Gene Association: PURA
UniProt Search:
PURA (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: purine rich element binding protein A
found 48 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Dihydrocapsaicin
Dihydrocapsaicin is found in pepper (C. annuum). It is a potential nutriceutical. Dihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin it is an irritant. Dihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 22\\\\\% of the total capsaicinoids mixture and has about the same pungency as capsaicin. Pure dihydrocapsaicin is a lipophilic colorless odorless crystalline to waxy compound. It is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide and 100 \\\\\% ethanol. Dihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid. Dihydrocapsaicin is a natural product found in Capsicum pubescens, Capsicum annuum, and Ganoderma lucidum with data available. See also: Capsicum (part of); Paprika (part of); Habanero (part of) ... View More ... Potential nutriceutical Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat[1][2][3]. Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat[1][2][3]. Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat[1][2][3].
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, also known as PRPP or PRib-PP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine monophosphate through its interaction with the enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. In addition, guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine monophosphate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. In humans, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is involved in adenosine deaminase deficiency. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is a pentosephosphate and it is the key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. It is formed from ribose 5-phosphate by the enzyme ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase. It plays a role in transferring phosphate groups in several reactions. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is a pentosephosphate. The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID P023 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Dethiobiotin
Dethiobiotin is a synthetic metabolite that mimic the effects of biotin on gene expression and thus have biotin-like activities. In mammals, biotin serves as a coenzyme for carboxylases such as propionyl-CoA carboxylase. (PMID 12730407) [HMDB]. Dethiobiotin is found in many foods, some of which are agave, garden onion, lime, and black mulberry. Dethiobiotin is a synthetic metabolite that mimic the effects of biotin on gene expression and thus have biotin-like activities. In mammals, biotin serves as a coenzyme for carboxylases such as propionyl-CoA carboxylase. (PMID 12730407). D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D008934 - Mitogens KEIO_ID D075; [MS3] KO009104 KEIO_ID D075; [MS2] KO009103 KEIO_ID D075 D-Desthiobiotin is a biotin derivative used in affinity chromatography and protein chromatography. D-Desthiobiotin also can be used for protein and cell labeling, detection and isolation[1].
Hypoxanthine
Hypoxanthine, also known as purine-6-ol or Hyp, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purines. Purines are a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Hypoxanthine is also classified as an oxopurine, Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Hypoxanthine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as radish (var.), mountain yams, welsh onions, greenthread tea, and common beets. Hypoxanthine is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids, where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. Biologically, hypoxanthine can be formed a number of ways. For instance, it is one of the products of the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine. However, more frequently xanthine is formed from oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase. The enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase converts hypoxanthine into IMP in the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine is also a spontaneous deamination product of adenine. Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid. In this process, hypoxanthine is first oxidized to xanthine, which is further oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Molecular oxygen, the oxidant in both reactions, is reduced to H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species. In humans, uric acid is the final product of purine degradation and is excreted in the urine. Within humans, hypoxanthine participates in a number of other enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from inosine through its interaction with the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Hypoxanthine is also involved in the metabolic disorder called the purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a disorder of the immune system (primary immunodeficiency) characterized by recurrent infections, neurologic symptoms, and autoimmune disorders. PNP deficiency causes a shortage of white blood cells, called T-cells, that help fight infection. Affected individuals develop neurologic symptoms, such as stiff or rigid muscles (spasticity), uncoordinated movements (ataxia), developmental delay, and intellectual disability. PNP deficiency is associated with an increased risk to develop autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune neutropenia, thyroiditis, and lupus. [Spectral] Hypoxanthine (exact mass = 136.03851) and Adenine (exact mass = 135.0545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Occurs widely in plant and animal tissue (CCD). Hypoxanthine is found in many foods, some of which are japanese chestnut, parsnip, okra, and horned melon. Hypoxanthine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=68-94-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 68-94-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.
1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetate
Methylimidazoleacetic acid is the main metabolite of histamine. This end product of histamine catabolism is formed by N-methylation in the imidazole ring to methylhistamine by histamine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.8) and a subsequent oxidative deamination in the side chain by type B monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4). Based on studies, it is known that as much as 70 to 80 percent of the histamine metabolized in the body is excreted in the urine as methylimidazoleacetic acid. Thus, urinary methylimidazoleacetic acid being the major and specific histamine metabolite is a clear marker of any changes in histamine metabolism in the body. The urinary excretion of methylimidazoleacetic acid is considered a reliable indicator of histamine turnover rate in the body. The excretion of methylimidazoleacetic acid is higher in men than in women. However, this gender difference is abolished when corrected for creatinine excretion. A possible explanation is that basal histamine turnover is related to body size. There is no significant difference in methylimidazoleacetic acid excretion between smokers and non-smokers when analyzing absolute values (mg/24 h). When using methylimidazoleacetic acid values corrected for creatinine excretion female smokers have significantly higher methylimidazoleacetic acid excretion compared to nonsmokers (PMID:11411609, 7130180, 10350179, 10202992). Methylimidazoleacetic acid is the main metabolite of histamine. This end product of histamine catabolism is formed by N-methylation in the imidazole ring to methylhistamine by histamine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.8) and a subsequent oxidative deamination in the side chain by type B monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4). From studies is known that as much as 70 to 80 percent of the histamine metabolized in the body is excreted in the urine as Methylimidazoleacetic acid. Thus, urinary Methylimidazoleacetic acid being the major and specific histamine metabolite is a clear marker of any changes in histamine metabolism in the body. The urinary excretion of methylimidazoleacetic acid is considered a reliable indicator of histamine turnover rate in the body. The excretion of Methylimidazoleacetic acid is higher in men than women however; this gender difference is abolished when corrected for creatinine excretion. A possible explanation is that basal histamine turnover is related to body size. There is no significant difference in Methylimidazoleacetic acid excretion between smokers and non-smokers when analysing absolute values (mg/24 h). When using Methylimidazoleacetic acid values corrected for creatinine excretion female smokers have significantly higher Methylimidazoleacetic acid excretion compared to nonsmokers. (PMID: 11411609, 7130180, 10350179, 10202992) [HMDB]
Purine
Purine, also known as purine base or 1H-purine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purines and purine derivatives. These are aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a purine moiety, which is formed a pyrimidine-ring ring fused to an imidazole ring. Two of the bases in nucleic acids, adenine and guanine, are purines. Purines from food (or from tissue turnover) are metabolised by several enzymes, including xanthine oxidase, into uric acid. Purine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. High levels of uric acid can predispose to gout when the acid crystalises in joints; this phenomenon only happens in humans and some animal species (e.g. dogs) that lack an intrinsic uricase enzyme that can further degrade uric acid. In humans, purine is involved in thioguanine action pathway. Outside of the human body, purine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cocoa beans. Purine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as rapinis, plains prickly pears, blackcurrants, radish, and parsley. This could make purine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines, including substituted purines and their tautomers, are the most widely distributed kind of nitrogen-containing heterocycle in nature. Purine is found in many foods, some of which are triticale, chickpea, japanese persimmon, and wild carrot. KEIO_ID P049 Purine is an endogenous metabolite. Purine is an endogenous metabolite.
2'-Deoxyinosine triphosphate
2-Deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) is a deoxyribonucleotide that may be generated from dATP by slow, non-enzymatic hydrolysis or by reduction of ITP. Normally, the cellular dITP concentration is very low. The inability to demonstrate the synthesis of dITP in cellular preparations has been attributed to the presence in the cytoplasm of an inosine triphosphatase pyrophosphatase (ITPase, EC 3.6.1.19), an enzyme that does not permit accumulation of these nucleotides. dITP can be incorporated into DNA by polymerases. The deoxyribonucleotide dITP behaves as a dGTP analogue and is incorporated opposite cytosine with about 50\\% efficiency. Both isolated nuclei and purified DNA polymerases rapidly incorporated dITP into DNA. In the presence of ATP, dITP is stabilized in extracts of nuclei. dITP exist in all cells and is potentially mutagenic, and the levels of these nucleotides are controlled by ITPase. The function of this ubiquitous protein family is proposed to be the elimination of minor potentially mutagenic or clastogenic purine nucleoside triphosphates from the cell. (PMID: 11278832) [HMDB] 2-Deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) is a deoxyribonucleotide that may be generated from dATP by slow, non-enzymatic hydrolysis or by reduction of ITP. Normally, the cellular dITP concentration is very low. The inability to demonstrate the synthesis of dITP in cellular preparations has been attributed to the presence in the cytoplasm of an inosine triphosphatase pyrophosphatase (ITPase, EC 3.6.1.19), an enzyme that does not permit accumulation of these nucleotides. dITP can be incorporated into DNA by polymerases. The deoxyribonucleotide dITP behaves as a dGTP analogue and is incorporated opposite cytosine with about 50\\% efficiency. Both isolated nuclei and purified DNA polymerases rapidly incorporated dITP into DNA. In the presence of ATP, dITP is stabilized in extracts of nuclei. dITP exist in all cells and is potentially mutagenic, and the levels of these nucleotides are controlled by ITPase. The function of this ubiquitous protein family is proposed to be the elimination of minor potentially mutagenic or clastogenic purine nucleoside triphosphates from the cell. (PMID: 11278832). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
2'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), also known as deoxyadenylic acid or deoxyadenylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a derivative of the common nucleic acid AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been reduced to just a hydrogen atom (hence the "deoxy-" part of the name). Additionally, the monophosphate of the name indicates that two of the phosphoryl groups of GTP have been removed, most likely by hydrolysis. It is a monomer used in DNA. Adenosine is a nucleoside comprised of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a -N9-glycosidic bond. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage[1]. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage[1].
Etodolac
Etodolac is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. Its therapeutic effects are due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. It is indicated for relief of signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Similar to other NSAIDs, the anti-inflammatory effects of etodolac result from inhibition of the enzyme cycooxygenase (COX). This decreases the synthesis of peripheral prostaglandins involved in mediating inflammation. Etodolac binds to the upper portion of the COX enzyme active site and prevents its substrate, arachidonic acid, from entering the active site. Etodolac was previously thought to be a non-selective COX inhibitor, but it is now known to be 5 – 50 times more selective for COX-2 than COX-1. Antipyresis may occur by central action on the hypothalamus, resulting in peripheral dilation, increased cutaneous blood flow, and subsequent heat loss. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AB - Acetic acid derivatives and related substances D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors > D052246 - Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D007210 - Indoleacetic Acids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents KEIO_ID E034; [MS2] KO008956 KEIO_ID E034
Netilmicin
Netilmicin is a semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. [PubChem] Netilmicin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with mRNA binding and the acceptor tRNA site. The bactericidal effect of netilmiicin is not fully understood. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
AICAR
Aicar, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide, is a member of the class of compounds known as 1-ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. 1-ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides are organic compounds containing the imidazole ring linked to a ribose ring through a 1-2 bond. Aicar is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Aicar can be found in a number of food items such as safflower, greenthread tea, common pea, and wild leek, which makes aicar a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Aicar can be found primarily in saliva, as well as in human skeletal muscle tissue. Aicar exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, aicar is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include azathioprine action pathway, mercaptopurine action pathway, purine metabolism, and thioguanine action pathway. Aicar is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, xanthinuria type II, and gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome. AICAR also known as ZMP is an analog of AMP that is capable of stimulating AMP-dependent protein kinase activity(AMPK). AICAR is an intermediate in the generation of inosine monophosphate. AICAR is being clinically used to treat and protect against cardiac ischemic injury. AICAR can enter cardiac cells to inhibit adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase. It enhances the rate of nucleotide re-synthesis increasing adenosine generation from adenosine monophosphate only during conditions of myocardial ischemia. AICAR increases glucose uptake by inducing translocation of GLUT4 and/or by activating the p38 MAPK pathway. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents Corona-virus KEIO_ID A133 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Meclizine
Meclizine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. [PubChem]Along with its actions as an antagonist at H1-receptors, meclizine also possesses anticholinergic, central nervous system depressant, and local anesthetic effects. Meclizine depresses labyrinth excitability and vestibular stimulation and may affect the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone. R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AE - Piperazine derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3084 D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents
Inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP)
Inosinic acid, also known as inosine monophosphate, IMP, 5-inosinate or 5-IMP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. IMP is also classified as a nucleotide (a nucleoside monophosphate). Inosinic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. IMP is widely used as a flavor enhancer. In the food industry it is known as E number reference E630. Inosinic acid can be converted into various salts including disodium inosinate (E631), dipotassium inosinate (E632), and calcium inosinate (E633). These three inosinate compounds are used as flavor enhancers for the basic taste umami. These inosinate salts are mostly used in soups, sauces, and seasonings for the intensification and balance of the flavor of meat. Inosinic acid is typically obtained from chicken byproducts or other meat industry waste. Inosinic acid or IMP is important in metabolism. It is the ribonucleotide of hypoxanthine and the first nucleotide formed during the synthesis of purine nucleotides. It can also be formed by the deamination of adenosine monophosphate by AMP deaminase. GMP is formed by the inosinate oxidation to xanthylate (XMP). Within humans, inosinic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, inosinic acid can be converted into phosphoribosyl formamidocarboxamide; which is catalyzed by the bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein. In addition, inosinic acid can be converted into xanthylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1. Origin: Microbe; Formula(Parent): C10H13N4O8P; Bottle Name:Inosine-5-monophosphate; PRIME Parent Name:Inosine-5-monophosphate; PRIME in-house No.:0258, Purines A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.056 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.057 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Inosinic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
N-Nitroso-pyrrolidine
N-Nitroso-pyrrolidine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrrolidines. Pyrrolidines are compounds containing a pyrrolidine ring, which is a five-membered saturated aliphatic heterocycle with one nitrogen atom and four carbon atoms. N-Nitroso-pyrrolidine has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as green bell peppers, orange bell peppers, pepper (c. annuum), red bell peppers, and yellow bell peppers. This could make N-nitroso-pyrrolidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3450 Found in fried bacon
Pyridostigmine
Pyridostigmine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than neostigmine. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants. [PubChem]Pyridostigmine inhibits acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft by competing with acetylcholine for attachment to acetylcholinesterase, thus slowing down the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, and thereby increases efficiency of cholinergic transmission in the neuromuscular junction and prolonges the effects of acetylcholine. N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics > N07AA - Anticholinesterases D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Melibiose
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780). Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions. Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions.
5-Keto-D-gluconate
5-Keto-D-gluconate is metabolized from glucose in certain bacterial species. It is an intermediate in L-idonate degradation and ketogluconate metabolism. 5-Keto-D-gluconate 5-reductase catalyzes the reversible reduction of 5-ketogluconate to D-gluconate. This is the second reaction of the L-idonate catabolic pathway after uptake of L-idonate into the cell. The enzyme specifically reduces 5-ketogluconate using either NADH or NADPH. The enzyme is also specific for D-gluconate oxidation using NADP as the coenzyme, NAD does not serve as a coenzyme. 5-Keto-D-gluconate has also been found to be a metabolite of Gluconobacter (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138111779800112X). 5-Keto-D-gluconate is metabolized from glucose in certain bacterial species. It is an intermediate in L-idonate degradation and ketogluconate metabolism. 5-Keto-D-gluconate 5-reductase catalyzes the reversible reduction of 5-ketogluconate to D-gluconate. This is the second reaction of the L-idonate catabolic pathway after uptake of L-idonate into the cell. The enzyme specifically reduces 5-ketogluconate using either NADH or NADPH. The enzyme is also specific for D-gluconate oxidation using NADP as the coenzyme, NAD does not serve as a coenzyme. [HMDB]
Adenylsuccinic acid
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway. Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels. Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate of the enzyme adenylosuccinase [EC 4.3.2.2] in purine metabolism pathway. The accumulation of adenylsuccinic acid in body fluids occurs due to a deficiency of adenylosuccinase. (KEGG; PMID 8412002) [HMDB] D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids KEIO_ID A037; [MS2] KO008839 KEIO_ID A037; [MS3] KO008840 KEIO_ID A037
7,8-diaminopelargonate
7,8-diaminononanoate, also known as 7,8-dap or 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, 7,8-diaminononanoate is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. 7,8-diaminononanoate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7,8-diaminononanoate can be found in a number of food items such as devilfish, walnut, rapini, and swamp cabbage, which makes 7,8-diaminononanoate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 7,8-diaminononanoate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).
dXTP
5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide
5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), is an intermediate of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is also the precursor to 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP), the first product of pyrimidine biosynthesis. This reaction is mediated by the enzyme HMP-P kinase (ThiD). HMP is a precursor of thiamine phosphate (TMP), and subsequently to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an essential cofactor in all living systems that plays a central role in metabolism. (PMID: 15326535). 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide is a substrate for a number of proteins including: Scaffold attachment factor B2, Multifunctional protein ADE2, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C, Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1, Vinexin, Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, Antileukoproteinase 1 and Scaffold attachment factor B. 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), is an intermediate of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is also the precursor to 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP), the first product of pyrimidine biosynthesis. This reaction is mediated by the enzyme HMP-P kinase (ThiD). HMP is a precursor of thiamine phosphate (TMP), and subsequently to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an essential cofactor in all living systems that plays a central role in metabolism. (PMID: 15326535) COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Ceftizoxime
A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders. [PubChem] J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Tazobactam
Tazobactam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.It is a antibacterial penicillin derivative which inhibits the action of bacterial beta-lactamases.Tazobactam broadens the spectrum of piperacillin by making it effective against organisms that express beta-lactamase and would normally degrade piperacillin. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CG - Beta-lactamase inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D065093 - beta-Lactamase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C2140 - Adjuvant > C183118 - Beta-lactamase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Tazobactam (CL-298741) is a potent β-lactamases inhibitor and penicillin antibiotic. Tazobactam has antibacterial activity. Tazobactam can be used for pneumonia research[1][2].
cefsulodin
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Same as: D07653
Rifamycin
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis > J04AB - Antibiotics D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D012294 - Rifamycins C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives Same as: D02549
hypoxanthine
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C62554 - Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.
etodolac
M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids > M01AB - Acetic acid derivatives and related substances D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors > D052246 - Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D007210 - Indoleacetic Acids D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3308
Dihydrocapsaicin
relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.274 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.271 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.269 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat[1][2][3]. Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat[1][2][3]. Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat[1][2][3].
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.057 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.056 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage[1]. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage[1].
hypoxanthine
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C62554 - Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor A purine nucleobase that consists of purine bearing an oxo substituent at position 6. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; FDGQSTZJBFJUBT_STSL_0163_Hypoxanthine_0125fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_115; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.
Aica ribonucleotide
A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5 position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
dethiobiotin
A hexanoic acid having a 5-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl group at the 6-position. D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D008934 - Mitogens D-Desthiobiotin is a biotin derivative used in affinity chromatography and protein chromatography. D-Desthiobiotin also can be used for protein and cell labeling, detection and isolation[1].
Inosinic acid
COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Inosinic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
7,8-Diaminononanoic acid
An amino fatty acid carrying amino substituents at positions 7 and 8. Some of its isomers are naturally occurring intermediates of biotin synthesis, and targets of antimicrobial and herbicide development.
EU-0100782
Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat[1][2][3]. Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat[1][2][3]. Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat[1][2][3].
meclizine
R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06AE - Piperazine derivatives D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C267 - Antiemetic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents
ceftizoxime
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01D - Other beta-lactam antibacterials > J01DD - Third-generation cephalosporins A parenteral third-generation cephalosporin, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D002511 - Cephalosporins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
Tazobactam
A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01C - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins > J01CG - Beta-lactamase inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D065093 - beta-Lactamase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D047090 - beta-Lactams D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D010406 - Penicillins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams C2140 - Adjuvant > C183118 - Beta-lactamase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Tazobactam (CL-298741) is a potent β-lactamases inhibitor and penicillin antibiotic. Tazobactam has antibacterial activity. Tazobactam can be used for pneumonia research[1][2].
pyridostigmine
N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07A - Parasympathomimetics > N07AA - Anticholinesterases D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
2-Deoxyinosine triphosphate
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
