biliverdin reductase, producing bilirubin. Bilirubin is significantly less extensively conjugated than biliverdin. This reduction causes a change in the colour of the biliverdin molecule from blue-green (vert or verd for green) to yellow-red, which is the colour of bilirubin (ruby or rubi for red). In plasma, virtually all the bilirubin is tightly bound to plasma proteins, largely albumin, because it is only sparingly soluble in aqueous solutions at physiological pH. In the sinusoids, unconjugated bilirubin dissociates from albumin, enters the liver cells across the cell membrane through non-ionic diffusion to the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum. In hepatocytes, bilirubin-UDP-glucuronyltransferase (bilirubin-UGT) adds 2 additional glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin to produce the more water-soluble version of the molecule known as bilirubin diglucuronide. The bilirubin diglucuronide is transferred rapidly across the canalicular membrane into the bile canaliculi where it is then excreted as bile into the large intestine. The bilirubin is further degraded (reduced) by microbes present in the large intestine to form a colourless product known as urobilinogen. Urobilinogen that remains in the colon can either be reduced to stercobilinogen and finally oxidized to stercobilin, or it can be directly reduced to stercobilin. Some of the urobilinogen produced by the gut bacteria is reabsorbed and re-enters the enterohepatic circulation. This reabsorbed urobilinogen is oxidized and converted to urobilin. The urobilin is processed through the kidneys and then excreted in the urine, which causes the yellowish colour in urine. Urobilinogen is an uribiniloid, the product of bilirubin reduction in multiple sequential reactions. Urobilinogens are colorless chromogens that may in turn be oxidized to respective yellow oxidation products, urobilins. Under normal conditions only small amounts of bilirubin can be found in stools of adults while urobilinoids are predominant bile pigments (50-250 mg/day). Only negligible amounts of fecal urobilinoids are present in the intestinal lumen of infants during the first months of their life, due to undeveloped intestinal microflora capable of reducing bilirubin. This presumably contributes importantly to the pathogenesis of neonatal jaundice. In adults, the urobilinoid production is highly efficient. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin. (PMID: 16504607) [HMDB]
14,15-DiHETrE
14,15-DiHETrE is a Cytochrome P450 (P450) eicosanoid. Eicosanoids generated from arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are important autocrine and paracrine factors that have diverse biological functions. P450 eicosanoids are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, renal tubular transport, cardiac contractility, cellular proliferation, and inflammation. Regulation of P450 eicosanoid levels is determined by many factors, including the induction or repression of the P450 enzymes responsible for their formation. Fibrate drugs are part of a diverse group of compounds known as peroxisome proliferators, which also include herbicides and phthalate ester plasticizers. Peroxisome proliferators act via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR ). This receptor is a member of the PPAR nuclear receptor family that also consists of the PPAR and PPAR isoforms. PPAR is mainly expressed in the heart, liver, and kidney, whereas the expression of PPAR is predominantly in the adipose tissue. The biological role of PPAR as a lipid sensor has been well established. 14,15-DiHETrE is a potent activators of PPAR and PPAR . shown to induce the binding of PPAR to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE). Furthermore, 14,15-DiHETrE behaves like peroxisome proliferators in that is able to alter apoA-I and apoA-II mRNA expression. 14,15-DiHETrE is the most potent PPARalpha activator in a COS-7 cell expression system producing a 12-fold increase in PPARalpha-mediated luciferase activity. (PMID: 17431031, 16113065) [HMDB] 14,15-DiHETrE is a Cytochrome P450 (P450) eicosanoid. Eicosanoids generated from arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are important autocrine and paracrine factors that have diverse biological functions. P450 eicosanoids are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, renal tubular transport, cardiac contractility, cellular proliferation, and inflammation. Regulation of P450 eicosanoid levels is determined by many factors, including the induction or repression of the P450 enzymes responsible for their formation. Fibrate drugs are part of a diverse group of compounds known as peroxisome proliferators, which also include herbicides and phthalate ester plasticizers. Peroxisome proliferators act via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). This receptor is a member of the PPAR nuclear receptor family that also consists of the PPAR and PPAR isoforms. PPAR is mainly expressed in the heart, liver, and kidney, whereas the expression of PPAR is predominantly in the adipose tissue. The biological role of PPAR as a lipid sensor has been well established. 14,15-DiHETrE is a potent activators of PPAR and PPAR, shown to induce the binding of PPAR to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE). Furthermore, 14,15-DiHETrE behaves like peroxisome proliferators in that is able to alter apoA-I and apoA-II mRNA expression. 14,15-DiHETrE is the most potent PPARalpha activator in a COS-7 cell expression system producing a 12-fold increase in PPARalpha-mediated luciferase activity. (PMID: 17431031, 16113065).
2-Deoxy-D-glucose
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites
dUDP
dUDP is a derivative of nucleic acid UTP, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). Additionally, the diphosphate of the name indicates that one of the phosphoryl groups of UTP has been removed, most likely by hydrolysis . [HMDB]. dUDP is found in many foods, some of which are yardlong bean, jackfruit, parsley, and red beetroot. dUDP is a derivative of nucleic acid UTP, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). Additionally, the diphosphate of the name indicates that one of the phosphoryl groups of UTP has been removed, most likely by hydrolysis (Wikipedia).
Pantetheine
Pantetheine is the mercaptoethyl conjugated amide analogue of pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5). The dimer of this compound, pantethine is more commonly known, and is considered to be a more potent form of vitamin B5 than pantothenic acid. Pantetheine is an intermediate in the production of Coenzyme A by the body. An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms. Pantetheine is the mercaptoethyl conjugated amide analogue of pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5). The dimer of this compound, pantethine is more commonly known, and is considered to be a more potent form of vitamin B5 than pantothenic acid. Pantetheine is an intermediate in the production of Coenzyme A by the body. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
L-3-Aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone
L-3-Aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone is found in pulses. L-3-Aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone is a constituent of pea Pisum sativum seedlings Constituent of pea Pisum sativum seedlings. L-3-Aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone is found in pulses and common pea.
Oxandrolone
Oxandrolone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. [PubChem]Oxandrolones interact with androgen receptors in target tissues. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A14 - Anabolic agents for systemic use > A14A - Anabolic steroids > A14AA - Androstan derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D045930 - Anabolic Agents D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid
Reverse-triiodthyronine
This compound belongs to the family of Phenylpropanoic Acids. These are compounds whose structure contain a benzene ring conjugated to a propanoic acid. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones
Iopanoic acid
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 349; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5478; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5476 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 349; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5462; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5461 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 349; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5564; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5559 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 349; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5494; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5489 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 349; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5462; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5460 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 349; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5485; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5483 V - Various > V08 - Contrast media > V08A - X-ray contrast media, iodinated > V08AC - Watersoluble, hepatotropic x-ray contrast media
8-Bromoadenosine
8-Bromoadenosine is an adenosine analog. Adenosine analogs mostly act as smooth muscle vasodilators and have also been shown to inhibit cancer progression. Its popular products are adenosine phosphate, Acadesine (HY-13417), Clofarabine (HY-A0005), Fludarabine phosphate (HY-B0028) and Vidarabine (HY-B0277)[1].
ST 25:5;O8
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Same as: D01442 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Rimonabant
Rimonabant is an anorectic anti-obesity drug produced and marketed by Sanofi-Aventis. It is an inverse agonist for the cannabinoid receptor CB1. Its main avenue of effect is reduction in appetite. Rimonabant is the first selective CB1 receptor blocker to be approved for use anywhere in the world. Rimonabant is approved in 38 countries including the E.U., Mexico, and Brazil. It was rejected for approval for use in the United States. This decision was made after a U.S. advisory panel recommended the medicine not be approved because it may increase suicidal thinking and depression. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A08 - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products > A08A - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators > D063387 - Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent D019440 - Anti-Obesity Agents Same as: D05731
2-[(4-{2-[(4-Cyclohexylbutyl)(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)amino]ethyl}phenyl)sulfanyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid
GW7647 is a potent PPARα agonist, with EC50s of 6 nM, 1.1 μM, and 6.2 μM for human PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, respectively.
Pregnenolone carbonitrile
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-Icosapentaenoyl-CoA
This compound belongs to the family of Acyl CoAs. These are organic compounds contaning a coenzyme A substructure linked to another moeity through an ester bond.
2-ene-Valproic acid
2-ene-Valproic acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken Valproic Acid.2-ene-Valproic acid is a metabolite of Valproic Acid. 2-ene-valproic acid belongs to the family of Branched Fatty Acids. These are fatty acids containing a branched chain. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D009676 - Noxae > D013723 - Teratogens
Wy-14643
D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens > D020025 - Peroxisome Proliferators D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Pirinixic acid (Wy-14643) is a potent agonist of PPARα, with EC50s of 0.63 μM, 32 μM for murine PPARα and PPARγ, and 5.0 μM, 60 μM, 35 μM for human PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, respectively.
UNII:EU52DFC4WJ
N-Methyl-DL-aspartic acid is a glutamate analogue and a?NMDA?receptor?agonist and can be used for neurological diseases research[1][2].
Corynanthin
Methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate is a yohimban alkaloid, a methyl ester and an organic heteropentacyclic compound. Methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate is a natural product found in Aspidosperma oblongum, Aspidosperma ramiflorum, and other organisms with data available. D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials > D003764 - Dental Materials
Timnodonyl CoA
Timnodonyl coenzyme A is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Timnodonyl CoA is produced from linolenyl- CoA.
N-Methyl-DL-aspartic acid
N-Methyl-DL-aspartic acid is a glutamate analogue and a?NMDA?receptor?agonist and can be used for neurological diseases research[1][2].
Ketoleucine
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid), an abnormal metabolite, is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
1ST40320
Retrorsine is a macrolide. Retrorsine is a natural product found in Crotalaria spartioides, Senecio malacitanus, and other organisms with data available. D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Retrorsine is a naturally occurring toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Retrorsine can bind with DNA and inhibits the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes. Retrorsine can be used for the research of hepatocellular injury[1][2]. Retrorsine is a naturally occurring toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Retrorsine can bind with DNA and inhibits the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes. Retrorsine can be used for the research of hepatocellular injury[1][2].
albendazole
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P02 - Anthelmintics > P02C - Antinematodal agents > P02CA - Benzimidazole derivatives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4179; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4175 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4196; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4193 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4155; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4150 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4179; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4176 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4182; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4180 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4169; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4165 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8331; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8330 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8365; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8363 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8375; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8373 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8413; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8412 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8422; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8420 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 453; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8421; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8419 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1058 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8535 Albendazole (SKF-62979) is an orally active and broad-spectrum parasiticide with high effectiveness and low host toxicity, is used for the research of gastrointestinal parasites in humans and animals. Albendazole induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Albendazole also inhibits tubulin polymerization and HIF-1α, VEGF expression, has antioxidant activity, and inhibits the glycolytic process in cancer cells[1][2][3][4][5].
Albendazole oxide
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1060
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.057 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.056 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage[1]. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage[1].
Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol
A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position. 4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol, a normal norepinephrine metabolite, is found to be associated with Menkes syndrome.
Ketoleucine
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid), an abnormal metabolite, is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid
A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2]. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2].
Suberic acid
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,6-dicarboxy derivative of hexane. Suberic acid (Octanedioic acid) is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency. Suberic acid (Octanedioic acid) is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency.
Albendazole sulfone
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics
3,3,5-triiodothyronine
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones
UROBILINOGEN
A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.
b-Hydroxyisovalerate
3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2]. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2].
CoA 20:5
An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoic acid. It is a member of n-3 PUFA and by-product of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism.
Rimonabant
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A08 - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products > A08A - Antiobesity preparations, excl. diet products D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D063385 - Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators > D063387 - Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent D019440 - Anti-Obesity Agents Same as: D05731
Monosodium Glutamate
D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
Glutamate monosodium salt
D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
Oxandrolone
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A14 - Anabolic agents for systemic use > A14A - Anabolic steroids > A14AA - Androstan derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D045930 - Anabolic Agents D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid
IOPANOIC ACID
V - Various > V08 - Contrast media > V08A - X-ray contrast media, iodinated > V08AC - Watersoluble, hepatotropic x-ray contrast media
Pantetheine
An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
homoserine lactone
A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.
β-Hydroxybutyric acid
A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids[1]. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids[1].
GW 7647
GW7647 is a potent PPARα agonist, with EC50s of 6 nM, 1.1 μM, and 6.2 μM for human PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, respectively.
