Theobromine (BioDeep_00000000452)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000398467, BioDeep_00000864972

human metabolite PANOMIX_OTCML-2023 Endogenous blood metabolite BioNovoGene_Lab2019


代谢物信息卡片


3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione

化学式: C7H8N4O2 (180.0647)
中文名称: 可可碱
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(plant) 14.01%

Reviewed

Last reviewed on 2024-06-29.

Cite this Page

Theobromine. BioDeep Database v3. PANOMIX ltd, a top metabolomics service provider from China. https://query.biodeep.cn/s/theobromine (retrieved 2024-12-22) (BioDeep RN: BioDeep_00000000452). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

分子结构信息

SMILES: CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)NC(=O)N2C
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8N4O2/c1-10-3-8-5-4(10)6(12)9-7(13)11(5)2/h3H,1-2H3,(H,9,12,13)

描述信息

Theobromine is an odorless white crystalline powder. Bitter taste. pH (saturated solution in water): 5.5-7. (NTP, 1992)

Theobromine, also known as xantheose, is the principal alkaloid of Theobroma cacao (cacao plant).[4] Theobromine is slightly water-soluble (330 mg/L) with a bitter taste.[5] In industry, theobromine is used as an additive and precursor to some cosmetics.[4] It is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, including tea (Camellia sinensis), some American hollies (yaupon and guayusa) and the kola nut. It is a white or colourless solid, but commercial samples can appear yellowish.[5]

Theobromine is a dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator. It has a role as an adenosine receptor antagonist, a food component, a plant metabolite, a human blood serum metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a vasodilator agent and a bronchodilator agent.
Theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) is the principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than theophylline and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9)
Theobromine is a natural product found in Theobroma grandiflorum, Theobroma mammosum, and other organisms with data available.
3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9)
See also: Paullinia cupana seed (part of).
Theobromine, or 3,7-Dimethylxanthine, is the principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than theophylline and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. Theobromine is a bitter alkaloid of the methylxanthine family, which also includes the similar compounds theophylline and caffeine. Despite its name, the compound contains no bromine. Theobromine is derived from Theobroma, the genus of the cacao tree, which is composed of the Greek roots theo ("God") and broma ("food"), meaning "food of the gods". It is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate, and is one of the causes for chocolates mood-elevating effects. The amount found in chocolate is small enough that chocolate can be safely consumed by humans in large quantities, but animals that metabolize theobromine more slowly, such as cats and dogs, can easily consume enough chocolate to cause chocolate poisoning. Theobromine is a stimulant frequently confused with caffeine. Theobromine has very different effects on the human body from caffeine; it is a mild, lasting stimulant with a mood improving effect, whereas caffeine has a strong, immediate effect and increases stress. In medicine, it is used as a diuretic, vasodilator, and myocardial stimulant. There is a possible association between prostate cancer and theobromine. Theobromine is a contributing factor in acid reflux because it relaxes the esophageal sphincter muscle, allowing stomach acid access to the esophagus.
A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.
Constituent of tea leaves (Camellia thea), cocoa Theobroma cacao, cola nut (Cola acuminata) and guarana (Paullinia cupana); flavouring ingredient with a bitter taste

Biosynthesis
Theobromine is a purine alkaloid derived from xanthosine, a nucleoside. Cleavage of the ribose and N-methylation yields 7-methylxanthosine. 7-Methylxanthosine in turn is the precursor to theobromine, which in turn is the precursor to caffeine.[24]

Even without dietary intake, theobromine may occur in the body as it is a product of the human metabolism of caffeine, which is metabolised in the liver into 12\% theobromine, 4\% theophylline, and 84\% paraxanthine.[25]

In the liver, theobromine is metabolized into xanthine and subsequently into methyluric acid.[26] Important enzymes include CYP1A2 and CYP2E1.[27] The elimination half life of theobromine is between 6 and 8 hours.[1][2]

Unlike caffeine, which is highly water-soluble, theobromine is only slightly water-soluble and is more fat soluble, and thus peaks more slowly in the blood. While caffeine peaks after only 30 minutes, theobromine requires 2–3 hours to peak.[28]

The primary mechanism of action for theobromine inside the body is inhibition of adenosine receptors.[5] Its effect as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor[29] is thought to be small.[5]

同义名列表

92 个代谢物同义名

Theobromine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; InChI=1/C7H8N4O2/c1-10-3-8-5-4(10)6(12)9-7(13)11(5)2/h3H,1-2H3,(H,9,12,13); Theobromine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; 1H-purine-2,6-dione,3,7-dihydro-3,7- dimethyl- (9CI); 3,7-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione; 3,7-DIMETHYLXANTHINE; 3,7-DIMETHYLPURINE-2,6-DIONE; 1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-; 3,7-Dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione #; CAFFEINE MONOHYDRATE IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]; 5-26-13-00553 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); 3,7-Dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione; 3,7-Dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione; 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-trihydropurine-2,6-dione; PENTOXIFYLLINE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]; 3,7-Dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione; PENTOXIFYLLINE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY); 1H-Purine-2, 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-; CEC63CCA-3B4B-4F4F-92C1-1789DF3C880A; Theobromine (3,7-Dimethylxanthine); Theobromine 0.1 mg/ml in Methanol; 2,6-Dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-purine; 3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione; 2,6-Dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylpurine; Theobromine, analytical standard; Theobromine, >=98.0\\% (HPLC); 3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione; WLN: T56 BN DN FNVMVJ B1 F1; YAPQBXQYLJRXSA-UHFFFAOYSA-; 5-26-13-00553 (Beilstein); THEOBROMINE (EP IMPURITY); THEOBROMINE [EP IMPURITY]; Theobromine [INN:BAN:NF]; Xanthine, 3,7-dimethyl-; Caffeine EP impurity D; 3,7-Dimethyl-xanthine; Theobromine, >=98.0\\%; 3, 7-Dimethylxanthine; Theobromine (natural); THEOBROMINE [WHO-DD]; 3,7-Dimethylxanthine; 3,7-dimethylxanthin; THEOBROMINE [MART.]; THEOBROMINE (MART.); THEOBROMINUM [HPUS]; THEOBROMINE [VANDF]; THEOBROMINE [HSDB]; THEOBROMINE [IARC]; 7-Dimethylxanthine; THEOBROMINE [FHFI]; THEOBROMINE (IARC); THEOBROMINE [INCI]; Prestwick0_000874; Prestwick2_000874; Prestwick1_000874; Theobromine(20\\%); Prestwick3_000874; Spectrum5_001387; Spectrum2_000985; Spectrum3_000279; THEOBROMINE [MI]; Spectrum4_000403; Tox21_110284_1; DivK1c_000611; Lopac0_001187; BPBio1_001043; Diurobromine; KBio1_000611; PDSP1_001017; Tox21_300016; Theobromine;; KBio2_000433; Tox21_501187; KBio2_003001; Tox21_110284; KBio2_005569; PDSP2_001001; Theobrominum; KBio3_001258; IDI1_000611; theobromine; Theosalvose; CAS-83-67-0; Theobromin; Thesodate; Theostene; Xantheose; Teobromin; Santheose; Thesal; 37T; Theobromine; Theobromine



数据库引用编号

47 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(3)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

18 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(5)

WikiPathways(1)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(7)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(5)

  • Caffeine Metabolism: Oxygen + Paraxanthine + Water ⟶ 1,7-Dimethyluric acid + Hydrogen peroxide
  • Caffeine Metabolism: Oxygen + Paraxanthine + Water ⟶ 1,7-Dimethyluric acid + Hydrogen peroxide
  • Caffeine Metabolism: Oxygen + Paraxanthine + Water ⟶ 1,7-Dimethyluric acid + Hydrogen peroxide
  • Caffeine Metabolism: Oxygen + Paraxanthine + Water ⟶ 1,7-Dimethyluric acid + Hydrogen peroxide
  • Caffeine Metabolism: Oxygen + Paraxanthine + Water ⟶ 1,7-Dimethyluric acid + Hydrogen peroxide

PharmGKB(0)

37 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。

亚细胞结构定位 关联基因列表
Cytoplasm 10 ADIG, AKT1, ANG, BDNF, CASP3, CYP2E1, EGFR, MTOR, VEGFA, XDH
Peripheral membrane protein 4 ACHE, CYP2E1, MTOR, PTPMT1
Endosome membrane 1 EGFR
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane 4 CYP1A2, CYP2E1, EGFR, MTOR
Nucleus 9 ACHE, ADIG, AKT1, ANG, CASP3, EGFR, MTOR, PTPMT1, VEGFA
cytosol 5 AKT1, ANG, CASP3, MTOR, XDH
dendrite 3 ADORA1, BDNF, MTOR
phagocytic vesicle 1 MTOR
nucleoplasm 3 AKT1, CASP3, MTOR
Cell membrane 6 ACHE, ADORA1, AKT1, EGFR, PROKR2, TNF
Cytoplasmic side 1 MTOR
lamellipodium 1 AKT1
ruffle membrane 1 EGFR
Early endosome membrane 1 EGFR
Multi-pass membrane protein 2 ADORA1, PROKR2
Golgi apparatus membrane 1 MTOR
Synapse 2 ACHE, ADORA1
cell cortex 1 AKT1
cell junction 1 EGFR
cell surface 4 ACHE, EGFR, TNF, VEGFA
glutamatergic synapse 3 AKT1, CASP3, EGFR
Golgi apparatus 2 ACHE, VEGFA
Golgi membrane 3 EGFR, INS, MTOR
growth cone 1 ANG
lysosomal membrane 1 MTOR
mitochondrial inner membrane 2 CYP2E1, PTPMT1
neuromuscular junction 1 ACHE
neuronal cell body 4 ADORA1, ANG, CASP3, TNF
postsynapse 1 AKT1
presynaptic membrane 1 ADORA1
synaptic vesicle 1 BDNF
Lysosome 1 MTOR
endosome 1 EGFR
plasma membrane 6 ACHE, ADORA1, AKT1, EGFR, PROKR2, TNF
presynaptic active zone 1 ADORA1
terminal bouton 1 ADORA1
Membrane 7 ACHE, ADIG, AKT1, BDNF, EGFR, MTOR, VEGFA
apical plasma membrane 1 EGFR
axon 1 BDNF
basolateral plasma membrane 2 ADORA1, EGFR
Lysosome membrane 1 MTOR
endoplasmic reticulum 1 VEGFA
extracellular space 11 ACHE, ANG, BDNF, CCL2, EGFR, IL2, IL6, INS, TNF, VEGFA, XDH
perinuclear region of cytoplasm 3 ACHE, BDNF, EGFR
adherens junction 1 VEGFA
mitochondrion 1 PTPMT1
protein-containing complex 2 AKT1, EGFR
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle 2 CYP1A2, CYP2E1
Microsome membrane 3 CYP1A2, CYP2E1, MTOR
postsynaptic density 1 CASP3
TORC1 complex 1 MTOR
TORC2 complex 1 MTOR
Single-pass type I membrane protein 1 EGFR
Secreted 9 ACHE, ADIG, ANG, BDNF, CCL2, IL2, IL6, INS, VEGFA
extracellular region 10 ACHE, ADIG, ANG, BDNF, CCL2, IL2, IL6, INS, TNF, VEGFA
Mitochondrion outer membrane 1 MTOR
Single-pass membrane protein 1 ADIG
mitochondrial outer membrane 1 MTOR
Extracellular side 1 ACHE
nuclear membrane 1 EGFR
external side of plasma membrane 1 TNF
Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix 1 VEGFA
actin cytoskeleton 1 ANG
dendritic spine 1 ADORA1
microtubule cytoskeleton 1 AKT1
nucleolus 1 ANG
cell-cell junction 1 AKT1
recycling endosome 1 TNF
Single-pass type II membrane protein 1 TNF
vesicle 1 AKT1
postsynaptic membrane 1 ADORA1
Mitochondrion inner membrane 2 CYP2E1, PTPMT1
Matrix side 1 PTPMT1
Membrane raft 2 EGFR, TNF
focal adhesion 1 EGFR
spindle 1 AKT1
axolemma 1 ADORA1
extracellular matrix 1 VEGFA
Peroxisome 1 XDH
basement membrane 2 ACHE, ANG
intracellular vesicle 1 EGFR
sarcoplasmic reticulum 1 XDH
Nucleus, PML body 1 MTOR
PML body 1 MTOR
Mitochondrion intermembrane space 1 AKT1
mitochondrial intermembrane space 1 AKT1
secretory granule 1 VEGFA
receptor complex 1 EGFR
ciliary basal body 1 AKT1
phagocytic cup 1 TNF
Chromosome 1 ANG
Nucleus, nucleolus 1 ANG
Lipid-anchor, GPI-anchor 1 ACHE
nuclear envelope 1 MTOR
Endomembrane system 1 MTOR
endosome lumen 1 INS
Lipid droplet 1 ADIG
Cytoplasm, Stress granule 1 ANG
cytoplasmic stress granule 1 ANG
side of membrane 1 ACHE
basal plasma membrane 1 EGFR
synaptic membrane 1 EGFR
secretory granule lumen 1 INS
Golgi lumen 1 INS
endoplasmic reticulum lumen 3 BDNF, IL6, INS
platelet alpha granule lumen 1 VEGFA
endocytic vesicle 1 ANG
transport vesicle 1 INS
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane 1 INS
calyx of Held 1 ADORA1
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane 1 EGFR
synaptic cleft 1 ACHE
death-inducing signaling complex 1 CASP3
Cytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome 1 MTOR
multivesicular body, internal vesicle lumen 1 EGFR
Shc-EGFR complex 1 EGFR
[Tumor necrosis factor, soluble form]: Secreted 1 TNF
angiogenin-PRI complex 1 ANG
interleukin-6 receptor complex 1 IL6
asymmetric synapse 1 ADORA1
[N-VEGF]: Cytoplasm 1 VEGFA
[VEGFA]: Secreted 1 VEGFA
[Isoform L-VEGF189]: Endoplasmic reticulum 1 VEGFA
[Isoform VEGF121]: Secreted 1 VEGFA
[Isoform VEGF165]: Secreted 1 VEGFA
VEGF-A complex 1 VEGFA
[Isoform H]: Cell membrane 1 ACHE
[Neurotrophic factor BDNF precursor form]: Secreted 1 BDNF
[C-domain 2]: Secreted 1 TNF
[Tumor necrosis factor, membrane form]: Membrane 1 TNF
[C-domain 1]: Secreted 1 TNF


文献列表

  • Qifang Jin, Zhong Wang, Devinder Sandhu, Lan Chen, Chenyu Shao, Siyi Xie, Fanghuizi Shang, Shuai Wen, Ting Wu, Huiying Jin, Feiyi Huang, Guizhi Liu, Jinyu Hu, Qin Su, Mengdi Huang, Qian Zhu, Biao Zhou, Lihua Zhu, Lvwen Peng, Zhonghua Liu, Jianan Huang, Na Tian, Shuoqian Liu. miR828a-CsMYB114 Module Negatively Regulates the Biosynthesis of Theobromine in Camellia sinensis. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2024 Feb; 72(8):4464-4475. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07736. [PMID: 38376143]
  • Elham Sharifi-Zahabi, Nayebali Rezvani, Fatemeh Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini-Baharanchi, Farzad Shidfar, Mehrali Rahimi. Theobromine supplementation in combination with a low-calorie diet improves cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Food & function. 2023 Aug; ?(?):. doi: 10.1039/d3fo00555k. [PMID: 37615657]
  • Elham Sharifi-Zahabi, Fatemeh Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, Seyed Mostafa Nachvak, Soheila Mirzaian, Sahar Darbandi, Farzad Shidfar. A comprehensive insight into the molecular effect of theobromine on cardiovascular-related risk factors: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2023 Jun; ?(?):. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7916. [PMID: 37309834]
  • Xu Wang, Xiuli Zeng, Chunyin Qin, Xiaomei Yan, Xuanqin Chen, Liang Zhang, Yu Zhou. Herbaspirillum sp. ZXN111 Colonization Characters to Different Tea Cultivars and the Effects on Tea Metabolites Profiling on Zijuan (Camellia sinensis var. assamica). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2023 Apr; 71(13):5283-5292. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00050. [PMID: 36946772]
  • Kiran Bharat Lokhande, Sarika Vishnu Pawar, Smriti Madkaiker, Ashish Shrivastava, Swamy K Venkateswara, Neelu Nawani, Minal Wani, Payel Ghosh, Ashutosh Singh. Screening of potential phytomolecules against MurG as drug target in nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa: perceptions from computational campaign. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics. 2023 Mar; ?(?):1-14. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2194005. [PMID: 36974974]
  • Zhen-Hong Wang, Guo-Qiang Zhang, Zi-Wei Zhang, Zheng-Hong Li. Target Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Molecular Mechanism Associated with Changes of Tea Quality at Different Development Stages. Molecular biotechnology. 2023 Jan; 65(1):52-60. doi: 10.1007/s12033-022-00525-w. [PMID: 35780278]
  • Dongqin Xu, Wenhao Zhao, Yiting Feng, Xiao Wen, Hanxiao Liu, Jie Ping. Pentoxifylline attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver by inhibiting hepatic macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2022 Nov; 106(?):154368. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154368. [PMID: 35994850]
  • Xiong Gao, Xiaorong Lin, Chi-Tang Ho, Yuanyuan Zhang, Bin Li, Zhongzheng Chen. Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of water extract from black cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla). Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.). 2022 11; 161(?):111831. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111831. [PMID: 36192963]
  • Francesca Julià, Antonia Costa-Bauza, Francisco Berga, Felix Grases. Effect of theobromine on dissolution of uric acid kidney stones. World journal of urology. 2022 Aug; 40(8):2105-2111. doi: 10.1007/s00345-022-04059-3. [PMID: 35689678]
  • Shoji Tanaka, Naotoshi Sugimoto, Takako Ohno-Shosaku, Sachiko Madokoro, Pleiades Tiharu Inaoka, Toshiaki Yamazaki. Effects of long-term treatment with dietary theobromine on rat skeletal muscles. Molecular biology reports. 2022 May; 49(5):3965-3973. doi: 10.1007/s11033-022-07248-w. [PMID: 35226259]
  • Alexandra C Purdue-Smithe, Keewan Kim, Karen C Schliep, Elizabeth A DeVilbiss, Stefanie N Hinkle, Aijun Ye, Neil J Perkins, Lindsey A Sjaarda, Robert M Silver, Enrique F Schisterman, Sunni L Mumford. Preconception caffeine metabolites, caffeinated beverage intake, and fecundability. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2022 04; 115(4):1227-1236. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab435. [PMID: 35030239]
  • Daniel Janitschke, Anna Andrea Lauer, Cornel Manuel Bachmann, Jakob Winkler, Lea Victoria Griebsch, Sabrina Melanie Pilz, Elena Leoni Theiss, Heike Sabine Grimm, Tobias Hartmann, Marcus Otto Walter Grimm. Methylxanthines Induce a Change in the AD/Neurodegeneration-Linked Lipid Profile in Neuroblastoma Cells. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022 Feb; 23(4):. doi: 10.3390/ijms23042295. [PMID: 35216410]
  • Kristen J Polinski, Alexandra Purdue-Smithe, Sonia L Robinson, Sifang Kathy Zhao, Karen C Schliep, Robert M Silver, Weihua Guan, Enrique F Schisterman, Sunni L Mumford, Edwina H Yeung. Maternal caffeine intake and DNA methylation in newborn cord blood. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2022 02; 115(2):482-491. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab348. [PMID: 34669932]
  • Emi Tanaka, Takakazu Mitani, Momona Nakashima, Eito Yonemoto, Hiroshi Fujii, Hitoshi Ashida. Theobromine enhances the conversion of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes in a PPARγ activation-dependent manner. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2022 02; 100(?):108898. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108898. [PMID: 34748921]
  • Martin Kertys, Nela Žideková, Kristián Pršo, Katarína Maráková, Katarína Kmeťová, Juraj Mokrý. Simultaneous determination of caffeine and its metabolites in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS. Journal of separation science. 2021 Dec; 44(23):4274-4283. doi: 10.1002/jssc.202100604. [PMID: 34626085]
  • Dusan Petrovic, Menno Pruijm, Belén Ponte, Nasser A Dhayat, Daniel Ackermann, Georg Ehret, Nicolas Ansermot, Bruno Vogt, Pierre-Yves Martin, Silvia Stringhini, Sandrine Estoppey-Younès, Lutgarde Thijs, Zhenyu Zhang, Jesus D Melgarejo, Chin B Eap, Jan A Staessen, Murielle Bochud, Idris Guessous. Investigating the Relations Between Caffeine-Derived Metabolites and Plasma Lipids in 2 Population-Based Studies. Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2021 12; 96(12):3071-3085. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.05.030. [PMID: 34579945]
  • Julia Brunmair, Mathias Gotsmy, Laura Niederstaetter, Benjamin Neuditschko, Andrea Bileck, Astrid Slany, Max Lennart Feuerstein, Clemens Langbauer, Lukas Janker, Jürgen Zanghellini, Samuel M Meier-Menches, Christopher Gerner. Finger sweat analysis enables short interval metabolic biomonitoring in humans. Nature communications. 2021 10; 12(1):5993. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26245-4. [PMID: 34645808]
  • Javeed Ahmad Bhat, Sushma Gupta, Manish Kumar. Neuroprotective effects of theobromine in transient global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rat model. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2021 09; 571(?):74-80. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.051. [PMID: 34303966]
  • Kamilla Nunes Machado, Antony de Paula Barbosa, Aline Alves de Freitas, Luana Farah Alvarenga, Rodrigo Maia de Pádua, André Augusto Gomes Faraco, Fernão Castro Braga, Cristina Duarte Vianna-Soares, Rachel Oliveira Castilho. TNF-α inhibition, antioxidant effects and chemical analysis of extracts and fraction from Brazilian guaraná seed powder. Food chemistry. 2021 Sep; 355(?):129563. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129563. [PMID: 33799249]
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