NCBI Taxonomy: 4164

Sarsasapogenin

C27H44O3 (416.329)

(25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol is a sapogenin. Sarsasapogenin is a natural product found in Yucca gloriosa, Narthecium ossifragum, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of Radix sarsaparilla (sarsaparilla root). Sarsasapogenin is found in asparagus, herbs and spices, and fenugreek. Sarsasapogenin is found in asparagus. Sarsasapogenin is a constituent of Radix sarsaparilla (sarsaparilla root) C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C823 - Saponin C1907 - Drug, Natural Product Sarsasapogenin is a sapogenin from the Chinese medical herb Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, with antidiabetic, anti-oxidative, anticancer and anti-inflamatory activities. Sarsasapogenin is a sapogenin from the Chinese medical herb Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, with antidiabetic, anti-oxidative, anticancer and anti-inflamatory activities.

Gitogenin

C27H44O4 (432.3239)

Gitogenin is a triterpenoid. Gitogenin is a natural product found in Yucca gloriosa, Allium rotundum, and other organisms with data available. Gitogenin is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Gitogenin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gitogenin can be found in fenugreek, which makes gitogenin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Gitogenin is a natural steroid isolated from the whole plant of Tribulus longipetalus. Gitogenin is a selective inhibitor of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 (UGT1A4) and enzyme α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.69 μM (use trifluoperazine as a substrate) and 37.2 μM, respectively, and does not inhibit the activities of major human cytochrome P450 isoforms[1][2]. Gitogenin is a natural steroid isolated from the whole plant of Tribulus longipetalus. Gitogenin is a selective inhibitor of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 (UGT1A4) and enzyme α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.69 μM (use trifluoperazine as a substrate) and 37.2 μM, respectively, and does not inhibit the activities of major human cytochrome P450 isoforms[1][2].

Digitoxin

C41H64O13 (764.4347)

Digitoxin appears as odorless white or pale buff microcrystalline powder. Used as a cardiotonic drug. (EPA, 1998) Digitoxin is a cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. It has a role as an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. It is functionally related to a digitoxigenin. It is a conjugate acid of a digitoxin(1-). A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of digoxin. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665) Digitoxin is a natural product found in Digitalis obscura, Digitalis parviflora, and other organisms with data available. Digitoxin is a lipid soluble cardiac glycoside that inhibits the plasma membrane sodium potassium ATPase, leading to increased intracellular sodium and calcium levels and decreased intracellular potassium levels. In studies increased intracellular calcium precedes cell death and decreased intracellular potassium increase caspase activation and DNA fragmentation, causing apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell growth. (NCI) Digitoxin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of digoxin. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)Digitoxin inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Digitoxin also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential. A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665) See also: Acetyldigitoxin (is active moiety of). Digitoxin, also known as crystodigin or digitoxoside, belongs to cardenolide glycosides and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a carbohydrate glycosidically bound to the cardenolide moiety. Thus, digitoxin is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Digitoxin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Digitoxin can be synthesized from digitoxigenin. Digitoxin can also be synthesized into 3-O-acetyldigitoxin. Digitoxin can be found in common bean, which makes digitoxin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Digitoxin can be found primarily in blood and urine. Digitoxin is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Digitoxin is a drug which is used for the treatment and management of congestive cardiac insufficiency, arrhythmias and heart failure. Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside. It is a phytosteroid and is similar in structure and effects to digoxin (though the effects are longer-lasting). Unlike digoxin (which is eliminated from the body via the kidneys), it is eliminated via the liver, so could be used in patients with poor or erratic kidney function. However, it is now rarely used in current Western medical practice. While several controlled trials have shown digoxin to be effective in a proportion of patients treated for heart failure, the evidence base for digitoxin is not as strong, although it is presumed to be similarly effective . Digitoxin exhibits similar toxic effects to the more-commonly used digoxin, namely: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, confusion, visual disturbances, and cardiac arrhythmias (DrugBank). Digitoxin inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Digitoxin also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential (T3DB). Digitoxin is a cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. It has a role as an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. It derives from a digitoxigenin. It is a conjugate acid of a digitoxin(1-). Digitoxin appears as odorless white or pale buff microcrystalline powder. It is a cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of digoxin. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. Digitoxin inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Digitoxin also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential. C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor Digitoxin is a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an EC50 value of 0.78 μM. Digitoxin is a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an EC50 value of 0.78 μM.

Nicotinic acid

C6H5NO2 (123.032)

Nicotinic acid is an odorless white crystalline powder with a feebly acid taste. pH (saturated aqueous solution) 2.7. pH (1.3\\\\\% solution) 3-3.5. (NTP, 1992) Nicotinic acid is a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. It has a role as an antidote, an antilipemic drug, a vasodilator agent, a metabolite, an EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a human urinary metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a vitamin B3, a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid and a pyridine alkaloid. It is a conjugate acid of a nicotinate. Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions. Nicotinic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Niacin is a Nicotinic Acid. Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid and vitamin B3, is a water soluble, essential B vitamin that, when given in high doses, is effective in lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and raising high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which makes this agent of unique value in the therapy of dyslipidemia. Niacin can cause mild-to-moderate serum aminotransferase elevations and high doses and certain formulations of niacin have been linked to clinically apparent, acute liver injury which can be severe as well as fatal. Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C. Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan (see below), but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient. A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan, but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient. Nicotinic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-67-6 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 59-67-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Niacin (Vitamin B3) is an orally active water-soluble B3 vitamin that is an essential nutrient for humans. Niacin (Vitamin B3) plays a key role in energy metabolism, cell signaling cascades regulating gene expression and apoptosis. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is also used in the study of cardiovascular diseases[1][2]. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is an orally active water-soluble B3 vitamin that is an essential nutrient for humans. Niacin (Vitamin B3) plays a key role in energy metabolism, cell signaling cascades regulating gene expression and apoptosis. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is also used in the study of cardiovascular diseases[1][2].

Caffeic acid

C9H8O4 (180.0423)

Caffeic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It exists in cis and trans forms; the latter is the more common. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an antioxidant and an EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor. It is a hydroxycinnamic acid and a member of catechols. Caffeic Acid is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Eupatorium cannabinum, and other organisms with data available. Caffeic Acid is an orally bioavailable, hydroxycinnamic acid derivative and polyphenol, with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, caffeic acid acts as an antioxidant and prevents oxidative stress, thereby preventing DNA damage induced by free radicals. Caffeic acid targets and inhibits the histone demethylase (HDM) oncoprotein gene amplified in squamous cell carcinoma 1 (GASC1; JMJD2C; KDM4C) and inhibits cancer cell proliferation. GASC1, a member of the KDM4 subgroup of Jumonji (Jmj) domain-containing proteins, demethylates trimethylated lysine 9 and lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K9 and H3K36), and plays a key role in tumor cell development. Caffeic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Black Cohosh (part of); Arctium lappa Root (part of); Comfrey Leaf (part of) ... View More ... 3,4-Dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate, also known as trans-Caffeate, is a polyphenol present in normal human urine positively correlated to coffee consumption and influenced by the dietary intake of diverse types of food (PMID:16870009). trans-Caffeic acid is found in many foods, some of which are flaxseed, cereal and cereal products, common grape, fruits, and common sage. It is also found in wine and coffee in free and conjugated forms. Caffeic acid (CAS: 331-39-5) is a polyphenol present in normal human urine positively correlated to coffee consumption and influenced by the dietary intake of diverse types of food (PMID:16870009). Caffeic acid has been found to be a microbial metabolite of Escherichia (PMID: 28396925). Caffeic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=331-39-5 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 331-39-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).

Digoxin

C41H64O14 (780.4296)

Digoxin appears as clear to white crystals or white crystalline powder. Odorless. Used as a cardiotonic drug. (EPA, 1998) Digoxin is a cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. It has a role as an epitope, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a cardiotonic drug and an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. It is a cardenolide glycoside and a steroid saponin. It is a conjugate acid of a digoxin(1-). Digoxin is one of the oldest cardiovascular medications used today. It is a common agent used to manage atrial fibrillation and the symptoms of heart failure. Digoxin is classified as a cardiac glycoside and was initially approved by the FDA in 1954. This drug originates from the foxglove plant, also known as the Digitalis plant, studied by William Withering, an English physician and botanist in the 1780s. Prior to this, a Welsh family, historically referred to as the Physicians of Myddvai, formulated drugs from this plant. They were one of the first to prescribe cardiac glycosides, according to ancient literature dating as early as the 1250s. Digoxin is a Cardiac Glycoside. Digoxin is a natural product found in Digitalis obscura, Digitalis parviflora, and other organisms with data available. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside. Digoxin inhibits the sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) pump, thereby increasing intracellular calcium and enhancing cardiac contractility. This agent also acts directly on the atrioventricular node to suppress conduction, thereby slowing conduction velocity. Apparently due to its effects on intracellular calcium concentrations, digoxin induces apoptosis of tumor cells via a pathway involving mitochondrial cytochrome c and caspases 8 and 3. (NCI04) Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, digitalis. It is widely used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and congestive heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the trade name Lanoxin. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666) Digoxin is a cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; It consists of three sugars and the aglycone digoxigenin. Digoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump leads to increased Na+ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca2+ are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential, which is unchanged by digoxin. This is a different mechanism from that of catecholamines. Owing to its narrow therapeutic index (the margin between effectiveness and toxicity), side effects of digoxin are inevitable. Nausea, vomiting and GIT upset are common, especially in higher doses. Decreased conduction in the AV node can lead to AV blocks, increased intracellular Ca2+ causes a type of arrhythmia called bigeminy (coupled beats), eventually ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. An often described but rarely seen side effect of digoxin is a disturbance of color vision (mos... Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, digitalis. It is widely used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and congestive heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the trade name Lanoxin. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666) -- Pubchem; Digoxin is a cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; It consists of three sugars and the aglycone digoxigenin. Digoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump leads to increased Na+ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca2+ are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential, which is unchanged by digoxin. This is a different mechanism from that of catecholamines. -- Wikipedia; Owing to its narrow therapeutic index (the margin between effectiveness and toxicity), side effects of digoxin are inevitable. Nausea, vomiting and GIT upset are common, especially in higher doses. Decreased conduction in the AV node can lead to AV blocks, increased intracellular Ca2+ causes a type of arrhythmia called bigeminy (coupled beats), eventually ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. An often described but rarely seen side effect of digoxin is a disturbance of color vision (mostly yellow and green color) called xanthopsia. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, digitalis. It is widely used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and congestive heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the trade name Lanoxin. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666) -- Pubchem; A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; Digoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump leads to increased Na+ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca2+ are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential, which is unchanged by digoxin. This is a different mechanism from that of catecholamines. -- Wikipedia; Owing to its narrow therapeutic index (the margin between effectiveness and toxicity), side effects of digoxin are inevitable. Nausea, vomiting and GIT upset are common, especially in higher doses. Decreased conduction in the AV node can lead to AV blocks, increased intracellular Ca2+ causes a type of arrhythmia called bigeminy (coupled beats), eventually ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. An often described but rarely seen side effect of digoxin is a disturbance of color vision (mostly yellow and green color) called xanthopsia. [HMDB] A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C823 - Saponin C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents C1907 - Drug, Natural Product D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Digoxin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=20830-75-5 (retrieved 2024-10-11) (CAS RN: 20830-75-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Plantamoside

C29H36O16 (640.2003)

Plantamajoside is a hydroxycinnamic acid. Plantamajoside is a natural product found in Primulina eburnea, Plantaginaceae, and other organisms with data available. Plantamajoside is a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Plantago asiatica L.(Plantaginaceae). Plantamajoside has protective effects on LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mice model. Plantamajoside has the potential for the treatment of pulmonary inflammation[1]. Plantamajoside is a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Plantago asiatica L.(Plantaginaceae). Plantamajoside has protective effects on LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mice model. Plantamajoside has the potential for the treatment of pulmonary inflammation[1].

Purpureaside C

C35H46O20 (786.2582)

Purpureaside C is an oligosaccharide. Purpureaside C is a natural product found in Cistanche salsa, Digitalis purpurea, and Rehmannia glutinosa with data available.

Succinic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

Succinic acid appears as white crystals or shiny white odorless crystalline powder. pH of 0.1 molar solution: 2.7. Very acid taste. (NTP, 1992) Succinic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a radiation protective agent, an anti-ulcer drug, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite. It is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a C4-dicarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a succinate(1-). A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851) Succinic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. The anion, succinate, is a component of the citric acid cycle capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain. Succinic acid is created as a byproduct of the fermentation of sugar. It lends to fermented beverages such as wine and beer a common taste that is a combination of saltiness, bitterness and acidity. Succinate is commonly used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. Succinate plays a role in the citric acid cycle, an energy-yielding process and is metabolized by succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) plays an important role in the mitochondria, being both part of the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle. SDH with a covalently attached FAD prosthetic group, binds enzyme substrates (succinate and fumarate) and physiological regulators (oxaloacetate and ATP). Oxidizing succinate links SDH to the fast-cycling Krebs cycle portion where it participates in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA throughout the whole Krebs cycle. Succinate can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e.g. malate. (A3509) Mutations in the four genes encoding the subunits of succinate dehydrogenase are associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations (i.e.: Huntingtons disease. (A3510). Succinate also acts as an oncometabolite. Succinate inhibits 2-oxoglutarate-dependent histone and DNA demethylase enzymes, resulting in epigenetic silencing that affects neuroendocrine differentiation. A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851) Succinic acid (succinate) is a dicarboxylic acid. It is an important component of the citric acid or TCA cycle and is capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain. Succinate is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to mammals. In eukaryotes, succinate is generated in the mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Succinate can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e. g. malate (PMID 16143825). Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space. Succinate has multiple biological roles including roles as a metabolic intermediate and roles as a cell signalling molecule. Succinate can alter gene expression patterns, thereby modulating the epigenetic landscape or it can exhibit hormone-like signaling functions (PMID: 26971832). As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function. Succinate can be broken down or metabolized into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which is part of the electron transport chain involved in making ATP. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, can happen in a number of genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome. Succinate has been found to be associated with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Succinic acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite. High levels of this organic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors. Its oncogenic action appears to due to its ability to inhibit prolyl hydroxylase-containing enzymes. In many tumours, oxygen availability becomes limited (hypoxia) very quickly due to rapid cell proliferation and limited blood vessel growth. The major regulator of the response to hypoxia is the HIF transcription factor (HIF-alpha). Under normal oxygen levels, protein levels of HIF-alpha are very low due to constant degradation, mediated by a series of post-translational modification events catalyzed by the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes PHD1, 2 and 3, (also known as EglN2, 1 and 3) that hydroxylate HIF-alpha and lead to its degradation. All three of the PHD enzymes are inhibited by succinate. In humans, urinary succinic acid is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis (PMID: 22292465). Succinic acid is also found in Actinobacillus, Anaerobiospirillum, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium and Basfia (PMID: 22292465; PMID: 18191255; PMID: 26360870). Succinic acid is widely distributed in higher plants and produced by microorganisms. It is found in cheeses and fresh meats. Succinic acid is a flavouring enhancer, pH control agent [DFC]. Succinic acid is also found in yellow wax bean, swamp cabbage, peanut, and abalone. An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID S004 Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2]. Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2].

Campesterol

C28H48O (400.3705)

Campesterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is a steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15\\\\\%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. -- Wikipedia. Campesterol is a member of phytosterols, a 3beta-sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a C28-steroid. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a campestane. Campesterol is a natural product found in Haplophyllum bucharicum, Bugula neritina, and other organisms with data available. Campesterol is a steroid derivative that is the simplest sterol, characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and saturated bonds throughout the sterol structure, with the exception of the 5-6 double bond in the B ring. Campesterol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=474-62-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 474-62-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects. Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects.

Stigmasterol

C29H48O (412.3705)

Stigmasterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15\\%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. Stigmasterol is found to be associated with phytosterolemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Stigmasterol is a 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a stigmastane sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Stigmasterol is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Xylopia aromatica, and other organisms with data available. Stigmasterol is a steroid derivative characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and unsaturated bonds in position 5-6 of the B ring, and position 22-23 in the alkyl substituent. Stigmasterol is found in the fats and oils of soybean, calabar bean and rape seed, as well as several other vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. See also: Comfrey Root (part of); Saw Palmetto (part of); Plantago ovata seed (part of). Stigmasterol is an unsaturated plant sterol occurring in the plant fats or oils of soybean, calabar bean, and rape seed, and in a number of medicinal herbs, including the Chinese herbs Ophiopogon japonicus (Mai men dong) and American Ginseng. Stigmasterol is also found in various vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol

Tigogenin

C27H44O3 (416.329)

Tigogenin is a widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs. It has a role as a gout suppressant and a plant metabolite. Tigogenin is a natural product found in Cordyline australis, Yucca gloriosa, and other organisms with data available. A widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs. Tigogenin, also known as sarsasapogenin, (3beta,5alpha,25s)-isomer or smilagenin, is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Thus, tigogenin is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Tigogenin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Tigogenin can be found in fenugreek, which makes tigogenin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Tigogenin, one of steroidal sapogenins, is widely used for synthesizing steroid agents. Tigogenin inhibits adipocytic differentiation and induces osteoblastic differentiation in mouse bone marrow stromal cells[1]. Tigogenin, one of steroidal sapogenins, is widely used for synthesizing steroid agents. Tigogenin inhibits adipocytic differentiation and induces osteoblastic differentiation in mouse bone marrow stromal cells[1].

Gitoxim

C41H64O14 (780.4296)

Gitoxin is a cardenolide glycoside that is gitoxigenin in which the 3beta-hydroxy group has been glycosylated with tridigitoxose. It is functionally related to a gitoxigenin. Gitoxin is a natural product found in Digitalis obscura, Digitalis parviflora, and other organisms with data available. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides

Acetyldigitoxin

C43H66O14 (806.4452)

Acetyldigitoxin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cardioactive derivative of lanatoside A or of digitoxin used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.Acetyldigitoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the α-subunit of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na⁺/K⁺ pump leads to increased Na⁺ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca²⁺ via the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca²⁺ are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential, which is unchanged by acetyldigitoxin. This is a different mechanism from that of catecholamines. Acetyldigitoxin also increases vagal activity via its central action on the central nervous system, thus decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses through the AV node. This is important for its clinical use in different arrhythmias. 3-O-acetyldigitoxin is a cardenolide glycoside compound consisting of digitoxin having an acetyl substituent at the 3-position on the D-ribo-hexopyranosyl residue at the non-reducing end. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug, a cardiotonic drug and an enzyme inhibitor. It is functionally related to a digitoxin. Cardioactive derivative of lanatoside A or of digitoxin used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure. Acetyldigitoxin is a natural product found in Digitalis grandiflora and Digitalis lanata with data available. Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure. See also: Digitoxin (has active moiety) ... View More ... C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D000112 - Acetyldigitoxins C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Nonacosane

C29H60 (408.4695)

Nonacosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]27-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Nonacosane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, nonacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Nonacosane is a straight-chain hydrocarbon with a molecular formula of C29H60. Nonacosane has been identified within several essential oils. Nonacosane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as peachs, ginkgo nuts, cauliflowers, arabica coffee, and lambsquarters. This could make nonacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Nonacosane occurs naturally and has been reported to be a component of a pheromone of Orgyia leucostigma, and evidence suggests it plays a role in the chemical communication of several insects, including the female Anopheles stephensi (a mosquito). It can also be prepared synthetically. It has 1,590,507,121 constitutional isomers. Nonacosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]27-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, nonacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Nonacosane can be found in a number of food items such as garden tomato (variety), papaya, brussel sprouts, and wild carrot, which makes nonacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nonacosane occurs naturally and has been reported to be a component of a pheromone of Orgyia leucostigma, and evidence suggests it plays a role in the chemical communication of several insects, including the female Anopheles stephensi (a mosquito) . Nonacosane is a straight-chain alkane comprising of 29 carbon atoms. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. Nonacosane is a natural product found in Euphorbia larica, Quercus salicina, and other organisms with data available. See also: Moringa oleifera leaf oil (part of). A straight-chain alkane comprising of 29 carbon atoms. Nonacosane, isolated from Baphia massaiensis, exhibits weak activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus[1]. Nonacosane, isolated from Baphia massaiensis, exhibits weak activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus[1].

Neriifolin

C30H46O8 (534.3193)

Neriifolin is a cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxigenin in which the hydroxy goup at position 3 has been converted to its (6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-glucopyranoside derivative. Found in the seeds of Cerbera odollamand in Thevetia ahouia and Thevitia neriifolia. It has a role as a cardiotonic drug, a toxin and a neuroprotective agent. It is functionally related to a digitoxigenin. Neriifolin is a natural product found in Cerbera manghas, Cerbera odollam, and other organisms with data available. A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxigenin in which the hydroxy goup at position 3 has been converted to its (6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-glucopyranoside derivative. Found in the seeds of Cerbera odollamand in Thevetia ahouia and Thevitia neriifolia. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides [Raw Data] CB071_Neriifolin_pos_40eV_CB000031.txt [Raw Data] CB071_Neriifolin_pos_10eV_CB000031.txt [Raw Data] CB071_Neriifolin_pos_20eV_CB000031.txt [Raw Data] CB071_Neriifolin_pos_50eV_CB000031.txt [Raw Data] CB071_Neriifolin_pos_30eV_CB000031.txt Neriifolin, a CNS-penetrating cardiac glycoside, is an inhibitor of the Na+, K+-ATPase. Neriifolin can target beclin 1, inhibits the formation of LC3-associated phagosomes and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development. Neriifolin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells[1][2. Neriifolin, a CNS-penetrating cardiac glycoside, is an inhibitor of the Na+, K+-ATPase. Neriifolin can target beclin 1, inhibits the formation of LC3-associated phagosomes and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development. Neriifolin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells[1][2.

Sesamin

C20H18O6 (354.1103)

(+)-Sesamin, also known as fagarol or sezamin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as furanoid lignans. These are lignans with a structure that contains either a tetrahydrofuran ring, a furan ring, or a furofuan ring system, that arises from the joining of the two phenylpropanoid units. (+)-Sesamin is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). (+)-Sesamin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sesames. (+)-Sesamin has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fats and oils, flaxseeds, ginkgo nuts, and ucuhuba. This could make (+)-sesamin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. (+)-sesamin is a lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a neuroprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a lignan, a member of benzodioxoles and a furofuran. Sesamin is a natural product found in Pandanus boninensis, Podolepis rugata, and other organisms with data available. See also: Sesame Oil (part of). A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. Constituent of sesame oil. (+)-Sesamin is found in many foods, some of which are ginkgo nuts, sesame, flaxseed, and fats and oils. D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites (-)-Asarinin is a extract lignan from Asarum sieboldii Miq., mainly produced in roots of this herb[1]. (-)-Asarinin is a extract lignan from Asarum sieboldii Miq., mainly produced in roots of this herb[1]. (-)-Asarinin is a extract lignan from Asarum sieboldii Miq., mainly produced in roots of this herb[1]. (-)-Asarinin is a extract lignan from Asarum sieboldii Miq., mainly produced in roots of this herb[1]. Sesamin, abundant lignan found in sesame oil, is a potent and selective delta 5 desaturase inhibitor in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Sesamin exerts effective neuroprotection against cerbral ischemia[1][2]. Sesamin, abundant lignan found in sesame oil, is a potent and selective delta 5 desaturase inhibitor in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Sesamin exerts effective neuroprotection against cerbral ischemia[1][2].

Isocitric acid

C6H8O7 (192.027)

Isocitric acid, also known as isocitrate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. Isocitric acid is a TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle intermediate. It is a structural isomer of citric acid and is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase. More specifically, Isocitric acid is synthesized from citric acid via the intermediate cis-aconitic acid by the enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase). Isocitrate is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) to form alpha-ketoglutarate. This is a two-step process, which involves oxidation of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate (a ketone), followed by the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group beta to the ketone, forming alpha-ketoglutarate. In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondria. The isoforms IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the same reaction outside the context of the citric acid cycle and use NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+. They localize to the cytosol as well as the mitochondrion and peroxisome. Isocitric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Isocitric acid is a minor organic acid found in most fruit juices, especially in blackberries, youngberries, and boyberries, and in vegetables, especially in carrots. The determination of D-isocitric acid has become of importance in the analysis of fruit juices for the detection of illegal additives (adulteration). Since the quantities of citric and isocitric acids are correlated in fruit juices, a high ratio of citric to isocitric acid can indicate the addition of citric acid as an alduterant. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. Isocitric acid is mostly used in the food industry (food additive) as a food acidulant. The citrate oxidation to isocitrate is catalyzed by the enzyme aconitase. Human prostatic secretion is remarkably rich in citric acid and low aconitase activity will therefore play a significant role in enabling accumulation of high citrate levels (PubMed ID 8115279) [HMDB]. Isocitric acid is found in many foods, some of which are wild carrot, redcurrant, carrot, and soursop. [Spectral] Isocitrate (exact mass = 192.027) and CDP (exact mass = 403.01818) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Isocitric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=320-77-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 320-77-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Isocitric acid is an endogenous metabolite present in Saliva and Cellular_Cytoplasm that can be used for the research of Alzheimer's Disease, Lewy Body Dementia and Anoxia[1][2][3]. Isocitric acid is an endogenous metabolite present in Saliva and Cellular_Cytoplasm that can be used for the research of Alzheimer's Disease, Lewy Body Dementia and Anoxia[1][2][3].

Crustecdysone

C27H44O7 (480.3087)

20-hydroxyecdysone is an ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an animal metabolite. It is a 20-hydroxy steroid, an ecdysteroid, a 14alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-sterol, a 2beta-hydroxy steroid, a 22-hydroxy steroid, a 25-hydroxy steroid and a phytoecdysteroid. It is functionally related to an ecdysone. 20-Hydroxyecdysone is a natural product found in Asparagus filicinus, Trichobilharzia ocellata, and other organisms with data available. A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE. Crustecdysone is found in crustaceans. Crustecdysone is isolated from the marine crayfish Jasus lalandei in low yield (2 mg/ton D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3]. Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3].

Forsythiaside

C29H36O15 (624.2054)

Forsythiaside A, a phenylethanoside product isolated from air-dried fruits of Forsythia suspense, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects[1]. Forsythiaside A, a phenylethanoside product isolated from air-dried fruits of Forsythia suspense, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects[1].

echinacoside

C35H46O20 (786.2582)

Echinacoside, one of the phenylethanoids isolated from the stems of Cistanche deserticola, effectively inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Echinacoside elicits neuroprotection by activating Trk receptors and their downstream signal pathways. Antiosteoporotic activity[1][2][3]. Echinacoside, one of the phenylethanoids isolated from the stems of Cistanche deserticola, effectively inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Echinacoside elicits neuroprotection by activating Trk receptors and their downstream signal pathways. Antiosteoporotic activity[1][2][3].

Digitin

C56H92O29 (1228.5724)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth[1]. Digitonin is an natural detergent[2]. Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth[1]. Digitonin is an natural detergent[2].

Heptadecane

C17H36 (240.2817)

Heptadecane, also known as CH3-[CH2]15-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Heptadecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, heptadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heptadecane is an organic compound, an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C17H36. The most compact and branched isomer would be tetra-tert-butylmethane, but its existence is believed to be impossible due to steric hindrance. The name may refer to any of 24894 theoretically possible structural isomers, or to a mixture thereof. Heptadecane is an alkane tasting compound. heptadecane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as lemon balms, coconuts, orange bell peppers, allspices, and pepper (c. annuum). This could make heptadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. In the IUPAC nomenclature, the name of this compound is simply heptadecane, since the other isomers are viewed and named as alkyl-substituted versions of smaller alkanes. The unbranched isomer is normal or n-heptadecane, CH3(CH2)15CH3. Indeed, it is believed to be the smallest "impossible" alkane. Heptadecane, also known as ch3-[ch2]15-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, heptadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heptadecane is an alkane tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as papaya, orange bell pepper, pepper (spice), and red bell pepper, which makes heptadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Heptadecane can be found primarily in saliva. The unbranched isomer is normal or n-heptadecane, CH3(CH2)15CH3. In the IUPAC nomenclature, the name of this compound is simply heptadecane, since the other isomers are viewed and named as alkyl-substituted versions of smaller alkanes .

N-Dodecane

C12H26 (170.2034)

N-Dodecane is found in black walnut. Dodecane is a liquid alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)10CH3. It is an oily liquid of the paraffin series and has 355 isomers. (Wikipedia). Dodecane is a volatile organic compound found in feces of patients with Clostridium difficile infection, and considered as a potential fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Dodecane is a liquid alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)10CH3. It is an oily liquid of the paraffin series and has 355 isomers. N-Dodecane is found in papaya, black walnut, and garden tomato (variety). D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

Tridecane

C13H28 (184.2191)

Tridecane appears as an oily straw yellow clear liquid with a hydrocarbon odor. Flash point 190-196 °F. Specific gravity 0.76. Boiling point 456 °F. Repeated or prolonged skin contact may irritate or redden skin, progressing to dermatitis. Exposure to high concentrations of vapor may result in headache and stupor. Tridecane is a straight chain alkane containing 13 carbon atoms. It forms a component of the essential oils isolated from plants such as Abelmoschus esculentus. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. Tridecane is a natural product found in Dryopteris assimilis, Thyanta perditor, and other organisms with data available. Tridecane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)11CH3. Tridecane is found in allspice and it is also isolated from lime oil. It is a light, combustible colourless liquid that is used in the manufacture of paraffin products, the paper processing industry, in jet fuel research and in the rubber industry; furthermore, tridecane is used as a solvent and distillation chaser. n-tridecane is also one of the major chemicals secreted by some insects as a defense against predators. Tridecane has 802 constitutional isomers A straight chain alkane containing 13 carbon atoms. It forms a component of the essential oils isolated from plants such as Abelmoschus esculentus. Isolated from lime oil Tridecane is a short chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing 13 carbon atoms. Tridecane is an volatile oil component isolated from essential oil of Piper aduncum L. Tridecane is a stress compound released by the brown marmorated stink bugs stress compound[1][2]. Tridecane is a short chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing 13 carbon atoms. Tridecane is an volatile oil component isolated from essential oil of Piper aduncum L. Tridecane is a stress compound released by the brown marmorated stink bugs stress compound[1][2].

Hentriacontane

C31H64 (436.5008)

Hentriacontane is found in black elderberry. Hentriacontane, also called untriacontane, is a solid, long-chain alkane hydrocarbon with the structural formula CH3(CH2)29CH3. It is found in a variety of plants, including peas (pisum sativum), gum arabic (acacia senegal) and others, and also comprises about 8-9\\% of beeswax. It has 10,660,307,791 constitutional isomers Hentriacontane, also called untriacontane, is a solid, long-chain alkane hydrocarbon with the structural formula CH3(CH2)29CH3. It is found in a variety of plants, including peas (pisum sativum), gum arabic (acacia senegal) and others, and also comprises about 8-9\\% of beeswax. It has 10,660,307,791 constitutional isomers.

Pentadecane

C15H32 (212.2504)

Pentadecane, also known as ch3-[ch2]13-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, pentadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Pentadecane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as dill, papaya, yellow bell pepper, and pepper (c. annuum), which makes pentadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Pentadecane can be found primarily in saliva. Pentadecane is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Pentadecane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C15H32 . Pentadecane belongs to the family of Acyclic Alkanes. These are acyclic hydrocarbons consisting only of n carbon atoms and m hydrogen atoms where m=2*n + 2

Tritriacontane

C33H68 (464.5321)

Tritriacontane is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, tritriacontane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Tritriacontane can be found in cardamom, garden tomato (variety), and papaya, which makes tritriacontane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions . Tritriacontane, also known as CH3-[CH2]31-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and consist entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, tritriacontane is a hydrocarbon lipid molecule that is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Tritriacontane has been detected in cardamoms, garden tomato (var.), and papaya. This could make tritriacontane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Tritriacontane is also found in Medicago arabica (PMID: 17793563).

Digitalin

C36H56O14 (712.367)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent

Digitogenin

C27H44O5 (448.3189)

gitonin

C50H82O23 (1050.5247)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides

Tricosane

C23H48 (324.3756)

N-tricosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]21-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, N-tricosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. N-tricosane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as kohlrabi, papaya, coconut, and ginkgo nuts, which makes N-tricosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-tricosane can be found primarily in saliva. The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions . Tricosane belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyclic alkanes. These are acyclic hydrocarbons consisting only of n carbon atoms and m hydrogen atoms where m=2*n + 2.

Hexacosanoic acid

C26H52O2 (396.3967)

Hexacosanoic acid, also known as N-hexacosanoate or c26:0, is a member of the class of compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids. Very long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms. Thus, hexacosanoic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Hexacosanoic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Hexacosanoic acid can be found in a number of food items such as dandelion, potato, cottonseed, and sugar apple, which makes hexacosanoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hexacosanoic acid can be found primarily in blood, as well as in human adrenal gland and fibroblasts tissues. Hexacosanoic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, hexacosanoic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include adrenoleukodystrophy, x-linked and beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids. Hexacosanoic acid is also involved in carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, which is a metabolic disorder. Moreover, hexacosanoic acid is found to be associated with adrenomyeloneuropathy, peroxisomal biogenesis defect, and adrenoleukodystrophy, neonatal. Hexacosanoic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Cerotic acid is also a type of very long chain fatty acid that is often associated with the disease adrenoleukodystrophy, which involves the excessive saturation of unmetabolized fatty acid chains, including cerotic acid, in the peroxisome. [In the chem box it is shown folded only because of lack of space. In fact, it is a straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.] . Treatment options for adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) are limited. Dietary treatment is with Lorenzos oil. For the childhood cerebral form, stem cell transplant and gene therapy are options if the disease is detected early in the clinical course. Adrenal insufficiency in ALD patients can be successfully treated (T3DB). Hexacosanoic acid, or cerotic acid, is a 26-carbon long-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)24COOH. It is most commonly found in beeswax and carnauba wax, and is a white crystalline solid. Cerotic acid is also a type of very long chain fatty acid that is often associated with the disease adrenoleukodystrophy, which involves the excessive saturation of unmetabolized fatty acid chains, including cerotic acid, in the peroxisome. Hexacosanoic acid, also known as C26:0 or N-hexacosanoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms. Hexacosanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Hexacosanoic acid is a potentially toxic compound.

Lactic acid

C3H6O3 (90.0317)

D-lactic acid, also known as D-lactate or D-2-hydroxypropanoic acid, belongs to alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon. D-lactic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). D-lactic acid can be found in a number of food items such as tamarind, onion-family vegetables, allspice, and acerola, which makes D-lactic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. D-lactic acid can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. D-lactic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, D-lactic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include pyruvaldehyde degradation and pyruvate metabolism. D-lactic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include pyruvate kinase deficiency, pyruvate decarboxylase E1 component deficiency (PDHE1 deficiency), pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, and leigh syndrome. Moreover, D-lactic acid is found to be associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 and schizophrenia. D-lactic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. In animals, L-lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of fermentation during normal metabolism and exercise. It does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including monocarboxylate transporters, concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues. The concentration of blood lactate is usually 1–2 mmol/L at rest, but can rise to over 20 mmol/L during intense exertion and as high as 25 mmol/L afterward . Lactic acid is an organic acid. It is a chiral molecule, consisting of two optical isomers, L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, with the L-isomer being the most common in living organisms. Lactic acid plays a role in several biochemical processes and is produced in the muscles during intense activity. D-Lactic acid is the end product of the enzyme glyoxalase II (or hydroxyacyl-glutathione hydrolase) (EC 3.1.2.6), which converts the intermediate substrate S-lactoyl-glutathione to reduced glutathione and D-lactate (OMIM: 138790). Lactic acid is a microbial metabolite found in Aerococcus, Bacillus, Carnobacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus and Weissella (PMID:26287368; PMID:26360870).

(1R,2R)-Isocitric acid

C6H8O7 (192.027)

(1R,2R)-Isocitric acid is found in citrus. (1R,2R)-Isocitric acid is found in lemon juice. Found in lemon juice

HEPTACOSANE

C27H56 (380.4382)

A straight-chain alkane with 27 carbon atoms.

Deslanoside

C47H74O19 (942.4824)

Deslanoside is a cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug, a cardiotonic drug, a metabolite and an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. It is a 14beta-hydroxy steroid, a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a cardenolide glycoside and a tetrasaccharide derivative. Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata. Deslanoside is a natural product found in Digitalis parviflora, Digitalis viridiflora, and other organisms with data available. Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata. Deslanoside is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata. [PubChem]Deslanoside inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Deslanoside also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential. C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides A cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Deslanoside (Desacetyllanatoside C) is a rapidly acting cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmias due to reentry mechanisms, and to control ventricular rate in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Deslanoside inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations [1][2][3]. Deslanoside (Desacetyllanatoside C) is a rapidly acting cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmias due to reentry mechanisms, and to control ventricular rate in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Deslanoside inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations [1][2][3].

Pentacosane

C25H52 (352.4069)

Constituent of many naturally occurring waxes. A colorless solid at ambient conditions. Pentacosane is an alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 25 carbon atoms. It has a role as a semiochemical and a plant metabolite. Pentacosane is a natural product found in Cryptotermes brevis, Erucaria microcarpa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Moringa oleifera leaf oil (part of). An alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 25 carbon atoms. Pentacosane is one of the major components in the acetone extract from Curcuma raktakanda and is also in the essential oil from the leaves of Malus domestica. Pentacosane exhibit anti-cancer activities[1]. Pentacosane is one of the major components in the acetone extract from Curcuma raktakanda and is also in the essential oil from the leaves of Malus domestica. Pentacosane exhibit anti-cancer activities[1].

Docosane

C22H46 (310.3599)

N-docosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]20-ch3 or dokosan, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, N-docosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. N-docosane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as lemon balm, linden, allspice, and sunflower, which makes N-docosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-docosane can be found primarily in saliva. The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions . Docosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]20-CH3 or dokosan, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Docosane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, docosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Docosane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound. Docosane is found, on average, in the highest concentration within lemon balms. Docosane has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as allspices, lindens, papaya, and sunflowers. This could make docosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A straight-chain alkane with 22 carbon atoms. N-docosane is a solid. Insoluble in water. Used in organic synthesis, calibration, and temperature sensing equipment. Docosane is a straight-chain alkane with 22 carbon atoms. It has a role as a plant metabolite. Docosane is a natural product found in Lonicera japonica, Erucaria microcarpa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Moringa oleifera leaf oil (part of). A straight-chain alkane with 22 carbon atoms. Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2]. Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2].

Heneicosane

C21H44 (296.3443)

Heneicosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]19-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, heneicosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heneicosane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Heneicosane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound. Heneicosane is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black elderberries, common oregano, and lemon balms. Heneicosane has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as sunflowers, kohlrabis, orange bell peppers, lindens, and pepper (c. annuum). This could make heneicosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. An alkane that has 21 carbons and a straight-chain structure. Heneicosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]19-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, heneicosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heneicosane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as orange bell pepper, yellow bell pepper, lemon balm, and pepper (c. annuum), which makes heneicosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Heneicosane can be found primarily in saliva. The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions . Crystals. (NTP, 1992) Henicosane is an alkane that has 21 carbons and a straight-chain structure. It has been isolated from plants like Periploca laevigata and Carthamus tinctorius. It has a role as a pheromone, a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. Heneicosane is a natural product found in Erucaria microcarpa, Microcystis aeruginosa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Moringa oleifera leaf oil (part of). An alkane that has 21 carbons and a straight-chain structure. It has been isolated from plants like Periploca laevigata and Carthamus tinctorius. Heneicosane is an aroma component isolated from Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 or Serapias cordigera. Heneicosane is a pheromone and inhibits aflatoxin production[1][2][3]. Heneicosane is an aroma component isolated from Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 or Serapias cordigera. Heneicosane is a pheromone and inhibits aflatoxin production[1][2][3].

Sesamolin

C20H18O7 (370.1052)

Constituent of sesame oil. Sesamolin is found in flaxseed, fats and oils, and sesame. Sesamolin is found in fats and oils. Sesamolin is a constituent of sesame oil. Sesaminol, isolated from Sesamum indicum, has antioxidative activity, Sesaminol inhibits lipid peroxidation and shows neuroprotection effect. Sesaminol potently inhibits MAPK cascades by preventing phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPKs, and caspase-3 but not ERK-MAPK expression[1][2][3][4]. Sesaminol, isolated from Sesamum indicum, has antioxidative activity, Sesaminol inhibits lipid peroxidation and shows neuroprotection effect. Sesaminol potently inhibits MAPK cascades by preventing phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPKs, and caspase-3 but not ERK-MAPK expression[1][2][3][4].

Digoxigenin

C23H34O5 (390.2406)

Digoxigenin is a metabolite of digoxin. Digoxigenin (DIG) is a steroid found exclusively in the flowers and leaves of the plants Digitalis purpurea, Digitalis orientalis and Digitalis lanata (foxgloves), where it is attached to sugars, to form the glycosides. (Wikipedia)

Tetradecane

C14H30 (198.2347)

Tetradecane, also known as CH3-[CH2]12-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Tetradecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, tetradecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Tetradecane is a mild, alkane, and waxy tasting compound. Tetradecane is found, on average, in the highest concentration within black walnuts. Tetradecane has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as lemon balms, common buckwheats, cucumbers, allspices, and green bell peppers. This could make tetradecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Tetradecane, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and asthma; tetradecane has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. These are acyclic hydrocarbons consisting only of n carbon atoms and m hydrogen atoms where m=2*n + 2. TETRADECANE, also known as N-tetradecane or ch3-[ch2]12-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, tetradecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. TETRADECANE is a mild, alkane, and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as sweet bay, summer savory, green bell pepper, and lemon balm, which makes tetradecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Tetradecane can be found primarily in feces and saliva. Tetradecane is an alkane containing 14 carbon atoms[1].

3beta-24-Methylenecycloartan-3-ol

C31H52O (440.4018)

3beta-24-Methylenecycloartan-3-ol is a constituent of rice bran oil. Constituent of rice bran oil

Lignocerane

C24H50 (338.3912)

Lignocerane, also known as CH3-[CH2]22-CH3 or N-tetracosane, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Lignocerane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, lignocerane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Lignocerane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as lindens, citrus, sunflowers, allspices, and papaya. Isolated from plant sources e.g. rose and orange oils

Cholesteryl acetate

C29H48O2 (428.3654)

Cholesteryl acetate is a normal human cholesteryl ester present in diverse fluids and organs. Cholesteryl acetate is also present in foods. Food oxidation affects the quality and safety of the human diet by generating compounds with biological activities that can adversely affect health. In particular the susceptibility of cholesterol to oxidation is well known; certain products of cholesterol oxidation have been reported to produce cytotoxic, angiotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Cholesteryl ester (CE) is the major transport and storage form of cholesterol in lipoprotein particles and most cell types. Molecular composition of CE species is of high interest for arteriosclerosis research, i.e., as components of lipoprotein subclasses or in studies investigating the mechanisms involved in the generation of lipid laden foam cells. Thus, it has been shown that CE species in circulating plasma are strongly correlated with development of coronary heart disease. This may be related to specific CE species profiles generated by enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism like lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43, LCAT), acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (EC 2.3.1.26, ACAT2) or cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). The cholesteryl ester transfer protein has a key role in the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), mediating the exchange of lipids between lipoproteins, resulting in the net transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to other lipoproteins and in the subsequent uptake of cholesterol by hepatocytes. By increasing the cholesteryl ester content of low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins, CETP promotes the atherogenicity of these lipoproteins. In addition, high plasma concentrations of CETP are associated with reduced concentrations of HDL cholesterol. (PMID: 10918380, 16458590, 9420339, 3343104, 6721900, 7278520).

Hexadecane

C16H34 (226.266)

Hexadecane, also known as cetan or CH3-[CH2]14-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, hexadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. Hexadecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Hexadecane is an alkane tasting compound. Hexadecane is found, on average, in the highest concentration within black walnuts. Hexadecane has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as allspices, cucumbers, tea, orange bell peppers, and herbs and spices. This could make hexadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Hexadecane, with regard to humans, has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Isolated from oil of Piper longum (long pepper)

Phomarin

C15H10O4 (254.0579)

Phomarin is found in herbs and spices. Phomarin is from roots of Ruta graveolens (rue

Octacosane

C28H58 (394.4538)

Octacosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]26-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, octacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Octacosane can be found in a number of food items such as peach, linden, apple, and carrot, which makes octacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Octacosane can be found primarily in saliva. The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions . Octacosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]26-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Octacosane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, octacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Octacosane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as peachs, coconuts, apples, sweet cherries, and lindens. This could make octacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A straight-chain alkane containing 28 carbon atoms.

Hexacosane

C26H54 (366.4225)

Hexacosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]24-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, hexacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Hexacosane can be found in a number of food items such as black elderberry, sunflower, papaya, and sweet cherry, which makes hexacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hexacosane can be found primarily in saliva. The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions . Hexacosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]24-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, hexacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Hexacosane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Hexacosane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as peachs, sunflowers, parsnips, coconuts, and papaya. This could make hexacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A straight-chain alkane comprising of 26 carbon atoms.

Nonadecane

C19H40 (268.313)

Nonadecane, also known as CH3-[CH2]17-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Nonadecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, nonadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Nonadecane is an alkane and bland tasting compound. nonadecane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as pomes, watermelons, yellow bell peppers, allspices, and papaya. This could make nonadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Nonadecane has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including celiac disease. Isolated from apple wax. Nonadecane is found in many foods, some of which are pepper (c. annuum), red bell pepper, papaya, and dill.

Eicosane

C20H42 (282.3286)

Eicosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]18-ch3 or octyldodecane, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, eicosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Eicosane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as linden, papaya, dill, and lemon balm, which makes eicosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Eicosane can be found primarily in feces and saliva. Icosanes size, state or chemical inactivity does not exclude it from the traits its smaller alkane counterparts have. It is a colorless, non-polar molecule, nearly unreactive except when it burns. It is less dense than and insoluble in water. Its non-polar trait means it can only perform weak intermolecular bonding (hydrophobic/van der Waals forces) . Eicosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]18-CH3 or octyldodecane, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Eicosane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, eicosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Eicosane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound. Eicosane is found, on average, in the highest concentration within lemon balms. Eicosane has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as allspices, papaya, coconuts, lindens, and hyssops. This could make eicosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. These are acyclic hydrocarbons consisting only of n carbon atoms and m hydrogen atoms where m=2*n + 2.

Octadecane

C18H38 (254.2973)

Octadecane, also known as CH3-[CH2]16-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Octadecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, octadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Octadecane is an alkane tasting compound. Octadecane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as papaya, corianders, sunflowers, kohlrabis, and parsnips. Found in hop oil and other plant sources. Isolated from Piper longum (long pepper). Octadecane is an alkane that is used to store thermal energy at ambient temperature as a phase change material[1].

Dotriacontane

C32H66 (450.5164)

Constituent of Mentha aquatica (water mint). Dotriacontane is found in many foods, some of which are papaya, coconut, garden tomato (variety), and tea. Dotriacontane is found in coconut. Dotriacontane is a constituent of Mentha aquatica (water mint).

cis-Caffeic acid

C9H8O4 (180.0423)

Caffeic acid, also known as caffeate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids are compounds containing an cinnamic acid where the benzene ring is hydroxylated. Caffeic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. It is the precursor to ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol, all of which are significant building blocks in lignin. Outside of the human body, caffeic acid has been detected, but not quantified in fats and oils and nuts. Caffeic acid is formally rated as a possible carcinogen (by IARC 2B) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Caffeic acid has a variety of potential pharmacological effects in in vitro studies and in animal models, and the inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on cancer cell proliferation by an oxidative mechanism in the human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line has recently been established. It occurs at high levels in black chokeberry (141 mg per 100 g) and in fairly high level in lingonberry (6 mg per 100 g). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Found in olive oil, peanuts and other plant sources Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).

Digitonin

C56H92O29 (1228.5724)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth[1]. Digitonin is an natural detergent[2]. Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth[1]. Digitonin is an natural detergent[2].

Digitoxigenin

C23H34O4 (374.2457)

Echinacoside

C35H46O20 (786.2582)

Forsythiaside

C29H36O15 (624.2054)

Gitoxigenin

C23H34O5 (390.2406)

Gitoxin

C41H64O14 (780.4296)

Plantamajoside

C29H36O16 (640.2003)

Verbascoside

C29H36O15 (624.2054)

Gitonin

C50H82O23 (1050.5247)

F-gitonin is a member of the class of compounds known as steroidal saponins. Steroidal saponins are saponins in which the aglycone moiety is a steroid. The steroidal aglycone is usually a spirostane, furostane, spirosolane, solanidane, or curcubitacin derivative. F-gitonin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). F-gitonin can be found in soft-necked garlic, which makes F-gitonin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

Heptacosane

C27H56 (380.4382)

Heptacosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]25-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and consist entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, heptacosane is a hydrocarbon lipid molecule, is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Heptacosane has been detected in avocado, sunflowers, peachs, sweet cherries, and wild carrots. This could make heptacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Heptacosane, in addition to other flavonoids, alkaloids and sugars, extracted from the root of Trichosanthes dioica, exhibited antimicrobial activity against Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis http://www.phytojournal.com/archives/?year=2016&vol=5&issue=5&part=F&ArticleId=985 Heptacosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]25-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, heptacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heptacosane can be found in a number of food items such as wild carrot, linden, sweet cherry, and papaya, which makes heptacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions .

Loliolide

C11H16O3 (196.1099)

Loliolide, also known as (3s5r)-loliolide, is a member of the class of compounds known as benzofurans. Benzofurans are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to a furan. Furan is a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Loliolide is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Loliolide can be found in sunflower, tea, and wakame, which makes loliolide a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

N-Pentacosane

C25H52 (352.4069)

Pentacosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]23-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, pentacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Pentacosane can be found in a number of food items such as ginkgo nuts, papaya, black elderberry, and cardamom, which makes pentacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions . n-Pentacosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]23-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and consist entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. n-pentacosane is a hydrocarbon lipid molecule that is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. n-Pentacosane has been detected in coconuts, avocado, ginkgo nuts, cardamoms, and lindens. This could make n-pentacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Pentacosane is one of the major components in the acetone extract from Curcuma raktakanda and is also in the essential oil from the leaves of Malus domestica. Pentacosane exhibit anti-cancer activities[1]. Pentacosane is one of the major components in the acetone extract from Curcuma raktakanda and is also in the essential oil from the leaves of Malus domestica. Pentacosane exhibit anti-cancer activities[1].

D-(-)-Lactic acid

C3H6O3 (90.0317)

Lactic acid, also known as lactate, plays several important biological roles in living organisms. Here are some of its key functions: Energy Production: Lactic acid is a crucial intermediate in the process of anaerobic glycolysis, which occurs in cells when oxygen is limited. During intense exercise, for example, muscle cells produce lactic acid as a byproduct of breaking down glucose for energy without using oxygen. This process helps sustain muscle activity when oxygen supply is insufficient. pH Regulation: Lactic acid serves as a pH buffer in the blood and other bodily fluids. It helps maintain the acid-base balance by accepting or donating hydrogen ions (H+), thereby preventing large fluctuations in pH that could be harmful to cellular processes. Hemoglobin Oxygen Release: Lactic acid can also influence the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. In tissues with high lactic acid concentrations (like exercising muscles), lactic acid binds to hemoglobin, causing a conformational change that promotes the release of oxygen. This is known as the Bohr effect. Cell Signaling: Lactate can act as a signaling molecule in various physiological processes. It has been shown to play a role in cell proliferation, inflammation, and immune response. Lactate can modulate the activity of immune cells and may contribute to the regulation of inflammation. Metabolic Regulation: Lactic acid is an important component in the metabolic network. It can be converted back into glucose in the liver through a process called gluconeogenesis, providing a source of energy for other tissues, including the brain, when carbohydrates are scarce. Antioxidant Properties: Lactic acid can function as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from oxidative stress and damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Preservation of Foods: In food industry, lactic acid is used as a preservative due to its antimicrobial properties. It can inhibit the growth of bacteria and extend the shelf life of various food products.

sesamin

C20H18O6 (354.1103)

D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.233 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.236 Asarinin is a natural product found in Piper mullesua, Machilus thunbergii, and other organisms with data available. (-)-Asarinin is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum austrosinense, Horsfieldia irya, and other organisms with data available. (-)-Asarinin is a extract lignan from Asarum sieboldii Miq., mainly produced in roots of this herb[1]. (-)-Asarinin is a extract lignan from Asarum sieboldii Miq., mainly produced in roots of this herb[1]. (-)-Asarinin is a extract lignan from Asarum sieboldii Miq., mainly produced in roots of this herb[1]. (-)-Asarinin is a extract lignan from Asarum sieboldii Miq., mainly produced in roots of this herb[1]. Sesamin, abundant lignan found in sesame oil, is a potent and selective delta 5 desaturase inhibitor in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Sesamin exerts effective neuroprotection against cerbral ischemia[1][2]. Sesamin, abundant lignan found in sesame oil, is a potent and selective delta 5 desaturase inhibitor in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Sesamin exerts effective neuroprotection against cerbral ischemia[1][2].

Sesamolin

C20H18O7 (370.1052)

Sesamolin is a member of benzodioxoles. Sesamolin is a natural product found in Lantana camara, Torenia violacea, and other organisms with data available. See also: Sesame Oil (part of). Sesaminol, isolated from Sesamum indicum, has antioxidative activity, Sesaminol inhibits lipid peroxidation and shows neuroprotection effect. Sesaminol potently inhibits MAPK cascades by preventing phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPKs, and caspase-3 but not ERK-MAPK expression[1][2][3][4]. Sesaminol, isolated from Sesamum indicum, has antioxidative activity, Sesaminol inhibits lipid peroxidation and shows neuroprotection effect. Sesaminol potently inhibits MAPK cascades by preventing phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPKs, and caspase-3 but not ERK-MAPK expression[1][2][3][4].

Verbascoside

C29H36O15 (624.2054)

Acteoside is a glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent, an antileishmanial agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, a plant metabolite and an antibacterial agent. It is a cinnamate ester, a disaccharide derivative, a member of catechols, a polyphenol and a glycoside. It is functionally related to a hydroxytyrosol and a trans-caffeic acid. Acteoside is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02662283 (Validity and Security of Reh-acteoside Therapy for Patients of IgA Nephropathy). Acteoside is a natural product found in Orobanche amethystea, Barleria lupulina, and other organisms with data available. See also: Harpagophytum zeyheri root (part of). A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid. D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Verbascoside is isolated from Acanthus mollis, acts as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of PKC, with an IC50 of 25 μM, and has antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antineuropathic pain activity. Verbascoside is isolated from Acanthus mollis, acts as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of PKC, with an IC50 of 25 μM, and has antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antineuropathic pain activity.

Forsythoside

C29H36O15 (624.2054)

Forsythiaside is a hydroxycinnamic acid. Forsythiaside is a natural product found in Forsythia suspensa, Veronica stricta, and other organisms with data available. Forsythiaside A, a phenylethanoside product isolated from air-dried fruits of Forsythia suspense, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects[1]. Forsythiaside A, a phenylethanoside product isolated from air-dried fruits of Forsythia suspense, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects[1].

Poliumoside

C35H46O19 (770.2633)

Poliumoside is an oligosaccharide. Poliumoside is a natural product found in Barleria lupulina, Teucrium polium, and other organisms with data available. Poliumoside, a caffeoylated phenylpropanoid glycoside, is isolated from Brandisia hancei stems and leaves. Poliumoside is an advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) inhibitor, with IC50s of 19.69 and 8.47 μM, respectively. Poliumoside also has antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity[1][2][3]. Poliumoside, a caffeoylated phenylpropanoid glycoside, is isolated from Brandisia hancei stems and leaves. Poliumoside is an advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) inhibitor, with IC50s of 19.69 and 8.47 μM, respectively. Poliumoside also has antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity[1][2][3].

Echinacoside

C35H46O20 (786.2582)

Echinacoside is an oligosaccharide. Echinacoside is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Echinacea angustifolia in 1950, and currently being investigated for the treatment of Parkinsons, Alzheimers, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, acute colitis, wound treatment, and hepatitis. Echinacoside has demonstrated inhibition of apoptosis in neural cell lines, demonstrating potential for use in the treatment of neurological conditions. Echinacoside is a natural product found in Jasminum mesnyi, Pedicularis plicata, and other organisms with data available. Echinacoside, one of the phenylethanoids isolated from the stems of Cistanche deserticola, effectively inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Echinacoside elicits neuroprotection by activating Trk receptors and their downstream signal pathways. Antiosteoporotic activity[1][2][3]. Echinacoside, one of the phenylethanoids isolated from the stems of Cistanche deserticola, effectively inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Echinacoside elicits neuroprotection by activating Trk receptors and their downstream signal pathways. Antiosteoporotic activity[1][2][3].

Digitonin

C56H92O29 (1228.5724)

A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents Annotation level-1 Crystals or white powder. (NTP, 1992) Digitin is a natural product found in Digitalis ciliata, Digitalis ferruginea, and other organisms with data available. A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects. Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth[1]. Digitonin is an natural detergent[2]. Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth[1]. Digitonin is an natural detergent[2].

Leucosceptoside A

C30H38O15 (638.2211)

Leucosceptoside A is a natural product found in Plantago coronopus, Scutellaria salviifolia, and other organisms with data available.

Viticosterone E

C29H46O8 (522.3193)

lactic acid

C3H6O3 (90.0317)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, also known as lactic acid or lactate, belongs to alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid can be synthesized from propionic acid. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, 3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactic acid, and lactate ester. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is an odorless tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as sunflower, potato, apple, and ginkgo nuts, which makes 2-hydroxypropanoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is a drug which is used for use as an alkalinizing agent. In animals, L-lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of fermentation during normal metabolism and exercise. It does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including monocarboxylate transporters, concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues. The concentration of blood lactate is usually 1–2 mmol/L at rest, but can rise to over 20 mmol/L during intense exertion and as high as 25 mmol/L afterward . Lactate (Lactate acid) is the product of glycolysis. Lactate is produced by oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle in vivo, and can be removed under fully aerobic conditions. Lactate can be as a hemodynamic marker in the critically ill[1][2]. Lactate (Lactate acid) is the product of glycolysis. Lactate is produced by oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle in vivo, and can be removed under fully aerobic conditions. Lactate can be as a hemodynamic marker in the critically ill[1][2].

20-Hydroxyecdysone

C27H44O7 (480.3087)

Stigmasterol

C29H48O (412.3705)

Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong.

Gitoxin

C41H64O14 (780.4296)

Digalogenine

C27H44O4 (432.3239)

Lanatoside B

C49H76O20 (984.493)

CHEMBL40849

C15H10O4 (254.0579)

Gitogenin

C27H44O4 (432.3239)

Digitopurpone

C15H10O5 (270.0528)

Lanatoside A

C49H76O19 (968.4981)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides

Tetratriacontane

C34H70 (478.5477)

A long-chain alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 34 carbon atoms.

Digoxin

C41H64O14 (780.4296)

C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C823 - Saponin C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2 C1907 - Drug, Natural Product D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.276 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.282 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.275

Glucogitaloxin

C48H74O20 (970.4773)

Plantamajoside

C29H36O16 (640.2003)

TRIACONTANE

C30H62 (422.4851)

A straight-chain alkane with 30 carbon atoms.

Pentacosane

C25H52 (352.4069)

Pentacosane is one of the major components in the acetone extract from Curcuma raktakanda and is also in the essential oil from the leaves of Malus domestica. Pentacosane exhibit anti-cancer activities[1]. Pentacosane is one of the major components in the acetone extract from Curcuma raktakanda and is also in the essential oil from the leaves of Malus domestica. Pentacosane exhibit anti-cancer activities[1].

Digoxigenin

C23H34O5 (390.2406)

Digoxigenin is a hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis. It has a role as a hapten and a plant metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid and a 14beta-hydroxy steroid. It is a conjugate acid of a digoxigenin(1-). It derives from a hydride of a 5beta-cardanolide. Digoxigenin is a cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Digoxigenin is a natural product found in Digitalis purpurea with data available. 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh. A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.850 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.847 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.848

Caffeate

C9H8O4 (180.0423)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants KEIO_ID C107 Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).

Campesterol

C28H48O (400.3705)

Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects. Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects.

Caffeic Acid

C9H8O4 (180.0423)

A hydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It exists in cis and trans forms; the latter is the more common. 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, also known as caffeic acid or trans-caffeate, is a member of the class of compounds known as hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids are compounds containing an cinnamic acid where the benzene ring is hydroxylated. 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid can be found in fats and oils and nuts, which makes 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid. This yellow solid consists of both phenolic and acrylic functional groups. It is found in all plants because it is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of lignin, one of the principal components of plant biomass and its residues . Caffeic acid is a polyphenol present in normal human urine positively correlated to coffee consumption and influenced by the dietary intake of diverse types of food. (PMID:16870009) [HMDB]. Caffeic acid is found in many foods, some of which are cardoon, coriander, common persimmon, and irish moss. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Annotation level-2 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 167 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.412 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.403 Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).

Digitoxin

C41H64O13 (764.4347)

relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.470 Digitoxin is a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an EC50 value of 0.78 μM. Digitoxin is a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an EC50 value of 0.78 μM.

lanatoside C

C49H76O20 (984.493)

C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.263 Lanatoside C is a cardiac glycoside, can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.Lanatoside C has an IC50 of 0.19 μM for dengue virus infection in HuH-7 cells. Lanatoside C can effectively inhibit all four serotypes of dengue virus, flavivirus Kunjin, alphavirus Chikungunya, Sindbis virus and the human enterovirus 71[1][2]. Lanatoside C is a cardiac glycoside, can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.Lanatoside C has an IC50 of 0.19 μM for dengue virus infection in HuH-7 cells. Lanatoside C can effectively inhibit all four serotypes of dengue virus, flavivirus Kunjin, alphavirus Chikungunya, Sindbis virus and the human enterovirus 71[1][2].

isocitric acid

C6H8O7 (192.027)

A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group. Isocitric acid is an endogenous metabolite present in Saliva and Cellular_Cytoplasm that can be used for the research of Alzheimer's Disease, Lewy Body Dementia and Anoxia[1][2][3]. Isocitric acid is an endogenous metabolite present in Saliva and Cellular_Cytoplasm that can be used for the research of Alzheimer's Disease, Lewy Body Dementia and Anoxia[1][2][3].

Succinic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2]. Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2].

loliolide

C11H16O3 (196.1099)

A natural product found in Brachystemma calycinum.

D-Lactic acid

C3H6O3 (90.0317)

Cerotic acid

C26H52O2 (396.3967)

A 26-carbon, straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.

niacin

C6H5NO2 (123.032)

Crustecdysone

C27H44O7 (480.3087)

D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials SubCategory_DNP: : The sterols, Cholestanes Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3]. Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3].

Digitoxigenin

C23H34O4 (374.2457)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 23

HEXACOSANOIC ACID

C26H52O2 (396.3967)

Acetyldigitoxin

C43H66O14 (806.4452)

Deslanoside

C47H74O19 (942.4824)

C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Deslanoside (Desacetyllanatoside C) is a rapidly acting cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmias due to reentry mechanisms, and to control ventricular rate in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Deslanoside inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations [1][2][3]. Deslanoside (Desacetyllanatoside C) is a rapidly acting cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmias due to reentry mechanisms, and to control ventricular rate in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Deslanoside inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations [1][2][3].

Phomarin

C15H10O4 (254.0579)

N-Octadecane

C18H38 (254.2973)

A straight-chain alkane carrying 18 carbon atoms. Octadecane is an alkane that is used to store thermal energy at ambient temperature as a phase change material[1].

Dicetyl

C32H66 (450.5164)

Sesamolinol

C20H18O7 (370.1052)

Sesaminol, isolated from Sesamum indicum, has antioxidative activity, Sesaminol inhibits lipid peroxidation and shows neuroprotection effect. Sesaminol potently inhibits MAPK cascades by preventing phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPKs, and caspase-3 but not ERK-MAPK expression[1][2][3][4]. Sesaminol, isolated from Sesamum indicum, has antioxidative activity, Sesaminol inhibits lipid peroxidation and shows neuroprotection effect. Sesaminol potently inhibits MAPK cascades by preventing phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPKs, and caspase-3 but not ERK-MAPK expression[1][2][3][4].

Lignocerane

C24H50 (338.3912)

Nonadekan

C19H40 (268.313)

Docosane

C22H46 (310.3599)

Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2]. Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2].

Icosane

C20H42 (282.3286)

A straight chain alkane composed of 20 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the leaves of Agave attenuata.

Heneicosane

C21H44 (296.3443)

Heneicosane is an aroma component isolated from Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 or Serapias cordigera. Heneicosane is a pheromone and inhibits aflatoxin production[1][2][3]. Heneicosane is an aroma component isolated from Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 or Serapias cordigera. Heneicosane is a pheromone and inhibits aflatoxin production[1][2][3].

HEXACOSANE

C26H54 (366.4225)

A straight-chain alkane comprising of 26 carbon atoms.

HEXADECANE

C16H34 (226.266)

A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.

OCTACOSANE

C28H58 (394.4538)

A straight-chain alkane containing 28 carbon atoms.

Tetradecane

C14H30 (198.2347)

A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms. Tetradecane is an alkane containing 14 carbon atoms[1].

C26:0

C26H52O2 (396.3967)

N-HEPTADECANE

C17H36 (240.2817)

A straight-chain alkane with 17 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oils from plants like Opuntia littoralis and Annona squamosa.

n-Dodecane

C12H26 (170.2034)

A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger). D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

Pentadecane

C15H32 (212.2504)

A straight-chain alkane with 15 carbon atoms. It is a component of volatile oils isolated from plants species like Scandix balansae.

DOTRIACONTANE

C32H66 (450.5164)

HENTRIACONTANE

C31H64 (436.5008)

NONADECANE

C19H40 (268.313)

A straight-chain alkane with 19 carbon atoms. It has been found as a component of essential oils isolated from Artemisia armeniaca.

TETRACOSANE

C24H50 (338.3912)

A straight-chain alkane containing 24 carbon atoms.

TRICOSANE

C23H48 (324.3756)

A straight chain alkane containing 23 carbon atoms.

N-tritriacontane

C33H68 (464.5321)

Gitoxigenin

C23H34O5 (390.2406)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides

gitaloxin

C42H64O15 (808.4245)

A cardenolide glycoside that is gitoxin in which the 16beta-hydroxy group has been formylated. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides

Episarsasapogenin

C27H44O3 (416.329)

Episarsasapogenin, also known as smilagenin or sarsasapogenin, (3beta,5beta,25s)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Episarsasapogenin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Episarsasapogenin can be found in fenugreek, which makes episarsasapogenin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

Strospeside

C30H46O9 (550.3142)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides

AI3-63211

C9H8O4 (180.0423)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).

Nonacosane

C29H60 (408.4695)

Nonacosane, isolated from Baphia massaiensis, exhibits weak activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus[1]. Nonacosane, isolated from Baphia massaiensis, exhibits weak activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus[1].

Tridekan

C13H28 (184.2191)

Tridecane is a short chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing 13 carbon atoms. Tridecane is an volatile oil component isolated from essential oil of Piper aduncum L. Tridecane is a stress compound released by the brown marmorated stink bugs stress compound[1][2]. Tridecane is a short chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing 13 carbon atoms. Tridecane is an volatile oil component isolated from essential oil of Piper aduncum L. Tridecane is a stress compound released by the brown marmorated stink bugs stress compound[1][2].

Ceric acid

C26H52O2 (396.3967)

Pentadekan

C15H32 (212.2504)

Zetan

C16H34 (226.266)

Heptadekan

C17H36 (240.2817)

Henicosane

C21H44 (296.3443)

Heneicosane is an aroma component isolated from Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 or Serapias cordigera. Heneicosane is a pheromone and inhibits aflatoxin production[1][2][3]. Heneicosane is an aroma component isolated from Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 or Serapias cordigera. Heneicosane is a pheromone and inhibits aflatoxin production[1][2][3].

AI3-35917

C23H48 (324.3756)

Dodekan

C12H26 (170.2034)

D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

Tetradekan

C14H30 (198.2347)

Tetradecane is an alkane containing 14 carbon atoms[1].

Oktadekan

C18H38 (254.2973)

Octadecane is an alkane that is used to store thermal energy at ambient temperature as a phase change material[1].

Dokosan

C22H46 (310.3599)

Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2]. Docosane, a straight chain alkane, can be used to synthesize structural composites with thermal energy storage/release capability[1][2].

630-01-3

C26H54 (366.4225)

AI3-52615

C28H58 (394.4538)

AI3-52698

C24H50 (338.3912)

Bicetyl

C32H66 (450.5164)