Ricinine (BioDeep_00000000666)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000398526, BioDeep_00000866411

human metabolite PANOMIX_OTCML-2023 natural product


代谢物信息卡片


3-Pyridinecarbonitrile, 1,2-dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-

化学式: C8H8N2O2 (164.0586)
中文名称: 蓖麻碱
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Viridiplantae(plant) 10.81%

分子结构信息

SMILES: CN1C=CC(=C(C1=O)C#N)OC
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H8N2O2/c1-10-4-3-7(12-2)6(5-9)8(10)11/h3-4H,1-2H3

描述信息

Ricinine belongs to the family of Alkyl Aryl Ethers. These are organic compounds containing the alkyl aryl ether functional group with formula R-O-R , where R is an alkyl group and R is an aryl group.
Ricinine is a pyridine alkaloid, a pyridone and a nitrile.
Ricinine is a natural product found in Ricinus communis with data available.

同义名列表

37 个代谢物同义名

3-Pyridinecarbonitrile, 1,2-dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-; 1,2-Dihydro-1-methyl-4-methoxy-2-oxo-3-pyridine carbonitrile; 1,2-Dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrile; 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile; 4-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-pyridinecarbonitrile; 1,2-dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridimecarbonitrile; 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile,2-dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-; Nicotinonitrile, 1,2-dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-; 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxohydropyridine-3-carbonitrile; 1,2-Dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-Nicotinonitrile; 1,2-Dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxonicotinonitrile; Nicotinonitrile,2-dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-; 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-pyridine-3-carbonitrile; 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxopyridine-3-carbonitrile; 5-22-07-00318 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); 3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone; Ricinine, >=95\\% (LC/MS-ELSD); PETSAYFQSGAEQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N; WLN: T6NVJ A1 CCN DO1; Ricinine-(methyl-d3); Prestwick0_000678; Prestwick3_000678; Prestwick1_000678; Prestwick2_000678; TimTec1_001989; RICININE [MI]; Oprea1_847597; BPBio1_000853; MEGxp0_000747; ACon1_001266; Ricidine; Ritsinin; Recinine; Ricinine; Ricinin; Ricinine; Ricinine



数据库引用编号

22 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(1)

PlantCyc(1)

代谢反应

3 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(1)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(2)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

19 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。

亚细胞结构定位 关联基因列表
Cytoplasm 7 BCL2, CASP7, CAT, CTNNB1, PTGS2, PTPN1, TFDP3
Peripheral membrane protein 2 PTGS2, PTPN1
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane 3 BCL2, PTGS2, PTPN1
Nucleus 5 BCL2, CASP7, CTNNB1, PARP1, TFDP3
cytosol 6 BCL2, CASP7, CAT, CTNNB1, PARP1, PTPN1
nuclear body 1 PARP1
centrosome 1 CTNNB1
nucleoplasm 3 CASP7, CTNNB1, PARP1
Cell membrane 2 CTNNB1, TNF
Cytoplasmic side 1 PTPN1
lamellipodium 1 CTNNB1
Early endosome membrane 1 DKK1
Synapse 1 CTNNB1
cell cortex 1 CTNNB1
cell junction 1 CTNNB1
cell surface 1 TNF
glutamatergic synapse 2 CTNNB1, PTPN1
neuronal cell body 1 TNF
postsynapse 1 PTPN1
presynaptic membrane 1 CTNNB1
Cytoplasm, cytosol 2 CASP7, PARP1
plasma membrane 4 BCHE, CTNNB1, DKK1, TNF
Membrane 5 BCL2, CAT, CTNNB1, PARP1, PTPN1
basolateral plasma membrane 1 CTNNB1
caveola 1 PTGS2
extracellular exosome 2 CAT, CTNNB1
endoplasmic reticulum 3 BCL2, PTGS2, PTPN1
extracellular space 6 BCHE, CASP7, CRP, DKK1, IL10, TNF
perinuclear region of cytoplasm 1 CTNNB1
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse 1 CTNNB1
adherens junction 1 CTNNB1
apicolateral plasma membrane 1 CTNNB1
bicellular tight junction 1 CTNNB1
mitochondrion 3 BCL2, CAT, PARP1
protein-containing complex 6 BCL2, CAT, CTNNB1, PARP1, PTGS2, PTPN1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle 1 CAT
Microsome membrane 1 PTGS2
Secreted 4 BCHE, CRP, DKK1, IL10
extracellular region 6 BCHE, CAT, CRP, DKK1, IL10, TNF
Mitochondrion outer membrane 1 BCL2
Single-pass membrane protein 1 BCL2
mitochondrial outer membrane 1 BCL2
mitochondrial matrix 2 CAT, PTPN1
transcription regulator complex 3 CTNNB1, PARP1, TFDP3
Nucleus membrane 1 BCL2
Bcl-2 family protein complex 1 BCL2
nuclear membrane 1 BCL2
external side of plasma membrane 1 TNF
Z disc 1 CTNNB1
beta-catenin destruction complex 1 CTNNB1
nucleolus 1 PARP1
Wnt signalosome 1 CTNNB1
Early endosome 1 PTPN1
apical part of cell 1 CTNNB1
cell-cell junction 1 CTNNB1
recycling endosome 1 TNF
Single-pass type II membrane protein 1 TNF
postsynaptic membrane 1 CTNNB1
Membrane raft 1 TNF
pore complex 1 BCL2
Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton 1 CTNNB1
focal adhesion 2 CAT, CTNNB1
Cell junction, adherens junction 1 CTNNB1
flotillin complex 1 CTNNB1
Peroxisome 1 CAT
Peroxisome matrix 1 CAT
peroxisomal matrix 1 CAT
peroxisomal membrane 1 CAT
fascia adherens 1 CTNNB1
lateral plasma membrane 1 CTNNB1
Nucleus inner membrane 1 PTGS2
Nucleus outer membrane 1 PTGS2
nuclear inner membrane 1 PTGS2
nuclear outer membrane 1 PTGS2
neuron projection 1 PTGS2
chromatin 2 PARP1, TFDP3
phagocytic cup 1 TNF
cell periphery 1 CTNNB1
Chromosome 1 PARP1
Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium basal body 1 CTNNB1
mitochondrial crista 1 PTPN1
Secreted, extracellular space 1 CASP7
Nucleus, nucleolus 1 PARP1
spindle pole 1 CTNNB1
nuclear replication fork 1 PARP1
chromosome, telomeric region 1 PARP1
blood microparticle 1 BCHE
postsynaptic density, intracellular component 1 CTNNB1
microvillus membrane 1 CTNNB1
site of double-strand break 1 PARP1
nuclear envelope 1 PARP1
Endomembrane system 2 CTNNB1, PTPN1
endosome lumen 1 PTPN1
sorting endosome 1 PTPN1
euchromatin 1 CTNNB1
myelin sheath 1 BCL2
ficolin-1-rich granule lumen 1 CAT
secretory granule lumen 1 CAT
endoplasmic reticulum lumen 2 BCHE, PTGS2
beta-catenin-TCF complex 1 CTNNB1
nuclear envelope lumen 1 BCHE
presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component 1 CTNNB1
protein-DNA complex 2 CTNNB1, PARP1
catenin complex 1 CTNNB1
site of DNA damage 1 PARP1
[Tumor necrosis factor, soluble form]: Secreted 1 TNF
catalase complex 1 CAT
[Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, processed N-terminus]: Chromosome 1 PARP1
[Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, processed C-terminus]: Cytoplasm 1 PARP1
BAD-BCL-2 complex 1 BCL2
beta-catenin-TCF7L2 complex 1 CTNNB1
cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane 1 PTPN1
beta-catenin-ICAT complex 1 CTNNB1
Scrib-APC-beta-catenin complex 1 CTNNB1
[C-domain 2]: Secreted 1 TNF
[Tumor necrosis factor, membrane form]: Membrane 1 TNF
[C-domain 1]: Secreted 1 TNF


文献列表

  • Galal Magdy, Mai H ElNaggar, Fathalla Belal, Heba Elmansi. A novel quality-by-design optimized spectrofluorimetric method for the sensitive determination of ricinine alkaloid in edible oils. Food chemistry. 2023 Mar; 404(Pt A):134588. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134588. [PMID: 36272302]
  • Kai-Xuan Zheng, Cheng-Hua Liu, Sichao Wang, Yu-Min Tzou, Chih-Min Chiang, Shiou-Ruei Lin, Hsiao-Ying Yang, Jerry J Wu, Ya-Hui Chuang. Evaluating the release and metabolism of ricinine from castor cake fertilizer in soils using a LC-QTOF/MS coupled with SIRIUS workflow. Chemosphere. 2023 Jan; 310(?):136865. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136865. [PMID: 36244422]
  • Domonbabele F D S Hien, Prisca S L Paré, Amanda Cooper, Benjamin K Koama, Edwige Guissou, Koudraogo B Yaméogo, Rakiswendé S Yerbanga, Iain W Farrell, Jean B Ouédraogo, Olivier Gnankiné, Rickard Ignell, Anna Cohuet, Roch K Dabiré, Philip C Stevenson, Thierry Lefèvre. Contrasting effects of the alkaloid ricinine on the capacity of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii to transmit Plasmodium falciparum. Parasites & vectors. 2021 Sep; 14(1):479. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04992-z. [PMID: 34526119]
  • Mai H El-Naggar, Fatma M Abdel Bar, Choudhary Harsha, Javadi Monisha, Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara, Farid A Badria. Synthesis of new selective cytotoxic ricinine analogues against oral squamous cell carcinoma. Natural product research. 2021 Jul; 35(13):2145-2156. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1663513. [PMID: 31526148]
  • Stefanie Lefever, Inge Geerts, Edith Vermeulen, Pieter Vermeersch, Frederic De Rydt, Laurens Dobbels, Marc Gillis, Kathleen Croes. Non-Lethal Intoxication by Ingestion of 50 Castor Beans: Serial Measurement of Ricinine in Blood, Plasma and Urine. Journal of analytical toxicology. 2021 May; 45(5):e8-e12. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa139. [PMID: 32991682]
  • Kelly Oriakhi, Patrick O Uadia, Farzana Shaheen, Humera Jahan, Collins U Ibeji, Choudhary M Iqbal. Isolation, characterization, and hepatoprotective properties of betulinic acid and ricinine from Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of food biochemistry. 2021 03; 45(3):e13288. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13288. [PMID: 32529649]
  • Fábio Bucaretchi, Carla F Borrasca-Fernandes, Camila C Prado, Rafael Lanaro, José Luiz Costa, Otávio M Petroni, Tiago Giraldi, Maria Heloísa S L Blotta, Amauri S Justo-Junior, Natália L Sousa, Francisco J L Aragão, Eduardo M De Capitani, Stephen Hyslop. Near-fatal poisoning after ricin injection. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2021 Feb; 59(2):158-168. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1771358. [PMID: 32475181]
  • Marie Staňková, Petr Handlos, Martin Švidrnoch, Vítězslav Maier. Fatal intoxication by intravenous injection of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) extract-a case study. International journal of legal medicine. 2020 Nov; 134(6):2133-2141. doi: 10.1007/s00414-020-02340-x. [PMID: 32548760]
  • Tobie D Lee, Olivia W Lee, Kyle R Brimacombe, Lu Chen, Rajarshi Guha, Sabrina Lusvarghi, Bethilehem G Tebase, Carleen Klumpp-Thomas, Robert W Robey, Suresh V Ambudkar, Min Shen, Michael M Gottesman, Matthew D Hall. A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Molecular pharmacology. 2019 11; 96(5):629-640. doi: 10.1124/mol.119.115964. [PMID: 31515284]
  • Mai H El-Naggar, Abdelaziz Elgaml, Fatma M Abdel Bar, Farid A Badria. Antimicrobial and antiquorum-sensing activity of Ricinus communis extracts and ricinine derivatives. Natural product research. 2019 Jun; 33(11):1556-1562. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1423306. [PMID: 29334239]
  • Nick Verougstraete, Dries Helsloot, Christa Deprez, Olivier Heylen, Isabelle Casier, Kathleen Croes. Lethal Injection of a Castor Bean Extract: Ricinine Quantification as a Marker for Ricin Exposure Using a Validated LC-MS/MS Method. Journal of analytical toxicology. 2019 Apr; 43(3):e1-e5. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky100. [PMID: 30590581]
  • Samantha L Isenberg, Melissa D Carter, Michael A Miller, Aleksandra I Noras, Mike A Mojica, Sean T Carlsen, Chinthaka P Bulathsinghala, Jerry D Thomas, Rudolph C Johnson. Quantification of Ricinine and Abrine in Human Plasma by HPLC-MS-MS: Biomarkers of Exposure to Ricin and Abrin. Journal of analytical toxicology. 2018 Nov; 42(9):630-636. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky040. [PMID: 29931062]
  • Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, Fazalur Rehman, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Mohammad Safdar Baloch, Muhammad Sadiq, Imdad Ullah, Sadaf Javaria, Salma Shaheen. Review - Ricinus cmmunis - Ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2017 Sep; 30(5):1815-1827. doi: . [PMID: 29084706]
  • Wei Xu, Xiuhua Yan, Rong Shao, Ligen Chen, Zengguang Ke. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Microwave Synergistic Extraction of Ricinine from Castor Cake by Response Surface Methodology. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology. 2016 ; 17(13):1126-1133. doi: 10.2174/1389201017666160920091657. [PMID: 27655362]
  • Vincent O Nyasembe, Xavier Cheseto, Fatma Kaplan, Woodbridge A Foster, Peter E A Teal, James H Tumlinson, Christian Borgemeister, Baldwyn Torto. The Invasive American Weed Parthenium hysterophorus Can Negatively Impact Malaria Control in Africa. PloS one. 2015; 10(9):e0137836. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137836. [PMID: 26367123]
  • Meiqiang Cai, Xiaohong Chen, Xiaoqing Wei, Shengdong Pan, Yonggang Zhao, Micong Jin. Dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of ricinine in cooking oil. Food chemistry. 2014 Sep; 158(?):459-65. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.114. [PMID: 24731370]
  • Kensuke Ohishi, Kazufumi Toume, Midori A Arai, Samir K Sadhu, Firoj Ahmed, Takamasa Mizoguchi, Motoyuki Itoh, Masami Ishibashi. Ricinine: a pyridone alkaloid from Ricinus communis that activates the Wnt signaling pathway through casein kinase 1α. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2014 Sep; 22(17):4597-601. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.027. [PMID: 25124862]
  • Jing Peng, Shuang Cai, Lin Wang, Nan Zhao, Ting-jian Zhang, Zai-xing Chen, Fan-hao Meng. A metabonomic analysis of serum from rats treated with ricinine using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. PloS one. 2014; 9(3):e90416. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090416. [PMID: 24618672]
  • Christopher T Pittman, John M Guido, Elizabeth I Hamelin, Thomas A Blake, Rudolph C Johnson. Analysis of a ricin biomarker, ricinine, in 989 individual human urine samples. Journal of analytical toxicology. 2013 May; 37(4):237-40. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt010. [PMID: 23471955]
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  • Yan-Min Liu, Di Tian, He Bao, Gui-Lan Zhao, Jun-Xian Wang. [Study on chemical constituents of root bark of Discocleidion rufescens]. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials. 2012 Nov; 35(11):1795-8. doi: . [PMID: 23627092]
  • Qian-Yuan Gao, Fei-Long Hu, Hong-Hong Zhu, Man-Qiang Liu, Hui-Xin Li, Feng Hu. [Control effects of Ricinus communis extracts on Meloidogyne incognita]. Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology. 2011 Nov; 22(11):3033-8. doi: . [PMID: 22303684]
  • Avinash Chandra Tripathi, Rajiv Gupta, Shailendra K Saraf. Phytochemical investigation characterisation and anticonvulsant activity of Ricinus communis seeds in mice. Natural product research. 2011 Nov; 25(19):1881-4. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2010.551753. [PMID: 21870936]
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  • Sylvia Worbs, Kernt Köhler, Diana Pauly, Marc-André Avondet, Martin Schaer, Martin B Dorner, Brigitte G Dorner. Ricinus communis intoxications in human and veterinary medicine-a summary of real cases. Toxins. 2011 10; 3(10):1332-72. doi: 10.3390/toxins3101332. [PMID: 22069699]
  • Xiaohua He, Stephanie McMahon, Thomas D Henderson, Stephen M Griffey, Luisa W Cheng. Ricin toxicokinetics and its sensitive detection in mouse sera or feces using immuno-PCR. PloS one. 2010 Sep; 5(9):e12858. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012858. [PMID: 20877567]
  • Vera Coopman, Marc De Leeuw, Jan Cordonnier, Werner Jacobs. Suicidal death after injection of a castor bean extract (Ricinus communis L.). Forensic science international. 2009 Aug; 189(1-3):e13-20. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.04.019. [PMID: 19477090]
  • Cristiane de Melo Cazal, Jaqueline Raquel Batalhão, Vanessa de Cássia Domingues, Odair Corrêa Bueno, Edson Rodrigues Filho, Moacir R Forim, Maria Fátima G Fernandes da Silva, Paulo Cezar Vieira, João Batista Fernandes. High-speed counter-current chromatographic isolation of ricinine, an insecticide from Ricinus communis. Journal of chromatography. A. 2009 May; 1216(19):4290-4. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.008. [PMID: 19249053]
  • Rudolph C Johnson, Yingtao Zhou, Ram Jain, Sharon W Lemire, Shannon Fox, Pat Sabourin, John R Barr. Quantification of L-abrine in human and rat urine: a biomarker for the toxin abrin. Journal of analytical toxicology. 2009 Mar; 33(2):77-84. doi: 10.1093/jat/33.2.77. [PMID: 19239732]
  • Silas W Smith, Nathan M Graber, Rudolph C Johnson, John R Barr, Robert S Hoffman, Lewis S Nelson. Multisystem organ failure after large volume injection of castor oil. Annals of plastic surgery. 2009 Jan; 62(1):12-4. doi: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31817763bd. [PMID: 19131711]
  • Pamela Mouser, Michael S Filigenzi, Birgit Puschner, Valerie Johnson, Margaret A Miller, Stephen B Hooser. Fatal ricin toxicosis in a puppy confirmed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry when using ricinine as a marker. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. 2007 Mar; 19(2):216-20. doi: 10.1177/104063870701900217. [PMID: 17402623]
  • Rudolph C Johnson, Sharon W Lemire, Adrian R Woolfitt, Maria Ospina, Kerry P Preston, Carl T Olson, John R Barr. Quantification of ricinine in rat and human urine: a biomarker for ricin exposure. Journal of analytical toxicology. 2005 Apr; 29(3):149-55. doi: 10.1093/jat/29.3.149. [PMID: 15842756]
  • Maria Fátima Bigi, Vera L V Torkomian, Suzanne T C S de Groote, Maria José A Hebling, Odair C Bueno, Fernando C Pagnocca, João B Fernandes, Paulo C Vieira, Maria Fátima G F da Silva. Activity of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) and ricinine against the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Pest management science. 2004 Sep; 60(9):933-8. doi: 10.1002/ps.892. [PMID: 15382509]
  • Anete C Ferraz, Janete A Anselmo-Franci, Sandra R Perosa, Eduardo F de Castro-Neto, Maria Ines Bellissimo, Brás H de Oliveira, Esper A Cavalheiro, Maria da Graça Naffah-Mazzacoratti, Cláudio Da Cunha. Amino acid and monoamine alterations in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice submitted to ricinine-induced seizures. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2002 Jul; 72(4):779-86. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00750-5. [PMID: 12062566]
  • S M Darby, M L Miller, R O Allen. Forensic determination of ricin and the alkaloid marker ricinine from castor bean extracts. Journal of forensic sciences. 2001 Sep; 46(5):1033-42. doi: ". [PMID: 11569541]
  • A C Ferraz, L F Pereira, R L Ribeiro, C Wolfman, J H Medina, F A Scorza, N F Santos, E A Cavalheiro, C Da Cunha. Ricinine-elicited seizures. A novel chemical model of convulsive seizures. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2000 Apr; 65(4):577-83. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00250-6. [PMID: 10764909]
  • A C Ferraz, M E Angelucci, M L Da Costa, I R Batista, B H De Oliveira, C Da Cunha. Pharmacological evaluation of ricinine, a central nervous system stimulant isolated from Ricinus communis. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 1999 Jul; 63(3):367-75. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00007-6. [PMID: 10418776]