Gene Association: ARAF
UniProt Search:
ARAF (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: A-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase
found 56 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Acarbose
Acarbose is a tetrasaccharide derivative consisting of a dideoxy-4-{[4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl C7 cyclitol moiety [called valienol (or valienamine)] linked via nitrogen to isomaltotriose. It has a role as an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor, a hypoglycemic agent and a geroprotector. It is a conjugate base of an acarbose(1+). Acarbose is an alpha glucosidase inhibitor which decreases intestinal absorption of carbohydrates and is used as an adjunctive therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes. Acarbose has been linked to rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury. Acarbose is a natural product found in Streptomyces glaucescens, Streptomyces coelicoflavus, and other organisms with data available. Acarbose is a pseudotetrasaccharide and inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase and pancreatic alpha-amylase with antihyperglycemic activity. Acarbose binds to and inhibits alpha-glucosidase, an enteric enzyme found in the brush border of the small intestines that hydrolyzes oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose and other monosaccharides. This prevents the breakdown of larger carbohydrates into glucose and decreases the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels. In addition, acarbose inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase which hydrolyzes complex starches to oligosaccharides in the small intestines. An inhibitor of ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES that retards the digestion and absorption of DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES in the SMALL INTESTINE. An inhibitor of alpha glucosidase that retards the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine and hence reduces the increase in blood-glucose concentrations after a carbohydrate load. It is given orally to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients where diet modification or oral hypoglycemic agents do not control their condition. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed) A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A10 - Drugs used in diabetes > A10B - Blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. insulins > A10BF - Alpha glucosidase inhibitors D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D065089 - Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Acarbose (BAY g 5421), antihyperglycemic agent, is an orally active alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (IC50=11 nM). Acarbose can potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas or insulin[1][2][3].
Xylobiose
Xylobiose is a glycosylxylose that is D-xylopyranose having a beta-D-xylopyranosyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic bond. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite. Xylobiose is a natural product found in Streptomyces ipomoeae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Streptomyces rameus with data available. 4-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose is found in fruits. 4-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose is isolated from acid hydrolysate of peach gum. Isolated from acid hydrolysate of peach gum. 4-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose is found in fruits. Xylobiose (1,4-β-D-Xylobiose; 1,4-D-Xylobiose) is a disaccharide?of?xylose?monomers with a β-1, 4 bond between monomers[1].
Maltotetraose
Maltotetraose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Maltotetraose exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, maltotetraose has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as welsh onions, kales, small-leaf lindens, other bread, and romaine lettuces. Maltotetraose is a normal human oligo saccharide present in plasma, but is elevated in cases of Pompe disease (PMID 15886040). Alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp is a maltotetraose tetrasaccharide consisting of three alpha-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds. Amylotetraose is a natural product found in Streptomyces with data available. Constituent of corn syrup. Product of action of a-amylase on starch. Maltooligosaccharide mixtures are important food additives (sweeteners, gelling agents and viscosity modifiers) D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents Maltotetraose can be used as a substrate for the enzyme-coupled determination of amylase activity in biological fluids. Maltotetraose can be used as a substrate for the enzyme-coupled determination of amylase activity in biological fluids.
Galactose
D-galactopyranose is a galactopyranose having D-configuration. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a D-galactose and a galactopyranose. D-Galactose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). D-Galactose is a natural product found in Vigna subterranea, Lilium tenuifolium, and other organisms with data available. An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CE - Tests for liver functional capacity Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society
Deoxythymidine diphosphate-L-rhamnose
Deoxythymidine diphosphate-L-rhamnose (dTDP-L-rhamnose) is the precursor of L-rhamnose, a saccharide required for the virulence of some pathogenic bacteria. In gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, or Escherichia coli 075:K5, L-rhamnose is an important residue in the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharides, which are essential for resistance to serum killing and colonization. In gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci, the capsule is a recognized virulence factor. For example, L-rhamnose is known to be present in the capsule of Streptococcus suis, a causative agent of meningitis in humans. In Streptococcus mutans, L-rhamnose containing polysaccharides have been implicated in tooth surface colonization and adherence to kidney, muscle, and heart tissues. In mycobacteria, L-rhamnose is fundamental to the structural integrity of the cell wall since it connects the inner peptidoglycan layer to the arabinogalactan polysaccharides. dTDP-L-rhamnose is synthesized from glucose-1-phosphate and deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) via a pathway involving four distinct enzymes. Whereas common sugars such as glucose, fructose, and mannose are all D-configured, bacteria commonly utilize the L-configured carbohydrates in pharmacologically active compounds and their cell-wall structures. The bacterial cell wall is unique to bacteria; neither the cell wall nor the enzymes and chemical intermediates in its formation have analogues in humans. The enzymes involved in dTDP-L-rhamnose synthesis are potential targets for the design of new therapeutic agents (PMID: 10802738, 12773151). 2-deoxy-thymidine-beta-l-rhamnose, also known as dtdp-6-deoxy-L-mannose or thymidine diphosphate-L-rhamnose, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine nucleotide sugars. Pyrimidine nucleotide sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides bound to a saccharide derivative through the terminal phosphate group. 2-deoxy-thymidine-beta-l-rhamnose is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-deoxy-thymidine-beta-l-rhamnose can be found in a number of food items such as black salsify, dill, roman camomile, and tea leaf willow, which makes 2-deoxy-thymidine-beta-l-rhamnose a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. DTDP-beta-L-rhamnose is the beta-anomer of dTDP-L-rhamnose. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is functionally related to a dTDP-L-mannose. It is a conjugate acid of a dTDP-6-deoxy-beta-L-mannose(2-). Deoxythymidine diphosphate-L-rhamnose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). The beta-anomer of dTDP-L-rhamnose.
4-tert-Butylphenol
4-tert-Butylphenol, also known as butylphen or PTBP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpropanes. These are organic compounds containing a phenylpropane moiety. 4-tert-Butylphenol is a leather and oakmoss tasting compound. 4-tert-Butylphenol has been detected, but not quantified, in herbs and spices. 4-Tert-butylphenol is structurally similar to the melanin precursor tyrosine, and acts as a substrate for tyrosinase. 4-tert-Butylphenol is a potentially toxic compound. Tyrosinase oxidizes 4-tert-butylphenol to a quinone (4-tert-butylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione) which in turn rapidly reacts with glutathione (GSH). A depletion of the GSH defence system may allow the quinone to generate reactive oxygen species that damage melanocytes and induce apoptosis, leading to leukoderma/vitiligo.
D-Glucuronate
Glucuronic acid (CAS: 6556-12-3) is a carboxylic acid that has the structure of a glucose molecule that has had its sixth carbon atom (of six total) oxidized. The salts of glucuronic acid are known as glucuronates. Glucuronic acid is highly soluble in water. In humans, glucuronic acid is often linked to toxic or poisonous substances to allow for subsequent elimination, and to hormones to allow for easier transport. These linkages involve O-glycosidic bonds. The process is known as glucuronidation, and the resulting substances are known as glucuronides (or glucuronosides). Glucuronidation uses UDP-glucuronic acid (glucuronic acid linked via a glycosidic bond to uridine diphosphate) as an intermediate. UDP-glucuronic acid is formed in the liver of all animals. D-Glucuronic acid is an important intermediate isolated from many gums. D-Glucuronic acid and its derivative glucuronolactone are as a liver antidote in the prophylaxis of human health. D-Glucuronic acid has an anti-inflammatory effect for the skin[1]. D-Glucuronic acid is an important intermediate isolated from many gums. D-Glucuronic acid and its derivative glucuronolactone are as a liver antidote in the prophylaxis of human health. D-Glucuronic acid has an anti-inflammatory effect for the skin[1].
Voriconazole
Voriconazole (Vfend, Pfizer) is a triazole antifungal medication used to treat serious fungal infections. It is used to treat invasive fungal infections that are generally seen in patients who are immunocompromised. These include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and emerging fungal infections. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J02 - Antimycotics for systemic use > J02A - Antimycotics for systemic use > J02AC - Triazole and tetrazole derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D065088 - Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065692 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065088 - Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors > D058888 - 14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Ethambutol
An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863) J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2782
D-Xylose
Xylose or wood sugar is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40\\\\% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is found in the embryos of most edible plants. The polysaccharide xylan, which is closely associated with cellulose, consists practically entirely of d-xylose. Corncobs, cottonseed hulls, pecan shells, and straw contain considerable amounts of this sugar. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and/or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. (Wikipedia). Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits. Xylose is a sugar first isolated from wood, and named for it. Xylose is classified as a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type, which means that it contains five carbon atoms and includes an aldehyde functional group. It is the precursor to hemicellulose, one of the main constituents of biomass. D-Xylopyranose is found in flaxseed. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose.
D-Arabinose
D-Arabinose (CAS: 10323-20-3) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentoses. These are monosaccharides in which the carbohydrate moiety contains five carbon atoms. Outside of the human body, D-arabinose has been detected, but not quantified in, sweet basils and tamarinds. This could make D-arabinose a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Arabinose is an aldopentose – a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde (CHO) functional group. D-Arabinose is found in sweet basil and tamarind. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives > D010368 - Pectins Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. DL-Xylose is an intermediate of organic synthesis. DL-Xylose is an intermediate of organic synthesis. L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in a noncompetitive manner and suppresses the plasma glucose increase due to sucrose ingestion. L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in a noncompetitive manner and suppresses the plasma glucose increase due to sucrose ingestion. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose.
Pyrrole
Pyrrole is found in corn. Pyrrole is a flavouring ingredient Pyrrole has very low basicity compared to conventional amines and some other aromatic compounds like pyridine. This decreased basicity is attributed to the delocalization of the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom in the aromatic ring. Pyrrole is a very weak base with a pKaH of about 4. Protonation results in loss of aromaticity, and is, therefore, unfavorable. Pyrrole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H4NH. Substituted derivatives are also called pyrroles. For example, C4H4NCH3 is N-methylpyrrole. Porphobilinogen is a trisubstituted pyrrole, which is the biosynthetic precursor to many natural products. The starting materials in the Piloty-Robinson pyrrole synthesis are 2 equivalents of an aldehyde and hydrazine. The product is a pyrrole with specific substituents in the 3 and 4 positions. The aldehyde reacts with the diamine to an intermediate di-imine (R C=N N=C R), which, with added hydrochloric acid, gives ring-closure and loss of ammonia to the pyrrole CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8155 Flavouring ingredient
Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is found in cereals and cereal products. Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is present in Medicago sativa (alfalfa Methyl β-D-Galactopyranoside is an endogenous metabolite.
2-Phospho-D-glyceric acid
2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PG), or 2-phosphoglycerate, is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate.; 2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PGA) is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Enolase catalyzes the beta-elimination reaction in a stepwise manner wherein OH- is eliminated from C3 of a discrete carbanion (enolate) intermediate. This intermediate is created by removal of the proton from C2 of 2PGA by a base in the active site. (PMID: 8994873, Wikipedia). 2-Phosphoglycerate is found in rice. 2-Phospho-D-glycerate or 2PG is an intermediate in gluconeogenesis. It is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. 2PG is converted by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. More specifically, 2PG can be generated from Glycerate-3-phosphate via phosphoglycerate mutase or from phosphoenolpyrvate via alpha enolase. KEIO_ID P029
Rhamnose
Rhamnose (Rham) is a naturally occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose occurs in nature in its L-form as L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose). This is unusual, since most of the naturally occurring sugars are in D-form. Rhamnose is commonly bound to other sugars in nature. It is a common glycone component of glycosides from many plants. Rhamnose is also a component of the outer cell membrane of certain bacteria. L-rhamnose is metabolized to L-Lactaldehyde, which is a branching point in the metabolic pathway of L-fucose and L-rhamnose utilization. It exists in two anomeric forms, alpha-L-rhamnose and beta-L-rhamnose. Rhamnose has been found in Klebsiella, Pseudomonas (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00369505) (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejlt.200300816). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].
Butanone
Butanone occurs as a natural product. It is made by some trees and found in some fruits and vegetables in small amounts. It is also released to the air from car and truck exhausts. The known health effects to people from exposure to butanone are irritation of the nose, throat, skin, and eyes. (wikipedia).
5-5'-Dehydrodiferulic acid
5-5-dehydrodiferulic acid, also known as 8-O-4-diferulic acid, belongs to biphenyls and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing to benzene rings linked together by a C-C bond. 5-5-dehydrodiferulic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-5-dehydrodiferulic acid can be found in a number of food items such as corn, common wheat, semolina, and hard wheat, which makes 5-5-dehydrodiferulic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Acetylphenol
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2122 - Cell Differentiating Agent > C1934 - Differentiation Inducer Phenyl acetate is an endogenous metabolite.
Decaprenyl phosphate
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,3-Dichloropropene, also known as Telone or simply 1,3-D, is a colorless liquid with a sweet smell. It exists as a mixture of the geometric isomers cis-1,3-dichloropropene and trans-1,3-dichloropropene. It dissolves in water and evaporates easily. It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide, specifically as a preplant fumigant and nematicide. It widely used in the US and other countries, but in the process of being phased out in the European Union. [HMDB] 1,3-Dichloropropene, also known as Telone or simply 1,3-D, is a colorless liquid with a sweet smell. It exists as a mixture of the geometric isomers cis-1,3-dichloropropene and trans-1,3-dichloropropene. It dissolves in water and evaporates easily. It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide, specifically as a preplant fumigant and nematicide. It widely used in the US and other countries, but in the process of being phased out in the European Union. D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
It is used in food processing as a pH control agent, washing/surface removal agent, clarifying/flocculating agent, oxidising/reducing agent, flavour and flavour modifier, sanitising/fumigating agent, appearance control agent for colours and colour modifiers D009676 - Noxae > D002424 - Caustics Same as: D01169
Luliconazole
D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01A - Antifungals for topical use > D01AC - Imidazole and triazole derivatives D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent Same as: D01980
L-Rhamnose
Any rhamnose having L-configuration. L-rhamnose occurs naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 234 Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PGA) is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Enolase catalyzes the beta-elimination reaction in a stepwise manner wherein OH- is eliminated from C3 of a discrete carbanion (enolate) intermediate. This intermediate is created by removal of the proton from C2 of 2PGA by a base in the active site. (PMID: 8994873, Wikipedia) [HMDB] 2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PGA) is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Enolase catalyzes the beta-elimination reaction in a stepwise manner wherein OH- is eliminated from C3 of a discrete carbanion (enolate) intermediate. This intermediate is created by removal of the proton from C2 of 2PGA by a base in the active site (PMID: 8994873, Wikipedia). 2-Phosphoglyceric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2553-59-5 (retrieved 2024-11-04) (CAS RN: 2553-59-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Alpha-Acarbose
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A10 - Drugs used in diabetes > A10B - Blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. insulins > A10BF - Alpha glucosidase inhibitors D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D065089 - Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Maltotetraose
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents Maltotetraose can be used as a substrate for the enzyme-coupled determination of amylase activity in biological fluids. Maltotetraose can be used as a substrate for the enzyme-coupled determination of amylase activity in biological fluids.
Rhamnose
Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].
pectin
2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal is a pentose, a polyol and a hydroxyaldehyde. DL-Arabinose is a natural product found in Arabidopsis thaliana, Streptomyces hainanensis, and other organisms with data available. Citrus Pectin is dietary fiber source, extracted from rind of citrus fruits, and used as a gelling agent. High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives > D010368 - Pectins Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. DL-Xylose is an intermediate of organic synthesis. DL-Xylose is an intermediate of organic synthesis. D-Lyxose is an endogenous metabolite. L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in a noncompetitive manner and suppresses the plasma glucose increase due to sucrose ingestion. L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in a noncompetitive manner and suppresses the plasma glucose increase due to sucrose ingestion. L-Xylose (L-(-)-Xylose) is the levo-isomer of Xylose. Xylose is classified as a?monosaccharide?of the?aldopentose?type[1]. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose.
Xylose
2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal is a pentose, a polyol and a hydroxyaldehyde. DL-Arabinose is a natural product found in Arabidopsis thaliana, Streptomyces hainanensis, and other organisms with data available. Citrus Pectin is dietary fiber source, extracted from rind of citrus fruits, and used as a gelling agent. High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives > D010368 - Pectins Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. Arabinose is an endogenous metabolite. DL-Xylose is an intermediate of organic synthesis. DL-Xylose is an intermediate of organic synthesis. D-Lyxose is an endogenous metabolite. L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in a noncompetitive manner and suppresses the plasma glucose increase due to sucrose ingestion. L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in a noncompetitive manner and suppresses the plasma glucose increase due to sucrose ingestion. L-Xylose (L-(-)-Xylose) is the levo-isomer of Xylose. Xylose is classified as a?monosaccharide?of the?aldopentose?type[1]. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose.
Voriconazole
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J02 - Antimycotics for systemic use > J02A - Antimycotics for systemic use > J02AC - Triazole and tetrazole derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D065088 - Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065692 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065088 - Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors > D058888 - 14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
D-Glucuronic acid
A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form. D-glucuronic acid, also known as glucuronate or glucuronic acid, monopotassium salt, belongs to glucuronic acid derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. D-glucuronic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). D-glucuronic acid can be found in a number of food items such as peach, dandelion, corn, and horseradish tree, which makes D-glucuronic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glucuronic acid (from Ancient Greek γλυκύς "sweet" + οὖρον "urine") is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine (hence the name). It is found in many gums such as gum arabic (c. 18\\\\%) and xanthan, and is important for the metabolism of microorganisms, plants and animals . D-Glucuronic acid is an important intermediate isolated from many gums. D-Glucuronic acid and its derivative glucuronolactone are as a liver antidote in the prophylaxis of human health. D-Glucuronic acid has an anti-inflammatory effect for the skin[1]. D-Glucuronic acid is an important intermediate isolated from many gums. D-Glucuronic acid and its derivative glucuronolactone are as a liver antidote in the prophylaxis of human health. D-Glucuronic acid has an anti-inflammatory effect for the skin[1].
D-Xylose
D-Xylose is a flavouring ingredient; sweetener. It is found in straw, corncobs, pecan shells, carrot, dandelion, german camomile, and sweet orange. D-Xylose is a sugar first isolated from wood, and named for it. D-Xylose is classified as a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type, which means that it contains five carbon atoms and includes an aldehyde functional group. It is the precursor to hemicellulose, one of the main constituents of biomass (Wikipedia). Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of fruits. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose.
Acarbose
Acarbose is a tetrasaccharide derivative consisting of a dideoxy-4-{[4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl C7 cyclitol moiety [called valienol (or valienamine)] linked via nitrogen to isomaltotriose. It has a role as an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor, a hypoglycemic agent and a geroprotector. It is a conjugate base of an acarbose(1+). Acarbose is an alpha glucosidase inhibitor which decreases intestinal absorption of carbohydrates and is used as an adjunctive therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes. Acarbose has been linked to rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury. Acarbose is a natural product found in Streptomyces glaucescens, Streptomyces coelicoflavus, and other organisms with data available. Acarbose is a pseudotetrasaccharide and inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase and pancreatic alpha-amylase with antihyperglycemic activity. Acarbose binds to and inhibits alpha-glucosidase, an enteric enzyme found in the brush border of the small intestines that hydrolyzes oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose and other monosaccharides. This prevents the breakdown of larger carbohydrates into glucose and decreases the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels. In addition, acarbose inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase which hydrolyzes complex starches to oligosaccharides in the small intestines. An inhibitor of ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES that retards the digestion and absorption of DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES in the SMALL INTESTINE. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A10 - Drugs used in diabetes > A10B - Blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. insulins > A10BF - Alpha glucosidase inhibitors D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D065089 - Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29711 - Anti-diabetic Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2846 - Glucosidase Inhibitor Origin: Microbe, Polysaccharides Acarbose (BAY g 5421), antihyperglycemic agent, is an orally active alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (IC50=11 nM). Acarbose can potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas or insulin[1][2][3].
Ethambutol
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J04 - Antimycobacterials > J04A - Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent > C280 - Antitubercular Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4; HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu); Flow Injection CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu) Flow Injection; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); HBM4EU - science and policy for a healthy future (https://www.hbm4eu.eu)
Xylobiose
Xylobiose is a glycosylxylose that is D-xylopyranose having a beta-D-xylopyranosyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic bond. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite. Xylobiose is a natural product found in Streptomyces ipomoeae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Streptomyces rameus with data available. A glycosylxylose that is D-xylopyranose having a beta-D-xylopyranosyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic bond. Major or sole repeating unit in the main xylan chains of the plant xylans, arabinoxylans and glucuronoxylans. Isolated from Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris). Xylobiose (1,4-β-D-Xylobiose; 1,4-D-Xylobiose) is a disaccharide?of?xylose?monomers with a β-1, 4 bond between monomers[1].
2-Butanone
A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2. Butanone, also known as methyl ethyl ketone or mek, is a member of the class of compounds known as ketones. Ketones are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms R2C=O (neither R may be a hydrogen atom). Ketones that have one or more alpha-hydrogen atoms undergo keto-enol tautomerization, the tautomer being an enol. Thus, butanone is considered to be an oxygenated hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Butanone is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Butanone is an acetone, camphor, and ethereal tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as arctic blackberry, onion-family vegetables, sweet orange, and devilfish, which makes butanone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Butanone can be found primarily in blood, feces, saliva, and urine, as well as in human pancreas and stratum corneum tissues. Moreover, butanone is found to be associated with alcoholism. Butanone is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound.
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Phenyl acetate
Phenyl acetate is an endogenous metabolite. Phenyl acetate. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=122-79-2 (retrieved 2024-08-21) (CAS RN: 122-79-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Methyl β-D-galactopyranoside
Methyl β-D-Galactopyranoside is an endogenous metabolite.
2-Phospho-D-glyceric acid
A 2-phosphoglyceric acid in which the glyceric acid moiety has D (R) configuration.
