Endrin (BioDeep_00000003283)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00001028323

human metabolite Endogenous Volatile Flavor Compounds


代谢物信息卡片


3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaph[2,3-b]oxirene, 9ci

化学式: C12H8Cl6O (377.8706298)
中文名称: 狄氏剂, 异狄氏剂
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 () 0%

分子结构信息

SMILES: ClC1=C(Cl)C2(Cl)C3C4CC(C5OC45)C3C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl
InChI: InChI=1S/C12H8Cl6O/c13-8-9(14)11(16)5-3-1-2(6-7(3)19-6)4(5)10(8,15)12(11,17)18/h2-7H,1H2

描述信息

Endrin has been found as a contaminant throughout the environment, including foodstuffs, fish, human milk, etc
Has been found as a contaminant throughout the environment, including foodstuffs, fish, human milk, etc.

同义名列表

31 个代谢物同义名

3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaph[2,3-b]oxirene, 9ci; 3,4,5,6,13,13-hexachloro-10-oxapentacyclo[6.3.1.1³,⁶.0²,⁷.0⁹,¹¹]tridec-4-ene; hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo, endo-Dimethanonaphthalene; hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo,endo-Dimethanonaphthalene; hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo,endo-Dimethanonapthalene; Experimental insecticide 269; Endrin and metabolites; SD 3419 Illoxol; Endrin mixture; Endrin isomer; Endrin 20 ec; Compound 269; Stardrin 20; Compd. 269; Latka 269; ent 17251; Hexadrin; dieldrin; Stardrin; Endricol; Mendrin; Nendrin; Endrine; Oktanex; OMS 197; Endrex; endrin; EN 57; Endrin; Dieldrin; Dieldrin



数据库引用编号

16 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

1 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Stephen J Genuis, Kevin Lane, Detlef Birkholz. Human Elimination of Organochlorine Pesticides: Blood, Urine, and Sweat Study. BioMed research international. 2016; 2016(?):1624643. doi: 10.1155/2016/1624643. [PMID: 27800487]
  • Yin-Lan Huang, Ming-Yu Wan, Xi-Sen Liang, Fan-Rong Liang. [Effect of acupuncture along affected meridian on the MME gene expression of migraine patients without aura of gan-yang hyperactivity syndrome]. Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine. 2015 Mar; 35(3):294-8. doi: ". [PMID: 25951633]
  • Duan Gui, Riqing Yu, Xuan He, Qin Tu, Yuping Wu. Tissue distribution and fate of persistent organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins from the Pearl River Estuary, China. Marine pollution bulletin. 2014 Sep; 86(1-2):266-273. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.007. [PMID: 25066456]
  • Yuan Wang, Margaret B Murphy, James C W Lam, Liping Jiao, Captain C L Wong, Leo W Y Yeung, Paul K S Lam. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in local waterbird eggs from Hong Kong: risk assessment to local waterbirds. Chemosphere. 2011 May; 83(7):891-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.073. [PMID: 21440927]
  • Robert M Sargis, Daniel N Johnson, Rashikh A Choudhury, Matthew J Brady. Environmental endocrine disruptors promote adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 cell line through glucocorticoid receptor activation. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2010 Jul; 18(7):1283-8. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.419. [PMID: 19927138]
  • Luis D Boada, Pedro C Lara, Eva E Alvarez-León, Antonio Losada, Manuel L Zumbado, Jose M Limiñana-Cañal, Rosa Apolinario, Lluis Serra-Majem, Octavio P Luzardo. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I in relation to organochlorine pesticides exposure. Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society. 2007 Dec; 17(6):506-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2007.05.004. [PMID: 17601760]
  • Shoji Maruyama, Yasushi Sukekawa, Yutaro Kaneko, Shigeyoshi Fujimoto. [Anti tumor activities of lentinan and micellapist in tumor-bearing mice]. Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy. 2006 Nov; 33(12):1726-9. doi: ". [PMID: 17212088]
  • Debasis Bagchi, Jaya Balmoori, Manashi Bagchi, Xumein Ye, Casey B Williams, Sidney J Stohs. Comparative effects of TCDD, endrin, naphthalene and chromium (VI) on oxidative stress and tissue damage in the liver and brain tissues of mice. Toxicology. 2002 Jun; 175(1-3):73-82. doi: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00062-8. [PMID: 12049837]
  • E van Wyk, H Bouwman, H van der Bank, G H Verdoorn, D Hofmann. Persistent organochlorine pesticides detected in blood and tissue samples of vultures from different localities in South Africa. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP. 2001 Jul; 129(3):243-64. doi: 10.1016/s1532-0456(01)90201-7. [PMID: 11461840]
  • D Bagchi, J Balmoori, M Bagchi, X Ye, C B Williams, S J Stohs. Role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in the toxicity of TCDD, endrin, naphthalene, and chromium (VI) in liver and brain tissues of mice. Free radical biology & medicine. 2000 Mar; 28(6):895-903. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00173-8. [PMID: 10802220]
  • T H Wu, T R Rainwater, S G Platt, S T McMurry, T A Anderson. Organochlorine contaminants in Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) eggs from Belize. Chemosphere. 2000 Mar; 40(6):671-8. doi: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00456-7. [PMID: 10705543]
  • E A Hassoun, D Bagchi, S J Stohs. TCDD endrin and lindane induced increases in lipid metabolites in maternal sera and amniotic fluids of pregnant C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology. 1996 Nov; 94(2):157-69. doi: NULL. [PMID: 8987113]
  • E A Hassoun, S J Stohs. TCDD, endrin and lindane induced oxidative stress in fetal and placental tissues of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part C, Pharmacology, toxicology & endocrinology. 1996 Sep; 115(1):11-8. doi: 10.1016/s0742-8413(96)00116-8. [PMID: 8983165]
  • D Bagchi, G Bhattacharya, S J Stohs. In vitro and in vivo induction of heat shock (stress) protein (Hsp) gene expression by selected pesticides. Toxicology. 1996 Aug; 112(1):57-68. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(96)03350-1. [PMID: 8792849]
  • D Bagchi, M Bagchi, E A Hassoun, S J Stohs. In vitro and in vivo generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and lactate dehydrogenase leakage by selected pesticides. Toxicology. 1995 Dec; 104(1-3):129-40. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(95)03156-a. [PMID: 8560491]
  • M Bagchi, S Ghosh, D Bagchi, E Hassoun, S J Stohs. Protective effects of lazaroid U74389F (16-desmethyl tirilazad) on endrin-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in brain and liver and regional distribution of catalase activity in rat brain. Free radical biology & medicine. 1995 Dec; 19(6):867-72. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(95)00088-f. [PMID: 8582661]
  • D Bagchi, E A Hassoun, M Bagchi, S J Stohs. Protective effects of antioxidants against endrin-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and excretion of urinary lipid metabolites. Free radical biology & medicine. 1993 Aug; 15(2):217-22. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90062-y. [PMID: 8375695]
  • M Bagchi, E Hassoun, P Akubue, D Bagchi, S J Stohs. Comparative effects of endrin on hepatic lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6J and DBA/2 mice. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology. 1993 Jul; 105(3):525-9. doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90096-4. [PMID: 7900971]
  • E Hassoun, M Bagchi, D Bagchi, S J Stohs. Comparative studies on lipid peroxidation and DNA-single strand breaks induced by lindane, DDT, chlordane and endrin in rats. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology. 1993 Mar; 104(3):427-31. doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90013-b. [PMID: 7689940]
  • M Bagchi, E A Hassoun, D Bagchi, S J Stohs. Production of reactive oxygen species by peritoneal macrophages and hepatic mitochondria and microsomes from endrin-treated rats. Free radical biology & medicine. 1993 Feb; 14(2):149-55. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90005-f. [PMID: 8381102]
  • M Bagchi, S J Stohs. In vitro induction of reactive oxygen species by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, endrin, and lindane in rat peritoneal macrophages, and hepatic mitochondria and microsomes. Free radical biology & medicine. 1993 Jan; 14(1):11-8. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90504-n. [PMID: 7681024]
  • D Bagchi, M Bagchi, E Hassoun, S J Stohs. Endrin-induced urinary excretion of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, malondialdehyde and acetone in rats. Toxicology. 1992 Oct; 75(1):81-9. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(92)90128-2. [PMID: 1455427]
  • M Bagchi, E A Hassoun, D Bagchi, S J Stohs. Endrin-induced increases in hepatic lipid peroxidation, membrane microviscosity, and DNA damage in rats. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1992 Jul; 23(1):1-5. doi: 10.1007/bf00225988. [PMID: 1637188]
  • M A Shara, P H Dickson, D Bagchi, S J Stohs. Excretion of formaldehyde, malondialdehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone in the urine of rats in response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, paraquat, endrin and carbon tetrachloride. Journal of chromatography. 1992 May; 576(2):221-33. doi: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80196-w. [PMID: 1400710]
  • M Q Hassan, I T Numan, N al-Nasiri, S J Stohs. Endrin-induced histopathological changes and lipid peroxidation in livers and kidneys of rats, mice, guinea pigs and hamsters. Toxicologic pathology. 1991; 19(2):108-14. doi: 10.1177/019262339101900204. [PMID: 1771364]
  • I T Numan, M Q Hassan, S J Stohs. Protective effects of antioxidants against endrin-induced lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, and lethality in rats. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1990 May; 19(3):302-6. doi: 10.1007/bf01054969. [PMID: 2353831]
  • I T Numan, M Q Hassan, S J Stohs. Endrin-induced depletion of glutathione and inhibition of glutathione peroxidase activity in rats. General pharmacology. 1990; 21(5):625-8. doi: 10.1016/0306-3623(90)91008-f. [PMID: 2276583]
  • H W Hogmire, J E Weaver, J L Brooks. Survey for pesticides in wells associated with apple and peach orchards in West Virginia. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1990 Jan; 44(1):81-6. doi: 10.1007/bf01702365. [PMID: 2306542]
  • M P Quick, I C Shaw, P A Manser. A surprising case of endrin poisoning in dogs. Journal - Forensic Science Society. 1989 Sep; 29(5):331-8. doi: 10.1016/s0015-7368(89)73273-4. [PMID: 2584949]
  • R Kummer, N J van Sittert. Field studies on health effects from the application of two organophosphorus insecticide formulations by hand-held ULV to cotton. Toxicology letters. 1986 Oct; 33(1-3):7-24. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(86)90067-6. [PMID: 3022432]
  • R A Young, H M Mehendale. Effect of endrin and endrin derivatives on hepatobiliary function and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in male and female rats. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1986 Aug; 24(8):863-8. doi: 10.1016/0278-6915(86)90078-5. [PMID: 3781435]
  • A Ilahi, N Amin, A S Hashmi, M Nawaz, N Rahman. Incidence of endrin residues in cucumber and its effects on the biological system of rats. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 1986 Aug; 36(8):209-11. doi: NULL. [PMID: 3097344]
  • P H Ribbens. Mortality study of industrial workers exposed to aldrin, dieldrin and endrin. International archives of occupational and environmental health. 1985; 56(2):75-9. doi: 10.1007/bf00379378. [PMID: 4055072]
  • A M Hilmy, H K Badawi, M B Shabana. Physiological mechanism of toxic action of DDT and endrin in two euryhaline freshwater fishes, Anguilla vulgaris and Mugil cephalus. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology. 1983; 76(1):173-9. doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(83)90060-9. [PMID: 6139246]
  • H Singh, T P Singh. Short-term effect of two pesticides on the survival, ovarian 32P uptake and gonadotrophic potency in a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Blouch). The Journal of endocrinology. 1980 May; 85(2):193-9. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.0850193. [PMID: 7400707]
  • M K Baldwin, D H Hutson. Analysis of human urine for a metabolite of endrin by chemical oxidation and gas-liquid chromatography as an indicator of exposure to endrin. The Analyst. 1980 Jan; 105(1246):60-5. doi: 10.1039/an9800500060. [PMID: 7386890]
  • S K Sharma, L D Chaturvedi, K V Sastry. Acute endrin toxicity on oxidases of Ophiocephalus punctatus (Bloch). Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1979 Sep; 23(1-2):153-7. doi: 10.1007/bf01769934. [PMID: 497419]
  • M D Reuber. Carcinogenicity of endrin. The Science of the total environment. 1979 Jun; 72(2):101-35. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(79)90112-8. [PMID: 382353]
  • K V Sastry, S K Sharma. Endrin toxicosis on few enzymes in liver and kidney of Channa punctatus (Bloch). Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1979 May; 22(1-2):4-8. doi: 10.1007/bf02026898. [PMID: 223699]
  • S K Sharma, K V Sastry. Alteration in enzymes activities in liver and kidney of Channa punctatus exposed to endrin. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1979 May; 22(1-2):17-20. doi: 10.1007/bf02026900. [PMID: 223697]
  • K V Sastry, S K Sharma. In vivo effect of endrin on three phosphatases in kidney and liver of the fish Ophiocephalus punctatus. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1979 Jan; 21(1-2):185-9. doi: 10.1007/bf01685408. [PMID: 221062]
  • A F Afifi, M E Abdulla. Effect of spraying developed shoot system with insecticide 'endrin' on rhizosphere mycoflora of both okra and lupins. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Zweite naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung: Mikrobiologie der Landwirtschaft der Technologie und des Umweltschutzes. 1979; 134(7):587-93. doi: 10.1016/s0323-6056(79)80107-x. [PMID: 549396]
  • K V Sastry, S K Sharma. The effect of in vivo exposure of endrin on the activities of acid, alkaline and glucose-6-phosphatases in liver and kidney of Ophiocephalus (Channa) punctatus. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1978 Oct; 20(4):456-60. doi: 10.1007/bf01683549. [PMID: 214192]
  • S S Pawar, M S Kachole. Hepatic and renal microsomal electron transport reactions in endrin treated female guinea pigs. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1978 Aug; 20(2):199-205. doi: 10.1007/bf01683509. [PMID: 698430]
  • K Meena, P K Gupta, S R Bawa. Endrin-induced toxicity in normal and irradiated rats. Environmental research. 1978 Jul; 16(1-3):373-82. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(78)90170-6. [PMID: 210011]
  • M Kaushal, P K Gupta. Endrin intoxication in normal and irradiated rats II. Lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol content. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1977 Sep; 18(3):355-60. doi: 10.1007/bf01683432. [PMID: 907859]
  • V J Petrella, J D McKinney, J P Fox, R E Webb. Identification of metabolites of endrin. Metabolism in endrin susceptible and resistant strains of pine mice. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 1977 Mar; 25(2):393-8. doi: 10.1021/jf60210a009. [PMID: 838980]
  • J L Ludke. Organochlorine pesticide residues associated with mortality: additivity of chlordane and endrin. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 1976 Sep; 16(3):253-60. doi: 10.1007/bf01685886. [PMID: 974274]
  • H B Matthews, J J Domanski, F E Guthrie. Hair and its associated lipids as an excretory pathway for chlorinated hydrocarbons. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems. 1976 Jul; 6(7):425-9. doi: 10.3109/00498257609151655. [PMID: 826029]
  • R Lea. Separation of pesticide residues from lipids prior to gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1976 Jan; 59(1):224-5. doi: ". [PMID: 2580]
  • V J Petrella, J P Fox, R E Webb. Endrin metabolism in endrin-susceptible and -resistant strains of pine mice. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 1975 Nov; 34(2):283-91. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90033-2. [PMID: 1209625]
  • D H Hutson, M K Baldwin, E C Hoadley. Detoxication and bioactivation of endrin in the rat. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems. 1975 Nov; 5(11):697-714. doi: 10.3109/00498257509056139. [PMID: 1189464]
  • T S Kathpal, R S Dewan. Improved cleanup technique for the estimation of endosulfan and endrin residues. Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1975 Sep; 58(5):1076-8. doi: . [PMID: 1158827]
  • C T Bedford, R K Harrod, E C Hoadley, D H Hutson. The metabolic fate of endrin in the rabbit. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems. 1975 Aug; 5(8):485-500. doi: 10.3109/00498257509056119. [PMID: 809931]
  • M P Kurhekar, F C D'souza, S K Meghal. Rapid method for extracting aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin from visceral material. Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1975 May; 58(3):548-50. doi: . [PMID: 1141184]
  • R F Reidinger, D G Crabtree. Organochlorine residues in golden eagles, United States--March 1964-July 1971. Pesticides monitoring journal. 1974 Jun; 8(1):37-43. doi: NULL. [PMID: 4216005]
  • S Kacew, R L Singhal. Effect of certain halogenated hydrocarbon insecticides on cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-3H formation by rat kidney cortex. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 1974 Jan; 188(1):265-76. doi: NULL. [PMID: 4358438]
  • S Kacew, R L Singhal. The influence of p,p'-DDT, alpha-chlordane, heptachlor and endrin on hepatic and renal carbohydrate metabolism and cyclic AMP-adenyl cyclase system. Life sciences. 1973 Nov; 13(10):1363-71. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90157-4. [PMID: 4357693]
  • G Krampitz, H Hardebeck. [Effect of polychlorinated hydrocarbons on the metabolism of warm-blooded animals. II. Metabolism of DDT and related compounds]. DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 1973 Feb; 80(4):82-5. doi: NULL. [PMID: 4573333]
  • N S Kawar, G C de Batista, F A Gunther. Pesticide stability in cold-stored plant parts, soils, and dairy products, and in cold-stored extractives solutions. Residue reviews. 1973; 48(0):45-77. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8498-8_2. [PMID: 4137103]
  • J Hunter, J D Maxwell, D A Stewart, R Williams, J Robinson, A Richardson. Increased hepatic microsomal enzyme activity from occupational exposure to certain organochlorine pesticides. Nature. 1972 Jun; 237(5355):399-401. doi: 10.1038/237399a0. [PMID: 4557326]
  • K Takahama, Y Ishii, M Kanda. Toxicological studies on organochlorine pesticides. 1. Effects of long term administration of organochlorine pesticides on rabbit body weight and organ weight. Nihon hoigaku zasshi = The Japanese journal of legal medicine. 1972 Jan; 26(1):5-10. doi: NULL. [PMID: 4113182]
  • J Chamberlain. The determination of urinary 6-oxygenated cortisol in evaluating liver function. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. 1971 Sep; 34(2):269-71. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(71)90179-3. [PMID: 5113564]
  • K Otsuki, H Sekita, Y Takeda, Y Ito, M Takeda. [Studies on the analysis of pesticide residues in foods. 3. Activity of Florisil]. Eisei Shikenjo hokoku. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences. 1971; 89(?):34-7. doi: ". [PMID: 4113379]
  • D A REINS, D D HOLMES, L B HINSHAW. ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF THE INSECTICIDE ENDRIN ON RENAL FUNCTION AND RENAL HEMODYNAMICS. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. 1964 Sep; 42(?):599-608. doi: 10.1139/y64-066. [PMID: 14324189]
  • D A REINS, D D HOLMES, L B HINSHAW. ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF THE INSECTICIDE ENDRIN ON RENAL FUNCTION AND RENAL HEMODYNAMICS. REP 63-26. [Report]. Civil Aeromedical Research Institute (U.S.). 1963 Oct; ?(?):1-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 14240332]