Gene Association: FOSB
UniProt Search:
FOSB (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit
found 47 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
L-Dopa
L-dopa is an optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinsons disease It has a role as a prodrug, a hapten, a neurotoxin, an antiparkinson drug, a dopaminergic agent, an antidyskinesia agent, an allelochemical, a plant growth retardant, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a dopa, a L-tyrosine derivative and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate acid of a L-dopa(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-dopa. It is a tautomer of a L-dopa zwitterion. Levodopa is a prodrug of dopamine that is administered to patients with Parkinsons due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Levodopa can be metabolised to dopamine on either side of the blood-brain barrier and so it is generally administered with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor like carbidopa to prevent metabolism until after it has crossed the blood-brain barrier. Once past the blood-brain barrier, levodopa is metabolized to dopamine and supplements the low endogenous levels of dopamine to treat symptoms of Parkinsons. The first developed drug product that was approved by the FDA was a levodopa and carbidopa combined product called Sinemet that was approved on May 2, 1975. 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Levodopa is an Aromatic Amino Acid. Levodopa is an amino acid precursor of dopamine with antiparkinsonian properties. Levodopa is a prodrug that is converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase and can cross the blood-brain barrier. When in the brain, levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine and stimulates the dopaminergic receptors, thereby compensating for the depleted supply of endogenous dopamine seen in Parkinsons disease. To assure that adequate concentrations of levodopa reach the central nervous system, it is administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, thereby diminishing the decarboxylation and inactivation of levodopa in peripheral tissues and increasing the delivery of dopamine to the CNS. L-Dopa is used for the treatment of Parkinsonian disorders and Dopa-Responsive Dystonia and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. Peripheral tissue conversion may be the mechanism of the adverse effects of levodopa. It is standard clinical practice to co-administer a peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor - carbidopa or benserazide - and often a catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor, to prevent synthesis of dopamine in peripheral tissue.The naturally occurring form of dihydroxyphenylalanine and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonian disorders and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [PubChem]L-Dopa is the naturally occurring form of dihydroxyphenylalanine and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, L-Dopa can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. In particular, it is metabolized to dopamine by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) is a required cofactor for this decarboxylation, and may be administered along with levodopa, usually as pyridoxine. The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside ... L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines. The Swedish scientist Arvid Carlsson first showed in the 1950s that administering L-DOPA to animals with drug-induced (reserpine) Parkinsonian symptoms caused a reduction in the intensity of the animals symptoms. Unlike dopamine itself, L-DOPA can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. In particular, it is metabolized to dopamine by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) is a required cofactor for this decarboxylation, and may be administered along with levodopa, usually as pyridoxine. As a result, L-DOPA is a drug that is now used for the treatment of Parkinsonian disorders and DOPA-Responsive Dystonia. It is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. It is standard clinical practice in treating Parkinsonism to co-administer a peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor - carbidopa or benserazide - and often a catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor, to prevent synthesis of dopamine in peripheral tissue. Side effects of L-DOPA treatment may include: hypertension, arrhythmias, nausea, gastrointestinal bleeding, disturbed respiration, hair loss, disorientation and confusion. L-DOPA can act as an L-tyrosine mimetic and be incorporated into proteins by mammalian cells in place of L-tyrosine, generating protease-resistant and aggregate-prone proteins in vitro and may contribute to neurotoxicity with chronic L-DOPA administration. L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA are all precursors to the biological pigment melanin. The enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of L-DOPA to the reactive intermediate dopaquinone, which reacts further, eventually leading to melanin oligomers. An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinsons disease DOPA. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-92-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 59-92-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Dopa is a beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. DL-Dopa is a beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine.
Mitragynine
Mitragynine itself acts primarily via -opioid receptors, although its oxidation product mitragynine-pseudoindoxyl, which is likely to be a major component of kratom that has been aged or stored for extended periods, acts as a fairly selective -opioid agonist with little affinity for receptors. Another alkaloid with a major contribution to the opioid activity of the kratom plant is the related compound 7-hydroxymitragynine, which while present in the plant in much smaller quantities than mitragynine, is a much more potent opioid agonist. Mitragynine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid. Mitragynine is a natural product found in Mitragyna speciosa with data available.
Caryophyllene alpha-oxide
Caryophyllene oxide is an epoxide. It has a role as a metabolite.
Caryophyllene oxide is a natural product found in Xylopia emarginata, Eupatorium altissimum, and other organisms with data available.
See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of).
Caryophyllene alpha-oxide is a minor produced of epoxidn. of
Isoflavone
Isoflavones are a class of phytochemicals related to the isoflavonoids. Isoflavones are produced almost exclusively by the members of the Fabaceae (i.e., Leguminosae, or bean) family. Soy isoflavones consumption has been related to a lower incidence of breast cancer and other common cancers. [Wikipedia]. Isoflavones is found in soy bean. Isoflavone, a soy phytoestrogen and a biologically active component, presents in several agriculturally important legumes such as soy, peanut, green peas, chick peas and alfalfa[1][2]. Isoflavone, a soy phytoestrogen and a biologically active component, presents in several agriculturally important legumes such as soy, peanut, green peas, chick peas and alfalfa[1][2].
N-Acetyltryptophan
N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan or N-Acetyltryptophan, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetyltryptophan can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetyltryptophan is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-tryptophan. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\\\\% of all human proteins and 68\\\\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetyltryptophan can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free tryptophan can also occur. Many N-acetylamino acids, including N-acetyltryptophan are classified as uremic toxins if present in high abundance in the serum or plasma (PMID: 26317986; PMID: 20613759). Uremic toxins are a diverse group of endogenously produced molecules that, if not properly cleared or eliminated by the kidneys, can cause kidney damage, cardiovascular disease and neurological deficits (PMID: 18287557). N-Acetyltryptophan has also been used as a protein stabilizer. It prevents protein molecules from oxidative degradation by scavenging oxygen dissolved in protein solutions (PMID: 21903216 ). N-Acetyltryptophan has been identified as a catabolite of tryptophan generated by the gut microbiota. After absorption through the intestinal epithelium, tryptophan catabolites enter the bloodstream and are later excreted in the urine (PMID: 28916042). N-Acetyltryptophan is an inhibitor of cytochrome c release and an antagonist of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R). These inhibitory effects are thought have a useful role in neuroprotection. For instance, in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) the administration of N-Acetyltryptophan has been shown delay disease onset, extend survival, and ameliorate deterioration in motor performance ALS transgenic mice (PMID: 25986728). N-acetyltryptophan has been shown to significantly reduce blood-brain barrier permeability and improve functional outcome in rat models of traumatic brain injury (PMID: 29256408). N-Acetyltryptophan has also been shown to have a role in preventing hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. This is thought to occur through de-activation of the RIP2/caspase/IL-1beta signaling pathway (PMID: 31184936). D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors Ac-DL-Trp-OH is an endogenous metabolite. Ac-DL-Trp-OH is an endogenous metabolite. N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite.
D-myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate
D-myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as inositol phosphates. Inositol phosphates are compounds containing a phosphate group attached to an inositol (or cyclohexanehexol) moiety. D-myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). D-myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate is a substrate for several proteins including inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase A, skeletal muscle and kidney enriched inositol phosphatase, and type I inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase. 1D-Myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate is a substrate for Inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase A, Skeletal muscle and kidney enriched inositol phosphatase and Type I inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase. [HMDB]
3-Methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine, also known as 4-(2-amino-Ethyl)-2-methoxy-phenol or 3-O-Methyldopamine, is classified as a member of the Methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. 3-methoxytyramine is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. 3-methoxytyramine can be found primarily in human brain and most tissues tissues; and in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) or urine. Within a cell, 3-methoxytyramine is primarily located in the cytoplasm The O-methylated derivative of dopamine. Dopamine is methylated by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) to make 3-Methoxytyramine. This compound can be broken down to homovanillic acid by monoamine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Elevated concentrations of this compound are indicated for a variety of brain and carcinoid tumors as well as certain mental disorders. [HMDB] COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 3-Methoxytyramine, a well known extracellular metabolite of 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine, is a neuromodulator.
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [PubChem]Methylphenidate blocks dopamine uptake in central adrenergic neurons by blocking dopamine transport or carrier proteins. Methylphenidate acts at the brain stem arousal system and the cerebral cortex and causes increased sympathomimetic activity in the central nervous system. Alteration of serotonergic pathways via changes in dopamine transport may result. N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics > N06BA - Centrally acting sympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
(+)-Syringaresinol
(+)-syringaresinol is a member of the class of compounds known as furanoid lignans. Furanoid lignans are lignans with a structure that contains either a tetrahydrofuran ring, a furan ring, or a furofuan ring system, that arises from the joining of the two phenylpropanoid units (+)-syringaresinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (+)-syringaresinol can be found in a number of food items such as radish (variety), grape wine, oat, and ginkgo nuts, which makes (+)-syringaresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
4-Hydroxybutyric acid
4-Hydroxybutyric acid (also known as gamma-hydroxybutyrate or GHB) is a precursor and a metabolite of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GHB acts as a central nervous system (CNS) neuromodulator, mediating its effects through GABA and GHB-specific receptors, or by affecting dopamine transmission (PMID: 16620539). GHB occurs naturally in all mammals, but its function remains unknown. GHB is labeled as an illegal drug in most countries, but it also is used as a legal drug (Xyrem) in patients with narcolepsy. It is used illegally (under the street names juice, liquid ecstasy, or G) as an intoxicant for increasing athletic performance and as a date rape drug. In high doses, GHB inhibits the CNS, inducing sleep and inhibiting the respiratory drive. In lower doses, its euphoriant effect predominates (PMID: 17658710). When present in sufficiently high levels, 4-hydroxybutyric acid can act as an acidogen, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A neurotoxin is a compound that adversely affects neural cells and tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 4-hydroxybutyric acid are associated with two inborn errors of metabolism: glutaric aciduria II and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADH). SSADH deficiency leads to a 30-fold increase of GHB and a 2-4 fold increase of GABA in the brains of patients with SSADH deficiency as compared to normal brain concentrations of the compounds. As an acidogen, 4-hydroxybutyric acid is an organic acid, and abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Particularly for SSADH deficiency, the most common features observed include developmental delay, hypotonia, and intellectual disability. Nearly half of patients exhibit ataxia, seizures, behaviour problems, and hyporeflexia. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. As a neurotoxin, GHB appears to affect both GABA (a neurotransmitter) signaling and glutamate signaling (another neurotransmitter). Glutamine metabolism may also play a role in the pathophysiology of excessive levels of GHB. High levels of GHB have been shown to depress both the NMDA and AMPA/kainite receptor-mediated functions and may also alter glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission as well. 4-Hydroxybutyric acid is a microbial metabolite found in Aeromonas, Escherichia and Pseudomonas (PMID: 19434404). 4-hydroxybutyric acid may cause bradycardia and dyskinesias.
L-Targinine
L-Targinine is found in pulses. L-Targinine is isolated from broad bean seed L-Targinine has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29574 - Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Fosfomycin
Fosfomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae. [PubChem]Fosfomycin is a phosphoenolpyruvate analogue produced by Streptomyces that irreversibly inhibits enolpyruvate transferase (MurA), which prevents the formation of N-acetylmuramic acid, an essential element of the peptidoglycan cell wall. S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C255 - Urinary Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents
15-HETE
15-HETE is a hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) are formed by the 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenase (LO) pathways. The 5- and 12-LO products are mainly proinflammatory in the skin whereas the main 15-LO product 15-HETE has antiinflammatory capacities. In vitro, 15-HETE has been shown to inhibit LTB4 formation, 12-HETE formation, and specifically inhibits the neutrophil chemotactic effect of LTB4. The inhibition of LTB4 formation is probably due to modulation of the 5-LO because no changes in PGE2 formation have been determined. In vivo, 15-HETE inhibits LTB4-induced erythema and edema, and reduces LTB4 in the synovial fluid of carragheenan-induced experimental arthritis in dogs. 15-HETE also has some immunomodulatory effects. It inhibits the mixed lymphocyte reaction, induces generation of murine cytotoxic suppressor T cells, and it decreases interferon production by murine lymphoma cells. Furthermore, IL-4 and IL-13 have recently been shown to be potent activators of the 15-LO in mononuclear cells (PMID: 11104340). 15(S)-HETE is found to be associated with Zellweger syndrome, which is an inborn error of metabolism. 15(S)-HETE is a hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) are formed by the 5-, 12- and 15-lipoxygenase (LO) pathways. 5- and 12-LO products are mainly proinflammatory in the skin whereas the main 15-LO product 15-HETE has antiinflammatory capacities. In vitro 15-HETE has been shown to inhibit LTB4 formation, 12-HETE formation and specifically inhibits the neutrophil chemotactic effect of LTB4. The inhibition of LTB4 formation is probably due to modulation of the 5-LO because no changes in PGE2 formation have been determined. In vivo, 15-HETE inhibits LTB4-induced erythema and edema, and reduces LTB4 in the synovial fluid of carragheenan-induced experimental arthritis in dogs. 15-HETE has also some immunomodulatory effects. It inhibits the mixed lymphocyte reaction, induces generation of murine cytotoxic suppressor T cells, and it decreases interferon production by murine lymphoma cells. Furthermore, IL-4 and IL-13 have recently been shown to be potent activators of the 15-LO in mononuclear cells. (PMID: 11104340) [HMDB] 15(S)-HETE. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54845-95-3 (retrieved 2024-07-10) (CAS RN: 54845-95-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Leukotriene D4
Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. LTD4 is a pro-inflammatory mediator known to mediate its effects through specific cell-surface receptors belonging to the G-protein-coupled receptor family, namely the high-affinity CysLT1 (cysteinyl leukotriene 1) receptor. LTD4 is present at high levels in many inflammatory conditions, and areas of chronic inflammation have an increased risk for subsequent cancer development. LTD4 is associated with the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. Exposure to LTD4 increases survival and proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells. CysLT1 regulator is up-regulated in colon cancer tissue and LTD4 signalling facilitates the survival of cancer cells. LTD4 could reduce apoptosis in non-transformed epithelial cells. LTD4 causes up-regulation of beta-catenin through the CysLT1 receptor, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β). LTD4 induces beta-catenin translocation to the nucleus and activation of TCF/LEF family of transcription factors. LTD4 causes accumulation of free beta-catenin in non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells through the CysLT1 receptor, and this accumulation is dependent upon the activation of PI3K as well as GSK-3β inactivation (PMID: 16042577, 12607939). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent and are able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways. Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene a family of potent inflammatory mediators. LTD4 is a pro-inflammatory mediator known to mediate its effects through specific cell-surface receptors belonging to the G-protein-coupled receptor family, namely the high-affinity CysLT1 (cysteinyl leukotriene 1) receptor. LTD4 is present at high levels in many inflammatory conditions, and areas of chronic inflammation have an increased risk for subsequent cancer development; LTD4 is associated with the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. Exposure to LTD4 increases survival and proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells. CysLT1 regulator is up-regulated in colon cancer tissue and LTD4 signalling facilitates the survival of cancer cells. LTD4 could reduce apoptosis in non-transformed epithelial cells. LTD4 causes up-regulation of b-catenin through the CysLT1 receptor, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and GSK-3b (glycogen synthase kinase 3b). LTD4 induces b-catenin translocation to the nucleus and activation of TCF/LEF family of transcription factors. LTD4 causes accumulation of free b-catenin in non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells through the CysLT1 receptor, and this accumulation is dependent upon the activation of PI3K as well as GSK-3b inactivation. (PMID: 16042577, 12607939)
Eudesmin
(+)-Eudesmin is a lignan. (+)-Eudesmin is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Zanthoxylum fagara, and other organisms with data available. Origin: Plant Eudesmin ((-)-Eudesmin) impairs adipogenic differentiation via inhibition of S6K1 signaling pathway. Eudesmin possesses diverse therapeutic effects, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities[1]. Eudesmin ((-)-Eudesmin) impairs adipogenic differentiation via inhibition of S6K1 signaling pathway. Eudesmin possesses diverse therapeutic effects, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities[1]. Pinoresinol dimethyl ether ((+)-Eudesmin) is a non-phenolic furofuran lignan isolated from Magnolia biondii with neuritogenic activity. Pinoresinol dimethyl ether ((+)-Eudesmin) can induce neuritis outgrowth from PC12 cells by stimulating up-stream MAPK, PKC and PKA pathways[1][2]. Pinoresinol dimethyl ether ((+)-Eudesmin) is a non-phenolic furofuran lignan isolated from Magnolia biondii with neuritogenic activity. Pinoresinol dimethyl ether ((+)-Eudesmin) can induce neuritis outgrowth from PC12 cells by stimulating up-stream MAPK, PKC and PKA pathways[1][2].
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide, also known as h2s or acide sulfhydrique, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal sulfides. Other non-metal sulfides are inorganic compounds containing a sulfur atom of an oxidation state of -2, in which the heaviest atom bonded to the oxygen belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen sulfide can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, agar, devilfish, and nutmeg, which makes hydrogen sulfide a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen sulfide can be found primarily in blood and feces, as well as throughout most human tissues. Hydrogen sulfide exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen sulfide is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include cysteine metabolism and cystinosis, ocular nonnephropathic. Hydrogen sulfide is also involved in beta-mercaptolactate-cysteine disulfiduria, which is a metabolic disorder. Moreover, hydrogen sulfide is found to be associated with hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Hydrogen sulfide is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Hydrogen sulfide often results from the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen gas, such as in swamps and sewers; this process is commonly known as anaerobic digestion. H 2S also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas, and in some sources of well water. The human body produces small amounts of H 2S and uses it as a signaling molecule . Treatment involves immediate inhalation of amyl nitrite, injections of sodium nitrite, inhalation of pure oxygen, administration of bronchodilators to overcome eventual bronchospasm, and in some cases hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO). HBO therapy has anecdotal support and remains controversial (L1139) (T3DB). Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. Because it is heavier than air it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. Although very pungent at first, it quickly deadens the sense of smell, so potential victims may be unaware of its presence until it is too late. H2S arises from virtually anywhere where elemental sulfur comes into contact with organic material, especially at high temperatures. Hydrogen sulfide is a covalent hydride chemically related to water (H2O) since oxygen and sulfur occur in the same periodic table group. It often results when bacteria break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps, and sewers (alongside the process of anaerobic digestion). It also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas and some well waters. It is also important to note that Hydrogen sulfide is a central participant in the sulfur cycle, the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur on Earth. As mentioned above, sulfur-reducing and sulfate-reducing bacteria derive energy from oxidizing hydrogen or organic molecules in the absence of oxygen by reducing sulfur or sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. Other bacteria liberate hydrogen sulfide from sulfur-containing amino acids. Several groups of bacteria can use hydrogen sulfide as fuel, oxidizing it to elemental sulfur or to sulfate by using oxygen or nitrate as oxidant. The purple sulfur bacteria and the green sulfur bacteria use hydrogen sulfide as electron donor in photosynthesis, thereby producing elemental sulfur. (In fact, this mode of photosynthesis is older than the mode of cyanobacteria, algae and plants which uses water as electron donor and liberates oxygen). Hydrogen sulfide can be found in Alcaligenes, Chromobacteriumn, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas (PMID: 13061742). D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D064426 - Gasotransmitters D004785 - Environmental Pollutants > D000393 - Air Pollutants
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is the product of the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds, notably in internal-combustion engines. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is a gas at room temperature. Carbon monoxide is a significantly toxic gas and is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries. Exposures can lead to significant toxicity of the central nervous system and heart. Carbon monoxide has a higher diffusion coefficient compared to oxygen and the only enzyme in the human body that produces carbon monoxide is heme oxygenase which is located in all cells and breaks down heme. Because it has a higher diffusion coefficient than oxygen the body easily gets rid of any CO made. When CO is not ventilated it binds to hemoglobin, which is the principal oxygen-carrying compound in blood; this produces a compound known as carboxyhemoglobin. The traditional belief is that carbon monoxide toxicity arises from the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, which decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and inhibits the transport, delivery, and utilization of oxygen by the body. The affinity between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide is approximately 230 times stronger than the affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen so hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide in preference to oxygen. Following poisoning, long-term sequelae often occur. Carbon monoxide can also have severe effects on the fetus of a pregnant woman. Despite its serious toxicity, CO is extremely useful and underpins much modern technology, being a precursor to a myriad of useful - even life-saving - products. Carbon monoxide, though thought of as a pollutant today, has always been present in the atmosphere, chiefly as a product of volcanic activity. It occurs dissolved in molten volcanic rock at high pressures in the earths mantle. Carbon monoxide contents of volcanic gases vary from less than 0.01\\% to as much as 2\\% depending on the volcano. It also occurs naturally in bushfires. Because natural sources of carbon monoxide are so variable from year to year, it is extremely difficult to accurately measure natural emissions of the gas. (wikipedia). Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is the product of the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds, notably in internal-combustion engines. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is a gas at room temperature. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D064426 - Gasotransmitters D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents
Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (CAS: 98102-63-7), also known as Ins(1,3,4)P3 or I3S, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as inositol phosphates. Inositol phosphates are compounds containing a phosphate group attached to an inositol (or cyclohexanehexol) moiety. Within humans, inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate participates in several enzymatic reactions. In particular, inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate can be converted into 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate through the action of the enzyme inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase. In addition, inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate can be converted into inositol 1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate through its interaction with the enzyme inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase. In humans, inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate is involved in inositol metabolism. Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate is a specific regulator of cellular signalling. A specific regulator of cellular signaling [HMDB]
Foscarnet
Foscarnet is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV. [PubChem]Foscarnet exerts its antiviral activity by a selective inhibition at the pyrophosphate binding site on virus-specific DNA polymerases at concentrations that do not affect cellular DNA polymerases. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AD - Phosphonic acid derivatives C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97453 - Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent
Ethylene oxide
Flavouring ingredient. It is used in food processing as a solubiliser, stabiliser, processing aid, wetting agent, surfactant, defoaming agent and dough conditioner. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D004202 - Disinfectants
Mycothiol
A pseudodisaccharide, 1D-myo-inosityl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, in which the hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glucose moiety is replaced by an (N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido group.
Hexane
Hexane, also known as hexan or CH3-[CH2]4-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, hexane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Hexane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Hexane is an gasoline tasting compound. Hexane can be found, on average, in the highest concentration within kohlrabis. Hexane has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as pomes, nuts, fruits, mushrooms, and corns. Exposure to hexane may also damage the lungs and reproductive system. Hexane is a potentially toxic compound. It causes degeneration of the peripheral nervous system (and eventually the central nervous system), starting with damage to the nerve axons. The initial reaction is oxidation by cytochrome P-450 isozymes to hexanols, predominantly 2-hexanol. Inhalation of high concentrations produces first a state of mild euphoria, followed by somnolence with headaches and nausea. 2,5-Hexanedione also reacts with lysine side-chain amino groups in axonal cytoskeletal proteins to form pyrroles. Continued exposure may lead to paralysis of the arms and legs. Extraction solvent used in food production Present in volatile fractions of various plant subspecies e.g. apples, orange juice, guava fruit, roasted filberts, porcini (Boletus edulis), shiitake (Lentinus edodes), heated sweet potato and sageand is also present in scallops. Hexane is found in many foods, some of which are citrus, pomes, mushrooms, and herbs and spices.
Domoic acid
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Isodomoic acid F is found in mollusks. Isodomoic acid F is isolated from mussels. Isolated from mussels. Isodomoic acid F is found in mollusks.
Staphyloxanthin
A xanthophyll that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6 have been acylated by an all-trans-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoyl group and a 12-methyltetradecanoyl group, respectively. Staphyloxanthin is responsible for the characteristic yellow-golden colour which gives the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus its name. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
isoflavon
Isoflavone is a simplest member of the class of isoflavones that is 4H-chromen-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a phenyl group. Isoflavone is a soy phytoestrogen and a biologically active component of several agriculturally important legumes such as soy, peanut, green peas, chick peas and alfalfa. Soybean is an exceptionally rich source of dietary isoflavones, where the average isoflavone content is 1-2 mg/gram. The main soy isoflavones are mostly present in glycosylated forms and include [DB01645], [DB13182], and glycitein, which accounts for approximately 50\\\\%, 40\\\\%, and 10\\\\%, respectively, of the total soybean isoflavone content. The clinical benefits of soy proteins have been studied and demonstrated for many years, with some evidence of soy products associated with a reduced incidences of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, type II diabetes mellitus, and breast and prostate cancer. While existing data are consistent or inadequate in supporting most of the suggested health benefits of consuming soy proteins and isoflavones, the trials investigating isoflavone as a potential treatment for atrophy, menopause, and postmenopausal symptoms are ongoing. Isoflavone is found as one of constituents in oral over-the-counter dietary supplements indicated for improved bone mass density and body fat regulation. Isoflavone is a natural product found in Astragalus mongholicus, Medicago sativa, and other organisms with data available. Isoflavone is a class of polyphenolic compounds derived from the Fabaceae family with potential phytoestrogenic, cholesterol-reducing, chemotherapeutic and antioxidant activity. In isoflavones the phenyl group on the benzopyran ring is in position 3 relative to the oxygen of the ring. Most isoflavones for human consumption and that are currently studied are derived from soy beans. 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of FLAVONOIDS in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. A simplest member of the class of isoflavones that is 4H-chromen-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a phenyl group. Isoflavone, a soy phytoestrogen and a biologically active component, presents in several agriculturally important legumes such as soy, peanut, green peas, chick peas and alfalfa[1][2]. Isoflavone, a soy phytoestrogen and a biologically active component, presents in several agriculturally important legumes such as soy, peanut, green peas, chick peas and alfalfa[1][2].
4-Hydroxybutyric acid
A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.
Syringaresinol
(+)-syringaresinol is the (7alpha,7alpha,8alpha,8alpha)-stereoisomer of syringaresinol. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-syringaresinol. (+)-Syringaresinol is a natural product found in Dracaena draco, Diospyros eriantha, and other organisms with data available. See also: Acai fruit pulp (part of). The (7alpha,7alpha,8alpha,8alpha)-stereoisomer of syringaresinol.
3-Methoxytyramine
A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 3-Methoxytyramine, a well known extracellular metabolite of 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine, is a neuromodulator.
Ritalin
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics > N06BA - Centrally acting sympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Leukotriene D4
A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).
isoflavon
Isoflavone, a soy phytoestrogen and a biologically active component, presents in several agriculturally important legumes such as soy, peanut, green peas, chick peas and alfalfa[1][2]. Isoflavone, a soy phytoestrogen and a biologically active component, presents in several agriculturally important legumes such as soy, peanut, green peas, chick peas and alfalfa[1][2].
hydrogen sulfide
A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D064426 - Gasotransmitters D004785 - Environmental Pollutants > D000393 - Air Pollutants Constituent of Hypericum perforatum (St Johns wort). (S)-Skyrin 2-glucoside is found in tea, alcoholic beverages, and herbs and spices.
epoxide
Caryophyllene oxide is an epoxide. It has a role as a metabolite. Caryophyllene oxide is a natural product found in Xylopia emarginata, Eupatorium altissimum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of). A natural product found in Cupania cinerea. Caryophyllene oxide, isolated from from Hymenaea courbaril, possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity[1]. Caryophyllene oxide, isolated from from Hymenaea courbaril, possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity[1].
Carbon monoxide
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D064426 - Gasotransmitters D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents
foscarnet
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AD - Phosphonic acid derivatives C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97453 - Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent
Fosfomycin
S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C255 - Urinary Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents
Tilarginine
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29574 - Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Acetyl-L-tryptophan
A N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-tryptophan. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite.
