Classification Term: 169257
Dipeptides (ontology term: 87eba020f2f3f9c5e6c6fa8c0ab07e37)
found 488 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Amino acids and peptides
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Carnosine
Carnosine, which is also known as beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide consisting of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is found exclusively in animal tissues and is naturally produced in the body by the liver. Carnosine has a pKa value of 6.83, making it a good buffer for the pH range of animal muscles. Since beta-alanine is a non-proteogenic amino acid and is not incorporated into proteins, carnosine can be stored at relatively high concentrations (millimolar) in muscles, with concentrations as high as 17–25 mmol/kg (dry muscle). Carnosine is also highly concentrated in brain tissues. Carnosine has been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes formed from peroxidation of fatty acids during oxidative stress. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against divalent metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, as well as its ROS and free radicals scavenging ability (PMID: 16406688). Carnosine also buffers muscle cells, and acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies (PMID: 16804013). Some autistic patients take carnosine as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. A positive association between muscle tissue carnosine concentration and exercise performance has been found. β-Alanine supplementation is thought increase exercise performance by promoting carnosine production in muscle. Exercise has conversely been found to increase muscle carnosine concentrations, and muscle carnosine content is higher in athletes engaging in anaerobic exercise. Carnosine is also a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Elevated levels of urinary and plasma carnosine are associated with carnosinuria (also known as carnosinemia), which is an inborn error of metabolism. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme carnosinase. Carnosinas cleaves carnosine into its constituent amino acids: β-Alanine and histidine. Carnonsinemia results in an excess of carnosine in the urine, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and nervous tissue. A variety of neurological symptoms have been associated with carnosinemia. They include: hypotonia, developmental delay, mental retardation, degeneration of axons, sensory neuropathy, tremors, demyelinization, gray matter anomalies, myoclonic seizures, and loss of purkinje fibers. [Spectral] Carnosine (exact mass = 226.10659) and L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. L-Carnosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=305-84-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 305-84-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging. L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging. L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging.
D-Alanyl-D-alanine
The ATP-dependent carboxylate-amine/thiol ligase superfamily is known to contain enzymes catalyzing the formation of various types of peptide, one of which is d-alanyl-d-alanine.(PMID: 16030213). The glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin acts by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the cell wall precursor lipid II in the cytoplasmic membrane.(PMID: 17418637). D-alanine-D-alanine ligase from Thermotoga maritima ATCC 43589 (TmDdl) was a useful biocatalyst for synthesizing D-amino acid dipeptides.D-Alanine-D-alanine ligase (Ddl) catalyzes the biosynthesis of an essential bacterial peptidoglycan precursor D-alanyl-D-alanine and it represents an important target for development of new antibacterial drugs. (PMID: 17267218). D-Alanyl-D-alanine is a microbial metabolite. Alanyl-alanine, also known as ala-ala or A-a dipeptide, is a member of the class of compounds known as dipeptides. Dipeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Alanyl-alanine is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Alanyl-alanine can be found in chives, which makes alanyl-alanine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Alanyl-alanine can be found primarily in feces. Alanyl-alanine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D-Ala-D-Ala constitutes the terminus of the peptide part of the peptidoglycan monomer unit and is involved in the transpeptidation reaction as the substrate. D-Ala-D-Ala is catalyzed by D-Alanine-D-Alanine ligase. D-Ala-D-Ala is a bacterial endogenous metabolite[1][2].
Anserine
Anserine (beta-alanyl-N-3-methylhistidine) is a dipeptide containing beta-alanine and 3-methylhistidine. It is a derivative of carnosine, which had been methylated. The methyl group of anserine is added to carnosine by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine: carnosine N-methyltransferase (PMID: 29484990). The enzyme is closely related to histamine N-methyltransferase and appears to be present in a majority of anserine-producing species (PMID: 23705015). Anserine is a generally a more metabolically stable derivative of carnosine. Anserine can be found in the skeletal muscle and brain of certain mammals (rabbits, cattle), migratory fish and birds. This dipeptide is normally absent from human tissues and body fluids, and its appearance there is usually an artifact of diet. Anserine can also arise from serum carnosinase deficiency. (OMIM 212200). Anserine was first discovered in goose muscle in 1929, and was named after this extraction (anser is Latin for goose). Anserine, which is water-soluble, is found at high levels in the muscles of different non-human vertebrates, with poultry, rabbit, tuna, plaice, and salmon having generally higher contents than other marine foods, beef, or pork (PMID: 31908682). An increase of urinary anserine excretion has been found in humans after the consumption of chicken, rabbit, and tuna and has been associated with intake of chicken, salmon, and, to a lesser extent, beef (PMID: 31908682). Anserine can undergo cleavage to give rise to 3-methylhistidine.(3-MH). The dipeptide balenine, common in some whales, cleaves to form 1-methylhistidine (1-MH) (PMID: 31908682). There is considerable confusion with regard to the nomenclature of the methylated nitrogen atoms on the imidazole ring of histidine and other histidine-containing peptides such as anserine. In particular, older literature (mostly prior to the year 2000) designated anserine (N-pi methylated) as beta-alanyl-N1-methyl-histidine, whereas according to standard IUPAC nomenclature, anserine is correctly named as beta-alanyl-N3-methyl-histidine. As a result, many papers published prior to the year 2000 incorrectly identified 1MH as a specific marker for dietary consumption of certain foods or various pathophysiological effects when they really were referring to 3MH or vice versa (PMID: 24137022). In particular balenine (a whale or snake-specific dipeptide with 1MH) was often confused with anserine (the poultry dipeptide with 3MH). An animal model study of Alzheimers disease using mice found that treatment with anserine reduced memory loss (PMID: 28974740). Anserine reduced glial inflammatory activity (particularly of astrocyte). The study also found that anserine-treated mice had greater pericyte surface area. The greater area of pericytes was commensurate with improved memory. The anserine-treated mice overall performed better on a spatial memory test (Morris Water Maze) (PMID: 28974740). A human study on 84 elderly subjects showed that subjects who took anserine and carnosine supplements for one year showed increased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex on MRI (PMID: 29896423). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant KEIO_ID A140; [MS2] KO008819 KEIO_ID A140; [MS3] KO008820 KEIO_ID A140 Anserine, a methylated form of Carnosine, is an orally active, natural Histidine-containing dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. Anserine is not cleaved by serum carnosinase and act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants, and anti-glycation agents. Anserine improves memory functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-model mice[1][2]. Anserine, a methylated form of Carnosine, is an orally active, natural Histidine-containing dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. Anserine is not cleaved by serum carnosinase and act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants, and anti-glycation agents. Anserine improves memory functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-model mice[1][2].
Aspartame
Aspartame is the name for an artificial, non-carbohydrate sweetener, aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl ester; i.e., the methyl ester of the dipeptide of the amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine. It is marketed under a number of trademark names, such as Equal, and Canderel, and is an ingredient of approximately 6,000 consumer foods and beverages sold worldwide. It is commonly used in diet soft drinks, and is often provided as a table condiment. It is also used in some brands of chewable vitamin supplements. In the European Union, it is also known under the E number (additive code) E951. Aspartame is also one of the sugar substitutes used by diabetics. Upon ingestion, aspartame breaks down into several constituent chemicals, including the naturally-occurring essential amino acid phenylalanine which is a health hazard to the few people born with phenylketonuria, a congenital inability to process phenylalanine. Aspartic acid is an amino acid commonly found in foods. Approximately 40\\\% of aspartame (by mass) is broken down into aspartic acid. Because aspartame is metabolized and absorbed very quickly (unlike aspartic acid-containing proteins in foods), it is known that aspartame could spike blood plasma levels of aspartate. Aspartic acid is in a class of chemicals known as excitotoxins. Abnormally high levels of excitotoxins have been shown in hundreds of animals studies to cause damage to areas of the brain unprotected by the blood-brain barrier and a variety of chronic diseases arising out of this neurotoxicity. Compd. with 100 times the sweetness of sucrose. Artificial sweetener permitted in foods in EU at 300-5500 ppmand is also permitted in USA. Widely used in foods, beverages and pharmaceutical formulations D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2770 Aspartame (SC-18862) is a methyl ester of a dipeptide. Aspartame can be used as a synthetic nonnutritive sweetener[1][2].
Perindopril
Perindopril is a nonsulfhydryl prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is rapidly metabolized in the liver to perindoprilat, its active metabolite, following oral administration. Perindoprilat is a potent, competitive inhibitor of ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Perindopril may be used to treat mild to moderate essential hypertension, mild to moderate congestive heart failure, and to reduce the cardiovascular risk of individuals with hypertension or post-myocardial infarction and stable coronary disease. C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Perindopril (S-9490) is an orally available, long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Perindopril inhibits inflammatory cell influx and intimal thickening, preserving elastin on the inside of the aorta. Perindopril effectively inhibits experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation in a rat model and reduces pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats with pulmonary hypertension[1][2][3][4].
Enalapril
Enalapril is a prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is rapidly metabolized in the liver to enalaprilat following oral administration. Enalaprilat is a potent, competitive inhibitor of ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Enalapril may be used to treat essential or renovascular hypertension and symptomatic congestive heart failure. C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents
gamma-Glutamylcysteine
gamma-Glutamylcysteine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and cysteine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylcysteine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. gamma-Glutamylcysteine is a product of enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase [EC 6.3.2.2] and a substrate of enzyme glutathione synthase [EC 6.3.2.3] in the glutamate metabolism pathway (KEGG). G-Glutamylcysteine is a product of enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase [EC 6.3.2.2] and a substrate of enzyme glutathione synthase [EC 6.3.2.3] in glutamate metabolism pathway (KEGG). gamma-Glutamyl-cysteine is found in many foods, some of which are cardamom, hyacinth bean, oil palm, and pak choy. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glutamylcysteine), a dipeptide containing cysteine and glutamic acid, is a precursor to glutathione (GSH). Gamma-glutamylcysteine is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to increase GSH levels[1].
bestatin
KEIO_ID B018; [MS2] KO009090 KEIO_ID B018 Bestatin is a natural, broad-spectrum, and competitive CD13 (Aminopeptidase N)/APN and leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor. Bestatin has anticancer effects[1][2].
phosphoramidon
A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors KEIO_ID P122
Nocardicin E
beta-Alanyl-L-arginine
This compound belongs to the family of Hybrid Peptides. These are compounds containing at least two different types of amino acids (alpha, beta, gamma, delta).
Gamma-Glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine
gamma-Glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine is an intermediate in selenoamino acid metabolism(KEGG ID C05695). It is generated from Se-methyl-selenocysteine via the enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase [EC:2.3.2.2]. [HMDB] gamma-Glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine is an intermediate in selenoamino acid metabolism(KEGG ID C05695). It is generated from Se-methyl-selenocysteine via the enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase [EC:2.3.2.2].
gamma-Glutamyl-beta-cyanoalanine
This compound belongs to the family of N-acyl-Alpha Amino Acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon).
Gamma-glutamylglutamate
gammaGlutamylglutamic acid is made of two glutamic acid molecules. Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid) [HMDB] gamma-Glutamylglutamic acid is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and glutamic acid. Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serve as metabolic fuel and other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: (1) damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+ (2) Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produce spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization (Wikipedia).
Chymostatin
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors
Avizafone
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent
Quinaprilat
Quinaprilat is the active metabolite of quinapril. Quinapril is a prodrug and is a long-acting, non-sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used in the treatment of arterial hypertension or chronic heart failure (PMID: 19761414). Prodrugs are compounds that must be metabolized in the gut or liver before they can become active. Quinaprilat functions through blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, thereby inhibiting bradykinin degradation which reduces vascular oxidative stress and endothelial activity (PMID: 15223904). It is eliminated mainly in urine. It has no teratogenic, mutagenic or carcinogenic effect. Quinaprilat is only found in individuals who have taken or consumed the drug quinapril. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents
Lisinopril
C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Lisinopril (MK-521) is angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, used in treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and heart attacks.
Ramipril
C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Ramipril
Ramipril is a prodrug belonging to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is metabolized to ramiprilat in the liver and, to a lesser extent, kidneys. Ramiprilat is a potent, competitive inhibitor of ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Ramipril may be used in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, nephropathy, and to reduce the rate of death, myocardial infarction and stroke in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events. C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Lisinopril
One of the Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. -- Pubchem; Lisinopril is a drug of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class that is primarily used in treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure and heart attacks. Historically, lisinopril was the third ACE inhibitor, after captopril and enalapril that was introduced into therapy in early 1990s . Lisinopril has a number of properties that distinguish it from other ACE inhibitors: it is hydrophilic, has long half life and tissue penetration and is not metabolized by the liver. -- Wikipedia; Lisinopril is solely excreted in urine in the unchanged form. Elimination of the drug depends on glomerular filtration and tubular excretion. Rate of lisinopril elimination decreases with old age and kidney or heart failure. There is a relation between creatinine and lisinopril clearance. With prolonged therapy dose reduction can be necessary to avoid accumulation. -- Wikipedia [HMDB] One of the Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. -- Pubchem; Lisinopril is a drug of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class that is primarily used in treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure and heart attacks. Historically, lisinopril was the third ACE inhibitor, after captopril and enalapril that was introduced into therapy in early 1990s. Lisinopril has a number of properties that distinguish it from other ACE inhibitors: it is hydrophilic, has long half life and tissue penetration and is not metabolized by the liver. -- Wikipedia; Lisinopril is solely excreted in urine in the unchanged form. Elimination of the drug depends on glomerular filtration and tubular excretion. Rate of lisinopril elimination decreases with old age and kidney or heart failure. There is a relation between creatinine and lisinopril clearance. With prolonged therapy dose reduction can be necessary to avoid accumulation. -- Wikipedia.
Gamma-glutamyl-leucine
gamma-Glutamylleucine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and leucine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylleucine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. gamma-Glutamylleucine is a biomarker for the consumption of whey protein. It is found in urine (PMID: 3782411). Gamma-glutamylleucine, also known as gamma-glutamyl-leucine, (d,l)-isomer or L-gamma-glu-L-leu, is a member of the class of compounds known as dipeptides. Dipeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Gamma-glutamylleucine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gamma-glutamylleucine can be found in soft-necked garlic, which makes gamma-glutamylleucine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Gamma-glutamylleucine can be found primarily in blood and feces. H-γ-Glu-Leu-OH is a dipeptide consisting of γ-glutamic acid and leucine, terminated by a hydroxyl group[1].
Gamma-Glutamylmethionine
gamma-Glutamylmethionine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and methionine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylmethionine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. gamma-Glutamylmethionine is found in onion-family vegetables. It is isolated from the seeds of onion (Allium cepa), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mung bean (Vigna radiata), garlic (Allium sativum), and black gram (Vigna mungo).
Gamma-glutamyltyrosine
gamma-Glutamyltyrosine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and tyrosine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamyltyrosine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. γ-Glu-Tyr, a competitive inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) (IC50=6.77 mM), is a potentially functional component of the type 2 diabetes diet[1].
Gamma-Glutamylthreonine
gamma-Glutamylthreonine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and threonine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylthreonine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine
gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and phenylalanine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It is probably formed by transpeptidation between glutathione and the corresponding amino acid, catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (PMID: 237763). gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. It can be detected in the urine of patients with phenylketonuria, which is a human genetic disorder due to the lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase to metabolize phenylalanine to tyrosine (Wikipedia). gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is found in adzuki bean, onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and soybean. γ-Glu-Phe (γ-Glutamylphenylalanine) is synthesized by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (GBA) and Aspergillus oryzae (GAO). γ-Glu-Phe or the post-enzymatic reaction mixture enhances the umami intensity of commercial soy sauce and model chicken broth[1]. γ-Glu-Phe (γ-Glutamylphenylalanine) is synthesized by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (GBA) and Aspergillus oryzae (GAO). γ-Glu-Phe or the post-enzymatic reaction mixture enhances the umami intensity of commercial soy sauce and model chicken broth[1].
Gamma-Glutamylvaline
gamma-Glutamylvaline is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and valine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. gamma-Glutamylvaline belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. It is found in urine (PMID: 3782411). γ-Glutamylvaline is an activator of CaSR with anti-inflammatory activity. γ-Glutamylvaline inhibits TNF-α-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and increases Wnt5a expression. γ-Glutamylvaline activates calcium-sensing receptor pathways in adipocytes of 3T3-L1 mice and prevents low-grade chronic inflammation[1].
Gamma-Glutamylglycine
5-L-glutamylglycine is one of the dipeptides that is commonly produced from polypeptides by the action of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase. Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids, and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids, because their uptake involves a separate mechanism. Dipeptides activate G-cells found in the stomach to secrete gastrin. 5-L-glutamylglycine is an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist with a structure similar to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (PMID: 6146532) [HMDB] gamma-Glutamylglycine is one of the dipeptides that is commonly produced from polypeptides by the action of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase. Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids, and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids because their uptake involves a separate mechanism. Dipeptides activate G-cells found in the stomach to secrete gastrin. gamma-Glutamylglycine is an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist with a structure similar to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (PMID: 6146532). γ-Glu-Gly. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1948-29-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 1948-29-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). γ-Glu-Gly, a γ-glutamyl dipeptide, is a human lipid metabolite.γ-Glu-Gly has a similar structure to GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) and can act as an antagonist of excitatory amino acids[1][2][3]. γ-Glu-Gly, a γ-glutamyl dipeptide, is a human lipid metabolite.γ-Glu-Gly has a similar structure to GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) and can act as an antagonist of excitatory amino acids[1][2][3].
gamma-Glutamyltryptophan
gamma-Glutamyltryptophan is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and tryptophan, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamyltryptophan is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
gamma-Glutamylalanine
gamma-Glutamylalanine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and alanine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylalanine is a natural substrate of the enzyme (5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid 5-glutamyltransferase (cyclizing) (g-glutamylcyclotransferase, EC 2.3.2.2) in the glutathione metabolism pathway, which cleaves gamma-glutamylalanine to produce L-5-oxoproline. gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase is widely distributed in both human and animal tissues where it catalyzes the scission of the y-peptide bonds of many different gamma-glutamyl-amino acids and gamma-glutamyl-gamma-glutamyl-amino acids. The latter are better substrates of the enzyme than the corresponding gamma-glutamyl-amino acids (PMID: 2570694, 2893631). 5-L-Glutamyl-L-alanine is a natural substrate of the enzyme 5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid 5-glutamyltransferase (cyclizing) (g-glutamylcyclotransferase, EC 2.3.2.2) in the glutathione metabolism pathway, which cleaves 5-L-Glutamyl-L-alanine, producing L-5-oxoproline. gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase is widely distributed in both human and animal tissues where it catalyzes the scission of the y-peptide bonds of many different gamma-glutamyl-aminoacids and gamma-glutamyl-gamma-glutamyl-amino-acids. The latter are better substrates of the enzyme than the corresponding gamma-glutamyl - amino-acids. (PMID: 2570694, 2893631) [HMDB]
gamma-Glutamyllysine
gamma-Glutamyllysine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and lysine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamyllysine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
gamma-Glutamylisoleucine
gamma-Glutamylisoleucine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and isoleucine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylisoleucine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. It is found in urine (PMID: 3782411).
Pyro-L-glutaminyl-L-glutamine
Pyro-L-glutaminyl-L-glutamine is found in fruits. Pyro-L-glutaminyl-L-glutamine is a constituent of the seeds of Dolichos biflorus (papadi). Constituent of the seeds of Dolichos biflorus (papadi). Pyro-L-glutaminyl-L-glutamine is found in fruits.
Gamma-Glutamylhistidine
gamma-Glutamylhistidine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and histidine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylhistidine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. γ-Glutamylhistidine is a polypeptide that can be found by peptide screening. Peptide screening is a research tool that pools active peptides primarily by immunoassay. Peptide screening can be used for protein interaction, functional analysis, epitope screening, especially in the field of agent research and development[1].
Alvimopan
Alvimopan is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a peripherally selective opioid antagonist being investigated for the treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases and disorders.Alvimopan competitively binds to mu-opioid receptor in the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike methylnaltrexone (another peripherally acting mu-receptor antagonist) that bears a quaternary amine, alvimopan owes its selectivity for peripheral receptors to its kinetics. Alvimopan binds to peripheral mu-receptors with a Ki of 0.2 ng/mL and dissociates slower than most other ligands. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AH - Peripheral opioid receptor antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C681 - Opiate Antagonist D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents
Isoleucylhydroxyproline
Isoleucylhydroxyproline is a dipeptide composed of isoleucine and hydroxyproline. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Chymostatin
N-Acetylcarnosine
Phosphoramidon
gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine
γ-Glu-Phe (γ-Glutamylphenylalanine) is synthesized by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (GBA) and Aspergillus oryzae (GAO). γ-Glu-Phe or the post-enzymatic reaction mixture enhances the umami intensity of commercial soy sauce and model chicken broth[1]. γ-Glu-Phe (γ-Glutamylphenylalanine) is synthesized by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (GBA) and Aspergillus oryzae (GAO). γ-Glu-Phe or the post-enzymatic reaction mixture enhances the umami intensity of commercial soy sauce and model chicken broth[1].
Asp-Asp
A dipeptide formed from two L-aspartic acid units. Beta-Aspartylaspartic acid is an aspartic acid derivative. β-Aspartylaspartic acid is a natural compound found in Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) Shoots[1].
Aspartame
D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; IAOZJIPTCAWIRG-QWRGUYRKSA-N_STSL_0231_Aspartame_0031fmol_190114_S2_LC02MS02_038; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 5809 Aspartame (SC-18862) is a methyl ester of a dipeptide. Aspartame can be used as a synthetic nonnutritive sweetener[1][2].
Perindopril
C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3026 Perindopril (S-9490) is an orally available, long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Perindopril inhibits inflammatory cell influx and intimal thickening, preserving elastin on the inside of the aorta. Perindopril effectively inhibits experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation in a rat model and reduces pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats with pulmonary hypertension[1][2][3][4].
gamma-Glutamylleucine
H-γ-Glu-Leu-OH is a dipeptide consisting of γ-glutamic acid and leucine, terminated by a hydroxyl group[1].
gamma-Glutamylthreonine
A dipeptide composed of glutamic acid and threonine joined by a peptide linkage.
gamma-Glutamylvaline
γ-Glutamylvaline is an activator of CaSR with anti-inflammatory activity. γ-Glutamylvaline inhibits TNF-α-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and increases Wnt5a expression. γ-Glutamylvaline activates calcium-sensing receptor pathways in adipocytes of 3T3-L1 mice and prevents low-grade chronic inflammation[1].
gamma-Glutamylmethionine
gamma-Glutamylglutamine
H-γ-Glu-Gln-OH is a hydrophilic peptide and can be conjugated to drugs. The carrier composed of H-γ-Glu-Gln-OH has the characteristics of high water solubility and drug-loading capacity, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, improved tumor targeting ability, and anti-tumor efficacy[1].
gamma-Glutamyltyrosine
γ-Glu-Tyr, a competitive inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) (IC50=6.77 mM), is a potentially functional component of the type 2 diabetes diet[1].
Enalapril
C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2718 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8616 INTERNAL_ID 8616; CONFIDENCE standard compound
carnosine
A dipeptide that is the N-(beta-alanyl) derivative of L-histidine. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging. L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging. L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging.
Gly-Trp
A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-tryptophan residues.
Anserine
A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Anserine, a methylated form of Carnosine, is an orally active, natural Histidine-containing dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. Anserine is not cleaved by serum carnosinase and act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants, and anti-glycation agents. Anserine improves memory functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-model mice[1][2]. Anserine, a methylated form of Carnosine, is an orally active, natural Histidine-containing dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. Anserine is not cleaved by serum carnosinase and act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants, and anti-glycation agents. Anserine improves memory functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-model mice[1][2].
Gamma-glutamylcysteine
MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; RITKHVBHSGLULN_STSL_0116_5-Glutamylcysteine_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_219; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. Gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glutamylcysteine), a dipeptide containing cysteine and glutamic acid, is a precursor to glutathione (GSH). Gamma-glutamylcysteine is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to increase GSH levels[1].
Asp-phe
A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-phenylalanine residues. It is obtained after the hydrolysis of aspartame in intestinal lumen.
Tyr-tyr
Tyrosyltyrosine in which each tyrosine residue has L-configuration.
Ala-Phe
A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-phenylalanine residues. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 165
N-Acetylcarnosine
A dipeptide that is the N-acetyl derivative of carnosine. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; BKAYIFDRRZZKNF-VIFPVBQESA-N_STSL_0185_N-acetyl-L-carnosine_0500fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_25; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I.
Quinaprilat
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents
Alvimopan
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AH - Peripheral opioid receptor antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C681 - Opiate Antagonist D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents
Ala-met
A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-methionine residues.
Ala-Trp
A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-tryptophan residues.
Ala-tyr
A dipeptide composed of L-alanine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.
Arg-arg
A dipeptide formed from two L-arginine residues.
Arg-Asp
A dipeptide formed from L-arginyl and L-aspartic acid residues.
Arg-GLN
A dipeptide formed from L-arginyl and L-glutamine residues.
Arg-ile
A dipeptide formed from L-arginyl and L-isoleucine residues.
Arg-leu
A dipeptide formed from L-arginyl and L-leucine residues.
Arg-lys
A dipeptide formed from L-arginyl and L-leucine residues.
Arg-met
A dipeptide formed from L-arginine and L-methionine residues.
Arg-phe
A dipeptide formed from L-arginine and L-phenylalanine residues. It exhibits vasorelaxant activity.
Arg-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-arginine and L-tryptophan residues.
Arg-Tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-arginine and L-tyrosine residues.
Arg-val
A dipeptide formed from L-arginine and L-valine residues.
Asn-his
A dipeptide composed of L-asparagine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.
Asn-Ile
A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-asparagine with the amino group of L-isoleucine.
Asn-tyr
A dipeptide composed of L-asparagine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.
Asp-arg
A dipeptide composed of L-aspartic acid and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.
Asp-his
A dipeptide composed of L-aspartic acid and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.
Asp-lys
A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-lysine residues.
Asp-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-tryptophan residues.
Asp-tyr
A dipeptide composed of L-aspartic acid and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.
Cys-cys
A dipeptide formed from two L-cysteine residues.
Cys-pro
A dipeptide composed of L-cysteine and L-proline joined by a peptide linkage.
Cys-ser
A dipeptide composed of L-cysteine and L-serine joined by a peptide linkage.
GLN-GLN
A dipeptide formed from two L-glutamine residues.
Gly-cys
A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-cysteine residues.
Gly-met
A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-methionine residues.
Gly-phe
A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-phenylalanine residues.
His-asp
A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-aspartic acid residues.
His-his
A dipeptide formed from two L-histidine residues.
His-leu
A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-leucine residues.
His-lys
A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-lysine residues.
His-met
A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-methionine residues.
His-pro
A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-proline residues.
His-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-tryptophan residues.
His-tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-tyrosine residues.
His-val
A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-valine residues.
Ile-arg
A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-arginine residues.
Ile-Asn
A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-asparagine residues.
Ile-GLN
A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-glutamine residues.
Ile-his
A dipeptide composed of L-isoleucine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.
Ile-ile
A dipeptide formed from two L-isoleucine residues.
Ile-leu
A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-leucine residues.
Ile-met
A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-methionine residues.
Ile-phe
A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-phenylalanine residues.
Ile-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-tryptophan residues.
Ile-tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-tyrosine residues.
Ile-val
A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-valine residues.
Leu-arg
A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-arginine joined by peptide linkages.
Leu-asn
A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-asparagine joined by a peptide linkage.
Leu-asp
A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-aspartic acid residues.
Leu-cys
A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-cysteine joined by a peptide linkage.
Leu-his
A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-histidine residues.
Leu-ile
A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-isoleucine residues.
Leu-lys
A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-lysine joined by a peptide linkage.
Leu-met
A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-methionine residues.
Leu-phe
A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-phenylalanine residues. Leucyl-phenylalanine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dipeptides.
Leu-THR
A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-threonine joined by a peptide linkage.
Leu-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-tryptophan residues.
Leu-tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-tyrosine residues.
Leu-Val
A dipeptide formed L-leucine and L-valine residues.
Lys-arg
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-arginine residues.
Lys-asp
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-aspartic acid residues.
Lys-GLN
A dipeptide composed of L-lysine and L-glutamine joined by a peptide linkage.
Lys-ile
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-isoleucine residues.
Lys-leu
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-leucine residues.
Lys-lys
A dipeptide formed from two L-lysine residues.
Lys-met
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-methionine residues.
Lys-phe
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-phenylalanine residues.
Lys-pro
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-proline residues.
Lys-THR
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-threonine residues.
Lys-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-tryptophan residues.
Lys-tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-tyrosine residues.
Lys-val
A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-valine residues.
Met-ala
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-alanine residues.
Met-arg
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-arginine residues.
Met-asp
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-aspartic acid residues.
Met-GLN
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-glutamine residues.
Met-gly
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and glycine residues.
Met-his
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-histidine residues.
Met-ile
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-isoleucine residues.
Met-Leu
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-leucine residues.
Met-lys
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-lysine residues.
Met-met
A dipeptide formed from two L-methionine residues.
Met-phe
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-phenylalanine residues.
Met-pro
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-proline residues.
Met-ser
A dipeptide composed of L-methionine and L-serine joined by a peptide linkage.
Met-THR
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-threonine residues.
Met-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-tryptophan residues.
Met-tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-tyrosine residues.
Met-val
A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-valine residues.
Phe-Ala
A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-alanine residues. Phenylalanylalanine (H-Phe-Ala-OH) is a dipeptide composed of phenylalanine and alanine. Phenylalanylalanine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism[1].
Phe-arg
A dipeptide composed of L-phenylalanine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.
Phe-asn
A dipeptide composed of L-phenylalanine and L-asparagine joined by a peptide linkage.
Phe-asp
A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-aspartic acid residues.
Phe-gly
A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.
Phe-his
A dipeptide composed of L-phenylalanine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.
Phe-ile
A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-isoleucine residues.
Phe-met
A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-methionine residues.
Phe-ser
A dipeptide that is the N-(L-phenylalanyl) derivative of L-serine.
Phe-THR
A dipeptide composed of L-phenylalanine and L-threonine joined by a peptide linkage.
Phe-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan residues.
Phe-Tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine residues.
Phe-Val
A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-valine residues.
Pro-arg
A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-arginine residues.
Pro-GLN
A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-glutamine residues.
Pro-lys
A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-lysine residues.
Pro-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-tryptophan residues.
Pro-tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-tyrosine residues.
pro-val
A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-valine residues.
Ser-met
A dipeptide formed from L-serine and L-methionine residues.
Ser-phe
A dipeptide that is the N-(L-seryl) derivative of L-phenylalanine.
Ser-tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-serine and L-tyrosine residues.
THR-Arg
A dipeptide formed from L-threonine and L-arginine residues.
THR-His
A dipeptide composed of L-threonine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.
THR-Leu
A dipeptide formed from L-threonine and L-leucine residues.
THR-Met
A dipeptide formed from L-threonine and L-methionine residues.
THR-Phe
A dipeptide formed from L-threonine and L-phenylalanine residues.
THR-TRP
A dipeptide composed of L-threonine and L-tryptophan joined by a peptide linkage.
THR-Tyr
A dipeptide composed of L-threonine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.
TRP-Ala
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-alanine residues.
TRP-Arg
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-arginine residues.
TRP-Asp
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-aspartic acid residues.
TRP-Gly
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and glycine residues.
TRP-Leu
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-leucine residues.
TRP-Lys
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-lysine residues.
TRP-Phe
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine residues.
TRP-Ser
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-serine residues.
TRP-TRP
A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.
TRP-Tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine residues.
TRP-Val
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-valine residues.
Tyr-ala
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-alanine residues.
Tyr-GLN
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-glutamine residues.
Tyr-Gly
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and glycine residues.
Tyr-his
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-histidine residues.
Tyr-ile
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-isoleucine residues.
Tyr-leu
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-leucine residues.
Tyr-lys
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-lysine residues.
Tyr-met
A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-tyrosine with the amino group of L-methionine.
Tyr-Phe
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine residues.
Tyr-TRP
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan residues.
Tyr-val
A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-valine residues.
Val-arg
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-asparagine residues.
Val-Gln
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-glutamine residues.
Val-his
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-histidine residues.
Val-ile
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-isoleucine residues.
Val-leu
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-leucine residues.
Val-lys
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-lysine residues.
Val-met
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-methionine residues.
Val-phe
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-phenylalanine residues.
Val-pro
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-proline residues.
Val-TRP
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor Dipeptide 2 (N-Valyltryptophan; Val-Trp) is a bioactive peptide with anti-aging effect and has been reported used as a cosmetic ingredient[1].
Val-Tyr
A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues. H-Val-Tyr-OH is an endogenous metabolite.
Val-val
A dipeptide formed from two L-valine residues. H-VAL-VAL-OH is a dipeptide of the amino acid valine, an essential amino acid[1].
Glu-val
A glutamyl-L-amino acid that is the N-(L-alpha-glutamyl) derivative of L-leucine.
TRP-Glu
A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-glutamic acid residues.
Cys-Gly, oxidized
Phosphoramidon
Leu-leu
A dipeptide formed from two L-leucine residues. Leu-Leu-OH, a Leu derivative, is a dipeptide.
Phe-Pro
A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-proline residues.
D-Alanyl-D-alanine
A dipeptide comprising D-alanine with a D-alanyl residue attached to the alpha-nitrogen. It is a component of bacterial peptidoglycan and forms an important target for development of antibacterial drugs . D-Ala-D-Ala constitutes the terminus of the peptide part of the peptidoglycan monomer unit and is involved in the transpeptidation reaction as the substrate. D-Ala-D-Ala is catalyzed by D-Alanine-D-Alanine ligase. D-Ala-D-Ala is a bacterial endogenous metabolite[1][2].
Glu-Glu
A dipeptide composed of two L-glutamic acid units joined by a peptide linkage.
gamma-Glutamyl-beta-cyanoalanine
A dipeptide composed of 3-cyano-L-alanine and L-glutamine joined by a peptide linkage formed from the side-chain of glutamine.
gamma-Glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine
A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of glutamic acid with the amino group of Se-methylselenocysteine.
Glu-pro
A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-proline joined by a peptide linkage.
Glu-leu
A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-leucine joined by a peptide linkage.
Glu-Lys
A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-lysine joined by a peptide linkage.
Glu-tyr
A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.
Glu-met
A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-methionine joined by a peptide linkage.
gamma-Glutamylhistidine
γ-Glutamylhistidine is a polypeptide that can be found by peptide screening. Peptide screening is a research tool that pools active peptides primarily by immunoassay. Peptide screening can be used for protein interaction, functional analysis, epitope screening, especially in the field of agent research and development[1].
phe-leu
A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-phenylalanine with the amino group of L-leucine.
Glu-TRP
A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-tryptophan joined by a peptide linkage.
gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine
A dipeptide composed of glutamic acid and phenylalanine joined together by a peptide linkage.
