NCBI Taxonomy: 50189
Torreya nucifera (ncbi_taxid: 50189)
found 95 associated metabolites at species taxonomy rank level.
Ancestor: Torreya
Child Taxonomies: Torreya nucifera var. nucifera, Torreya nucifera var. radicans
(-)-Arctiin
Natural compounds from herbs are recognized as an important source of therapeutic agents. Seeking for natural products with high selectivity and less side effects merits considerable efforts. Arctium lappa, also known as burdock, is widely consumed in East Asia, Europe and America to promote well-being for hundreds of years. In Chinese traditional medicine, Arctium lappa (mainly roots, and, to a less extend, seeds and leaves) is an important herbal medicinal preparation. It is commonly used for alleviating symptoms of inflammatory disorders, such as anemopyretic cold, cough, measles, urticaria and furuncle (Shin et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2009). In addition, Arctium lappa is applied to treat various skin disorders including eczema and acne (Chan et al., 2011; Miglani and Manchanda, 2014). Lignans are the most characteristic phytoconstituents of Arctium lappa. Among them, ATG (Formula:C21H24O6; PubChem CID:64,981) and its glycoside, arctiin are the major bioactive compounds (Fig. 1). ATG, rich in roots and seeds of Arctium lappa, has attracted a great deal of attention due to its prominent therapeutic potential. It possesses many biological activities such as anti-oxidative stress (Lü et al., 2016), anti-cancer (He et al., 2018; Shabgah et al., 2021), anti-virus (Gao et al., 2018a) and anti-inflammation (Hyam et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2009). Significant curative effects of ATG have been demonstrated on a wide range of human diseases including cancers, autoimmune disorders, chronic diseases, viral infections and other health concerns. The bioactivity of ATG largely depend on its chemical structure. For instance, the chiral carbon atom in the lactone ring is essential for the anti-tumor effect of ATG as (–)-arctigenin exhibits greater tumor suppression effect than (+)-arctigenin (Awale et al., 2014). Furthermore, the dibenzyl butyrolactone is key for the interactions between ATG and proteins. (-)-arctiin is a member of the class of compounds known as lignan glycosides. Lignan glycosides are aromatic polycyclic compounds containing a carbohydrate component glycosidically linked to a lignan moiety. They include 1-aryltetralin lactones (-)-arctiin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (-)-arctiin can be found in burdock, which makes (-)-arctiin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Arctiin is a glycoside and a lignan. Arctiin is a natural product found in Abeliophyllum distichum, Forsythia suspensa, and other organisms with data available. Arctiin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=20362-31-6 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 20362-31-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Arctiin (NSC 315527) is a plant lignan extracted from burdock seeds and has anti-cancer activity. Arctiin (NSC 315527) is a plant lignan extracted from burdock seeds and has anti-cancer activity.
Fraxetin
Fraxetin is a hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups. It has a role as an Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite, an antimicrobial agent, an apoptosis inhibitor, an apoptosis inducer, an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory agent, a hepatoprotective agent, an antibacterial agent and a hypoglycemic agent. It is a hydroxycoumarin and an aromatic ether. Fraxetin is a natural product found in Santolina pinnata, Campanula dolomitica, and other organisms with data available. A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.550 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.543 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.542 Fraxetin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=574-84-5 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 574-84-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Fraxetin is isolated from Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance. Fraxetin has antitumor, anti-oxidation effects and anti-inflammory effects. Fraxetin induces apoptosis[1]. Fraxetin is isolated from Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance. Fraxetin has antitumor, anti-oxidation effects and anti-inflammory effects. Fraxetin induces apoptosis[1].
Ginsenoside A2
Ginsenoside Rg1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent and a pro-angiogenic agent. It is a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a ginsenoside and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenosides are a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins, found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). Ginsenosides have been the target of research, as they are viewed as the active compounds behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. Because ginsenosides appear to affect multiple pathways, their effects are complex and difficult to isolate. Rg1 Appears to be most abundant in Panax ginseng (Chinese/Korean Ginseng). It improves spatial learning and increase hippocampal synaptophysin level in mice, plus demonstrates estrogen-like activity. Ginsenoside RG1 is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Panax ginseng, and Panax notoginseng with data available. See also: Asian Ginseng (part of); American Ginseng (part of); Panax notoginseng root (part of). Ginsenoside A2 is found in tea. Ginsenoside A2 is a constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng) Constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng). Ginsenoside A2 is found in tea. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation.
Scopoletin
Scopoletin is a hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone bearing a methoxy substituent at position 6. It has a role as a plant growth regulator and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to an umbelliferone. Scopoletin is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Haplophyllum cappadocicum, and other organisms with data available. Scopoletin is a coumarin compound found in several plants including those in the genus Scopolia and the genus Brunfelsia, as well as chicory (Cichorium), redstem wormwood (Artemisia scoparia), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), passion flower (Passiflora), noni (Morinda citrifolia fruit) and European black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) that is comprised of umbelliferone with a methoxy group substituent at position 6. Scopoletin is used to standardize and establish pharmacokinetic properties for products derived from the plants that produce it, such as noni extract. Although the mechanism(s) of action have not yet been established, this agent has potential antineoplastic, antidopaminergic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase effects. Plant growth factor derived from the root of Scopolia carniolica or Scopolia japonica. See also: Arnica montana Flower (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of); Viburnum opulus root (part of). Isolated from Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui). Scopoletin is found in many foods, some of which are lambsquarters, lemon, sunflower, and sherry. Scopoletin is found in anise. Scopoletin is isolated from Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone bearing a methoxy substituent at position 6. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_20eV.txt Scopoletin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=92-61-5 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 92-61-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
Stevioside
Stevioside is a diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America. It has a role as a sweetening agent, an antioxidant, an antineoplastic agent, a hypoglycemic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a diterpene glycoside, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid, a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic diterpenoid and a bridged compound. It is functionally related to a steviol and a rubusoside. Stevioside is a natural product found in Asteraceae, Stevia rebaudiana, and Bos taurus with data available. See also: Stevia rebaudiuna Leaf (part of). Stevioside is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Sweetening agent which is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia rebaudiana is extensively cultivated in Japan, and Stevioside is a permitted sweetener in that country Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two majority compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931 A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America. Constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Sweetening agent which is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia rebaudiana is extensively cultivated in Japan, and Stevioside is a permitted sweetener in that country D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, with anticancer activity[1]. Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, with anticancer activity[1]. Stevioside. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57817-89-7 (retrieved 2024-08-26) (CAS RN: 57817-89-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
(S)-Isocorydine
C20H23NO4 (341.16269980000004)
Isocorydine is an aporphine alkaloid. Isocorydine is a natural product found in Sarcocapnos saetabensis, Thalictrum delavayi, and other organisms with data available. (S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo). (S)-Isocorydine belongs to the family of Aporphines. These are quinoline alkaloids containing the dibenzo[de,g]quinoline ring system. See also: Peumus boldus leaf (part of). (S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo Alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo). (S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya and poppy. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2324 Isocorydine is isolated from Dicranostigma leptopodum (Maxim.) Fedde (DLF). Isocorydine combines with Doxorubicin (DOX) has a promising potential to eradicate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)[1]. Isocorydine is isolated from Dicranostigma leptopodum (Maxim.) Fedde (DLF). Isocorydine combines with Doxorubicin (DOX) has a promising potential to eradicate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)[1].
Umbelliferone
Umbelliferone is a hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. It has a role as a fluorescent probe, a plant metabolite and a food component. Umbelliferone is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Artemisia ordosica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Chamomile (part of). Occurs widely in plants including Angelica subspecies Phytoalexin of infected sweet potato. Umbelliferone is found in many foods, some of which are macadamia nut, silver linden, quince, and capers. Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_50eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_40eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_30eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_10eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_20eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_40eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_10eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_30eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_20eV_000039.txt Umbelliferone. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=93-35-6 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 93-35-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent. Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent.
Danshensu
(2R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid is a (2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (R)-lactic acid substituted at position 3 by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. It is a (2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a (2R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactate. Danshensu is a natural product found in Salvia miltiorrhiza, Melissa officinalis, and other organisms with data available. Salvianic acid A. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=76822-21-4 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 76822-21-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Danshensu, an active ingredient of?Salvia miltiorrhiza, shows wide cardiovascular benefit by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. Danshensu, an active ingredient of?Salvia miltiorrhiza, shows wide cardiovascular benefit by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Ginsenoside Rb1
Ginsenoside Rb1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is ginsenoside Rd in which the beta-D-glucopyranoside group at position 20 is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside group. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent, an anti-obesity agent, an anti-inflammatory drug, an apoptosis inhibitor, a radical scavenger and a plant metabolite. It is a ginsenoside, a glycoside and a tetracyclic triterpenoid. It is functionally related to a ginsenoside Rd. Ginsenosides are a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins, found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). Ginsenosides have been the target of research, as they are viewed as the active compounds behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. Because ginsenosides appear to affect multiple pathways, their effects are complex and difficult to isolate. Rb1 appears to be most abundant in Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng). Rb1 seems to affect the reproductive system in animal testicles. Recent research shows that Rb1 affects rat embryo development and has teratogenic effects, causing birth defects. Another study shows that Rb1 may increase testosterone production in male rats indirectly through the stimulation of the luteinizing hormone. Ginsenoside rb1 is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Asian Ginseng (part of); American Ginseng (part of); Panax notoginseng root (part of). Ginsenoside Rb1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rb1 is a constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng) Constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng). Ginsenoside Rb1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rb1. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=41753-43-9 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 41753-43-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 . Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .
Isoimperatorin
Isoimperatorin is a member of the class of compounds known as psoralens. Psoralens are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Isoimperatorin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Isoimperatorin can be found in a number of food items such as parsley, lime, wild celery, and parsnip, which makes isoimperatorin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isoimperatorin is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5\\\\% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of -oximes has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally (T3DB). D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM. Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM.
(20R)-Ginsenoside Rh2
(20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 is a ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an antineoplastic agent, an apoptosis inducer, a cardioprotective agent, a bone density conservation agent and a hepatoprotective agent. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a ginsenoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a 20-hydroxy steroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Ginsenoside Rh2 is a natural product found in Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng with data available. A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. Ginsenoside C-K, a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2. Ginsenoside C-K exhibits an inhibition against the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 in human liver microsomes with IC50s of 32.0±3.6 μM and 63.6±4.2 μM, respectively. Ginsenoside C-K, a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2. Ginsenoside C-K exhibits an inhibition against the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 in human liver microsomes with IC50s of 32.0±3.6 μM and 63.6±4.2 μM, respectively. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner.
Angelicin
Angelicin is a furanocoumarin. Angelicin is a natural product found in Cullen cinereum, Psoralea glabra, and other organisms with data available. Angelicin is found in coriander. Angelicin is a constituent of roots and leaves of angelica (Angelica archangelica). Angelicin is found in roots and on surface of parsnips and diseased celery.Angelicin is a furanocoumarin. It can be found in Bituminaria bituminosa. It is present in the list of IARC Group 3 carcinogens (Angelicin plus ultraviolet A radiation). (Wikipedia). See also: Angelica archangelica root (part of); Cullen corylifolium fruit (part of). Angelicin is found in coriander. Angelicin is a constituent of roots and leaves of angelica (Angelica archangelica). Angelicin is found in roots and on surface of parsnips and diseased celery.Angelicin is a furanocoumarin. It can be found in Bituminaria bituminosa. It is present in the list of IARC Group 3 carcinogens (Angelicin plus ultraviolet A radiation). (Wikipedia). Constituent of roots and leaves of angelica (Angelica archangelica). Found in roots and on surface of parsnips and diseased celery D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D007364 - Intercalating Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants Angelicin is a natural tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound that is structurally related to psoralen and has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and other activities. Cytotoxic, IC50: 49.56 μM; inhibits MHV-68, IC50: 5.39 μg/ml (28.95 μM). Angelicin is a natural tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound that is structurally related to psoralen and has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and other activities. Cytotoxic, IC50: 49.56 μM; inhibits MHV-68, IC50: 5.39 μg/ml (28.95 μM).
Loganin
Loganin is an iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a neuroprotective agent, an EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor, an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent and an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor. It is a cyclopentapyran, a beta-D-glucoside, an enoate ester, a monosaccharide derivative, an iridoid monoterpenoid, a methyl ester and a secondary alcohol. It is functionally related to a loganetin. Loganin is one of the best-known of the iridoid glycosides. It is named for the Loganiaceae, having first been isolated from the seeds of a member of that plant family, namely those of Strychnos nux-vomica. It also occurs in Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae),[1] a medicinal tree of West Africa and in the medicinal/entheogenic shrub Desfontainia spinosa (Columelliaceae) native to Central America and South America. Loganin is a natural product found in Strychnos axillaris, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. An iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Loganin, also known as loganoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as iridoid o-glycosides. Iridoid o-glycosides are iridoid monoterpenes containing a glycosyl (usually a pyranosyl) moiety linked to the iridoid skeleton. Thus, loganin is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Loganin is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Loganin can be found in a number of food items such as groundcherry, annual wild rice, muscadine grape, and broad bean, which makes loganin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Loganin is one of the best-known of the iridoid glycosides.It is named for the Loganiaceae,having first been isolated from the seeds of a member of that plant family, namely those of Strychnos nux-vomica. It also occurs in Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae), a medicinal tree of West Africa and in the medicinal/entheogenic shrub Desfontainia spinosa (Columelliaceae) native to Central America and South America . Loganin is formed from loganic acid by the enzyme loganic acid O-methyltransferase (LAMT). Loganin then becomes a substrate for the enzyme secologanin synthase (SLS) to form secologanin, a secoiridoid monoterpene found as part of ipecac and terpene indole alkaloids. Loganin is the main iridoid glycoside compound in Cornus officinalis and has anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects. Loganin is the main iridoid glycoside compound in Cornus officinalis and has anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects.
Notoginsenoside R1
Notoginsenoside R1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an antioxidant, a neuroprotective agent, an apoptosis inducer and a phytoestrogen. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a 12beta-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, a disaccharide derivative, a ginsenoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane. Notoginsenoside R1 is a natural product found in Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, and other organisms with data available. See also: Panax notoginseng root (part of). Notoginsenoside R1 is found in tea. Notoginsenoside R1 is a constituent of roots of Panax notoginseng (ginseng) Constituent of roots of Panax notoginseng (ginseng). Notoginsenoside R1 is found in tea. Notoginsenoside R1 (Sanchinoside R1), a saponin, is isolated from P. notoginseng. Notoginsenoside R1 exhibits anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-apoptosis activities. Notoginsenoside R1 provides cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Notoginsenoside R1 also provides neuroprotection in H2O2-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells[1][2][3]. Notoginsenoside R1 (Sanchinoside R1), a saponin, is isolated from P. notoginseng. Notoginsenoside R1 exhibits anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-apoptosis activities. Notoginsenoside R1 provides cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Notoginsenoside R1 also provides neuroprotection in H2O2-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells[1][2][3].
Quercitrin
Quercitrin, also known as quercimelin or quercitronic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonoid-3-o-glycosides. These are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to carbohydrate moiety at the C3-position. A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Quercitrin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Quercitrin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as lingonberries, american cranberries, and olives and in a lower concentration in common beans, tea, and welsh onions. Quercitrin has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as guava, bilberries, common pea, apricots, and spearmints. Quercitrin is a quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antileishmanial agent, an EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor, an EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor, an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a monosaccharide derivative, a tetrahydroxyflavone, an alpha-L-rhamnoside and a quercetin O-glycoside. It is a conjugate acid of a quercitrin-7-olate. Quercitrin is a natural product found in Xylopia emarginata, Lotus ucrainicus, and other organisms with data available. Quercitrin is a glycoside formed from the flavonoid quercetin and the deoxy sugar rhamnose. It is a constituent of the dye quercitron. Quercitrin is found in many foods, some of which are garden tomato (variety), kiwi, italian sweet red pepper, and guava. A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_40eV.txt Quercitrin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=522-12-3 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 522-12-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Quercitrin (Quercetin 3-rhamnoside) is a bioflavonoid compound with potential anti-inflammation, antioxidative and neuroprotective effect. Quercitrin induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Quercitrin can be used for the research of cardiovascular and neurological disease research[1][2]. Quercitrin (Quercetin 3-rhamnoside) is a bioflavonoid compound with potential anti-inflammation, antioxidative and neuroprotective effect. Quercitrin induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Quercitrin can be used for the research of cardiovascular and neurological disease research[1][2]. Quercitrin (Quercetin 3-rhamnoside) is a bioflavonoid compound with potential anti-inflammation, antioxidative and neuroprotective effect. Quercitrin induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Quercitrin can be used for the research of cardiovascular and neurological disease research[1][2].
Rosmarinic acid
Rosmarinic acid is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It is commonly found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae. It is a red-orange powder that is slightly soluble in water, but well soluble is most organic solvents. Rosmarinic acid is one of the polyphenolic substances contained in culinary herbs such as perilla (Perilla frutescens L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), mint (Mentha arvense L.), and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). These herbs are commonly grown in the garden as kitchen herbs, and while used to add flavor in cooking, are also known to have several potent physiological effects (PMID: 12482446, 15120569). BioTransformer predicts that rosmarinic acid is a product of methylrosmarinic acid metabolism via a hydrolysis-of-carboxylic-acid-ester-pattern1 reaction occurring in humans and human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the liver carboxylesterase 1 (P23141) enzyme (PMID: 30612223). (R)-rosmarinic acid is a stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a conjugate acid of a (R)-rosmarinate. It is an enantiomer of a (S)-rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinic acid is a natural product found in Dimetia scandens, Scrophularia scorodonia, and other organisms with data available. See also: Rosemary Oil (part of); Comfrey Root (part of); Holy basil leaf (part of) ... View More ... D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors Isolated from rosemary, mint, sage, thyme, lemon balm and other plants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Rosmarinic acid is a widespread phenolic ester compound in the plants. Rosmarinic acid inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B and COMT enzymes with IC50s of 50.1, 184.6 and 26.7 μM, respectively. Rosmarinic acid is a widespread phenolic ester compound in the plants. Rosmarinic acid inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B and COMT enzymes with IC50s of 50.1, 184.6 and 26.7 μM, respectively.
Betulafolienetriol
Protopanaxadiol is found in tea. Sapogenin of Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2 and Re from Panax ginseng (ginseng) Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is an organic coumpound characterizing a group of ginsenosides. It is a dammarane-type tetracyclic terpene sapogenin found in ginseng (Panax ginseng) and in notoginseng (Panax pseudoginseng) (20S)-protopanaxadiol is a diastereomer of protopanaxadiol in which the 20-hydroxy substituent has been introduced at the pro-S position. (20S)-Protopanaxadiol is a natural product found in Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Panax ginseng, and Aralia elata with data available. 20S-protopanaxadiol (aPPD) is a metabolite of ginseng saponins, inhibits Akt activity and induces apoptosis in various tumor cells[1]. 20S-protopanaxadiol (aPPD) is a metabolite of ginseng saponins, inhibits Akt activity and induces apoptosis in various tumor cells[1].
Bufalin
Bufalin is a cardiotonic steroid toxin[1] originally isolated from Chinese toad venom, which is a component of some traditional Chinese medicines.[2][3] Bufalin has in vitro antitumor effects against various malignant cell lines, including hepatocellular[4] and lung carcinoma.[5] However, as with other bufadienolides, its potential use is hampered by its cardiotoxicity.[6] Bufalin is a 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a cardiotonic drug, an anti-inflammatory agent and an animal metabolite. It is a 3beta-hydroxy steroid and a 14beta-hydroxy steroid. It is functionally related to a bufanolide. Bufalin is a natural product found in Cunninghamella blakesleeana, Bufo gargarizans, and other organisms with data available. Bufalin is an active ingredient and one of the glycosides in the traditional Chinese medicine ChanSu; it is also a bufadienolide toxin originally isolated from the venom of the Chinese toad Bufo gargarizans, with potential cardiotonic and antineoplastic activity. Although the mechanism of action of bufalin is still under investigation, this agent is a specific Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor and can induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines through the activation of the transcription factor AP-1 via a mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo. Bufalin is an active component isolated from Chan Su, acts as a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, binds to the subunit α1, α2 and α3, with Kd of 42.5, 45 and 40 nM, respectively[1][2]. Anti-cancer activity[2]. Bufalin is an active component isolated from Chan Su, acts as a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, binds to the subunit α1, α2 and α3, with Kd of 42.5, 45 and 40 nM, respectively[1][2]. Anti-cancer activity[2].
Abietic_acid
Yellowish resinous powder. (NTP, 1992) Abietic acid is an abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an abietane diterpenoid and a monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an abietate. Abietic acid is a natural product found in Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus, Pinus brutia var. eldarica, and other organisms with data available. An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18. D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D005343 - Fibrinolytic Agents D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D050299 - Fibrin Modulating Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8337 Abietic acid, a diterpene isolated from Colophony, possesses antiproliferative, antibacterial, and anti-obesity properties. Abietic acid inhibits lipoxygenase activity for allergy treatment[1][2]. Abietic acid, a diterpene isolated from Colophony, possesses antiproliferative, antibacterial, and anti-obesity properties. Abietic acid inhibits lipoxygenase activity for allergy treatment[1][2].
Epicatechin
Epicatechin is an antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. Catechin is a tannin peculiar to green and white tea because the black tea oxidation process reduces catechins in black tea. Catechin is a powerful, water soluble polyphenol and antioxidant that is easily oxidized. Several thousand types are available in the plant world. As many as two thousand are known to have a flavon structure and are called flavonoids. Catechin is one of them. Green tea is manufactured from fresh, unfermented tea leaves; the oxidation of catechins is minimal, and hence they are able to serve as antioxidants. Researchers believe that catechin is effective because it easily sticks to proteins, blocking bacteria from adhering to cell walls and disrupting their ability to destroy them. Viruses have hooks on their surfaces and can attach to cell walls. The catechin in green tea prevents viruses from adhering and causing harm. Catechin reacts with toxins created by harmful bacteria (many of which belong to the protein family) and harmful metals such as lead, mercury, chrome, and cadmium. From its NMR espectra, there is a doubt on 2 and 3 atoms configuration. It seems to be that they are in trans position. Epicatechin, also known as (+)-cyanidanol-3 or 2,3-cis-epicatechin, is a member of the class of compounds known as catechins. Catechins are compounds containing a catechin moiety, which is a 3,4-dihydro-2-chromene-3,5.7-tiol. Thus, epicatechin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Epicatechin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Epicatechin can be found in cashew nut, which makes epicatechin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Epicatechin can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Epicatechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol and antioxidant. It is a plant secondary metabolite. It belongs to the group of flavan-3-ols (or simply flavanols), part of the chemical family of flavonoids . (-)-epicatechin is a catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration. It has a role as an antioxidant. It is a polyphenol and a catechin. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-epicatechin. Epicatechin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Pre-diabetes. (-)-Epicatechin is a natural product found in Visnea mocanera, Litsea rotundifolia, and other organisms with data available. An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. See also: Crofelemer (monomer of); Bilberry (part of); Cats Claw (part of) ... View More ... A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration. [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_20eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_50eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_40eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_10eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_pos_30eV_CB000016.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_50eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_30eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_10eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_40eV_000009.txt [Raw Data] CB030_(-)-Epicatechin_neg_20eV_000009.txt Epicatechin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=490-46-0 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 490-46-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.
Echinocystic
Echinocystic acid is a triterpenoid. Echinocystic acid is a natural product found in Cucurbita foetidissima, Eclipta alba, and other organisms with data available. Echinocystic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from the fruit of Honey Locust. It has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Echinocystic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from the fruit of Honey Locust. It has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.
L-Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (Glu), also known as L-glutamic acid or as glutamate, the name of its anion, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-glutamic acid is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glutamic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an acidic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans it is a non-essential amino acid and can be synthesized via alanine or aspartic acid via alpha-ketoglutarate and the action of various transaminases. Glutamate also plays an important role in the bodys disposal of excess or waste nitrogen. Glutamate undergoes deamination, an oxidative reaction catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase leading to alpha-ketoglutarate. In many respects glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid). Glutamate was discovered in 1866 when it was extracted from wheat gluten (from where it got its name. Glutamate has an important role as a food additive and food flavoring agent. In 1908, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth (a Japanese soup) as glutamic acid. These crystals, when tasted, reproduced a salty, savory flavor detected in many foods, most especially in seaweed. Professor Ikeda termed this flavor umami. He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. L-glutamic acid is an optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a ferroptosis inducer and a neurotransmitter. It is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a glutamic acid and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate acid of a L-glutamate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-glutamic acid. A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. See also: Monosodium Glutamate (active moiety of); Glatiramer Acetate (monomer of); Glatiramer (monomer of) ... View More ... obtained from acid hydrolysis of proteins. Since 1965 the industrial source of glutamic acid for MSG production has been bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate sources such as molasses and corn starch hydrolysate in the presence of a nitrogen source such as ammonium salts or urea. Annual production approx. 350000t worldwide in 1988. Seasoning additive in food manuf. (as Na, K and NH4 salts). Dietary supplement, nutrient Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E;[4] the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use. It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. Its molecular formula is C 5H 9NO 4. Glutamic acid exists in two optically isomeric forms; the dextrorotatory l-form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of gluten or from the waste waters of beet-sugar manufacture or by fermentation.[5][full citation needed] Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COOH, with two carboxyl groups −COOH and one amino group −NH 2. However, in the solid state and mildly acidic water solutions, the molecule assumes an electrically neutral zwitterion structure −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COOH. It is encoded by the codons GAA or GAG. The acid can lose one proton from its second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base, the singly-negative anion glutamate −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COO−. This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions. The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation.[6] This anion creates the savory umami flavor of foods and is found in glutamate flavorings such as MSG. In Europe, it is classified as food additive E620. In highly alkaline solutions the doubly negative anion −OOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COO− prevails. The radical corresponding to glutamate is called glutamyl. The one-letter symbol E for glutamate was assigned in alphabetical sequence to D for aspartate, being larger by one methylene –CH2– group.[7] DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
Isopimaric acid
Isopimaric acid is a diterpenoid, a carbotricyclic compound and a monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an isopimarate. It derives from a hydride of an isopimara-7,15-diene. Isopimaric acid is a natural product found in Pinus brutia var. eldarica, Halocarpus bidwillii, and other organisms with data available. Isopimaric acid is isolated from Pinus palustris (pitch pine). D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D007476 - Ionophores Isopimaric acid is a potent opener of large conductance calcium activated K+ (BK) channels. Isopimaric acid is a potent opener of large conductance calcium activated K+ (BK) channels.
Ferruginol
Ferruginol is an abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an antibacterial agent, a protective agent and a plant metabolite. It is an abietane diterpenoid, a member of phenols, a carbotricyclic compound and a meroterpenoid. Ferruginol is a natural product found in Calocedrus macrolepis, Teucrium polium, and other organisms with data available. An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12.
Farnesol
Farnesol is a signaling molecule that is derived from farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Farnesol is a 15 carbon isoprenoid alcohol is the corresponding dephosphorylated form of the isoprenoid farnesyl diphosphate. Farnesol has a potential role in controlling the degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.34, NADPH-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase). The enzyme is stabilized under conditions of cellular sterol depletion (e.g. statin-treated cells) and rapidly degraded in sterol-loaded cells. In mammalian cells, this enhanced degradation is dependent on the presence of both a sterol and a non-sterol derived from the isoprenoid pathway; farnesol, the dephosphorylated form of farnesyl diphosphate, can function as the non-sterol component. Farnesol has been shown to activate the farnesoid receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that forms a functional heterodimer with RXR. Thus, dephosphorylation of farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in the cholesterol synthetic pathway, might produce an active ligand for the FXR:RXR heterodimer. The physiological ligand for FXR remains to be identified; farnesol, may simply mimic the unidentified natural ligand(s). In addition, exogenous farnesol have an effect on several other physiological processes, including inhibition of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell cycle progression and actin cytoskeletal disorganization. Farnesol cellular availability is an important determinant of vascular tone in animals and humans, and provides a basis for exploring farnesyl metabolism in humans with compromised vascular function as well as for using farnesyl analogues as regulators of arterial tone in vivo. A possible metabolic fate for farnesol is its conversion to farnesoic acid, and then to farnesol-derived dicarboxylic acids (FDDCAs) which would then be excreted in the urine. Farnesol can also be oxidized to a prenyl aldehyde, presumably by an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and that this activity resides in the mitochondrial and peroxisomal. Liver Endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomal fractions are able to phosphorylate farnesol to Farnesyl diphosphate in a Cytosine triphosphate dependent fashion. (PMID: 9812197, 8636420, 9083051, 9015362). Prenol is polymerized by dehydration reactions; when there are at least four isoprene units (n in the above formula is greater than or equal to four), the polymer is called a polyprenol. Polyprenols can contain up to 100 isoprene units (n=100) linked end to end with the hydroxyl group (-OH) remaining at the end. These isoprenoid alcohols are also called terpenols These isoprenoid alcohols are important in the acylation of proteins, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins A, E and K. They are also building blocks for plant oils such as farnesol and geraniol. Prenol is also a building block of cholesterol (built from six isoprene units), and thus of all steroids. Prenol has sedative properities, it is probably GABA receptor allosteric modulator.When the isoprene unit attached to the alcohol is saturated, the compound is referred to as a dolichol. Dolichols are important as glycosyl carriers in the synthesis of polysaccharides.(Wikipedia). C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Component of many flower absolutes [CCD] Farnesol is a colorless liquid with a delicate floral odor. (NTP, 1992) Farnesol is a farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a fungal metabolite and an antimicrobial agent. It is a farnesane sesquiterpenoid, a primary alcohol and a polyprenol. trans,trans-Farnesol is a natural product found in Lonicera japonica, Psidium guajava, and other organisms with data available. (2-trans,6-trans)-Farnesol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed) Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting bacteria. Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting bacteria.
Delta-Tocopherol
Tocopherol, or Vitamin E, is a fat-soluble vitamin in eight forms that is an important antioxidant. Vitamin E is often used in skin creams and lotions because it is believed to play a role in encouraging skin healing and reducing scarring after injuries such as burns. -- Wikipedia; Natural vitamin E exists in eight different forms or isomers, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. All isomers have a chromanol ring, with a hydroxyl group which can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain which allows for penetration into biological membranes. There is an alpha, beta, gamma and delta form of both the tocopherols and tocotrienols, determined by the number of methyl groups on the chromanol ring. Each form has its own biological activity, the measure of potency or functional use in the body. -- Wikipedia; Alpha-tocopherol is traditionally recognized as the most active form of vitamin E in humans, and is a powerful biological antioxidant. The measurement of "vitamin E" activity in international units (IU) was based on fertility enhancement by the prevention of spontaneous abortions in pregnant rats relative to alpha tocopherol. It increases naturally to about 150\\\\\% of normal in the maternal circulation during human pregnancies. 1 IU of vitamin E is defined as the biological equivalent of 0.667 milligrams of d-alpha-tocopherol, or of 1 milligram of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate. The other isomers are slowly being recognized as research begins to elucidate their additional roles in the human body. Many naturopathic and orthomolecular medicine advocates suggest that vitamin E supplements contain at least 20\\\\\% by weight of the other natural vitamin E isomers. Commercially available blends of natural vitamin E include "mixed tocopherols" and "high gamma tocopherol" formulas. Also selenium, Coenzyme Q10, and ample vitamin C have been shown to be essential cofactors of natural tocopherols. -- Wikipedia; Synthetic vitamin E, usually marked as d,l-tocopherol or d,l tocopheryl acetate, with 50\\\\\% d-alpha tocopherol moiety and 50\\\\\% l-alpha-tocopherol moiety, as synthesized by an earlier process is now actually manufactured as all-racemic alpha tocopherol, with only about one alpha tocopherol molecule in 8 molecules as actual d-alpha tocpherol. The synthetic form is not as active as the natural alpha tocopherol form. The 1950s thalidomide disaster with numerous severe birth defects is a common example of d- vs l- epimer forms type problem with synthesized racemic mixtures. Information on any side effects of the synthetic vitamin E epimers is not readily available. Naturopathic and orthomolecular medicine advocates have long considered the synthetic vitamin E forms to be with little or no merit for cancer, circulatory and heart diseases. -- Wikipedia; Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism that results in poor absorption of dietary fat and vitamin E. The vitamin E deficiency associated with this disease causes problems such as poor transmission of nerve impulses, muscle weakness, and degeneration of the retina that can cause blindness. Individuals with abetalipoproteinemia may be prescribed special vitamin E supplements by a physician to treat this disorder. -- Wikipedia; Recent studies also show that vitamin E acts as an effective free radical scavenger and can lower the incidence of lung cancer in smokers. The effects are opposite to that of the clinical trials based on administering carotenoid to male smokers, that resulted in increased risk of lung cancer. Hence vitamin E is an effective antagonist to the oxidative stress that is imposed by high carotenoids in certain patients. -- Wikipedia; A cataract is a condition of clouding of the tissue of the lens of the eye. They increase the risk of disability and blindness in aging adults. Antioxidants are being studied to determine whether they can help prevent or delay cataract growth. Observational studies have found that lens clarity, wh... Delta-Tocopherol is an isomer of Vitamin E. Delta-Tocopherol is an isomer of Vitamin E.
Honokiol
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier[1][2][3][4]. Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier[1][2][3][4]. Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier[1][2][3][4].
Amentoflavone
Amentoflavone is a biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-3 of the hydroxyphenyl ring and C-8 of the chromene ring. A natural product found particularly in Ginkgo biloba and Hypericum perforatum. It has a role as a cathepsin B inhibitor, an antiviral agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a P450 inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a biflavonoid, a hydroxyflavone and a ring assembly. Amentoflavone is a natural product found in Podocarpus elongatus, Austrocedrus chilensis, and other organisms with data available. A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-3 of the hydroxyphenyl ring and C-8 of the chromene ring. A natural product found particularly in Ginkgo biloba and Hypericum perforatum. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065688 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065692 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors Amentoflavone is found in fruits. Amentoflavone is obtained from Viburnum prunifolium (black haw Amentoflavone (Didemethyl-ginkgetin) is a potent and orally active GABA(A) negative modulator. Amentoflavone also shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fungal, antibacterial activity. Amentoflavone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase[1][2][3][4]. Amentoflavone (Didemethyl-ginkgetin) is a potent and orally active GABA(A) negative modulator. Amentoflavone also shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fungal, antibacterial activity. Amentoflavone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase[1][2][3][4]. Amentoflavone (Didemethyl-ginkgetin) is a potent and orally active GABA(A) negative modulator. Amentoflavone also shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fungal, antibacterial activity. Amentoflavone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase[1][2][3][4].
(-)-Arctigenin
(-)-Arctigenin is found in burdock. (-)-Arctigenin is isolated from Cnicus benedictus, Forsythia viridissima, Arctium lappa, Ipomoea cairica and others (CCD).Arctigenin is a lignan found in certain plants of the Asteraceae , including the Greater burdock (Arctium lappa) and Saussurea heteromalla. It has shown antiviral and anticancer effects. It is the aglycone of arctiin. (Wikipedia (-)-Arctigenin is a lignan. Arctigenin is a natural product found in Centaurea cineraria, Forsythia suspensa, and other organisms with data available. See also: Arctium lappa Root (part of); Arctium lappa fruit (part of); Pumpkin Seed (part of) ... View More ... Isolated from Cnicus benedictus, Forsythia viridissima, Arctium lappa, Ipomoea cairica and others (CCD) Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions[1][2][3]. Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions[1][2][3].
Ginkgetin
Ginkgetin is a biflavonoid that is the 7,4-dimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone. Isolated from Ginkgo biloba and Dioon, it exhibits anti-HSV-1, antineoplastic and inhibitory activities towards arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase 2. It has a role as an anti-HSV-1 agent, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent and a metabolite. It is a biflavonoid, a hydroxyflavone, a methoxyflavone and a ring assembly. It is functionally related to an amentoflavone. Ginkgetin is a natural product found in Selaginella sinensis, Selaginella willdenowii, and other organisms with data available. A biflavonoid that is the 7,4-dimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone. Isolated from Ginkgo biloba and Dioon, it exhibits anti-HSV-1, antineoplastic and inhibitory activities towards arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase 2. From Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Ginkgetin is found in ginkgo nuts and fats and oils. Ginkgetin is found in fats and oils. Ginkgetin is from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ[1][2][3][4][5]. Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ[1][2][3][4][5].
Sciadopitysin
Sciadopitysin is a biflavonoid that is a 7, 4, 4-trimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone. It has a role as a bone density conservation agent and a platelet aggregation inhibitor. It is a biflavonoid, a hydroxyflavone, a methoxyflavone and a ring assembly. It is functionally related to an amentoflavone. Sciadopitysin is a natural product found in Podocarpus elongatus, Podocarpus urbanii, and other organisms with data available. A biflavonoid that is a 7, 4, 4-trimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone. Sciadopitysin is a type of biflavonoids in leaves from ginkgo biloba[1]. Sciadopitysi inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1[2]. Sciadopitysin is a type of biflavonoids in leaves from ginkgo biloba[1]. Sciadopitysi inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1[2].
Dendrolasin
Dendrolasin is found in root vegetables. Dendrolasin is a constituent of sweet potato Constituent of sweet potato. Dendrolasin is found in root vegetables.
Stirrup
C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting bacteria. Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting bacteria. Nerolidol is a natural membrane-active sesquiterpene, with antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activity[1]. Nerolidol is a natural membrane-active sesquiterpene, with antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activity[1]. trans-Nerolidol is a sesquiterpene alcohol. It can be isolated from f aerial parts of Warionia saharae ex Benth. trans-Nerolidol improves the anti-proliferative effect of Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) against intestinal cancer cells in vitro. trans-Nerolidol also has anti-fungal activity[1][2]. trans-Nerolidol is a sesquiterpene alcohol. It can be isolated from f aerial parts of Warionia saharae ex Benth. trans-Nerolidol improves the anti-proliferative effect of Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) against intestinal cancer cells in vitro. trans-Nerolidol also has anti-fungal activity[1][2].
Bilobetin
Bilobetin is a flavonoid oligomer. Bilobetin is a natural product found in Austrocedrus chilensis, Fitzroya cupressoides, and other organisms with data available. From Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Bilobetin is found in ginkgo nuts and fats and oils. Bilobetin is found in fats and oils. Bilobetin is from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity[1]. Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity[1]. Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity[1]. Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity[1].
Honokiol
Honokiol is a member of biphenyls. Honokiol is a natural product found in Illicium simonsii, Illicium fargesii, and other organisms with data available. D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier[1][2][3][4]. Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier[1][2][3][4]. Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier[1][2][3][4].
Amentoflavone
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065688 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065692 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society IPB_RECORD: 4341; CONFIDENCE confident structure Amentoflavone (Didemethyl-ginkgetin) is a potent and orally active GABA(A) negative modulator. Amentoflavone also shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fungal, antibacterial activity. Amentoflavone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase[1][2][3][4]. Amentoflavone (Didemethyl-ginkgetin) is a potent and orally active GABA(A) negative modulator. Amentoflavone also shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fungal, antibacterial activity. Amentoflavone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase[1][2][3][4]. Amentoflavone (Didemethyl-ginkgetin) is a potent and orally active GABA(A) negative modulator. Amentoflavone also shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fungal, antibacterial activity. Amentoflavone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase[1][2][3][4].
Honokiol
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Annotation level-1 Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier[1][2][3][4]. Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier[1][2][3][4]. Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier[1][2][3][4].
Arctiin
Annotation level-1 Arctiin (NSC 315527) is a plant lignan extracted from burdock seeds and has anti-cancer activity. Arctiin (NSC 315527) is a plant lignan extracted from burdock seeds and has anti-cancer activity.
Delta-Tocopherol
A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by a methyl group at position 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D024505 - Tocopherols Delta-Tocopherol is an isomer of Vitamin E. Delta-Tocopherol is an isomer of Vitamin E.
Farnesol
A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1. Farnesol is a colorless liquid with a delicate floral odor. (NTP, 1992) Farnesol is a farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a fungal metabolite and an antimicrobial agent. It is a farnesane sesquiterpenoid, a primary alcohol and a polyprenol. trans,trans-Farnesol is a natural product found in Lonicera japonica, Psidium guajava, and other organisms with data available. (2-trans,6-trans)-Farnesol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed) The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting bacteria. Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting bacteria.
Bilobetin
Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity[1]. Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity[1]. Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity[1]. Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity[1].
Arctigenen
Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions[1][2][3]. Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions[1][2][3].
I6783_SIGMA
D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D007476 - Ionophores Isopimaric acid is a potent opener of large conductance calcium activated K+ (BK) channels. Isopimaric acid is a potent opener of large conductance calcium activated K+ (BK) channels.
Ginkgetin
Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ[1][2][3][4][5]. Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ[1][2][3][4][5].
119-13-1
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D024505 - Tocopherols Delta-Tocopherol is an isomer of Vitamin E. Delta-Tocopherol is an isomer of Vitamin E.