NCBI Taxonomy: 41485

Scopoletin

C10H8O4 (192.0423)

Scopoletin is a hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone bearing a methoxy substituent at position 6. It has a role as a plant growth regulator and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to an umbelliferone. Scopoletin is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Haplophyllum cappadocicum, and other organisms with data available. Scopoletin is a coumarin compound found in several plants including those in the genus Scopolia and the genus Brunfelsia, as well as chicory (Cichorium), redstem wormwood (Artemisia scoparia), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), passion flower (Passiflora), noni (Morinda citrifolia fruit) and European black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) that is comprised of umbelliferone with a methoxy group substituent at position 6. Scopoletin is used to standardize and establish pharmacokinetic properties for products derived from the plants that produce it, such as noni extract. Although the mechanism(s) of action have not yet been established, this agent has potential antineoplastic, antidopaminergic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase effects. Plant growth factor derived from the root of Scopolia carniolica or Scopolia japonica. See also: Arnica montana Flower (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of); Viburnum opulus root (part of). Isolated from Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui). Scopoletin is found in many foods, some of which are lambsquarters, lemon, sunflower, and sherry. Scopoletin is found in anise. Scopoletin is isolated from Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone bearing a methoxy substituent at position 6. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_20eV.txt Scopoletin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=92-61-5 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 92-61-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

Umbelliferone

C9H6O3 (162.0317)

Umbelliferone is a hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. It has a role as a fluorescent probe, a plant metabolite and a food component. Umbelliferone is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Artemisia ordosica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Chamomile (part of). Occurs widely in plants including Angelica subspecies Phytoalexin of infected sweet potato. Umbelliferone is found in many foods, some of which are macadamia nut, silver linden, quince, and capers. Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_50eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_40eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_30eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_10eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_20eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_40eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_10eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_30eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_20eV_000039.txt Umbelliferone. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=93-35-6 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 93-35-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent. Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent.

Epicatechin

C15H14O6 (290.079)

Epicatechin is an antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. Catechin is a tannin peculiar to green and white tea because the black tea oxidation process reduces catechins in black tea. Catechin is a powerful, water soluble polyphenol and antioxidant that is easily oxidized. Several thousand types are available in the plant world. As many as two thousand are known to have a flavon structure and are called flavonoids. Catechin is one of them. Green tea is manufactured from fresh, unfermented tea leaves; the oxidation of catechins is minimal, and hence they are able to serve as antioxidants. Researchers believe that catechin is effective because it easily sticks to proteins, blocking bacteria from adhering to cell walls and disrupting their ability to destroy them. Viruses have hooks on their surfaces and can attach to cell walls. The catechin in green tea prevents viruses from adhering and causing harm. Catechin reacts with toxins created by harmful bacteria (many of which belong to the protein family) and harmful metals such as lead, mercury, chrome, and cadmium. From its NMR espectra, there is a doubt on 2 and 3 atoms configuration. It seems to be that they are in trans position. Epicatechin, also known as (+)-cyanidanol-3 or 2,3-cis-epicatechin, is a member of the class of compounds known as catechins. Catechins are compounds containing a catechin moiety, which is a 3,4-dihydro-2-chromene-3,5.7-tiol. Thus, epicatechin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Epicatechin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Epicatechin can be found in cashew nut, which makes epicatechin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Epicatechin can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Epicatechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol and antioxidant. It is a plant secondary metabolite. It belongs to the group of flavan-3-ols (or simply flavanols), part of the chemical family of flavonoids . (-)-epicatechin is a catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration. It has a role as an antioxidant. It is a polyphenol and a catechin. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-epicatechin. Epicatechin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Pre-diabetes. (-)-Epicatechin is a natural product found in Visnea mocanera, Litsea rotundifolia, and other organisms with data available. An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. See also: Crofelemer (monomer of); Bilberry (part of); Cats Claw (part of) ... View More ... A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration. [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_20eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_50eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_40eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_10eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_30eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_50eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_30eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_10eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_40eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_20eV_000009.txt Epicatechin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=490-46-0 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 490-46-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.

Vanillic acid

C8H8O4 (168.0423)

Vanillic acid is a phenolic acid found in some forms of vanilla and many other plant extracts. It is a flavouring and scent agent that produces a pleasant, creamy odour. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13). Vanillic acid, which is a chlorogenic acid, is an oxidized form of vanillin. It is also an intermediate in the production of vanillin from ferulic acid. Vanillic acid is a metabolic byproduct of caffeic acid and is often found in the urine of humans who have consumed coffee, chocolate, tea, and vanilla-flavoured confectionary. Vanillic acid selectively and specifically inhibits 5nucleotidase activity (PMID: 16899266). Vanillic acid is a microbial metabolite found in Amycolatopsis, Delftia, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 11152072, 10543794, 11728709, 9579070). Vanillic acid is a phenolic acid found in some forms of vanilla and many other plant extracts. It is a flavoring and scent agent that produces a pleasant, creamy odor. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13). Vanillic acid, which is a chlorogenic acid, is an oxidized form of vanillin. It is also an intermediate in the production of vanillin from ferulic acid. Vanillic acid is a metabolic byproduct of caffeic acid and is often found in the urine of humans who have consumed coffee, chocolate, tea and vanilla-flavored confectionary. Vanillic acid selectively and specifically inhibits 5nucleotidase activity. (PMID: 16899266). Vanillic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monohydroxybenzoic acid and a methoxybenzoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a vanillate. Vanillic acid is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Haplophyllum cappadocicum, and other organisms with data available. Vanillic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13). A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3. Vanillic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=121-34-6 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 121-34-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Vanillic acid is a flavoring agent found in edible plants and fruits, also found in Angelica sinensis. Vanillic acid inhibits NF-κB activation. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and chemopreventive effects[1]. Vanillic acid is a flavoring agent found in edible plants and fruits, also found in Angelica sinensis. Vanillic acid inhibits NF-κB activation. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and chemopreventive effects[1].

Adenosine

C10H13N5O4 (267.0967)

Adenosine is a ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug, a vasodilator agent, an analgesic, a human metabolite and a fundamental metabolite. It is a purines D-ribonucleoside and a member of adenosines. It is functionally related to an adenine. The structure of adenosine was first described in 1931, though the vasodilating effects were not described in literature until the 1940s. Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, though it is rarely used in this indication, having largely been replaced by [dipyridamole] and [regadenson]. Adenosine is also indicated in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Adenosine was granted FDA approval on 30 October 1989. Adenosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenosine is an Adenosine Receptor Agonist. The mechanism of action of adenosine is as an Adenosine Receptor Agonist. Adenosine is a natural product found in Smilax bracteata, Mikania laevigata, and other organisms with data available. Adenosine is a ribonucleoside comprised of adenine bound to ribose, with vasodilatory, antiarrhythmic and analgesic activities. Phosphorylated forms of adenosine play roles in cellular energy transfer, signal transduction and the synthesis of RNA. Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer - as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP. Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously, adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Because of the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Adenosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. See also: Adenosine; Niacinamide (component of); Adenosine; Glycerin (component of); Adenosine; ginsenosides (component of) ... View More ... Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes. Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. [Wikipedia]. Adenosine is found in many foods, some of which are borage, japanese persimmon, nuts, and barley. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, COVID-19 Disease Map, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Adenosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-61-7 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 58-61-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2].

L-Tryptophan

C11H12N2O2 (204.0899)

Tryptophan (Trp) or L-tryptophan is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-tryptophan is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aromatic amino acid. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. The minimum daily requirement for adults is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. There is 400 mg of tryptophan in a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low-fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg of tryptophan per pound (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Tryptophan is particularly plentiful in chocolate, oats, dried dates, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, eggs, fish, poultry, sesame, chickpeas, almonds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, buckwheat, spirulina, and peanuts. Tryptophan is the precursor of both serotonin and melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in animals, which regulates sleep and wakefulness. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor, and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan into serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin, and glutathione. Niacin (also known as vitamin B3) is an important metabolite of tryptophan. It is synthesized via kynurenine and quinolinic acids, which are products of tryptophan degradation. There are a number of conditions or diseases that are characterized by tryptophan deficiencies. For instance, fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, which reduces levels of tryptophan in the blood and leads to depression. High corn diets or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Hartnups disease is a disorder in which tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Symptoms of Hartnups disease include skin rashes, difficulty coordinating movements (cerebellar ataxia), and psychiatric symptoms such as depression or psychosis. Tryptophan supplements may be useful for treating Hartnups disease. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan breakdown products (such as kynurenine) correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension, and anxiety states. Tryptophan plays a role in "feast-induced" drowsiness. Ingestion of a meal rich in carbohydrates triggers the release of insulin. Insulin, in turn, stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) into muscle, increasing the ratio of tryptophan to BCAA in the bloodstream. The increased tryptophan ratio reduces competition at the large neutral amino acid transporter (which transports both BCAAs and tryptophan), resulting in greater uptake of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Once in the CSF, tryptophan is converted into serotonin and the resulting serotonin is further metabolized into melatonin by the pineal gland, which promotes sleep. Because tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) which is then converted into the neurotransmitter serotonin, it has been proposed th... L-tryptophan is a white powder with a flat taste. An essential amino acid; occurs in isomeric forms. (NTP, 1992) L-tryptophan is the L-enantiomer of tryptophan. It has a role as an antidepressant, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tryptophan and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-tryptophanium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tryptophanate. It is an enantiomer of a D-tryptophan. It is a tautomer of a L-tryptophan zwitterion. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor of indole alkaloids in plants. It is a precursor of serotonin (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to niacin, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. L-Tryptophan is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Tryptophan is the least plentiful of all 22 amino acids and an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Tryptophan is found in most proteins and a precursor of serotonin. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), converted in turn to serotonin, a neurotransmitter essential in regulating appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. Tryptophan is a natural sedative and present in dairy products, meats, brown rice, fish, and soybeans. (NCI04) Tryptophan is an essential amino acid which is the precursor of serotonin. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan to serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin and glutathione. Niacin is an important metabolite of tryptophan. High corn or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Inborn errors of tryptophan metabolism exist where a tumor (carcinoid) makes excess serotonin. Hartnups disease is a disease where tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Tryptophan supplements may be useful in each condition, in carcinoid replacing the over-metabolized nutrient and in Hartnups supplementing a malabsorbed nutrient. Some disorders of excess tryptophan in the blood may contribute to mental retardation. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan fragments correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension and anxiety states. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. Adults minimum daily requirement is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. This may be an underestimation, for there are 400 mg of tryptophan in just a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg per pound. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. See also: Serotonin; tryptophan (component of); Chamomile; ginger; melatonin; thiamine; tryptophan (component of) ... View More ... Constituent of many plants. Enzymatic hydrolysis production of most plant and animal proteins. Dietary supplement, nutrient D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank The L-enantiomer of tryptophan. Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_30eV_1-1_01_662.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_20eV_1-1_01_661.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_30eV_1-1_01_716.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_10eV_1-1_01_660.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_10eV_1-1_01_714.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_40eV_1-1_01_717.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_20eV_1-1_01_715.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_50eV_1-1_01_664.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_50eV_1-1_01_718.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_40eV_1-1_01_663.txt IPB_RECORD: 253; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID T003 DL-Tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1]. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].

Luteolin

C15H10O6 (286.0477)

Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid. (PMID:17168665). The flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found as integral components of the human diet. They are universally present as constituents of flowering plants, particularly of food plants. The flavonoids are phenyl substituted chromones (benzopyran derivatives) consisting of a 15-carbon basic skeleton (C6-C3-C6), composed of a chroman (C6-C3) nucleus (the benzo ring A and the heterocyclic ring C), also shared by the tocopherols, with a phenyl (the aromatic ring B) substitution usually at the 2-position. Different substitutions can typically occur in the rings, A and B. Several plants and spices containing flavonoid derivatives have found application as disease preventive and therapeutic agents in traditional medicine in Asia for thousands of years. The selection of a particular food plant, plant tissue or herb for its potential health benefits appears to mirror its flavonoid composition. The much lower risk of colon, prostate and breast cancers in Asians, who consume more vegetables, fruits and tea than populations in the Western hemisphere do, raises the question of whether flavonoid components mediate the protective effects of diets rich in these foodstuffs by acting as natural chemopreventive and anticancer agents. An impressive body of information exists on the antitumoral action of plant flavonoids. In vitro work has concentrated on the direct and indirect actions of flavonoids on tumor cells, and has found a variety of anticancer effects such as cell growth and kinase activity inhibition, apoptosis induction, suppression of the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and of tumor invasive behavior. Furthermore, some studies have reported the impairment of in vivo angiogenesis by dietary flavonoids. Experimental animal studies indicate that certain dietary flavonoids possess antitumoral activity. The hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavones and flavonols, such as luteolin seems to critically influence their activities, especially the inhibition of protein kinase activity and antiproliferation. The different mechanisms underlying the potential anticancer action of plant flavonoids await further elucidation. Certain dietary flavonols and flavones targeting cell surface signal transduction enzymes, such as protein tyrosine and focal adhesion kinases, and the processes of angiogenesis appear to be promising candidates as anticancer agents. Further in vivo studies of these bioactive constituents is deemed necessary in order to develop flavonoid-based anticancer strategies. In view of the increasing interest in the association between dietary flavonoids and cancer initiation and progression, this important field is likely to witness expanded effort and to attract and stimulate further vigorous investigations (PMID:16097445). Luteolin is a tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 4, 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers. It has a role as an EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist, a plant metabolite, a nephroprotective agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, a radical scavenger and an immunomodulator. It is a 3-hydroxyflavonoid and a tetrahydroxyflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a luteolin-7-olate. Luteolin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Carex fraseriana, and other organisms with data available. Luteolin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid, with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-inducing and chemopreventive activities. Upon administration, luteolin scavenges free radicals, protects cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage and induces direct cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation and suppresses metastasis. 5,7,3,4-tetrahydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. See also: Chamomile (part of); Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of). A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 4, 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers. Flavone v. widespread in plant world; found especies in celery, peppermint, rosemary, thyme and Queen Annes Lace leaves (wild carrot). Potential nutriceutical. Luteolin is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, ginger, abalone, and swiss chard. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. IPB_RECORD: 361; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 48 Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells[1][2][3]. Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells[1][2][3].

Osthol

C15H16O3 (244.1099)

Osthol, also known as 7-methoxy-8-(3-methylpent-2-enyl)coumarin, belongs to coumarins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a 1-benzopyran moiety with a ketone group at the C2 carbon atom (1-benzopyran-2-one). Osthol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Osthol can be found in a number of food items such as wild celery, lemon, parsley, and wild carrot, which makes osthol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Osthol is an O-methylated coumarin. It is a calcium channel blocker, found in plants such as Cnidium monnieri, Angelica archangelica and Angelica pubescens . Osthole is a member of coumarins and a botanical anti-fungal agent. It has a role as a metabolite. Osthole is a natural product found in Murraya alata, Pentaceras australe, and other organisms with data available. See also: Angelica pubescens root (part of). D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D007155 - Immunologic Factors Osthole (Osthol) is a natural antihistamine alternative. Osthole may be a potential inhibitor of histamine H1 receptor activity. Osthole also suppresses the secretion of HBV in cells. Osthole (Osthol) is a natural antihistamine alternative. Osthole may be a potential inhibitor of histamine H1 receptor activity. Osthole also suppresses the secretion of HBV in cells. Osthole (Osthol) is a natural antihistamine alternative. Osthole may be a potential inhibitor of histamine H1 receptor activity. Osthole also suppresses the secretion of HBV in cells.

Isoscopoletin

C10H8O4 (192.0423)

Isoscopoletin is a hydroxycoumarin that is esculetin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is the major primary metabolite of scoparone. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a hydroxycoumarin and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to an esculetin. Isoscopoletin is a natural product found in Clausena dunniana, Olea capensis, and other organisms with data available. Isoscopoletin (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) is an active constituent in Artemisia argyi leaves. Isoscopoletin shows substantial inhibition against cell proliferation, with IC50s of 4.0 μM and 1.6 μM for human CCRF-CEM leukaemia cells and multidrug resistant subline CEM/ADR5000, respectively[1]. Isoscopoletin (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) possesses inhibitory activity against HBV replication[2]. Isoscopoletin (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) is an active constituent in Artemisia argyi leaves. Isoscopoletin shows substantial inhibition against cell proliferation, with IC50s of 4.0 μM and 1.6 μM for human CCRF-CEM leukaemia cells and multidrug resistant subline CEM/ADR5000, respectively[1]. Isoscopoletin (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) possesses inhibitory activity against HBV replication[2].

Apigenin

C15H10O5 (270.0528)

Apigenin is a trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells. It has a role as a metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is a conjugate acid of an apigenin-7-olate. Apigenin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Carex fraseriana, and other organisms with data available. Apigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. Apigenin inhibits the expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, is increased by differentiating agents via a protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), Ras, MEKK1, MEK3 cascade that increases AP1 factor level and AP1 factor binding to DNA elements in the hINV promoter. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter and the increase in hINV promoter activity. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311. Activation of hINV promoter activity by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigellocathecin-3-gallate, is also inhibited by apigenin, suggesting that the two chemopreventive agents can produce opposing actions in keratinocytes. (A7924). Apigenin, a flavone abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, exhibits antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic activities through poorly defined mechanisms. This flavonoid provides selective activity to promote caspase-dependent-apoptosis of leukemia cells and uncover an essential role of PKCdelta during the induction of apoptosis by apigenin. (A7925). Apigenin markedly induces the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and synergistically acts with exogenous soluble recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. On the other hand, apigenin-mediated induction of DR5 expression is not observed in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, apigenin does not sensitize normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. (A7926). 5,7,4-trihydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. See also: Chamomile (part of); Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of). Apigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. Apigenin inhibits the expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, is increased by differentiating agents via a protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), Ras, MEKK1, and MEK3 cascade that increases AP1 factor level and AP1 factor binding to DNA elements in the hINV promoter. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311. Activation of hINV promoter activity by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigellocathecin-3-gallate, is also inhibited by apigenin, suggesting that the two chemopreventive agents can produce opposing actions in keratinocytes (PMID: 16982614). Apigenin, a flavone abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, exhibits antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic activities through poorly defined mechanisms. This flavonoid provides selective activity to promote caspase-dependent-apoptosis of leukemia cells and uncover an essential role of PKCdelta during the induction of apoptosis by apigenin (PMID: 16844095). Apigenin markedly induces the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and synergistically acts with exogenous soluble recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. On the other hand, apigenin-mediated induction of DR5 expression is not observed in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, apigenin does not sensitize normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis (PMID: 16648565). Flavone found in a wide variety of foodstuffs; buckwheat, cabbage, celeriac, celery, lettuce, oregano, parsley, peppermint, perilla, pummelo juice, thyme, sweet potatoes, green tea and wild carrot [DFC] A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8558; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8556 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5097; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5094 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5096; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5093 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8561; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8559 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5082; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5079 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5104; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5099 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8572; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8570 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8556; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8554 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5085; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5082 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8554; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8550 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8540; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8539 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 771; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5090; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5089 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_10eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_40eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_20eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_30eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_pos_50eV_CB000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_40eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_20eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_10eV_000005.txt [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_50eV_000005.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 151 [Raw Data] CB002_Apigenin_neg_30eV_000005.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 26 Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM. Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM.

Uridine

C9H12N2O6 (244.0695)

Uridine, also known as beta-uridine or 1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine nucleosides. Pyrimidine nucleosides are compounds comprising a pyrimidine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. More specifically, uridine is a nucleoside consisting of uracil and D-ribose and a component of RNA. Uridine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Uridine can be synthesized from uracil. It is one of the five standard nucleosides which make up nucleic acids, the others being adenosine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine. The five nucleosides are commonly abbreviated to their one-letter codes U, A, T, C and G respectively. Uridine is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, nikkomycin Z, 3-(enolpyruvyl)uridine 5-monophosphate, and 5-aminomethyl-2-thiouridine. Uridine can be found in most biofluids, including urine, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood. Within the cell, uridine is primarily located in the mitochondria, in the nucleus and the lysosome. It can also be found in the extracellular space. As an essential nucleoside, uridine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, uridine is involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include dhydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and beta-ureidopropionase deficiency. Moreover, uridine is found to be associated with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Uridine is a nucleoside consisting of uracil and D-ribose and a component of RNA. Uridine plays a role in the glycolysis pathway of galactose. In humans there is no catabolic process to metabolize galactose. Therefore, galactose is converted to glucose and metabolized via the normal glucose metabolism pathways. More specifically, consumed galactose is converted into galactose 1-phosphate (Gal-1-P). This molecule is a substrate for the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase which transfers a UDP molecule to the galactose molecule. The end result is UDP-galactose and glucose-1-phosphate. This process is continued to allow the proper glycolysis of galactose. Uridine is found in many foods (anything containing RNA) but is destroyed in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, and so no food, when consumed, has ever been reliably shown to elevate blood uridine levels. On the other hand, consumption of RNA-rich foods may lead to high levels of purines (adenine and guanosine) in blood. High levels of purines are known to increase uric acid production and may aggravate or lead to conditions such as gout. Uridine is a ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of uracil attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a human metabolite, a fundamental metabolite and a drug metabolite. It is functionally related to a uracil. Uridine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Uridine is a Pyrimidine Analog. The chemical classification of uridine is Pyrimidines, and Analogs/Derivatives. Uridine is a natural product found in Ulva australis, Synechocystis, and other organisms with data available. Uridine is a nucleoside consisting of uracil and D-ribose and a component of RNA. Uridine has been studied as a rescue agent to reduce the toxicities associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), thereby allowing the administration of higher doses of 5-FU in chemotherapy regimens. (NCI04) Uridine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A ribonucleoside in which RIBOSE is linked to URACIL. Uridine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when uracil is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a b-N1-glycosidic bond. ; Uridine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when uracil is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a ?-N1-glycosidic bond. Uridine is found in many foods, some of which are celery leaves, canola, common hazelnut, and hickory nut. A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of uracil attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. [Spectral] Uridine (exact mass = 244.06954) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) and Glutathione (exact mass = 307.08381) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Uridine (exact mass = 244.06954) and Glutathione (exact mass = 307.08381) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Uridine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-96-8 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 58-96-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Uridine (β-Uridine) is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, aribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Uridine (β-Uridine) is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, aribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Uridine (β-Uridine) is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, aribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.

Linonin

C26H30O8 (470.1941)

Linonin, also known as 7,16-dioxo-7,16-dideoxylimondiol or evodin, is a member of the class of compounds known as limonoids. Limonoids are highly oxygenated, modified terpenoids with a prototypical structure either containing or derived from a precursor with a 4,4,8-trimethyl-17-furanylsteroid skeleton. All naturally occurring citrus limonoids contain a furan ring attached to the D-ring, at C-17, as well as oxygen containing functional groups at C-3, C-4, C-7, C-16 and C-17. Linonin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Linonin can be found in lemon, which makes linonin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Limonin is a limonoid, an epoxide, a hexacyclic triterpenoid, a member of furans, an organic heterohexacyclic compound and a lactone. It has a role as a metabolite, an inhibitor and a volatile oil component. Limonin is a natural product found in Citrus tankan, Flacourtia jangomas, and other organisms with data available. Limonin is a triterpenoid compound rich in citrus fruits that has antiviral and antitumor activities. Limonin is a triterpenoid compound rich in citrus fruits that has antiviral and antitumor activities.

codonolactone

C15H20O3 (248.1412)

Atractylenolide III is a naphthofuran. It has a role as a metabolite. Atractylenolide III is a natural product found in Codonopsis canescens, Codonopsis subglobosa, and other organisms with data available. A natural product found in Atractylodes lancea. Atractylenolide-III is the main component of Atractylodes rhizome and has the activity of inducing apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Atractylenolide-III is the main component of Atractylodes rhizome and has the activity of inducing apoptosis in lung cancer cells.

Atractylenolide

C15H18O2 (230.1307)

Atractylenolide I is a natural product found in Solanum lyratum, Atractylodes japonica, and other organisms with data available. Atractylenolide I is a sesquiterpene derived from the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala, possesses diverse bioactivities, such as neuroprotective, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Atractylenolide I reduces protein levels of phosphorylated JAK2 and STAT3 in A375 cells, and acts as a TLR4-antagonizing agent. Atractylenolide I is a sesquiterpene derived from the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala, possesses diverse bioactivities, such as neuroprotective, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Atractylenolide I reduces protein levels of phosphorylated JAK2 and STAT3 in A375 cells, and acts as a TLR4-antagonizing agent.

L-Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.079)

Phenylalanine (Phe), also known as L-phenylalanine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-phenylalanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Phenylalanine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aromatic, non-polar amino acid. In humans, phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine. Like tyrosine, phenylalanine is also a precursor for catecholamines including tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Catecholamines are neurotransmitters that act as adrenalin-like substances. Interestingly, several psychotropic drugs (mescaline, morphine, codeine, and papaverine) also have phenylalanine as a constituent. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in the human brain and plasma. Normal metabolism of phenylalanine requires biopterin, iron, niacin, vitamin B6, copper, and vitamin C. An average adult ingests 5 g of phenylalanine per day and may optimally need up to 8 g daily. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in a number of high protein foods, such as meat, cottage cheese, and wheat germ. An additional dietary source of phenylalanine is artificial sweeteners containing aspartame (a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide). As a general rule, aspartame should be avoided by phenylketonurics and pregnant women. When present in sufficiently high levels, phenylalanine can act as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural cells and neural tissue. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of phenylalanine are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including Hartnup disorder, hyperphenylalaninemia due to guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase deficiency, phenylketonuria (PKU), tyrosinemia type 2 (or Richner-Hanhart syndrome), and tyrosinemia type III (TYRO3). Phenylketonurics have elevated serum plasma levels of phenylalanine up to 400 times normal. High plasma concentrations of phenylalanine influence the blood-brain barrier transport of large neutral amino acids. The high plasma phenylalanine concentrations increase phenylalanine entry into the brain and restrict the entry of other large neutral amino acids (PMID: 19191004). Phenylalanine has been found to interfere with different cerebral enzyme systems. Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) can lead to intellectual disability, seizures, behavioural problems, and mental disorders. It may also result in a musty smell and lighter skin. Classic PKU dramatically affects myelination and white matter tracts in untreated infants; this may be one major cause of neurological disorders associated with phenylketonuria. Mild phenylketonuria can act as an unsuspected cause of hyperactivity, learning problems, and other developmental problems in children. It has been recently suggested that PKU may resemble amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease, due to the formation of toxic amyloid-like assemblies of phenylalanine (PMID: 22706200). Phenylalanine also has some potential benefits. Phenylalanine can act as an effective pain reliever. Its use in premenstrual syndrome and Parkinsons may enhance the effects of acupuncture and electric transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS). Phenylalanine and tyrosine, like L-DOPA, produce a catecholamine-like effect. Phenylalanine is better absorbed than tyrosine and may cause fewer headaches. Low phenylalanine diets have been prescribed for certain cancers with mixed results. For instance, some tumours use more phen... L-phenylalanine is an odorless white crystalline powder. Slightly bitter taste. pH (1\\\\\\% aqueous solution) 5.4 to 6. (NTP, 1992) L-phenylalanine is the L-enantiomer of phenylalanine. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite and an EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a phenylalanine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-phenylalaninium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-phenylalaninate. It is an enantiomer of a D-phenylalanine. It is a tautomer of a L-phenylalanine zwitterion. Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of melanin, [dopamine], [noradrenalin] (norepinephrine), and [thyroxine]. L-Phenylalanine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid in humans (provided by food), Phenylalanine plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids and is important in the structure and function of many proteins and enzymes. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine, used in the biosynthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters. The L-form of Phenylalanine is incorporated into proteins, while the D-form acts as a painkiller. Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by Phenylalanine is used to quantify protein amounts. (NCI04) Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and the precursor for the amino acid tyrosine. Like tyrosine, it is the precursor of catecholamines in the body (tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine). The psychotropic drugs (mescaline, morphine, codeine, and papaverine) also have phenylalanine as a constituent. Phenylalanine is a precursor of the neurotransmitters called catecholamines, which are adrenalin-like substances. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in the human brain and plasma. Normal metabolism of phenylalanine requires biopterin, iron, niacin, vitamin B6, copper and vitamin C. An average adult ingests 5 g of phenylalanine per day and may optimally need up to 8 g daily. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in high protein foods, such as meat, cottage cheese and wheat germ. A new dietary source of phenylalanine is artificial sweeteners containing aspartame. Aspartame appears to be nutritious except in hot beverages; however, it should be avoided by phenylketonurics and pregnant women. Phenylketonurics, who have a genetic error of phenylalanine metabolism, have elevated serum plasma levels of phenylalanine up to 400 times normal. Mild phenylketonuria can be an unsuspected cause of hyperactivity, learning problems, and other developmental problems in children. Phenylalanine can be an effective pain reliever. Its use in premenstrual syndrome and Parkinsons may enhance the effects of acupuncture and electric transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS). Phenylalanine and tyrosine, like L-dopa, produce a catecholamine effect. Phenylalanine is better absorbed than tyrosine and may cause fewer headaches. Low phenylalanine diets have been prescribed for certain cancers with mixed results. Some tumors use more phenylalanine (particularly melatonin-producing tumors called melanoma). One strategy is to exclude this amino acid from the diet, i.e., a Phenylketonuria (PKU) diet (compliance is a difficult issue; it is hard to quantify and is under-researched). The other strategy is just to increase phenylalanines competing amino acids, i.e., tryptophan, valine, isoleucine and leucine, but not tyrosine. An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE. See also: Plovamer (monomer of); Plovamer Acetate (monomer of) ... View More ... L-phenylalanine, also known as phe or f, belongs to phenylalanine and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-phenylalanine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-phenylalanine can be found in watermelon, which makes L-phenylalanine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. L-phenylalanine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including sweat, blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as throughout all human tissues. L-phenylalanine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-phenylalanine is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism and transcription/Translation. L-phenylalanine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia type 2 (or richner-hanhart syndrome), and tyrosinemia type 3 (TYRO3). Moreover, L-phenylalanine is found to be associated with viral infection, dengue fever, hypothyroidism, and myocardial infarction. L-phenylalanine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Phenylalanine (Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula C 9H 11NO 2. It can be viewed as a benzyl group substituted for the methyl group of alanine, or a phenyl group in place of a terminal hydrogen of alanine. This essential amino acid is classified as neutral, and nonpolar because of the inert and hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. The L-isomer is used to biochemically form proteins, coded for by DNA. The codons for L-phenylalanine are UUU and UUC. Phenylalanine is a precursor for tyrosine; the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline); and the skin pigment melanin . Hepatic. L-phenylalanine that is not metabolized in the liver is distributed via the systemic circulation to the various tissues of the body, where it undergoes metabolic reactions similar to those that take place in the liver (DrugBank). If PKU is diagnosed early, an affected newborn can grow up with normal brain development, but only by managing and controlling phenylalanine levels through diet, or a combination of diet and medication. The diet requires severely restricting or eliminating foods high in phenylalanine, such as meat, chicken, fish, eggs, nuts, cheese, legumes, milk and other dairy products. Starchy foods, such as potatoes, bread, pasta, and corn, must be monitored. Optimal health ranges (or "target ranges") of serum phenylalanine are between 120 and 360 µmol/L, and aimed to be achieved during at least the first 10 years of life. Recently it has been found that a chiral isomer of L-phenylalanine (called D-phenylalanine) actually arrests the fibril formation by L-phenylalanine and gives rise to flakes. These flakes do not propagate further and prevent amyloid formation by L-phenylalanine. D-phenylalanine may qualify as a therapeutic molecule in phenylketonuria (A8161) (T3DB). L-Phenylalanine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=63-91-2 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 63-91-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].

Atractylenolide II

C15H20O2 (232.1463)

Atractylenolide II is a sesquiterpene lactone. Atractylenolide II is a natural product found in Chloranthus henryi, Atractylodes macrocephala, and other organisms with data available. Atractylenolide II is a sesquiterpene compound isolated from the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala (Baizhu in Chinese); anti-proliferative activity. IC50 value: 82.3 μM(B16 melanoma cell, 48 h) [1] Target: anticancer natural compound in vitro: AT-II treatment for 48 h dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation with an IC(50) of 82.3 μM, and induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Moreover, treatment with 75 μM AT-II induced apoptosis. These observations were associated with the decrease of the expression of Cdk2, phosphorylated-Akt, phosphorylated-ERK and Bcl-2, the increase of the expression of phosphorylated-p38, phosphorylated-p53, p21, p27, and activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3. In addition, a chemical inhibitor of p53, PFTα, significantly decreased AT-II-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis [1]. In B16 and A375 cells, AT-II (20, 40 μm) treatment for 48 h dose-dependently reduced protein expression levels of phospho-STAT3, phospho-Src, as well as STAT3-regulated Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. Overexpression of a constitutively active variant of STAT3, STAT3C in A375 cells diminished the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of AT-II [2]. in vivo: Daily administration of AT-II (12.5, 25 mg/kg, i.g.) for 14 days significantly inhibited tumor growth in a B16 xenograft mouse model and inhibited the activation/phosphorylation of STAT3 and Src in the xenografts [2]. Atractylenolide II is a sesquiterpene compound isolated from the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala (Baizhu in Chinese); anti-proliferative activity. IC50 value: 82.3 μM(B16 melanoma cell, 48 h) [1] Target: anticancer natural compound in vitro: AT-II treatment for 48 h dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation with an IC(50) of 82.3 μM, and induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Moreover, treatment with 75 μM AT-II induced apoptosis. These observations were associated with the decrease of the expression of Cdk2, phosphorylated-Akt, phosphorylated-ERK and Bcl-2, the increase of the expression of phosphorylated-p38, phosphorylated-p53, p21, p27, and activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3. In addition, a chemical inhibitor of p53, PFTα, significantly decreased AT-II-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis [1]. In B16 and A375 cells, AT-II (20, 40 μm) treatment for 48 h dose-dependently reduced protein expression levels of phospho-STAT3, phospho-Src, as well as STAT3-regulated Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. Overexpression of a constitutively active variant of STAT3, STAT3C in A375 cells diminished the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of AT-II [2]. in vivo: Daily administration of AT-II (12.5, 25 mg/kg, i.g.) for 14 days significantly inhibited tumor growth in a B16 xenograft mouse model and inhibited the activation/phosphorylation of STAT3 and Src in the xenografts [2].

Atractyloside

C21H36O10 (448.2308)

Atractyloside A is a terpene glycoside. Atractyloside A is a natural product found in Atractylodes japonica, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Atractylodes lancea with data available. Atractyloside A is a natural TCM reference compound. Atractyloside A is a natural TCM reference compound.

Syringin

C17H24O9 (372.142)

Syringin is a monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a monosaccharide derivative, a primary alcohol and a dimethoxybenzene. It is functionally related to a trans-sinapyl alcohol. Syringin is a natural product found in Salacia chinensis, Codonopsis lanceolata, and other organisms with data available. See also: Codonopsis pilosula root (part of). A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. Syringin is a main bioactive phenolic glycoside in Acanthopanax senticosus, with anti-osteoporosis activity. Syringin prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload through the attenuation of autophagy[1][2]. Syringin is a main bioactive phenolic glycoside in Acanthopanax senticosus, with anti-osteoporosis activity. Syringin prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload through the attenuation of autophagy[1][2].

Atractylodin

C13H10O (182.0732)

Atractylodin is a member of furans. Atractylodin is a natural product found in Atractylodes japonica, Atractylodes macrocephala, and other organisms with data available. Atractylodin (Atractydin) is an active component of the essential oil contained in the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis. Atractylodin is natural insecticide and is active against Tribolium castaneum[1][2]. Atractylodin is a click chemistry reagent, itcontains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups. Atractylodin (Atractydin) is an active component of the essential oil contained in the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis. Atractylodin is natural insecticide and is active against Tribolium castaneum[1][2]. Atractylodin is a click chemistry reagent, itcontains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.

Atractylon

C15H20O (216.1514)

Atractylone is a sesquiterpenoid. Atractylon is a natural product found in Eugenia uniflora, Prumnopitys andina, and other organisms with data available.

Beta-eudesmol

C15H26O (222.1984)

Beta-eudesmol is a carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer). It has a role as a volatile oil component. It is a carbobicyclic compound, a tertiary alcohol and a eudesmane sesquiterpenoid. beta-Eudesmol is a natural product found in Rhododendron calostrotum, Rhododendron lepidotum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Arctium lappa Root (part of); Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Pterocarpus marsupium wood (part of). A carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer). Beta-Eudesmol is a natural oxygenated sesquiterpene, activates hTRPA1, with an EC50 of 32.5 μM. Beta-Eudesmol increases appetite through TRPA1[1]. Beta-Eudesmol is a natural oxygenated sesquiterpene, activates hTRPA1, with an EC50 of 32.5 μM. Beta-Eudesmol increases appetite through TRPA1[1].

Palmitic acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402)

Palmitic acid, also known as palmitate or hexadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, palmitic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Palmitic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Palmitic acid can be found in a number of food items such as sacred lotus, spinach, shallot, and corn salad, which makes palmitic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Palmitic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including feces, sweat, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Palmitic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, palmitic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include alendronate action pathway, rosuvastatin action pathway, simvastatin action pathway, and cerivastatin action pathway. Palmitic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hypercholesterolemia, familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency (I). Moreover, palmitic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Palmitic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and dairy products. Palmitate is the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4) . Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation (DrugBank). Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30\\\% (molar) of human depot fat (PMID: 13756126), and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk (PMID: 352132). Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate. Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid (Wikipedia). Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent. Hexadecanoic acid is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. It has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. Palmitic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. It occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin and is usually obtained from palm oil, which is widely distributed in plants. Palmitic acid is used in determination of water hardness and is an active ingredient of *Levovist*TM, used in echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging and as an ultrasound contrast medium. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. Palmitic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-10-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 57-10-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

alpha-Spinasterol

C29H48O (412.3705)

Alpha-Spinasterol is a steroid. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. alpha-Spinasterol is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Benincasa hispida, and other organisms with data available. See also: Menyanthes trifoliata leaf (part of). Constituent of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), alfalfa meal, pumpkin seeds and senega root. alpha-Spinasterol is found in many foods, some of which are bitter gourd, towel gourd, muskmelon, and green vegetables. alpha-Spinasterol is found in alfalfa. alpha-Spinasterol is a constituent of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), alfalfa meal, pumpkin seeds and senega root. α-Spinasterol, isolated from Melandrium firmum, has antibacterial activity[1]. α-Spinasterol is a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist, has anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidant and antinociceptive effects. α-Spinasterol inhibits COX-1 andCOX-2 activities with IC50 values of 16.17 μM and 7.76 μM, respectively[2]. α-Spinasterol, isolated from Melandrium firmum, has antibacterial activity[1]. α-Spinasterol is a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist, has anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidant and antinociceptive effects. α-Spinasterol inhibits COX-1 andCOX-2 activities with IC50 values of 16.17 μM and 7.76 μM, respectively[2].

Stigmasterol

C29H48O (412.3705)

Stigmasterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15\\%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. Stigmasterol is found to be associated with phytosterolemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Stigmasterol is a 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a stigmastane sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Stigmasterol is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Xylopia aromatica, and other organisms with data available. Stigmasterol is a steroid derivative characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and unsaturated bonds in position 5-6 of the B ring, and position 22-23 in the alkyl substituent. Stigmasterol is found in the fats and oils of soybean, calabar bean and rape seed, as well as several other vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. See also: Comfrey Root (part of); Saw Palmetto (part of); Plantago ovata seed (part of). Stigmasterol is an unsaturated plant sterol occurring in the plant fats or oils of soybean, calabar bean, and rape seed, and in a number of medicinal herbs, including the Chinese herbs Ophiopogon japonicus (Mai men dong) and American Ginseng. Stigmasterol is also found in various vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol

beta-Sitosterol

C29H50O (414.3861)

beta-Sitosterol, a main dietary phytosterol found in plants, may have the potential for prevention and therapy for human cancer. Phytosterols are plant sterols found in foods such as oils, nuts, and vegetables. Phytosterols, in the same way as cholesterol, contain a double bond and are susceptible to oxidation, and are characterized by anti-carcinogenic and anti-atherogenic properties (PMID:13129445, 11432711). beta-Sitosterol is a phytopharmacological extract containing a mixture of phytosterols, with smaller amounts of other sterols, bonded with glucosides. These phytosterols are commonly derived from the South African star grass, Hypoxis rooperi, or from species of Pinus and Picea. The purported active constituent is termed beta-sitosterol. Additionally, the quantity of beta-sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside is often reported. Although the exact mechanism of action of beta-sitosterols is unknown, it may be related to cholesterol metabolism or anti-inflammatory effects (via interference with prostaglandin metabolism). Compared with placebo, beta-sitosterol improved urinary symptom scores and flow measures (PMID:10368239). A plant food-based diet modifies the serum beta-sitosterol concentration in hyperandrogenic postmenopausal women. This finding indicates that beta-sitosterol can be used as a biomarker of exposure in observational studies or as a compliance indicator in dietary intervention studies of cancer prevention (PMID:14652381). beta-Sitosterol induces apoptosis and activates key caspases in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells (PMID:12579296). Sitosterol is a member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It has a role as a sterol methyltransferase inhibitor, an anticholesteremic drug, an antioxidant, a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a stigmastane sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid, a C29-steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. Beta-Sitosterol is a natural product found in Elodea canadensis, Ophiopogon intermedius, and other organisms with data available. beta-Sitosterol is one of several phytosterols (plant sterols) with chemical structures similar to that of cholesterol. Sitosterols are white, waxy powders with a characteristic odor. They are hydrophobic and soluble in alcohols. beta-Sitosterol is found in many foods, some of which are ginseng, globe artichoke, sesbania flower, and common oregano. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\\%) is a plant sterol. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\\%) interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation[1]. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\%) is a plant sterol. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\%) interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation[1].

Lupeol

C30H50O (426.3861)

Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It occurs in the skin of lupin seeds, as well as in the latex of fig trees and of rubber plants. It is also found in many edible fruits and vegetables. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug and a plant metabolite. It is a secondary alcohol and a pentacyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a lupane. Lupeol has been investigated for the treatment of Acne. Lupeol is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Ficus septica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It occurs in the skin of lupin seeds, as well as in the latex of fig trees and of rubber plants. It is also found in many edible fruits and vegetables. D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1]. Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1].

beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside

C35H60O6 (576.439)

Daucosterol is a steroid saponin that is sitosterol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has bee isolated from Panax japonicus var. major and Breynia fruticosa. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a steroid saponin, a beta-D-glucoside and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a sitosterol. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Sitogluside is a natural product found in Ophiopogon intermedius, Ophiopogon jaburan, and other organisms with data available. beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside is found in herbs and spices. beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a constituent of Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) leaves. C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent Daucosterol is a natural sterol compound. Daucosterol is a natural sterol compound.

Fructose

C6H12O6 (180.0634)

A D-fructopyranose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration. Fructose, a member of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Fructose, along with glucose, occurs in fruits, honey, and syrups; it also occurs in certain vegetables. It is a component, along with glucose, of the disaccharide sucrose, or common table sugar. Phosphate derivatives of fructose (e.g., fructose-1-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate) are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates. D-fructopyranose is a fructopyranose having D-configuration. It has a role as a sweetening agent. It is a fructopyranose, a D-fructose and a cyclic hemiketal. D-Fructose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). D-Fructose is a natural product found in Gentiana orbicularis, Colchicum schimperi, and other organisms with data available. A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding. Fructose is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose. Although fructose is a hexose (6 carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose). D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants. D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants. Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

Isoleucine (Ile) or L-isoleucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-isolecuine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Isoleucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Isoleucine is an essential amino acid in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it and that it must be obtained from the diet. In plants and microorganisms, isoleucine is synthesized starting from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate. Isoleucine is classified as a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). BCAAs include three amino acids: isoleucine, leucine and valine. They are alpha amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a beta branch point. Despite their structural similarities, BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. Isoleucine is catabolized via with alpha-ketoglutarate where upon it is oxidized and split into propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is converted into succinyl-CoA, a TCA cycle intermediate which can be converted into oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis (hence glucogenic). The acetyl-CoA can be fed into the TCA cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate or used in the synthesis of ketone bodies or fatty acids. The different metabolism of BCAAs accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine are required respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. BCAAs are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia. An inability to break down isoleucine, along with other amino acids, is associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) (PMID: 34125801). Isoleucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287). Mice fed an isoleucine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity, and feeding of an isoleucine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels (PMID: 24684822). L-isoleucine is the L-enantiomer of isoleucine. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an aspartate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, an isoleucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-isoleucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-isoleucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-isoleucine. It is a tautomer of a L-isoleucine zwitterion. An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of leucine. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-Isoleucine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Isoleucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (present in dietary proteins), Isoleucine has diverse physiological functions, such as assisting wound healing, detoxification of nitrogenous wastes, stimulating immune function, and promoting secretion of several hormones. Necessary for hemoglobin formation and regulating blood sugar and energy levels, isoleucine is concentrated in muscle tissues in humans. Isoleucine is found especially in meats, fish, cheese, eggs, and most seeds and nuts. (NCI04) L-Isoleucine is one of the essential amino acids that cannot be made by the body and is known for its ability to help endurance and assist in the repair and rebuilding of muscle. This amino acid is important to body builders as it helps boost energy and helps the body recover from training. L-Isoleucine is also classified as a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA). It helps promote muscle recovery after exercise. Isoleucine is actually broken down for energy within the muscle tissue. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-Isoleucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=73-32-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 73-32-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

(2S,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol

C10H18O (154.1358)

Borneol appears as a white colored lump-solid with a sharp camphor-like odor. Burns readily. Slightly denser than water and insoluble in water. Used to make perfumes. Borneol is a bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a volatile oil component and a metabolite. Isoborneol is a natural product found in Xylopia sericea, Eupatorium capillifolium, and other organisms with data available. Both Borneol and Isoborneol and their acetates and formates are used as flavouring agents. 2-Bornanol is found in turmeric. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2]. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2].

hinesol

C15H26O (222.1984)

Hinesol is a sesquiterpenoid. (-)-Hinesol is a natural product found in Psidium guajava, Cistus creticus, and other organisms with data available.

Cedorol

C15H26O (222.1984)

Cedrol, also known as alpha-cedrol or (+)-cedrol, is a member of the class of compounds known as cedrane and isocedrane sesquiterpenoids. Cedrane and isocedrane sesquiterpenoids are sesquiternoids with a structure based on the cedrane or the isocedrane skeleton. Cedrane is a tricyclic molecules a 3,6,8,8-tetramethyl-1H-3a,7-methano-azulene moiety. Isocedrane is a rearranged cedrane arising from the migration of methyl group moved from the 6-position to the 4-position. Thus, cedrol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Cedrol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Cedrol can be found in ginger, which makes cedrol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Cedrol is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in the essential oil of conifers (cedar oil), especially in the genera Cupressus (cypress) and Juniperus (juniper). It has also been identified in Origanum onites, a plant related to oregano. Its main uses are in the chemistry of aroma compounds. It makes up about 19\\\\% of cedarwood oil Texas and 15.8\\\\% of cedarwood oil Virginia . Cedrol is a bioactive sesquiterpene, a potent competitive inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes. Cedrol inhibits CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylase and CYP3A4-mediated midazolam hydroxylation with Ki of 0.9 μM and 3.4 μM, respectively. Cedrol also has weak inhibitory effect on CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzymes[1]. Cedrol is found in cedar essential oil and poetesses anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, tonic, astringent, diuretic, insecticidal, and anti-fungal activities[2]. Cedrol is a bioactive sesquiterpene, a potent competitive inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes. Cedrol inhibits CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylase and CYP3A4-mediated midazolam hydroxylation with Ki of 0.9 μM and 3.4 μM, respectively. Cedrol also has weak inhibitory effect on CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzymes[1]. Cedrol is found in cedar essential oil and poetesses anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, tonic, astringent, diuretic, insecticidal, and anti-fungal activities[2].

Amyrin

C30H50O (426.3861)

Beta-amyrin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an Aspergillus metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a secondary alcohol. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane. beta-Amyrin is a natural product found in Ficus pertusa, Ficus septica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Viburnum opulus bark (part of); Centaurium erythraea whole (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants. β-Amyrin, an ingredient of Celastrus hindsii, blocks amyloid β (Aβ)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment. β-amyrin is a promising candidate of treatment for AD[1]. β-Amyrin, an ingredient of Celastrus hindsii, blocks amyloid β (Aβ)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment. β-amyrin is a promising candidate of treatment for AD[1].

Guaiol

C15H26O (222.1984)

Guaiol is a guaiane sesquiterpenoid. Guaiol is a natural product found in Philotheca fitzgeraldii, Aristolochia asclepiadifolia, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of). Guaiol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that has been found in several traditional Chinese medicinal plants and has antiproliferative, pro-autophagic, insect repellent, and insecticidal biological activities[1][2][3]. Guaiol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that has been found in several traditional Chinese medicinal plants and has antiproliferative, pro-autophagic, insect repellent, and insecticidal biological activities[1][2][3].

alpha-Humulene

C15H24 (204.1878)

alpha-Humulene, also known as alpha-caryophyllene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. These are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Thus, alpha-humulene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. alpha-Humulene is found in allspice. alpha-Humulene is a constituent of many essential oils including hops (Humulus lupulus) and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum). (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene is the (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene. Humulene is a natural product found in Nepeta nepetella, Teucrium montanum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Caryophyllene (related). α-Humulene is a main constituent of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) essential oil with anti-inflammation (IC50=15±2 μg/mL). α-Humulene inhibits COX-2 and iNOS expression[1]. α-Humulene is a main constituent of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) essential oil with anti-inflammation (IC50=15±2 μg/mL). α-Humulene inhibits COX-2 and iNOS expression[1].

serin

C3H7NO3 (105.0426)

Serine is an alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is an alpha-amino acid and a polar amino acid. It contains a hydroxymethyl group. It is a conjugate base of a serinium. It is a conjugate acid of a serinate. It is a tautomer of a serine zwitterion. DL-Serine, a fundamental metabolite, is a mixture of D-Serine and L-Serine. DL-Serine has antiviral activity against the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)[1]. DL-Serine, a fundamental metabolite, is a mixture of D-Serine and L-Serine. DL-Serine has antiviral activity against the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)[1]. D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid involved in glia-synapse interactions that has unique neurotransmitter characteristics, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor. D-Serinee has a cardinal modulatory role in major NMDAR-dependent processes including NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and cell migration[1][2]. D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid involved in glia-synapse interactions that has unique neurotransmitter characteristics, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor. D-Serinee has a cardinal modulatory role in major NMDAR-dependent processes including NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and cell migration[1][2]. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.

(+)-alpha-Pinene

C10H16 (136.1252)

alpha-Pinene (CAS: 80-56-8) is an organic compound of the terpene class and is one of two isomers of pinene. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Both enantiomers are known in nature. 1S,5S- or (-)-alpha-pinene is more common in European pines, whereas the 1R,5R- or (+)-alpha-isomer is more common in North America. The racemic mixture is present in some oils such as eucalyptus oil (Wikipedia). alpha-Pinene is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of two isomers of pinene. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Both enantiomers are known in nature; 1S,5S- or (-)-alpha-pinene is more common in European pines, whereas the 1R,5R- or (+)-alpha-isomer is more common in North America. The racemic mixture is present in some oils such as eucalyptus oil. (+)-alpha-pinene is the (+)-enantiomer of alpha-pinene. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a human metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-alpha-pinene. (+)-alpha-Pinene is a natural product found in Juniperus drupacea, Eucalyptus deglupta, and other organisms with data available. The (+)-enantiomer of alpha-pinene. (1R)-α-Pinene is a volatile monoterpene with antimicrobial activities. (1R)-α-Pinene reduces Bacillus cereus population growth, and exhibits repellent effects[1][2]. (1R)-α-Pinene is a volatile monoterpene with antimicrobial activities. (1R)-α-Pinene reduces Bacillus cereus population growth, and exhibits repellent effects[1][2].

L-Serine

C3H7NO3 (105.0426)

Serine (Ser) or L-serine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-serine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Serine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans, serine is a nonessential amino acid that can be easily derived from glycine. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. Like all the amino acid building blocks of protein and peptides, serine can become essential under certain conditions, and is thus important in maintaining health and preventing disease. L-Serine may be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake; biosynthesis from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate; from glycine; and by protein and phospholipid degradation. Little data is available on the relative contributions of each of these four sources of l-serine to serine homoeostasis. It is very likely that the predominant source of l-serine will be very different in different tissues and during different stages of human development. In the biosynthetic pathway, the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into phosphohydroxypyruvate, in a reaction catalyzed by 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3- PGDH; EC 1.1.1.95). Phosphohydroxypyruvate is metabolized to phosphoserine by phosphohydroxypyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.52) and, finally, phosphoserine is converted into l-serine by phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP; EC 3.1.3.3). In liver tissue, the serine biosynthetic pathway is regulated in response to dietary and hormonal changes. Of the three synthetic enzymes, the properties of 3-PGDH and PSP are the best documented. Hormonal factors such as glucagon and corticosteroids also influence 3-PGDH and PSP activities in interactions dependent upon the diet. L-serine is the predominant source of one-carbon groups for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and deoxythymidine monophosphate. It has long been recognized that, in cell cultures, L-serine is a conditional essential amino acid, because it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet the cellular demands for its utilization. In recent years, L-serine and the products of its metabolism have been recognized not only to be essential for cell proliferation, but also to be necessary for specific functions in the central nervous system. The findings of altered levels of serine and glycine in patients with psychiatric disorders and the severe neurological abnormalities in patients with defects of L-serine synthesis underscore the importance of L-serine in brain development and function. (PMID 12534373). [Spectral] L-Serine (exact mass = 105.04259) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) and 4-Aminobutanoate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dietary supplement. L-Serine is found in many foods, some of which are cold cut, mammee apple, coho salmon, and carrot. L-Serine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-45-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-45-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.

Oleic acid

C18H34O2 (282.2559)

Oleic acid (or 9Z)-Octadecenoic acid) is an unsaturated C-18 or an omega-9 fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is an odorless, colorless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The name derives from the Latin word oleum, which means oil. Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in human adipose tissue, and the second most abundant in human tissues overall, following palmitic acid. Oleic acid is a component of the normal human diet, being a part of animal fats and vegetable oils. Triglycerides of oleic acid represent the majority of olive oil (about 70\\\\%). Oleic acid triglycerides also make up 59–75\\\\% of pecan oil, 61\\\\% of canola oil, 36–67\\\\% of peanut oil, 60\\\\% of macadamia oil, 20–80\\\\% of sunflower oil, 15–20\\\\% of grape seed oil, sea buckthorn oil, 40\\\\% of sesame oil, and 14\\\\% of poppyseed oil. High oleic variants of plant sources such as sunflower (~80\\\\%) and canola oil (70\\\\%) also have been developed. consumption has been associated with decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and possibly with increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, however, the ability of oleic acid to raise HDL is still debated. Oleic acid may be responsible for the hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects of olive oil that is considered a health benefit. Oleic acid is used in manufacturing of surfactants, soaps, plasticizers. It is also used as an emulsifying agent in foods and pharmaceuticals. Oleic acid is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. Major constituent of plant oils e.g. olive oil (ca. 80\\\\%), almond oil (ca. 80\\\\%) and many others, mainly as glyceride. Constituent of tall oiland is also present in apple, melon, raspberry oil, tomato, banana, roasted peanuts, black tea, rice bran, cardamon, plum brandy, peated malt, dairy products and various animal fats. Component of citrus fruit coatings. Emulsifying agent in foods CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 290 COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2]. Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2].

Linoleic acid

C18H32O2 (280.2402)

Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Linoleic acid (LA) is an organic compound with the formula HOOC(CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)4CH3. Both alkene groups (−CH=CH−) are cis. It is a fatty acid sometimes denoted 18:2 (n-6) or 18:2 cis-9,12. A linoleate is a salt or ester of this acid.[5] Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated, omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid that is virtually insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents.[2] It typically occurs in nature as a triglyceride (ester of glycerin) rather than as a free fatty acid.[6] It is one of two essential fatty acids for humans, who must obtain it through their diet,[7] and the most essential, because the body uses it as a base to make the others. The word "linoleic" derives from Latin linum 'flax', and oleum 'oil', reflecting the fact that it was first isolated from linseed oil.

Wogonin

C16H12O5 (284.0685)

Wogonin is a dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8. It has a role as a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a dihydroxyflavone and a monomethoxyflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a wogonin(1-). Wogonin is a natural product found in Scutellaria likiangensis, Scutellaria amoena, and other organisms with data available. A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8. Annotation level-1 Wogonin is a naturally occurring mono-flavonoid, can inhibit the activity of CDK8 and Wnt, and exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Wogonin is a naturally occurring mono-flavonoid, can inhibit the activity of CDK8 and Wnt, and exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.

Glycine

C2H5NO2 (75.032)

Glycine (Gly), is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Glycine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glycine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid and is the simplest of all amino acids. In humans, glycine is a nonessential amino acid, although experimental animals show reduced growth on low-glycine diets. The average adult human ingests 3 to 5 grams of glycine daily. Glycine is a colorless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid. Glycine was discovered in 1820 by the French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid. The name comes from the Greek word glucus or "sweet tasting". Glycine is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate. In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). In addition to being synthesized from serine, glycine can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys. Glycine is degraded via three pathways. The predominant pathway in animals and plants is the reverse of the glycine synthase pathway. In this context, the enzyme system involved glycine metabolism is called the glycine cleavage system. The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the oxidative conversion of glycine into carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the remaining one-carbon unit transferred to folate as methylenetetrahydrofolate. It is the main catabolic pathway for glycine and it also contributes to one-carbon metabolism. Patients with a deficiency of this enzyme system have increased glycine in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with an increased CSF:plasma glycine ratio (PMID: 16151895). Glycine levels are effectively measured in plasma in both normal patients and those with inborn errors of glycine metabolism (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). Nonketotic hyperglycinaemia (OMIM: 606899) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by deficient enzyme activity of the glycine cleavage enzyme system (EC 2.1.1.10). The glycine cleavage enzyme system comprises four proteins: P-, T-, H- and L-proteins (EC 1.4.4.2, EC 2.1.2.10, and EC 1.8.1.4 for P-, T-, and L-proteins). Mutations have been described in the GLDC (OMIM: 238300), AMT (OMIM: 238310), and GCSH (OMIM: 238330) genes encoding the P-, T-, and H-proteins respectively. Glycine is involved in the bodys production of DNA, hemoglobin, and collagen, and in the release of energy. The principal function of glycine is as a precursor to proteins. Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine, a notable exception being collagen, which contains about 35\\\\\\% glycine. In higher eukaryotes, delta-aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins (needed for hemoglobin and cytochromes), is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA by the enzyme ALA synthase. Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines, which are key constituents of DNA and RNA. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). Glycine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-40-6 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 56-40-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is orally active. Glycine can be used to study cell protection, cancer, neurological diseases, and angiogenesis[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.

Tricin

C17H14O7 (330.0739)

[Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_50eV_1-6_01_1424.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_50eV_1-6_01_1397.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_10eV_1-6_01_1368.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_40eV_1-6_01_1396.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_20eV_1-6_01_1394.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_30eV_1-6_01_1422.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_20eV_1-6_01_1421.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_10eV_1-6_01_1357.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_30eV_1-6_01_1488.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_40eV_1-6_01_1423.txt Tricin is a natural flavonoid present in large amounts in Triticum aestivum. Tricin can inhibit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by inhibiting CDK9. Tricin inhibits the proliferation and invasion of C6 glioma cells via the upregulation of focal-adhesion-finase (FAK)-targeting microRNA-7[1][2][3]. Tricin is a natural flavonoid present in large amounts in Triticum aestivum. Tricin can inhibit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by inhibiting CDK9. Tricin inhibits the proliferation and invasion of C6 glioma cells via the upregulation of focal-adhesion-finase (FAK)-targeting microRNA-7[1][2][3].

2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone

C8H8O4 (168.0423)

2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is a natural product found in Diospyros eriantha, Iris milesii, and other organisms with data available. 2,6-Dimethoxyquinone is a methoxy-substituted benzoquinone and bioactive compound found in fermented wheat germ extracts, with potential antineoplastic and immune-enhancing activity. 2,6-Dimethoxyquinone (2,6-DMBQ) inhibits anaerobic glycolysis thereby preventing cellular metabolism and inducing apoptosis. As cancer cells use the anaerobic glycolysis pathway to metabolize glucose and cancer cells proliferate at an increased rate as compared to normal, healthy cells, this agent is specifically cytotoxic towards cancer cells. In addition, 2,6-DMBQ exerts immune-enhancing effects by increasing natural killer (NK) cell and T-cell activity against cancer cells. See also: Acai fruit pulp (part of). 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is found in common wheat. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is a constituent of bark of Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens (moso bamboo) Constituent of bark of Phyllostachys heterocycla variety pubescens (moso bamboo). 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is found in green vegetables and common wheat. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, a natural phytochemical, is a known haustorial inducing factor. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone exerts anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-adipogenic, antibacterial, and antimalaria effects[1]. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, a natural phytochemical, is a known haustorial inducing factor. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone exerts anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-adipogenic, antibacterial, and antimalaria effects[1].

Levulose

C6H12O6 (180.0634)

D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants. D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants.

Heptadecane

C17H36 (240.2817)

Heptadecane, also known as CH3-[CH2]15-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Heptadecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, heptadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heptadecane is an organic compound, an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C17H36. The most compact and branched isomer would be tetra-tert-butylmethane, but its existence is believed to be impossible due to steric hindrance. The name may refer to any of 24894 theoretically possible structural isomers, or to a mixture thereof. Heptadecane is an alkane tasting compound. heptadecane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as lemon balms, coconuts, orange bell peppers, allspices, and pepper (c. annuum). This could make heptadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. In the IUPAC nomenclature, the name of this compound is simply heptadecane, since the other isomers are viewed and named as alkyl-substituted versions of smaller alkanes. The unbranched isomer is normal or n-heptadecane, CH3(CH2)15CH3. Indeed, it is believed to be the smallest "impossible" alkane. Heptadecane, also known as ch3-[ch2]15-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, heptadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heptadecane is an alkane tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as papaya, orange bell pepper, pepper (spice), and red bell pepper, which makes heptadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Heptadecane can be found primarily in saliva. The unbranched isomer is normal or n-heptadecane, CH3(CH2)15CH3. In the IUPAC nomenclature, the name of this compound is simply heptadecane, since the other isomers are viewed and named as alkyl-substituted versions of smaller alkanes .

beta-Caryophyllene

C15H24 (204.1878)

beta-Caryophyllene, also known as caryophyllene or (−)-β-caryophyllene, is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many essential oils including that of Syzygium aromaticum (cloves), Cannabis sativa, rosemary, and hops. It is usually found as a mixture with isocaryophyllene (the cis double bond isomer) and α-humulene (obsolete name: α-caryophyllene), a ring-opened isomer. beta-Caryophyllene is notable for having both a cyclobutane ring and a trans-double bond in a nine-membered ring, both rarities in nature (Wikipedia). beta-Caryophyllene is a sweet and dry tasting compound that can be found in a number of food items such as allspice, fig, pot marjoram, and roman camomile, which makes beta-caryophyllene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. beta-Caryophyllene can be found in feces and saliva. (-)-Caryophyllene. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=87-44-5 (retrieved 2024-08-07) (CAS RN: 87-44-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). β-Caryophyllene is a CB2 receptor agonist. β-Caryophyllene is a CB2 receptor agonist.

beta-Selinene

C15H24 (204.1878)

Constituent of celery oiland is) also from Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass) and Humulus lupulus (hops). beta-Selinene is found in many foods, some of which are safflower, star anise, chinese cinnamon, and allspice. beta-Selinene is found in alcoholic beverages. beta-Selinene is a constituent of celery oil. Also from Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass) and Humulus lupulus (hops)

5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde

C6H6O3 (126.0317)

5-hydroxymethylfurfural is a member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. It has a role as an indicator and a Maillard reaction product. It is a member of furans, an arenecarbaldehyde and a primary alcohol. Aes-103 has been used in trials studying the treatment and prevention of Hypoxia, Anemia, Sickle Cell, and Sickle Cell Disease. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural is a natural product found in Prunus mume, Tussilago farfara, and other organisms with data available. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde belongs to the family of Furans. These are compounds containing a furan ring, which is a five-member aromatic ring with one oxygen atom, four carbon atoms. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde is found in garden onion. Obtainable from various carbohydrates. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde is present in tomatoes, tobacco oil etc. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde is a constituent of numerous plant species. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde is used as an index of heat treatment and deterioration in food such as tomato paste, honey and fruit juices. Also an indicator of adulteration with acid-converted invert sugars. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural is a biomarker for the consumption of beer 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde or simply HMF is obtainable from various carbohydrates. It is found in garden tomatoes, garden onion, and tobacco oil. Constituent of numerous plant spp.. Used as an index of heat treatment and deterioration in food such as tomato paste, honey and fruit juices. Also an indicator of adulteration with acid-converted invert sugars. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural is a biomarker for the consumption of beer. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (2-Hydroxymethyl-5-furfural), derived from Cornus officinalis, inhibits yeast growth and fermentation as stressors. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (2-Hydroxymethyl-5-furfural), derived from Cornus officinalis, inhibits yeast growth and fermentation as stressors.

alpha-Cyperene

C15H24 (204.1878)

Isolated from Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass) and other plants. alpha-Cyperene is found in burdock and root vegetables. alpha-Cyperene is found in burdock. alpha-Cyperene is isolated from Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass) and other plant

Atractylodinol

C13H10O2 (198.0681)

Acetylatractylodinol

C15H12O3 (240.0786)

Acetylatractylodinol, isolated from Atractylodes lancea, possesses antioxidant activity[1]. Acetylatractylodinol is a click chemistry reagent, itcontains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups. Acetylatractylodinol, isolated from Atractylodes lancea, possesses antioxidant activity[1]. Acetylatractylodinol is a click chemistry reagent, itcontains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.

Atractyloside B

C21H38O10 (450.2465)

Atractyloside C

C21H36O7 (400.2461)

Atractyloside D

C27H46O12 (562.2989)

Atractyloside E

C32H54O16 (694.3412)

Atractyloside F

C37H62O20 (826.3834)

Atractyloside G

C21H36O8 (416.241)

Atractyloside H

C32H54O17 (710.3361)

Atractyloside I

C27H44O13 (576.2782)

D-Fructose

C6H12O6 (180.0634)

Fructose, or levulose, is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose (C6H12O6). Pure fructose has a sweet taste similar to cane sugar, but with a "fruity" aroma. Pure, dry fructose is a sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid, and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars. Although fructose is a hexose (6-carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose). This structure is responsible for the long metabolic pathway and high reactivity compared to glucose. Fructose is a reducing sugar, as are all monosaccharides. Fructose is found in many foods including honey, tree fruits, berries, melons, and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips, and onions. Commercially, fructose is derived from sugar cane, sugar beets, and maize. Fructose is also derived from the digestion of sucrose, a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose that is broken down by enzymes during digestion. Fructose is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar, estimated to be twice as sweet as sucrose. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding. Excessive consumption of fructose (especially from sugar-sweetened beverages) may contribute to insulin resistance, obesity, elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, leading to metabolic syndrome (PMID: 26429086). Fructose exists in foods either as a monosaccharide (free fructose) or as a unit of a disaccharide (sucrose). Free fructose is absorbed directly by the intestine. When fructose is consumed in the form of sucrose, it is digested (broken down) and then absorbed as free fructose. As sucrose comes into contact with the membrane of the small intestine, the enzyme sucrase catalyzes the cleavage of sucrose to yield one glucose unit and one fructose unit, which are then each absorbed. After absorption, it enters the hepatic portal vein and is directed toward the liver. fructose absorption occurs on the mucosal membrane via facilitated transport involving GLUT5 transport proteins. Since the concentration of fructose is higher in the lumen, fructose is able to flow down a concentration gradient into the enterocytes, assisted by transport proteins. Fructose may be transported out of the enterocyte across the basolateral membrane by either GLUT2 or GLUT5, although the GLUT2 transporter has a greater capacity for transporting fructose, and, therefore, the majority of fructose is transported out of the enterocyte through GLUT2. The catabolism of fructose is sometimes referred to as fructolysis. In fructolysis, the enzyme fructokinase produces fructose 1-phosphate, which is split by aldolase B to produce the trioses dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. Unlike glycolysis, in fructolysis the triose glyceraldehyde lacks a phosphate group. A third enzyme, triokinase, is therefore required to phosphorylate glyceraldehyde, producing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The resulting trioses can enter the gluconeogenic pathway for glucose or glycogen synthesis, or be further catabolized through the lower glycolytic pathway to pyruvate. Fructose metabolism leads to significant increases of plasma uric acid levels (PMID: 28420204). In fructolysis, fructose 1-phosphate accumulates, and intracellular phosphate decreases. This decrease stimulates AMP deaminase (AMPD), which catalyzes the degradation of AMP to inosine monophosphate, increasing the rate of purine degradation (PMID: 28420204). The purine degradation produces uric acid and generates mitochondrial oxidants. Mitochondrial oxidative stress then induces aconitase inhibition in the Krebs cycle, with accumulation of citrate and stimulation of ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid synthase (PMID: 28420204). The result is de novo lipogenesis and hepatic fat accumulation. Physiologically, the increase in intracellular uric acid is followed by an acute rise in circulating levels of uric acid, which is likely due to its release from the liver. Fructose also stimulates uric acid synt... β-d-fructofuranose, also known as fructose or beta-levulose, is a member of the class of compounds known as C-glycosyl compounds. C-glycosyl compounds are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a C-glycosidic bond. β-d-fructofuranose is very soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). β-d-fructofuranose can be found in a number of food items such as yardlong bean, red huckleberry, towel gourd, and burdock, which makes β-d-fructofuranose a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. β-d-fructofuranose can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, urine, and saliva, as well as in human liver, prostate and sperm tissues. β-d-fructofuranose exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, β-d-fructofuranose is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include amino sugar metabolism, fructose intolerance, hereditary, starch and sucrose metabolism, and fructose and mannose degradation. β-d-fructofuranose is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include glycogen synthetase deficiency, salla disease/infantile sialic acid storage disease, mucopolysaccharidosis VI. sly syndrome, and galactosemia. Moreover, β-d-fructofuranose is found to be associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. β-d-fructofuranose is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Acute consumption of fructose or high fructose corn syrup is essentially non-toxic. Chronic, excess fructose consumption has been shown to be a cause (or indirect cause) of gout, insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity, fatty liver disease, elevated LDL cholesterol and elevated triglycerides, leading to metabolic syndrome. In Wistar rats, a laboratory model of diabetes, 10\\\\% fructose feeding as opposed to 10\\\\% glucose feeding was found to increase blood triglyceride levels by 86\\\\%, whereas the same amount of glucose had no effect on triglycerides. A 2008 study found a substantial risk of incident gout associated with the consumption of fructose or fructose-rich foods. It is suspected that the fructose found in soft drinks (e.g., carbonated beverages) and other sweetened drinks is the primary reason for this increased incidence (T3DB). CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 235 D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants. D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants.

DL-Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

DL-Arginine is used in physicochemical analysis of amino acid complexation dynamics and crystal structure formations. DL-Arginine is used in physicochemical analysis of amino acid complexation dynamics and crystal structure formations.

Pinene

C10H16 (136.1252)

Pinene (is a bicyclic monoterpene chemical compound. There are two structural isomers of pinene found in nature: alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. As the name suggests, both forms are important constituents of pine resin; they are also found in the resins of many other conifers, as well as in non-coniferous plants. Both isomers are used by many insects in their chemical communication system.

β-Caryophyllene

C15H24 (204.1878)

A sesquiterpene with a [7.2.0]-bicyclic structure comprising fused 9- and 4-membered rings, with a cis-ring junction, a methylidene group at position 9, and methyl groups at positions 3, 11, and 11. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Constituent of clove, cinnamon, mint, eucalyptus, thyme, lemon balm and many other oils. The main source is the clove tree Eugenia caryophyllata. Flavouring agent. beta-Caryophyllene is found in many foods, some of which are hyssop, red bell pepper, pot marjoram, and caraway. β-Caryophyllene is a CB2 receptor agonist. β-Caryophyllene is a CB2 receptor agonist.

isoborneol

C10H18O (154.1358)

(-)-isoborneol, also known as isoborneol, (1r-endo)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. Bicyclic monoterpenoids are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other (-)-isoborneol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, (-)-isoborneol is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP). It can also be found in the extracellular space. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2]. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2].

2-isopropyl-4-methyl anisole

C11H16O (164.1201)

Caffeic acid ethyl ester

C11H12O4 (208.0736)

Caffeic acid ethyl ester, also known as (E)-ethyl 3,4-dihydroxycinnamate or (E)-ethyl caffeate, belongs to coumaric acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are aromatic compounds containing Aromatic compounds containing a cinnamic acid moiety (or a derivative thereof) hydroxylated at the C2 (ortho-), C3 (meta-), or C4 (para-) carbon atom of the benzene ring. Caffeic acid ethyl ester is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Caffeic acid ethyl ester can be found in eggplant and vinegar, which makes caffeic acid ethyl ester a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ethyl caffeate is an ester of an hydroxycinnamic acid, a naturally occurring organic compound . Ethyl trans-caffeate is an ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with ethanol. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent and an antineoplastic agent. It is an alkyl caffeate ester and an ethyl ester. It is functionally related to a trans-caffeic acid. Ethyl caffeate is a natural product found in Cichorium endivia, Cichorium pumilum, and other organisms with data available. Ethyl Caffeate is a natural phenolic compound isolated from Bidens pilosa. Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF-κB activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in vitro or in mouse skin[1]. Ethyl Caffeate is a natural phenolic compound isolated from Bidens pilosa. Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF-κB activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in vitro or in mouse skin[1].

Cedrol

C15H26O (222.1984)

Cedrol is a cedrane sesquiterpenoid and a tertiary alcohol. Cedrol is a natural product found in Xylopia aromatica, Widdringtonia whytei, and other organisms with data available. Cedrol is a bioactive sesquiterpene, a potent competitive inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes. Cedrol inhibits CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylase and CYP3A4-mediated midazolam hydroxylation with Ki of 0.9 μM and 3.4 μM, respectively. Cedrol also has weak inhibitory effect on CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzymes[1]. Cedrol is found in cedar essential oil and poetesses anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, tonic, astringent, diuretic, insecticidal, and anti-fungal activities[2]. Cedrol is a bioactive sesquiterpene, a potent competitive inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes. Cedrol inhibits CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylase and CYP3A4-mediated midazolam hydroxylation with Ki of 0.9 μM and 3.4 μM, respectively. Cedrol also has weak inhibitory effect on CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzymes[1]. Cedrol is found in cedar essential oil and poetesses anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, tonic, astringent, diuretic, insecticidal, and anti-fungal activities[2].

2-Decenal

C10H18O (154.1358)

Constituent of essential oil of corianderand is also present in French fries, tomato, wheat bread, cooked meats, roasted pecans, roasted filbert and rice. Flavouring agent. 2-Decenal is found in many foods, some of which are herbs and spices, potato, animal foods, and garden tomato. (2E)-dec-2-enal is a dec-2-enal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It has a role as an alarm pheromone, a nematicide and a mutagen. 2-Decenal is a natural product found in Vaccinium macrocarpon, Akebia trifoliata, and other organisms with data available. 2-Decenal is found in animal foods. 2-Decenal is a constituent of essential oil of coriander. Also present in French fries, tomato, wheat bread, cooked meats, roasted pecans, roasted filbert and rice. 2-Decenal is a flavouring agent

Limonin

C26H30O8 (470.1941)

Limonin is found in citrus. Limonin is isolated from oranges and other citrus fruits (Citrus species). Limonin is a limonoid, and a bitter, white, crystalline substance found in orange and lemon seeds. It is also known as limonoate D-ring-lactone and limonoic acid di-delta-lactone. Chemically, it is a member of the class of compounds known as furanolactones Isolated from oranges and other citrus fruits (Citrus subspecies). Limonin is a triterpenoid compound rich in citrus fruits that has antiviral and antitumor activities. Limonin is a triterpenoid compound rich in citrus fruits that has antiviral and antitumor activities.

(1S,2S,4R)-1,8-Epoxy-p-menthan-2-ol glucoside

C16H28O7 (332.1835)

(1S,2S,4R)-1,8-Epoxy-p-menthan-2-ol glucoside is found in citrus. (1S,2S,4R)-1,8-Epoxy-p-menthan-2-ol glucoside is a constituent of Alpinia galanga (greater galangal), Citrus unshiu (satsuma mandarin) and Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). Constituent of Alpinia galanga (greater galangal), Citrus unshiu (satsuma mandarin) and Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). (1S,2S,4R)-1,8-Epoxy-p-menthan-2-ol glucoside is found in citrus and herbs and spices.

(1R,2R,4S)-p-Menthane-1,2,8-triol 8-glucoside

C16H30O8 (350.1941)

(1R,2R,4S)-p-Menthane-1,2,8-triol 8-glucoside is found in fats and oils. (1R,2R,4S)-p-Menthane-1,2,8-triol 8-glucoside is a constituent of fruit of Carum carvi (caraway). Constituent of fruit of Carum carvi (caraway). (1R,2R,4S)-p-Menthane-1,2,8-triol 8-glucoside is found in fats and oils and herbs and spices.

Phenethyl rutinoside

C20H30O10 (430.1839)

Phenethyl rutinoside is found in citrus. Phenethyl rutinoside is isolated from Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarin Isolated from Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarin). Phenethyl rutinoside is found in citrus and pomegranate.

2-Undecenal

C11H20O (168.1514)

(E)-2-Undecenal is a component of dried/smoked fish aroma. It is found in leaf and flower essential oils, and fruit (orange peel and blackberries), butter, cooked chicken, beef, mutton, pork and roasted nuts. Used as a flavouring ingredient. it is also found in milk and spices. (Z)-2-Undecenal is found in animal foods. (Z)-2-Undecenal is a component of roasted chicken/guinea hen meat and mango aroma.

(-)-Borneol

C10H18O (154.1358)

(-)-Borneol is found in common thyme and in turmeric. (-)-Borneol is a constituent of Blumea balsamifera (sambong). Both Borneol and Isoborneol and their acetates and formates are used as flavouring agents Constituent of Blumea balsamifera (sambong). (-)-Borneol is found in many foods, some of which are tea, coriander, common thyme, and cornmint. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2]. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2].

Isopropyl apiosylglucoside

C14H26O10 (354.1526)

Isopropyl apiosylglucoside is found in root vegetables. Isopropyl apiosylglucoside is a constituent of the roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Constituent of the roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Isopropyl apiosylglucoside is found in root vegetables.

7-Hydroxyterpineol 8-glucoside

C16H28O7 (332.1835)

7-Hydroxyterpineol 8-glucoside is found in herbs and spices. 7-Hydroxyterpineol 8-glucoside is a constituent of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). Constituent of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). 7-Hydroxyterpineol 8-glucoside is found in herbs and spices.

Thymol methyl ether

C11H16O (164.1201)

Naturally occurring, e.g. in oil of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum) and Citrus subspecies Thymol methyl ether is found in many foods, some of which are lime, sweet basil, pot marjoram, and herbs and spices. Thymol methyl ether is found in citrus. Naturally occurring, e.g. in oil of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum) and Citrus specie

Prenyl apiosyl-(1->6)-glucoside

C16H28O10 (380.1682)

Prenyl apiosyl-(1->6)-glucoside is found in alcoholic beverages. Prenyl apiosyl-(1->6)-glucoside is a constituent of a wine grape (Vitis vinifera) and Bupleurum falcatum

Vulgarone B

C15H22O (218.1671)

Vulgarone B is found in herbs and spices. Vulgarone B is a constituent of essential oil of Chrysanthemum vulgare (tansy). Constituent of essential oil of Chrysanthemum vulgare (tansy). Vulgarone B is found in herbs and spices.

ethyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate

C11H12O3 (192.0786)

2-Methoxyhydroquinone

C7H8O3 (140.0473)

3-Methyl-3-butenyl apiosyl-(1->6)-glucoside

C16H28O10 (380.1682)

3-Methyl-3-butenyl apiosyl-(1->6)-glucoside is found in alcoholic beverages. 3-Methyl-3-butenyl apiosyl-(1->6)-glucoside is a constituent of a wine from grapes Vitis vinifera cv. Gewurztraminer

(+)-Isoborneol

C10H18O (154.1358)

(+)-Isoborneol, also known as (S,S,S)-(+)-isoborneol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other. (+)-Isoborneol is a flavouring agent. Flavouring agent Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2]. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2].

(-)-Isoborneol

C10H18O (154.1358)

(-)-Isoborneol, also known as (R,R,R)-(-)-isoborneol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other. (-)-Isoborneol is a flavouring agent. Flavouring agent Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2]. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2].

alpha-Phellandrene

C10H16 (136.1252)

Phellandrene is the name for a pair of organic compounds that have a similar molecular structure and similar chemical properties. alpha-Phellandrene and beta-phellandrene are cyclic monoterpenes and are double-bond isomers. The phellandrenes are used in fragrances because of their pleasing aromas. Phellandrene is found in many foods, some of which are ceylon cinnamon, peppermint, anise, and dill. alpha-Phellandrene is found in allspice. Phellandrene is the name for a pair of organic compounds that have a similar molecular structure and similar chemical properties. alpha-Phellandrene and beta-phellandrene are cyclic monoterpenes and are double-bond isomers. The phellandrenes are used in fragrances because of their pleasing aromas. (Wikipedia

Octadec-9-enoic Acid

C18H34O2 (282.2559)

Octadec-9-enoic Acid, also known as 18:1, N-9 or Delta(9)-Octadecenoic acid, is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Octadec-9-enoic Acid is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. Octadec-9-enoic Acid can be synthesized from octadec-9-ene. It is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, 1-octadec-9-enoylglycero-3-phosphate, N-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-9-octadecenamide, and sterculic acid

1-[(2R,3S,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione

C9H12N2O6 (244.0695)

1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil (Uracil 1-β-D-arabinofuranoside) isolated from the Caribbean sponge Tectitethya crypta, is a methoxyadenosine derivative. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil has demonstrated a diverse bioactivity profile including anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic and vasodilation properties[1]. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil reduces a proliferation of mouse lymphoma cells[2]. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil (Uracil 1-β-D-arabinofuranoside) isolated from the Caribbean sponge Tectitethya crypta, is a methoxyadenosine derivative. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil has demonstrated a diverse bioactivity profile including anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic and vasodilation properties[1]. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil reduces a proliferation of mouse lymphoma cells[2]. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil (Uracil 1-β-D-arabinofuranoside) isolated from the Caribbean sponge Tectitethya crypta, is a methoxyadenosine derivative. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil has demonstrated a diverse bioactivity profile including anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic and vasodilation properties[1]. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil reduces a proliferation of mouse lymphoma cells[2].

9-Arabinofuranosyladenine

C10H13N5O4 (267.0967)

9Z,12E-Octadecadienoic acid

C18H32O2 (280.2402)

alpha-Bisabolol

C15H26O (222.1984)

alpha-Bisabolol is a nontoxic sesquiterpene alcohol present in natural essential oil, with anticancer activity. alpha-Bisabolol exerts selective anticancer effect on A549 NSCLC cells (IC50=15 μM) via induction of cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibition of PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. alpha-Bisabolol also strongly induces apoptosis in glioma cells[1][2]. alpha-Bisabolol is a nontoxic sesquiterpene alcohol present in natural essential oil, with anticancer activity. alpha-Bisabolol exerts selective anticancer effect on A549 NSCLC cells (IC50=15 μM) via induction of cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibition of PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. alpha-Bisabolol also strongly induces apoptosis in glioma cells[1][2].

alpha-Caryophyllene

C15H24 (204.1878)

α-Humulene is a main constituent of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) essential oil with anti-inflammation (IC50=15±2 μg/mL). α-Humulene inhibits COX-2 and iNOS expression[1]. α-Humulene is a main constituent of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) essential oil with anti-inflammation (IC50=15±2 μg/mL). α-Humulene inhibits COX-2 and iNOS expression[1].

Atractylenolide II

C15H20O2 (232.1463)

Atractylenolide III

C15H20O3 (248.1412)

Atractylodin

C13H10O (182.0732)

Atractylon

C15H20O (216.1514)

Guaiol

C15H26O (222.1984)

Guaiol is a member of the class of compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenoids are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Guaiol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Guaiol is a mild, balsamic, and guaiacwood tasting compound found in ginger, which makes guaiol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Guaiol or champacol is an organic compound, a sesquiterpenoid alcohol found in several plants, especially in the oil of guaiacum and cypress pine. It is a crystalline solid that melts at 92 °C. Guaiol is one of many terpenes found in Cannabis . Guaiol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that has been found in several traditional Chinese medicinal plants and has antiproliferative, pro-autophagic, insect repellent, and insecticidal biological activities[1][2][3]. Guaiol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that has been found in several traditional Chinese medicinal plants and has antiproliferative, pro-autophagic, insect repellent, and insecticidal biological activities[1][2][3].

Spinosterol

C29H48O (412.3705)

Spinosterol, also known as spinasterol, (3beta,5alpha,22e,24r)-isomer, belongs to stigmastanes and derivatives class of compounds. Those are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24. Thus, spinosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Spinosterol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Spinosterol can be found in wild celery, which makes spinosterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. α-Spinasterol, isolated from Melandrium firmum, has antibacterial activity[1]. α-Spinasterol is a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist, has anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidant and antinociceptive effects. α-Spinasterol inhibits COX-1 andCOX-2 activities with IC50 values of 16.17 μM and 7.76 μM, respectively[2]. α-Spinasterol, isolated from Melandrium firmum, has antibacterial activity[1]. α-Spinasterol is a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist, has anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidant and antinociceptive effects. α-Spinasterol inhibits COX-1 andCOX-2 activities with IC50 values of 16.17 μM and 7.76 μM, respectively[2].

psi-Taraxasterol

C30H50O (426.3861)

Psi-taraxasterol is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Psi-taraxasterol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Psi-taraxasterol can be found in burdock and dandelion, which makes psi-taraxasterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Coriandrinol

C35H60O6 (576.439)

Coriandrinol belongs to stigmastanes and derivatives class of compounds. Those are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24. Coriandrinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Coriandrinol can be found in coriander, which makes coriandrinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Daucosterol is a natural sterol compound. Daucosterol is a natural sterol compound.

Benzyl 6-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-beta-D-glucoside

C18H26O10 (402.1526)

Benzyl 6-o-beta-d-apiofuranosyl-beta-d-glucoside, also known as benzyl acuminose, is a member of the class of compounds known as O-glycosyl compounds. O-glycosyl compounds are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a O-glycosidic bond. Benzyl 6-o-beta-d-apiofuranosyl-beta-d-glucoside is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Benzyl 6-o-beta-d-apiofuranosyl-beta-d-glucoside can be found in common grape, which makes benzyl 6-o-beta-d-apiofuranosyl-beta-d-glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

beta-Phenylethanol beta-D-rutinoside

C20H30O10 (430.1839)

Beta-phenylethanol beta-d-rutinoside is a member of the class of compounds known as O-glycosyl compounds. O-glycosyl compounds are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a O-glycosidic bond. Beta-phenylethanol beta-d-rutinoside is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Beta-phenylethanol beta-d-rutinoside can be found in common grape, which makes beta-phenylethanol beta-d-rutinoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

Cedrol

C15H26O (222.1984)

Cedrol is a member of the class of compounds known as cedrane and isocedrane sesquiterpenoids. Cedrane and isocedrane sesquiterpenoids are sesquiternoids with a structure based on the cedrane or the isocedrane skeleton. Cedrane is a tricyclic molecules a 3,6,8,8-tetramethyl-1H-3a,7-methano-azulene moiety. Isocedrane is a rearranged cedrane arising from the migration of methyl group moved from the 6-position to the 4-position. Cedrol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Cedrol is a sweet, cedarwood, and dry tasting compound found in ginger, pepper (spice), and peppermint, which makes cedrol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cedrol is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in the essential oil of conifers (cedar oil), especially in the genera Cupressus (cypress) and Juniperus (juniper). It has also been identified in Origanum onites, a plant related to oregano. Its main uses are in the chemistry of aroma compounds. It makes up about 19\\\\% of cedarwood oil Texas and 15.8\\\\% of cedarwood oil Virginia . Cedrol is a bioactive sesquiterpene, a potent competitive inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes. Cedrol inhibits CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylase and CYP3A4-mediated midazolam hydroxylation with Ki of 0.9 μM and 3.4 μM, respectively. Cedrol also has weak inhibitory effect on CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzymes[1]. Cedrol is found in cedar essential oil and poetesses anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, tonic, astringent, diuretic, insecticidal, and anti-fungal activities[2]. Cedrol is a bioactive sesquiterpene, a potent competitive inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes. Cedrol inhibits CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylase and CYP3A4-mediated midazolam hydroxylation with Ki of 0.9 μM and 3.4 μM, respectively. Cedrol also has weak inhibitory effect on CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzymes[1]. Cedrol is found in cedar essential oil and poetesses anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, tonic, astringent, diuretic, insecticidal, and anti-fungal activities[2].

Icariside D1

C19H28O10 (416.1682)

Icariside d1 is a member of the class of compounds known as O-glycosyl compounds. O-glycosyl compounds are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a O-glycosidic bond. Icariside d1 is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Icariside d1 can be found in anise and pomegranate, which makes icariside d1 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Humulene-alpha

C15H24 (204.1878)

Constituent of many essential oils including hops (Humulus lupulus) and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum). alpha-Humulene is found in many foods, some of which are winter savory, pepper (spice), cottonseed, and lemon balm. α-Humulene is a main constituent of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) essential oil with anti-inflammation (IC50=15±2 μg/mL). α-Humulene inhibits COX-2 and iNOS expression[1]. α-Humulene is a main constituent of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) essential oil with anti-inflammation (IC50=15±2 μg/mL). α-Humulene inhibits COX-2 and iNOS expression[1].

Uridine

C9H12N2O6 (244.0695)

C26170 - Protective Agent > C2459 - Chemoprotective Agent > C2080 - Cytoprotective Agent COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Uridine (β-Uridine) is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, aribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Uridine (β-Uridine) is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, aribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Uridine (β-Uridine) is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, aribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.

Linoleate

C18H32O2 (280.2402)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Isoleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

Oleate

C18H34O2 (282.2559)

COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2]. Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2].

Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.079)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4]. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].

Fabiatrin

C21H26O13 (486.1373)

Fabiatrin is a natural product found in Physochlaina physaloides and Atractylodes lancea with data available.

Oroxindin

C22H20O11 (460.1006)

Wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide is the glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin. It is a glycosyloxyflavone, a monomethoxyflavone, a monohydroxyflavone, a monosaccharide derivative and a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid. It is functionally related to a wogonin. It is a conjugate acid of a wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronate. Oroxindin is a natural product found in Scutellaria discolor, Scutellaria indica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of). The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin. Wogonoside, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Huangqin, possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Wogonoside induces autophagy in breast cancer cells by regulating MAPK-mTOR pathway[1][2]. Wogonoside, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Huangqin, possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Wogonoside induces autophagy in breast cancer cells by regulating MAPK-mTOR pathway[1][2].

Wogonoside

C22H20O11 (460.1006)

Wogonoside, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Huangqin, possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Wogonoside induces autophagy in breast cancer cells by regulating MAPK-mTOR pathway[1][2]. Wogonoside, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Huangqin, possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Wogonoside induces autophagy in breast cancer cells by regulating MAPK-mTOR pathway[1][2].

β-Amyrin

C30H50O (426.3861)

Beta-amyrin, also known as amyrin or (3beta)-olean-12-en-3-ol, is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Thus, beta-amyrin is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-amyrin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Beta-amyrin can be synthesized from oleanane. Beta-amyrin is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, erythrodiol, glycyrrhetaldehyde, and 24-hydroxy-beta-amyrin. Beta-amyrin can be found in a number of food items such as thistle, pepper (c. baccatum), wakame, and endive, which makes beta-amyrin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. The amyrins are three closely related natural chemical compounds of the triterpene class. They are designated α-amyrin (ursane skeleton), β-amyrin (oleanane skeleton) and δ-amyrin. Each is a pentacyclic triterpenol with the chemical formula C30H50O. They are widely distributed in nature and have been isolated from a variety of plant sources such as epicuticular wax. In plant biosynthesis, α-amyrin is the precursor of ursolic acid and β-amyrin is the precursor of oleanolic acid. All three amyrins occur in the surface wax of tomato fruit. α-Amyrin is found in dandelion coffee . β-Amyrin, an ingredient of Celastrus hindsii, blocks amyloid β (Aβ)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment. β-amyrin is a promising candidate of treatment for AD[1]. β-Amyrin, an ingredient of Celastrus hindsii, blocks amyloid β (Aβ)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment. β-amyrin is a promising candidate of treatment for AD[1].

Palmitic Acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402)

COVID info from WikiPathways D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

β-Eudesmol

C15H26O (222.1984)

Beta-eudesmol, also known as beta-selinenol, is a member of the class of compounds known as eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids. Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids are sesquiterpenoids with a structure based on the eudesmane skeleton. Beta-eudesmol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Beta-eudesmol is a green and wood tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as common walnut, sweet basil, ginkgo nuts, and burdock, which makes beta-eudesmol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Beta-Eudesmol is a natural oxygenated sesquiterpene, activates hTRPA1, with an EC50 of 32.5 μM. Beta-Eudesmol increases appetite through TRPA1[1]. Beta-Eudesmol is a natural oxygenated sesquiterpene, activates hTRPA1, with an EC50 of 32.5 μM. Beta-Eudesmol increases appetite through TRPA1[1].

sitosterol

C29H50O (414.3861)

A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\\%) is a plant sterol. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\\%) interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation[1]. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\%) is a plant sterol. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\%) interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation[1].