Gene Association: PNPO
UniProt Search:
PNPO (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase
found 48 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Pyridoxate
4-Pyridoxic acid is a member of the class of compounds known as methylpyridines. More specifically it is a 2-methylpyridine derivative substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. 4-Pyridoxic acid is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 (also known as pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyradoxamine) and is excreted in the urine. Urinary levels of 4-pyridoxic acid are lower in females than in males and will be reduced even further in persons with a riboflavin deficiency. 4-Pyridoxic acid is formed by the action of aldehyde oxidase I (an endogenous enzyme) and by microbial enzymes (pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase), an NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase. 4-pyridoxic acid can be further broken down by the gut microflora via the enzyme known as 4-pyridoxic acid dehydrogenase. This enzyme catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of 4-pyridoxic acid to 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate, using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a cofactor. 4-Pyridoxic acid is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 (also known as pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyradoxamine) which is excreted in the urine. Urinary levels of 4-pyridoxic acid are lower in females than in males and will be reduced in persons with riboflavin deficiency. 4-Pyridoxic acid is formed by the action of aldehyde oxidase I (an endogenous enzyme) and by microbial enzymes (pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase), an NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase. 4-pyridoxic acid can be further broken down by the gut microflora via 4-pyridoxic acid dehydrogenase. This enzyme catalyzes the four electron oxidation of 4-pyridoxic acid to 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate, using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor. [HMDB] Vitamin B6 is one of the B vitamins, and thus an essential nutrient.[1][2][3][4] The term refers to a group of six chemically similar compounds, i.e., "vitamers", which can be interconverted in biological systems. Its active form, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, serves as a coenzyme in more than 140 enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism.[1][2][3] Plants synthesize pyridoxine as a means of protection from the UV-B radiation found in sunlight[5] and for the role it plays in the synthesis of chlorophyll.[6] Animals cannot synthesize any of the various forms of the vitamin, and hence must obtain it via diet, either of plants, or of other animals. There is some absorption of the vitamin produced by intestinal bacteria, but this is not sufficient to meet dietary needs. For adult humans, recommendations from various countries' food regulatory agencies are in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 milligrams (mg) per day. These same agencies also recognize ill effects from intakes that are too high, and so set safe upper limits, ranging from as low as 25 mg/day to as high as 100 mg/day depending on the country. Beef, pork, fowl and fish are generally good sources; dairy, eggs, mollusks and crustaceans also contain vitamin B6, but at lower levels. There is enough in a wide variety of plant foods so that a vegetarian or vegan diet does not put consumers at risk for deficiency.[7] Dietary deficiency is rare. Classic clinical symptoms include rash and inflammation around the mouth and eyes, plus neurological effects that include drowsiness and peripheral neuropathy affecting sensory and motor nerves in the hands and feet. In addition to dietary shortfall, deficiency can be the result of anti-vitamin drugs. There are also rare genetic defects that can trigger vitamin B6 deficiency-dependent epileptic seizures in infants. These are responsive to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate therapy.[8] 4-Pyridoxic acid is a catabolic product of vitamin B6 which is excreted in the urine.
Pipecolic acid
Pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine found in human physiological fluids such as urine, plasma and CSF. However, it is uncertain if pipecolic acid originates directly from food intake or from mammalian or intestinal bacterial enzyme metabolism. Recent studies suggest that plasma pipecolic acid, particularly the D-isomer, originates mainly from the catabolism of dietary lysine by intestinal bacteria rather than by direct food intake. In classic Zellweger syndrome (a cerebro-hepato-renal genetic disorder, OMIM 214100) pipecolic acid accumulate in the plasma of the patients. It is known that plasma pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. Pipecolic acid is moderately elevated in patients with pyridoxine-dependent seizures and might therefore be a possible biochemical marker for selecting candidates for pyridoxine therapy (Plecko et al 2000). Pipecolic acid was also elevated in CSF in these vitamin B6-responsive patients (PMID 12705501). Pipecolic acid is found to be associated with adrenoleukodystrophy, infantile Refsum disease, and peroxisomal biogenesis defect, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. Pipecolic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of dried and cooked beans. Pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine found in human physiological fluids such as urine, plasma and CSF. However, it is uncertain if pipecolic acid originates directly from food intake or from mammalian or intestinal bacterial enzyme metabolism. Recent studies suggest that plasma pipecolic acid, particularly the D-isomer, originates mainly from the catabolism of dietary lysine by intestinal bacteria rather than by direct food intake. In classic Zellweger syndrome (a cerebro-hepato-renal genetic disorder, OMIM 214100) pipecolic acid accumulate in the plasma of the patients. It is known that plasma pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. Pipecolic acid is moderately elevated in patients with pyridoxine-dependent seizures and might therefore be a possible biochemical marker for selecting candidates for pyridoxine therapy (Plecko et al 2000). Pipecolic acid was also elevated in CSF in these vitamin B6-responsive patients. (PMID 12705501) [HMDB]. Pipecolic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of dried and cooked beans. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID P048 L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2]. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2].
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxal is a pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine-4-carbaldehyde bearing methyl, hydroxy and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively. Pyridoxal, also known as pyridoxaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxals and derivatives. Pyridoxals and derivatives are compounds containing a pyridoxal moiety, which consists of a pyridine ring substituted at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5 by a methyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carbaldehyde group, and a hydroxymethyl group, respectively. Pyridoxal is one form of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, pyridoxal is involved in glycine and serine metabolism. Pyridoxal has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sourdoughs, lichee, arctic blackberries, watercress, and cottonseeds. Some medically relevant bacteria, such as those in the genera Granulicatella and Abiotrophia, require pyridoxal for growth. This nutritional requirement can lead to the culture phenomenon of satellite growth. In in vitro culture, these pyridoxal-dependent bacteria may only grow in areas surrounding colonies of bacteria from other genera ("satellitism") that are capable of producing pyridoxal. Pridoxal has a role as a cofactor, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
Pyridoxamine
Pyridoxamine is one form of vitamin B6. Chemically it is based on a pyridine ring structure, with hydroxyl, methyl, aminomethyl, and hydroxymethyl substituents. It differs from pyridoxine by the substituent at the 4-position. The hydroxyl at position 3 and aminomethyl group at position 4 of its ring endow pyridoxamine with a variety of chemical properties, including the scavenging of free radical species and carbonyl species formed in sugar and lipid degradation and chelation of metal ions that catalyze Amadori reactions. Pyridoxamine, also known as PM, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxamine 5-phosphates. These are heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing a pyridoxamine that carries a phosphate group at the 5-position. Within humans, pyridoxamine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, pyridoxamine can be converted into pyridoxal; which is mediated by the enzyme pyridoxine-5-phosphate oxidase. In addition, pyridoxamine can be converted into pyridoxamine 5-phosphate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme pyridoxal kinase. Pyridoxamine also inhibits the formation of advanced lipoxidation endproducts during lipid peroxidation reactions by reaction with dicarbonyl intermediates. In humans, pyridoxamine is involved in vitamin B6 metabolism. Outside of the human body, pyridoxamine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as nutmegs, sparkleberries, fennels, turmerics, and swiss chards. Pyridoxamine inhibits the Maillard reaction and can block the formation of advanced glycation endproducts, which are associated with medical complications of diabetes. Pyridoxamine is hypothesized to trap intermediates in the formation of Amadori products released from glycated proteins, possibly preventing the breakdown of glycated proteins by disrupting the catalysis of this process through disruptive interactions with the metal ions crucial to the redox reaction. One research study found that pyridoxamine specifically reacts with the carbonyl group in Amadori products, but inhibition of post-Amadori reactions (that can lead to advanced glycation endproducts) is due in much greater part to the metal chelation effects of pyridoxamine. The 4-aminomethyl form of vitamin B6. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate. -- Pubchem; Pyridoxamine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6, along with Pyridoxal and Pyridoxine. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Pyridoxamine is found in many foods, some of which are cucumber, fox grape, millet, and teff. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins KEIO_ID P116 Pyridoxylamine is an advanced glycation end production (AGEs) and lipoxidation end products (ALEs) inhibitor, to protect against diabetes-induced retinal vascular lesions.
Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
Pyridoxamine 5-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxamine 5-phosphates. These are heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing a pyridoxamine that carries a phosphate group at the 5-position. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble compound that was discovered in 1930s during nutrition studies on rats. The vitamin was named pyridoxine to indicate its structural homology to pyridine. Later it was shown that vitamin B6 could exist in two other, slightly different, chemical forms, termed pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. All three forms of vitamin B6 are precursors of an activated compound known as pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), which plays a vital role as the cofactor of a large number of essential enzymes in the human body. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin. The three major forms of vitamin B6 are pyridoxine (also known as pyridoxol), pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, which are all converted in the liver to pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism. PLP also is necessary for the enzymatic reaction governing the release of glucose from glycogen. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble compound that was discovered in 1930s during nutrition studies on rats. The vitamin was named pyridoxine to indicate its structural homology to pyridine. Later it was shown that vitamin B6 could exist in two other, slightly different, chemical forms, termed pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. All three forms of vitamin B6 are precursors of an activated compound known as pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), which plays a vital role as the cofactor of a large number of essential enzymes in the human body. KEIO_ID P113; [MS3] KO009146 KEIO_ID P113; [MS2] KO009143 KEIO_ID P113
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine, also known vitamin B6, is commonly found in food and is used as a dietary supplement. Pyridoxine is an essential nutrient, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain. Although pyridoxine and vitamin B6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is sometimes misleading (PMID: 2192605). Technically, pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6 or it is a member of the family of B6 vitamins. Healthy human blood levels of pyridoxine are 2.1 - 21.7 ng/mL. Pyridoxine is readily converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. Pyridoxine assists in the balancing of sodium and potassium as well as promoting red blood cell production. Therefore pyridoxine is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. It is linked to cancer immunity and helps fight the formation of homocysteine. It has been suggested that pyridoxine might help children with learning difficulties, and may also prevent dandruff, eczema, and psoriasis. In addition, pyridoxine can help balance hormonal changes in women and aid in immune system. Lack of pyridoxine may cause anemia, nerve damage, seizures, skin problems, and sores in the mouth (Wikipedia). Deficiency of pyridoxine, though rare because of widespread distribution in foods, leads to the development of peripheral neuritis in adults and affects the central nervous system in children (DOSE - 3rd edition). As a supplement pyridoxine is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, problems from isoniazid, and certain types of mushroom poisoning. Pyridoxine in combination with doxylamine is used as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women. Found in rice husks, cane molasses, yeast, wheat germ and cod liver oils. Vitamin, dietary supplement, nutrient. Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6, along with pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. It differs from pyridoxamine by the substituent at the 4 position. It is often used as pyridoxine hydrochloride. Pyridoxine in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of soy products. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID P053 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
Pyridoxal phosphate, also known as PLP, pyridoxal 5-phosphate or P5P, is the active form of vitamin B6. It is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxals and derivatives. Pyridoxals and derivatives are compounds containing a pyridoxal moiety, which consists of a pyridine ring substituted at positions 2,3,4, and 5 by a methyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carbaldehyde group, and a hydroxymethyl group, respectively. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation and for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, pyridoxal 5-phosphate is involved in glycine and serine metabolism. Outside of the human body, pyridoxal 5-phosphate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cow milk. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as soursops, italian sweet red peppers, muscadine grapes, european plums, and blackcurrants. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as epilepsy, early-onset, vitamin B6-dependent, odontohypophosphatasia, pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency, and hypophosphatasia. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. This is the active form of vitamin B6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (pyridoxamine). -- Pubchem; Pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal-5-phosphate) is a cofactor of many enzymatic reactions. It is the active form of vitamin B6 which comprises three natural organic compounds, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are linden, kai-lan, nance, and rose hip. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins KEIO_ID P038 Pyridoxal phosphate is the active form of vitamin B6, acts as an inhibitor of reverse transcriptases, and is used for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.
3-Hydroxyl kyneurenine
Hydroxykynurenine is a free radical generator and a bioprecursor quinolinic acid which is a endogenous excitotoxin (PMID 16697652). It is a product of enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in the tryptophan catabolism pathway (Reactome http://www.reactome.org). [HMDB] Hydroxykynurenine is a free radical generator and a bioprecursor quinolinic acid which is a endogenous excitotoxin (PMID 16697652). It is a product of enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in the tryptophan catabolism pathway (Reactome http://www.reactome.org). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_20eV_1-4_01_802.txt [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_10eV_1-4_01_801.txt [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_50eV_1-4_01_805.txt [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_40eV_1-4_01_804.txt [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_30eV_1-4_01_803.txt C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant KEIO_ID H050; [MS3] KO009001 KEIO_ID H050; [MS2] KO009000 KEIO_ID H050
D-Xylose
Xylose or wood sugar is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40\\\\% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is found in the embryos of most edible plants. The polysaccharide xylan, which is closely associated with cellulose, consists practically entirely of d-xylose. Corncobs, cottonseed hulls, pecan shells, and straw contain considerable amounts of this sugar. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and/or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. (Wikipedia). Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits. Xylose is a sugar first isolated from wood, and named for it. Xylose is classified as a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type, which means that it contains five carbon atoms and includes an aldehyde functional group. It is the precursor to hemicellulose, one of the main constituents of biomass. D-Xylopyranose is found in flaxseed. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose. D-(+)-xylose (Xylose) is a natural compound that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of xylose.
Vigabatrin
Vigabatrin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)It is believed that vigabatrin increases brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by irreversibly inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase GABA-T) or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. Vigabatrin may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AG - Fatty acid derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3626 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Vigabatrin (γ-Vinyl-GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA vinyl-derivative, is an orally active and irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor. Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic agent, which acts by increasing GABA levels in the brain by inhibiting the catabolism of GABA by GABA transaminase[1][2][3].
Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide, also known as riboflavin 5-monophosphate or riboflavine dihydrogen phosphate, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavin nucleotides. Flavin nucleotides are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. Flavin mononucleotide is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Flavin mononucleotide can be found in a number of food items such as spinach, elliotts blueberry, tea leaf willow, and black mulberry, which makes flavin mononucleotide a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Flavin mononucleotide can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout most human tissues. Flavin mononucleotide exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, flavin mononucleotide is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include riboflavin metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, and doxorubicin metabolism pathway. Flavin mononucleotide is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria), carnosinuria, carnosinemia, and hypophosphatasia. Moreover, flavin mononucleotide is found to be associated with anorexia nervosa. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, a reversible interconversion of the oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. In its role as blue-light photo receptor, (oxidized) FMN stands out from the conventional photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization . Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, a reversible interconversion of the oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH), and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. In its role as blue-light photo receptor, (oxidized) FMN stands out from the conventional photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization. It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. It requires more energy to produce, but is more soluble than riboflavin. Flavin mononucleotide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. Flavin mononucleotide exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, flavin mononucleotide participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, formic acid and flavin mononucleotide can be biosynthesized from FMNH2; which is catalyzed by the enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase. In addition, formic acid and flavin mononucleotide can be biosynthesized from FMNH2 through the action of the enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase. In humans, flavin mononucleotide is involved in bloch pathway (cholesterol biosynthesis). Outside of the human body, flavin mononucleotide has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine), horseradish tree, black elderberries, angelica, and ostrich ferns. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins
Glyceraldehyde
DL-Glyceraldehyde is a monosaccharide. DL-Glyceraldehyde is the simplest aldose. DL-Glyceraldehyde can be used for various biochemical studies[1].
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) (CAS: 591-59-3), also known as triose phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates are compounds containing a glyceraldehyde substituted at position O3 by a phosphate group. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sea-buckthorn berries, lingonberries, prunus (cherry, plum), quinoa, and sparkleberries. This could make glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an aldotriose, an important metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in tryptophan biosynthesis. G3P is formed from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG). This is the process by which glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) or triose phosphate is an aldotriose, an important metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in tryptophan biosynthesis. G3P is formed from Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP),and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, (1,3BPG), and this is how glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways. D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are quince, chinese cabbage, carob, and peach. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Allysine
Allysine (CAS: 1962-83-0), also known as 2-amino-6-oxohexanoic acid or 6-oxonorleucine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Outside of the human body, allysine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as winged beans, wasabi, common verbena, arrowhead, and oats. This could make allysine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Allysine is a derivative of lysine used in the production of elastin and collagen. It is produced by the actions of the enzyme lysyl oxidase in the extracellular matrix and is essential in the crosslink formation that stabilizes collagen and elastin.
Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate
Pyridoxine phosphate, also known as pyridoxine 5-phosphoric acid or pyridoxine 5-(dihydrogen phosphate), is a member of the class of compounds known as pyridoxine-5-phosphates. Pyridoxine-5-phosphates are pyridoxines that carry a phosphate group at the 5-position. Pyridoxine phosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Pyridoxine phosphate can be found primarily in blood. Within the cell, pyridoxine phosphate is primarily located in the cytoplasm (predicted from logP). Pyridoxine phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, pyridoxine phosphate is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism. Pyridoxine phosphate is also involved in hypophosphatasia, which is a metabolic disorder. Moreover, pyridoxine phosphate is found to be associated with obesity. Pyridoxine 5-phosphate is a substrate for Pyridoxine-5-phosphate oxidase and Pyridoxal kinase.
FMNH2
FMNH2 is the reduced form of flavin mononucleotide. It is a substrate of the enzyme FMN reductase (EC 1.5.1.29), an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ <=> FMN + NAD(P)H + H+. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase. During a catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. FMNH is a substrate for 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (mitochondrial). [HMDB]
Thiamine triphosphate
Thiamine triphosphate is the triphosphate ester of thiamine. Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was previously considered to be a specific neuroactive form of thiamine. However, it was recently shown that ThTP exists in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals suggesting a much more general cellular role. In particular, it seems to play a role in response to amino acid starvation. In mammals, ThTP is hydrolyzed by a specific thiamine triphosphatase. In Leighs disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation. [HMDB] Thiamine triphosphate is the triphosphate ester of thiamine. Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was previously considered to be a specific neuroactive form of thiamine. However, it was recently shown that ThTP exists in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals suggesting a much more general cellular role. In particular, it seems to play a role in response to amino acid starvation. In mammals, ThTP is hydrolyzed by a specific thiamine triphosphatase. In Leighs disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins
O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine
O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism system. O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine is a precursor for pyridoxine. O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine can be converted to 4-hydroxy-L-threonine and 2-Amino-3-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutyrate by threonine synthase [EC:4.2.3.1] and 4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.262], respectively. [HMDB] O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism system. O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine is a precursor for pyridoxine. O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine can be converted to 4-hydroxy-L-threonine and 2-Amino-3-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutyrate by threonine synthase [EC:4.2.3.1] and 4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.262], respectively.
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is a substrate for 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (mitochondrial). [HMDB]. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are jackfruit, dandelion, italian sweet red pepper, and summer grape. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is a substrate for 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (mitochondrial). It has been found to be a metabolite of Escherichia and Streptomyces (PMID: 10648511; PMID: 9371765).
4-Pyridoxic acid
4-Pyridoxic acid is a catabolic product of vitamin B6 which is excreted in the urine.
pyridoxal
A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine-4-carbaldehyde bearing methyl, hydroxy and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively. The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin B6, it is converted into pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.055 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.052 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053
Pyridoxine
A hydroxymethylpyridine with hydroxymethyl groups at positions 4 and 5, a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, it is converted intoto pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
pyridoxamine
A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an aminomethyl group at position 4, a hydroxymethyl group at position 5 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-aminomethyl form of vitamin B6, it is used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of diabetic nephropathy. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Pyridoxylamine is an advanced glycation end production (AGEs) and lipoxidation end products (ALEs) inhibitor, to protect against diabetes-induced retinal vascular lesions.
3-Hydroxykynurenine
A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; VCKPUUFAIGNJHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0007_3-Hydroxy-DL-Kynurenine_8000fmol_180416_S2_LC02_MS02_13; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I.
pyridoxal phosphate
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Pyridoxal phosphate is the active form of vitamin B6, acts as an inhibitor of reverse transcriptases, and is used for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.
Pipecolic acid
A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2]. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2].
4-Pyridoxic acid
A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine. 4-Pyridoxic acid is a catabolic product of vitamin B6 which is excreted in the urine.
Flavin mononucleotide
A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins
vigabatrin
N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AG - Fatty acid derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Vigabatrin (γ-Vinyl-GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA vinyl-derivative, is an orally active and irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor. Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic agent, which acts by increasing GABA levels in the brain by inhibiting the catabolism of GABA by GABA transaminase[1][2][3].
Pyridoxin
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol) is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
pyridoxamine phosphate
A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.
1-Deoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[G]pteridin-1-ID-10(5H)-YL)-5-O-phosphonato-D-ribitol
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
The 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose.
