Arbutin (BioDeep_00000000220)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000406115

human metabolite PANOMIX_OTCML-2023 Endogenous natural product


代谢物信息卡片


(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol

化学式: C12H16O7 (272.0895986)
中文名称: 楊梅葉甘, 熊果叶甙, 熊果酚甙, 熊果苷, 熊果素
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(otcml) 4.38%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C12H16O7/c13-5-8-9(15)10(16)11(17)12(19-8)18-7-3-1-6(14)2-4-7/h1-4,8-17H,5H2/t8-,9-,10+,11-,12-/m1/s1

描述信息

Hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside is a monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a hydroquinone.
Extracted from the dried leaves of bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos and other plants commonly in the Ericaceae family, arbutin is a beta-D-glucopyranoside of [DB09526]. It is found in foods, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal dietary supplements. Most commonly, it is an active ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products as a skin-lightening agent for the prevention of melanin formation in various skin conditions that involve cutaneous hyperpigmentation or hyperactive melanocyte function. It has also been used as an anti-infective for the urinary system as well as a diuretic. Arbutin is available in both natural and synthetic forms; it can be synthesized from acetobromglucose and [DB09526]. Arbutin is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase (E.C.1.14.18.1) in melanocytes, and the inhibition of melanin synthesis at non-toxic concentrations was observed in vitro. Arbutin was shown to be less cytotoxic to melanocytes in culture compared to [DB09526].
Arbutin is a natural product found in Grevillea robusta, Halocarpus biformis, and other organisms with data available.
See also: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf (part of); Arbutin; octinoxate (component of); Adenosine; arbutin (component of) ... View More ...
Arbutin, also known as hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside or P-hydroxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenolic glycosides. Phenolic glycosides are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. Arbutin is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Arbutin can be found in a number of food items such as guava, lingonberry, irish moss, and rowal, which makes arbutin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Arbutin is a glycoside; a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos among many other medicinal plants, primarily in the Ericaceae family. Applied topically, it inhibits tyrosinase and thus prevents the formation of melanin. Arbutin is therefore used as a skin-lightening agent. Very tiny amounts of arbutin are found in wheat, pear skins, and some other foods. It is also found in Bergenia crassifolia. Arbutin was also produced by an in vitro culture of Schisandra chinensis .
A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.
Arbutin is found in apple. Glucoside in pear leaves (Pyrus communis
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6126; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6123
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6107; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6104
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 811; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 808
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 806; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 804
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 813; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 811
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 832; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 828
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1335; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 817; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 816
Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents[1]. Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[2][3].
Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents[1]. Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[2][3].

同义名列表

104 个代谢物同义名

(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol; (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol; (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-6-methylol-tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol; (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-oxidanylphenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol; (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol; Arbutin, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; alpha-Arbutin; 4-Hydroquinone-alpha-D-glucopyranoside; Arbutin, primary pharmaceutical reference standard; ICEKING Freckle Removing Whitening Facial Cleanser; 4-Hydroxyphenyl b-D-glucopyranoside, 9CI, 8CI; 5-17-07-00110 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); ISAKNOX WHITE SYMPHONY BRIGHTENING EMULSION; Sooryehan Pure-Whitening Essential Starter; ICEKING Whitening Freckle Removing Essence; ICEKING Freckle Removing Whitening Masque; beta -D-Glucopyranoside, 4-hydroxyphenyl; 4-Hydroxyphenyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranoside; beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 4-hydroxyphenyl-; P-Hydroxyphenyl beta -D-glucopyranoside; beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 4-hydroxyphenyl; I(2)-D-Glucopyranoside, 4-hydroxyphenyl; 4-Hydroxyphenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside; p-Hydroxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside; 4-Hydroxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside; hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside; HYDROQUINONE-.BETA.-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE; Hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside; b-D-Glucopyranoside, 4-hydroxyphenyl; 4-Hydroxyphenyl-beta-glucopyranoside; 4E19B706-2013-4401-A1FC-A154DADF42B4; Hydroquinone beta -D-glucopyranoside; p-Hydroxyphenyl β-D-glucopyranoside; Hydroquinone beta-D-glucopyranoside; 4-Hydroxyphenyl β-D-glucopyranoside; p-Hydroxyphenyl b-D-glucopyranoside; Hydroquinone-beta-D-glucopyranoside; Tosowoong Mens Booster Repair Skin; Hydroquinone-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; Hydroquinone-O-b-D-glucopyranoside; Hydroquinone |A-D-glucopyranoside; P-Hydroxyphenyl beta -D-glucoside; 4-Hydroxyphenyl-b-glucopyranoside; 4-Hydroxyphenyl-β-glucopyranoside; Hydroquinone β-D-glucopyranoside; p-Hydroxyphenyl beta-D-glucoside; 4-hydroxyphenyl-glucopyranoside; Hydroquinone-beta-D-glucoside; p-Hydroxyphenyl b-D-glucoside; p-Hydroxyphenyl β-D-glucoside; Arbutin, analytical standard; BJRNKVDFDLYUGJ-RMPHRYRLSA-N; Hydroquinone-D-glucoside; Arbutin (Uva, p-Arbutin); Hydroquinone-glucose; Hydroquinone glucose; Prestwick3_001026; Spectrum4_001474; ARBUTINUM [HPUS]; Spectrum5_000147; Spectrum3_001233; Spectrum2_000662; ARBUTIN [WHO-DD]; ARBUTIN [MART.]; ARBUTIN (MART.); Arbutin, >=98\\%; UNII-C5INA23HXF; ARBUTIN [HSDB]; ARBUTIN [INCI]; Tox21_111509_1; Uva,p-Arbutin; MEGxp0_001504; DivK1c_006410; BPBio1_001333; KBio2_006402; KBio3_002206; Tox21_111509; beta-Arbutin; KBio1_001354; Tox21_302428; ARBUTIN [MI]; KBio2_003834; KBio2_001266; SMP1_000028; C5INA23HXF; Arbutoside; Β-arbutin; b-Arbutin; p-Arbutin; Arbutinum; Arbutine; Ericolin; -Arbutin; Arbutyne; Arbutin; HYDRO H; Uvasol; Ursin; Ursi; 7OQ; 4-Hydroxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; Hydroquinone β-D-glucopyranoside; 4-Hydroxyphenyl hexopyranoside; Arbutin; Arbutin



数据库引用编号

37 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(1)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

1 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(1)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

307 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Simón Miranda, Marion Koop, Andrea Angeli, Jorge Lagrèze, Mickael Malnoy, Stefan Martens. Assessment and Partial Characterization of Candidate Genes in Dihydrochalcone and Arbutin Biosynthesis in an Apple-Pear Hybrid by De Novo Transcriptome Assembly. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2024 May; 72(20):11804-11819. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01006. [PMID: 38717061]
  • Peng Shu, Yuan Wang, Lanyue Zhang. The Effect of α-Arbutin on UVB-Induced Damage and Its Underlying Mechanism. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2024 Apr; 29(9):. doi: 10.3390/molecules29091921. [PMID: 38731413]
  • Oguzhan Birdal, Irmak Ferah Okkay, Ufuk Okkay, Cemil Bayram, Behzad Mokthare, Muhammed Sait Ertugrul, Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu, Emrah Aksakal, Yavuzer Koza, Mehmet Saygi, Huseyin Senocak. Protective effects of arbutin against doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage. Molecular biology reports. 2024 Apr; 51(1):532. doi: 10.1007/s11033-024-09488-4. [PMID: 38637360]
  • Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Seyyed Farzad Pourmohammadi, Meysam Gholami, Mojtaba Habibollahi, Ardalan Pasdaran, Azadeh Hamedi, Qasem Asgari. Anti-Toxoplasma In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Pyrus boissieriana Arbutin-Rich Fraction. Acta parasitologica. 2024 Mar; 69(1):567-573. doi: 10.1007/s11686-023-00759-x. [PMID: 38231312]
  • Boxiao Wu, Churan Li, Huan Kan, Yingjun Zhang, Xiaoping Rao, Yun Liu, Ping Zhao. Hypolipidemic and Antithrombotic Effect of 6'-O-Caffeoylarbutin from Vaccinium dunalianum Based on Zebrafish Model, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2024 Feb; 29(4):. doi: 10.3390/molecules29040780. [PMID: 38398534]
  • Dong Xie, Wengan Fu, Tiantian Yuan, Kangjia Han, Yuxiu Lv, Qi Wang, Qian Jiang, Yingjun Zhang, Guolei Zhu, Junming Xu, Ping Zhao, Xiaoqin Yang. 6'-O-Caffeoylarbutin from Quezui Tea: A Highly Effective and Safe Tyrosinase Inhibitor. International journal of molecular sciences. 2024 Jan; 25(2):. doi: 10.3390/ijms25020972. [PMID: 38256044]
  • Yi-Chi Chen, Yang-Yang Liu, Liqiang Chen, Dong-Mei Tang, YunLi Zhao, Xiao-Dong Luo. Antimelanogenic Effect of Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Plumula Nelumbinis. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2023 Nov; 71(43):16090-16101. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03784. [PMID: 37856847]
  • Samuel D Zarfos, Bianca J Deans, Curtis C Ho, Gregory J Jordan, Jason A Smith, Alex C Bissember. Distinctive Arbutin-Containing Markers: Chemotaxonomic Significance and Insights into the Evolution of Proteaceae Phytochemistry. Chemistry & biodiversity. 2023 Nov; 20(11):e202301112. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.202301112. [PMID: 37726205]
  • Cinzia Sanna, Ilaria Chiocchio, Manuela Mandrone, Francesca Bonvicini, Giovanna A Gentilomi, Simona Trincia, Ferruccio Poli. Metabolomic analysis and bioactivities of Arbutus unedo leaves harvested across the seasons in different natural habitats of Sardinia (Italy). BMC plant biology. 2023 Oct; 23(1):490. doi: 10.1186/s12870-023-04497-0. [PMID: 37828439]
  • Silvia Yunmam, Hae Ran Lee, Seong Min Hong, Ji-Young Kim, Tong Ho Kang, Ai Young Lee, Dae Sik Jang, Sun Yeou Kim. Aspacochioside C from Asparagus cochinchinensis attenuates eumelanin synthesis via inhibition of TRP2 expression. Scientific reports. 2023 09; 13(1):14831. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-41248-5. [PMID: 37684311]
  • Ning An, Shubin Zhou, Xin Chen, Jia Wang, Xinxiao Sun, Xiaolin Shen, Qipeng Yuan. High-yield production of β-arbutin by identifying and eliminating byproducts formation. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2023 Aug; ?(?):. doi: 10.1007/s00253-023-12706-x. [PMID: 37597019]
  • Yujuan Shen, Yuanyuan Xia, Xianzhong Chen. Research progress and application of enzymatic synthesis of glycosyl compounds. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2023 Jul; ?(?):. doi: 10.1007/s00253-023-12652-8. [PMID: 37428188]
  • Zhengming Xu, Shuang Liu, Huining Lai, Lijun You, Zhengang Zhao. Green-Efficient Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of Liposoluble 6'/6″-O-Lauryl Phenolic Glycosides with Enhanced Intestinal Permeability. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2023 May; 71(20):7689-7702. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00527. [PMID: 37167604]
  • Elif Ayazoglu Demir, Selim Demir, Ilke Onur Kazaz, Hatice Kucuk, Nihal Turkmen Alemdar, Ali Buyuk, Ahmet Mentese, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu. Arbutin abrogates testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through repression of inflammation and ER stress. Tissue & cell. 2023 Mar; 82(?):102056. doi: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102056. [PMID: 36921493]
  • H Turan Akkoyun, Ahmet Uyar, Mahire Bayramoglu Akkoyun, Aydın Şükrü Bengü, Şule Melek, Fatma Karagözoğlu, Sevinç Aydın, Suat Ekin, Sinem Aslan Erdem. The protective effect of arbutin against potassium bromate-induced oxidative damage in the rat brain. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology. 2023 Feb; 37(2):e23248. doi: 10.1002/jbt.23248. [PMID: 36284482]
  • Jin-Han Yang, Tong-Chen Bai, Lu-Li Shi, Bo Hou, Ran Tang, Rong-Ping Zhang, Xing-Long Chen. Antihyperlipidemic effect of Vaccinium dunalianum buds based on biological activity screening and LC-MS. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2023 Jan; 306(?):116190. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116190. [PMID: 36693548]
  • Lutfun Nahar, Afaf Al-Groshi, Anil Kumar, Satyajit D Sarker. Arbutin: Occurrence in Plants, and Its Potential as an Anticancer Agent. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022 Dec; 27(24):. doi: 10.3390/molecules27248786. [PMID: 36557918]
  • Danni Feng, Zhongxiang Fang, Pangzhen Zhang. The melanin inhibitory effect of plants and phytochemicals: A systematic review. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2022 Dec; 107(?):154449. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154449. [PMID: 36126406]
  • Kun Zhou, Dingyan Lu, Jingrui You, Ting Liu, Jia Sun, Yuan Lu, Jie Pan, Yongjun Li, Chunhua Liu. Integrated plasma pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology to explore the mechanism of Gerberae Piloselloidis Herba in treatment of allergic asthma. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2022 Nov; 298(?):115624. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115624. [PMID: 35970314]
  • Chunhua Liu, Jingrui You, Kun Zhou, Zipeng Gong, Jie Pan, Jia Sun, Ting Liu, Aimin Wang, Yonglin Wang, Yuan Lu, Yongjun Li. Comparative pharmacokinetics of 11 components from the active part of Gerberae Piloselloidis Herba after oral administration in control and asthmatic mice. Journal of separation science. 2022 Nov; 45(22):4023-4038. doi: 10.1002/jssc.202101010. [PMID: 36070105]
  • Shubhadeep Roychoudhury, Dipika Das, Sandipan Das, Niraj Kumar Jha, Mahadeb Pal, Adriana Kolesarova, Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Jogen C Kalita, Petr Slama. Clinical Potential of Himalayan Herb Bergenia ligulata: An Evidence-Based Study. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022 Oct; 27(20):. doi: 10.3390/molecules27207039. [PMID: 36296631]
  • Jingang He, Yunxiao Feng, Yudou Cheng, Thirupathi Karuppanapandian, Jinxiao Wang, Junfeng Guan. Changes in α-Farnesene and Phenolic Metabolism and the Expression of Associated Genes during the Development of Superficial Scald in Two Distinct Pear Cultivars. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022 Oct; 23(20):. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012088. [PMID: 36292939]
  • Linxuan Zhang, Yue Ren, Fanli Meng, Hangbin Bao, Fei Xing, Chengming Tian. Verification of the Protective Effects of Poplar Phenolic Compounds Against Poplar Anthracnose. Phytopathology. 2022 Oct; 112(10):2198-2206. doi: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0509-r. [PMID: 35578737]
  • Yong-Peng Wang, Yu-Dan Wang, Ya-Ping Liu, Jian-Xin Cao, Mei-Lian Yang, Yi-Fen Wang, Afsar Khan, Tian-Rui Zhao, Gui-Guang Cheng. 6'-O-Caffeoylarbutin from Que Zui tea ameliorates acetaminophen-induced liver injury via enhancing antioxidant ability and regulating the PI3K signaling pathway. Food & function. 2022 May; 13(9):5299-5316. doi: 10.1039/d2fo00507g. [PMID: 35441652]
  • Ana Huđek Turković, Marija Gunjača, Marko Marjanović, Marija Lovrić, Ana Butorac, Dubravka Rašić, Maja Peraica, Valerija Vujčić Bok, Ivana Šola, Gordana Rusak, Ksenija Durgo. Proteome changes in human bladder T24 cells induced by hydroquinone derived from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi herbal preparation. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2022 May; 289(?):115092. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115092. [PMID: 35143933]
  • Piotr Sugier, Łukasz Sęczyk, Danuta Sugier. Variation in Population and Solvents as Factors Determining the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Leaf Extracts. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022 Mar; 27(7):. doi: 10.3390/molecules27072247. [PMID: 35408643]
  • Jingjing Tan, Manoj Kumar Yadav, Sushma Devi, Manish Kumar. Neuroprotective effects of arbutin against oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rat cortical neurons. Acta pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia). 2022 Mar; 72(1):123-134. doi: 10.2478/acph-2022-0002. [PMID: 36651531]
  • Vesna Benković, Nives Marčina, Anica Horvat Knežević, Dunja Šikić, Vedran Rajevac, Mirta Milić, Nevenka Kopjar. Potential radioprotective properties of arbutin against ionising radiation on human leukocytes in vitro. Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis. 2021 Dec; 872(?):503413. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503413. [PMID: 34798933]
  • Mohammad F Bostanudin, Aisha Salam, Arshad Mahmood, Mosab Arafat, Amirah N Kaharudin, Shariza Sahudin, Azwan Mat Lazim, Ahmad Azfaralariff. Formulation and In-Vitro Characterisation of Cross-Linked Amphiphilic Guar Gum Nanocarriers for Percutaneous Delivery of Arbutin. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2021 12; 110(12):3907-3918. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.014. [PMID: 34403653]
  • Chuan Zhang, Huiping Zhu, Hui Jie, Hengyue Ding, Hongwen Sun. Arbutin ameliorated ulcerative colitis of mice induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Bioengineered. 2021 12; 12(2):11707-11715. doi: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2005746. [PMID: 34783296]
  • Chun-Wei Wang, Ming-Chen Chuang, Chieh-Yi Chang, Chien-Hsiang Chang, Yu-Min Yang. Stable Ethosome-like Catanionic Vesicles for Transdermal Hydrophilic Drug Delivery with Predictable Encapsulation Efficiency. Journal of oleo science. 2021 Oct; 70(10):1391-1401. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess21072. [PMID: 34497178]
  • Rongsheng Wang, Jinji Mu. Arbutin attenuates ethanol-induced acute hepatic injury by the modulation of oxidative stress and Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology. 2021 Oct; 35(10):e22872. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22872. [PMID: 34346143]
  • Narges Soltani Ghofrani, Maedeh Sheikhi, Javad Zamani Amirzakaria, Sorour Hassani, Saeed Aminzadeh, Kamahldin Haghbeen. New Insight into the Interactions of Arbutin with Mushroom Tyrosinase. The protein journal. 2021 10; 40(5):689-698. doi: 10.1007/s10930-021-10004-x. [PMID: 34047882]
  • Xue-Chao Song, Elena Canellas, Nicola Dreolin, Cristina Nerin, Jeff Goshawk. Discovery and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) Leaves Using Liquid Chromatography-Ion Mobility-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2021 Sep; 69(37):10856-10868. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02845. [PMID: 34493038]
  • Zhangkai Yang, Hangyu Shi, Arunachalam Chinnathambi, Saleh H Salmen, Sulaiman A Alharbi, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Krishna Mohan Surapaneni, Palanisamy Arulselvan. Arbutin exerts anticancer activity against rat C6 glioma cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the inflammatory markers and P13/Akt/mTOR cascade. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology. 2021 Sep; 35(9):e22857. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22857. [PMID: 34338399]
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