Classification Term: 1699

Fucoxanthin

C42H58O6 (658.4233)

Fucoxanthin is an epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties. It has a role as an algal metabolite, a CFTR potentiator, a food antioxidant, a neuroprotective agent, a hypoglycemic agent, an apoptosis inhibitor, a hepatoprotective agent, a marine metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is an epoxycarotenol, an acetate ester, a secondary alcohol, a tertiary alcohol and a member of allenes. Fucoxanthin is a natural product found in Aequipecten opercularis, Ascidia zara, and other organisms with data available. Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid, with formula C40H60O6. It is found as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, giving them a brown or olive-green color. Fucoxanthin absorbs light primarily in the blue-green to yellow-green part of the visible spectrum, peaking at around 510-525 nm by various estimates and absorbing significantly in the range of 450 to 540 nm. -- Wikipedia [HMDB] Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid, with formula C40H60O6. It is found as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, giving them a brown or olive-green color. Fucoxanthin absorbs light primarily in the blue-green to yellow-green part of the visible spectrum, peaking at around 510-525 nm by various estimates and absorbing significantly in the range of 450 to 540 nm. -- Wikipedia. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Fucoxanthin (all-trans-Fucoxanthin) is a marine carotenoid and shows anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Fucoxanthin is a marine carotenoid and shows anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Fucoxanthin (all-trans-Fucoxanthin) is a marine carotenoid and shows anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Fucoxanthin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3351-86-8 (retrieved 2024-11-06) (CAS RN: 3351-86-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Lutein

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Lutein is a common carotenoid xanthophyll found in nature. Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid-soluble antioxidants. Lutein is one of the two carotenoids (the other is zeaxanthin) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli, and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataracts (up to 20\\\\\%) and age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\\\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations (PMID: 11023002). Lutein is a carotenol. It has a role as a food colouring and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a (6R)-beta,epsilon-carotene. Lutein is an xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots. In green plants, xanthophylls act to modulate light energy and serve as non-photochemical quenching agents to deal with triplet chlorophyll (an excited form of chlorophyll), which is overproduced at very high light levels, during photosynthesis. Lutein is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Hibiscus syriacus, and other organisms with data available. Lutein is lutein (LOO-teen) is a oxygenated carotenoid found in vegetables and fruits. lutein is found in the macula of the eye, where it is believed to act as a yellow filter. Lutein acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells against the damaging effects of free radicals. A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Corn (part of); Chicken; lutein (component of) ... View More ... Pigment from egg yolk and leaves. Found in all higher plants. Nutriceutical with anticancer and antioxidation props. Potentially useful for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) of the eye Lutein A. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=127-40-2 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 127-40-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4]. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4].

Astaxanthin

C40H52O4 (596.3865)

Astaxanthin (pronounced as-tuh-zan-thin) is a carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenes. It is classified as a xanthophyll, which means "yellow leaves". Like many carotenoids, it is a colorful, lipid-soluble pigment. Astaxanthin is produced by microalgae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, crayfish, crustaceans, and the feathers of some birds. Professor Basil Weedon was the first to map the structure of astaxanthin.; Astaxanthin is the main carotenoid pigment found in aquatic animals. It is also found in some birds, such as flamingoes, quails, and other species. This carotenoid is included in many well-known seafoods such as salmon, trout, red seabream, shrimp, lobster, and fish eggs. Astaxanthin, similar to other carotenoids, cannot be synthesized by animals and must be provided in the diet. Mammals, including humans, lack the ability to synthesize astaxanthin or to convert dietary astaxanthin into vitamin A. Astaxanthin belongs to the xanthophyll class of carotenoids. It is closely related to beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, sharing with them many of the general metabolic and physiological functions attributed to carotenoids. In addition, astaxanthin has unique chemical properties based on its molecular structure. The presence of the hydroxyl (OH) and keto (CdO) moieties on each ionone ring explains some of its unique features, namely, the ability to be esterified and a higher antioxidant activity and a more polar nature than other carotenoids. In its free form, astaxanthin is considerably unstable and particularly susceptible to oxidation. Hence it is found in nature either conjugated with proteins (e.g., salmon muscle or lobster exoskeleton) or esterified with one or two fatty acids (monoester and diester forms), which stabilize the molecule. Various astaxanthin isomers have been characterized on the basis of the configuration of the two hydroxyl groups on the molecule. the geometrical and optical isomers of astaxanthin are distributed selectively in different tissues and that levels of free astaxanthin in the liver are greater than the corresponding concentration in the plasma, suggesting concentrative uptake by the liver. Astaxanthin, similar to other carotenoids, is a very lipophilic compound and has a low oral bioavailability. This criterion has limited the ability to test this compound in well-defined rodent models of human disease. (PMID: 16562856); Astaxanthin is a carotenoid widely used in salmonid and crustacean aquaculture to provide the pink color characteristic of that species. This application has been well documented for over two decades and is currently the major market driver for the pigment. Additionally, astaxanthin also plays a key role as an intermediary in reproductive processes. Synthetic astaxanthin dominates the world market but recent interest in natural sources of the pigment has increased substantially. Common sources of natural astaxanthin are the green algae Haematococcus pluvialis, the red yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma, as well as crustacean byproducts. Astaxanthin possesses an unusual antioxidant activity which has caused a surge in the nutraceutical market for the encapsulated productand is) also, health benefits such as cardiovascular disease prevention, immune system boosting, bioactivity against Helycobacter pylori, and cataract prevention, have been associated with astaxanthin consumption. Research on the health benefits of astaxanthin is very recent and has mostly been performed in vitro or at the pre-clinical level with humans. (PMID: 16431409); Astaxanthin, unlike some carotenoids, does not convert to Vitamin A (retinol) in the human body. Too much Vitamin A is toxic for a human, but astaxanthin is not. However, it is a powerful antioxidant; it is claimed to be 10 times more capable than other carotenoids. However, other sources suggest astaxanthin has slightly lower antioxidant activity than other carotenoids.; While astaxanthin is a natural nutr... Astaxanthin is the main carotenoid pigment found in aquatic animals. It is also found in some birds, such as flamingoes, quails, and other species. This carotenoid is included in many well-known seafoods such as salmon, trout, red seabream, shrimp, lobster, and fish eggs. Astaxanthin, similar to other carotenoids, cannot be synthesized by animals and must be provided in the diet. Mammals, including humans, lack the ability to synthesize astaxanthin or to convert dietary astaxanthin into vitamin A. Astaxanthin belongs to the xanthophyll class of carotenoids. It is closely related to beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, sharing with them many of the general metabolic and physiological functions attributed to carotenoids. In addition, astaxanthin has unique chemical properties based on its molecular structure. The presence of the hydroxyl (OH) and keto (CdO) moieties on each ionone ring explains some of its unique features, namely, the ability to be esterified and a higher antioxidant activity and a more polar nature than other carotenoids. In its free form, astaxanthin is considerably unstable and particularly susceptible to oxidation. Hence it is found in nature either conjugated with proteins (e.g. salmon muscle or lobster exoskeleton) or esterified with one or two fatty acids (monoester and diester forms) which stabilize the molecule. Various astaxanthin isomers have been characterized on the basis of the configuration of the two hydroxyl groups on the molecule. The geometrical and optical isomers of astaxanthin are distributed selectively in different tissues and levels of free astaxanthin in the liver are greater than the corresponding concentration in the plasma, suggesting concentrative uptake by the liver. Astaxanthin, similar to other carotenoids, is a very lipophilic compound and has a low oral bioavailability. This criterion has limited the ability to test this compound in well-defined rodent models of human disease (PMID: 16562856). Astaxanthin is a carotenoid widely used in salmonid and crustacean aquaculture to provide the pink colour characteristic of that species. This application has been well documented for over two decades and is currently the major market driver for the pigment. Additionally, astaxanthin also plays a key role as an intermediary in reproductive processes. Synthetic astaxanthin dominates the world market but recent interest in natural sources of the pigment has increased substantially. Common sources of natural astaxanthin are the green algae Haematococcus pluvialis (the red yeast), Phaffia rhodozyma, as well as crustacean byproducts. Astaxanthin possesses an unusual antioxidant activity which has caused a surge in the nutraceutical market for the encapsulated product. Also, health benefits such as cardiovascular disease prevention, immune system boosting, bioactivity against Helicobacter pylori, and cataract prevention, have been associated with astaxanthin consumption. Research on the health benefits of astaxanthin is very recent and has mostly been performed in vitro or at the pre-clinical level with humans (PMID: 16431409). Astaxanthin is used in fish farming to induce trout flesh colouring. Astaxanthin is a carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3 (the 3S,3S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein. It has a role as an anticoagulant, an antioxidant, a food colouring, a plant metabolite and an animal metabolite. It is a carotenone and a carotenol. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid in the terpenes class of chemical compounds. It is classified as a xanthophyll but it is a carotenoid with no vitamin A activity. It is found in the majority of aquatic organisms with red pigment. Astaxanthin has shown to mediate anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. It may be found in fish feed or some animal food as a color additive. Astaxanthin is a natural product found in Ascidia zara, Linckia laevigata, and other organisms with data available. Astaxanthin is a natural and synthetic xanthophyll and nonprovitamin A carotenoid, with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, astaxanthin may act as an antioxidant and reduce oxidative stress, thereby preventing protein and lipid oxidation and DNA damage. By decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, it may also prevent ROS-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) transcription factor and the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1b), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). In addition, astaxanthin may inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and nitric oxide (NO) activities, thereby reducing inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3 (the 3S,3S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C210 - Immunoadjuvant C2140 - Adjuvant

beta-Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

beta-Cryptoxanthin has been isolated from abalone, fish eggs, and many higher plants. beta-Cryptoxanthin is a major source of vitamin A, often second only to beta-carotene, and is present in fruits such as oranges, tangerines, and papayas (PMID: 8554331). Frequent intake of tropical fruits that are rich in beta-cryptoxanthin is associated with higher plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations in Costa Rican adolescents. Papaya intake was the best food predictor of plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations. Subjects that frequently consumed (i.e. greater or equal to 3 times/day) tropical fruits with at least 50 micro g/100 g beta-cryptoxanthin (e.g. papaya, tangerine, orange, watermelon) had twofold the plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations of those with intakes of less than 4 times/week (PMID: 12368412). A modest increase in beta-cryptoxanthin intake, equivalent to one glass of freshly squeezed orange juice per day, is associated with a reduced risk of developing inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (PMID: 16087992). Higher prediagnostic serum levels of total carotenoids and beta-cryptoxanthin were associated with lower smoking-related lung cancer risk in middle-aged and older men in Shanghai, China (PMID: 11440962). Consistent with inhibition of the lung cancer cell growth, beta-cryptoxanthin induced the mRNA levels of retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-beta) in BEAS-2B cells, although this effect was less pronounced in A549 cells. Furthermore, beta-cryptoxanthin transactivated the RAR-mediated transcription activity of the retinoic acid response element. These findings suggest a mechanism of anti-proliferative action of beta-cryptoxanthin and indicate that beta-cryptoxanthin may be a promising chemopreventive agent against lung cancer (PMID: 16841329). Cryptoxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment. It has been isolated from a variety of sources including the petals and flowers of plants in the genus Physalis, orange rind, papaya, egg yolk, butter, apples, and bovine blood serum. In a pure form, cryptoxanthin is a red crystalline solid with a metallic lustre. It is freely soluble in chloroform, benzene, pyridine, and carbon disulfide. In the human body, cryptoxanthin is converted into vitamin A (retinol) and is therefore considered a provitamin A. As with other carotenoids, cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant and may help prevent free radical damage to cells and DNA, as well as stimulate the repair of oxidative damage to DNA. Structurally, cryptoxanthin is closely related to beta-carotene, with only the addition of a hydroxyl group. It is a member of the class of carotenoids known as xanthophylls. Beta-cryptoxanthin is a carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges. It has a role as a provitamin A, an antioxidant, a biomarker and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. beta-Cryptoxanthin is a natural product found in Hibiscus syriacus, Cladonia gracilis, and other organisms with data available. A mono-hydroxylated xanthophyll that is a provitamin A precursor. See also: Corn (part of). A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins Cryptoxanthin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=472-70-8 (retrieved 2024-10-31) (CAS RN: 472-70-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid xanthophyll and is one of the most common carotenoid found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color. Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma of saffron Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid soluble antioxidants. Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids (the other is lutein) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataract (up to 20\\%) and for age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations. (PMID: 11023002). Zeaxanthin has been found to be a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Algibacter, Aquibacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Formosa, Gramella, Hyunsoonleella, Kordia, Mesoflavibacter, Muricauda, Nubsella, Paracoccus, Siansivirga, Sphingomonas, Zeaxanthinibacter and yeast (https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0924224417302571?token=DE6BC6CC7DCDEA6150497AA3E375097A00F8E0C12AE03A8E420D85D1AC8855E62103143B5AE0B57E9C5828671F226801). It is a marker for the activity of Bacillus subtilis and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Bacillus or Pseudomonas. (PMID: 17555270; PMID: 12147474) Zeaxanthin is a carotenol. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a cofactor and an antioxidant. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. Zeaxanthin is a most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature that is involved in the xanthophyll cycle. As a coexistent isomer of lutein, zeaxanthin is synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms. It gives the distinct yellow color to many vegetables and other plants including paprika, corn, saffron and wolfberries. Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye and plays a predominant component in the central macula. It is available as a dietary supplement for eye health benefits and potential prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Zeaxanthin is also added as a food dye. Zeaxanthin is a natural product found in Bangia fuscopurpurea, Erythrobacter longus, and other organisms with data available. Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Saffron (part of); Corn (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Capsanthin

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

Capsanthin is found in green vegetables. Capsanthin is a constituent of paprika (Capsicum annuum) and asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). Potential nutriceutical.Paprika oleoresin (also known as paprika extract) is an oil soluble extract from the fruits of Capsicum Annum Linn or Capsicum Frutescens(Indian red chillies), and is primarily used as a colouring and/or flavouring in food products. It is composed of capsaicin, the main flavouring compound giving pungency in higher concentrations, and capsanthin and capsorubin, the main colouring compounds (among other carotenoids) Capsanthin is a carotenone. It has a role as a plant metabolite. Capsanthin is a natural product found in Capsicum annuum, Lilium lancifolium, and Gallus gallus with data available. See also: Red Pepper (part of). Constituent of paprika (Capsicum annuum) and asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). Potential nutriceutical D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Piceid (cis-)

C72H116O4 (1044.8873)

Physalien is a xanthophyll. Physalien is a natural product found in Lycium chinense and Alkekengi officinarum var. franchetii with data available. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Neoxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Neoxanthin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthophylls. These are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Neoxanthin is an intermediate in the synthesis of abscisic acid from violaxanthin. Neoxanthin has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as apples, paprikas, Valencia oranges, kiwis, globe artichokes, sparkleberries, hard wheat, and cinnamon. This could make neoxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Neoxanthin has been shown to exhibit apoptotic and anti-proliferative functions (PMID: 15333710, 15333710). Neoxanthin is a carotenoid and xanthophyll. In plants, it is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone abscisic acid. It is produced from violaxanthin by the action of neoxanthin synthase. It is a major xanthophyll found in green leafy vegetables such as spinach. [Wikipedia] D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Antheraxanthin A

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

Antheraxanthin a is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Antheraxanthin a is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Antheraxanthin a can be found in herbs and spices, which makes antheraxanthin a a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Antheraxanthin A is found in herbs and spices. Antheraxanthin A is a constituent of Capsicum fruit; potential nutriceutical D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Violaxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Violaxanthin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthophylls. These are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Thus, violaxanthin is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Violaxanthin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Violaxanthin is an orange-coloured pigment that is found in brown algae and various plants (e.g. pansies). It is biosynthesized from the epoxidation of zeaxanthin. Violaxanthin is a food additive that is only approved for use in Australia and New Zealand (INS: 161e) (PMID: 29890662). 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as violaxanthin cycle; Xanthophyll; a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of abscisic acid biosynthesis; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution). (all-E)-Violaxanthin is found in many foods, some of which are orange bell pepper, passion fruit, pepper (c. annuum), and italian sweet red pepper. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Canthaxanthin

C40H52O2 (564.3967)

Canthaxanthin, also known as Cantaxanthin, Cantaxanthine, or Canthaxanthine is a keto-carotenoid, a pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids. Canthaxanin is also classified as a xanthophyll. Xanthophylls are yellow pigments and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes. Both are carotenoids. Xanthophylls and carotenes are similar in structure, but xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms while carotenes are purely hydrocarbons, which do not contain oxygen. Their content of oxygen causes xanthophylls to be more polar (in molecular structure) than carotenes and causes their separation from carotenes in many types of chromatography. (Carotenes are usually more orange in color than xanthophylls. Canthaxanthin is naturally found in bacteria, algae and some fungi. Canthaxanthin is associated with E number E161g and is approved for use as a food coloring agent in different countries, including the United States and the EU. Canthaxanthin is used as poultry feed additive to yield red color in skin and yolks. The European Union permits the use of canthaxanthin in feedstuff at a maximum content of 25 mg/kg of final feedstuff while the United States allows the use of this pigment in broiler chicken and salmonid fish feeds. Canthoxanthin was first isolated in edible chanterelle mushroom (Cantharellus cinnabarinus), from which it derived its name. It has also been found in green algae, bacteria, archea (a halophilic archaeon called Haloferax alexandrines), fungi and bioaccumulates in tissues and egg yolk from wild birds and at low levels in crustaceans and fish such as carp, golden grey mullet, and seabream. Canthaxanthin is not found in wild Atlantic Salmon, but is a minor carotenoid in Pacific Salmon. Canthaxanthin is used in farm-raised trout to give a red/orange color to their flesh similar to wild trout. Canthaxanthin has been used as a food additive for egg yolk, in cosmetics and as a pigmenting agent for human skin applications. It has also been used as a feed additive in fish and crustacean farms. Canthaxanthin is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant (PMID: 2505240). Canthaxanthin increases resistance to lipid peroxidation primarily by enhancing membrane alpha-tocopherol levels and secondarily by providing weak direct antioxidant activity. Canthaxanthin biosynthesis in bacteria and algae proceeds from beta-carotene via the action of an enzyme known as a beta-carotene ketolase, that is able to add a carbonyl group to carbon 4 and 4 of the beta carotene molecule. Food colouring. Constituent of the edible mushroom (Cantharellus cinnabarinus), sea trout, salmon and brine shrimp. It is used in broiler chicken feed to enhance the yellow colour of chicken skin D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Lutein 5,6-epoxide

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

Lutein; 5,6-Epoxide is found in common grape. Paprika oleoresin (also known as paprika extract) is an oil soluble extract from the fruits of Capsicum Annum Linn or Capsicum Frutescens(Indian red chillies), and is primarily used as a colouring and/or flavouring in food products. It is composed of capsaicin, the main flavouring compound giving pungency in higher concentrations, and capsanthin and capsorubin, the main colouring compounds (among other carotenoids). Isolated from a variety of higher plants and from algae. Taraxanthin was a mixture with lutein epoxide as the main component. [CCD]. Lutein 5,6-epoxide is found in many foods, some of which are rice, swamp cabbage, garden tomato (variety), and common grape.

Rubixanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

Rubixanthin is found in apricot. Rubixanthin, or natural yellow 27, is a natural xanthophyll pigment with a red-orange color found in rose hips. As a food additive it used under the E number E161d as a food coloring. (Wikipedia Rubixanthin, or natural yellow 27, is a natural xanthophyll pigment with a red-orange color found in rose hips. As a food additive it used under the E number E161d as a food coloring.

Lactucaxanthin

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Lactucaxanthin is a tunaxanthin that consists of ε,ε-carotene bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3 (the 3S,3S,6S,6S-diastereomer) (ChEBI: 6357). It is a carotenoid found in human serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396) Lactucaxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Thus, lactucaxanthin is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Lactucaxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lactucaxanthin can be found in a number of food items such as pepper (c. baccatum), caraway, japanese persimmon, and lambsquarters, which makes lactucaxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Lactucaxanthin can be found primarily in blood and breast milk. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Flavoxanthin

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

Flavoxanthin is found in alcoholic beverages. Flavoxanthin is a constituent of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) Flavoxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment with a golden-yellow color found in small quantities in a variety of plants. As a food additive it used under the E number E161a as a food coloring. Constituent of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)

Xantofyl palmitate

C72H116O4 (1044.8873)

Food colourant for butter and bakery products. Xantofyl palmitate is found in cereals and cereal products and milk and milk products. Xantofyl palmitate is found in cereals and cereal products. Xantofyl palmitate is a food colourant for butter and bakery products. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Mutatochrome

C40H56O (552.4331)

Mutatochrome, also known as citroxanthin, is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Thus, mutatochrome is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Mutatochrome is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Mutatochrome can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, citrus, sweet orange, and pepper (c. frutescens), which makes mutatochrome a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Mutatochrome (5,8-epoxy-β-carotene) is a carotenoid. It is the predominant carotenoid in the cap of the bolete mushroom Boletus luridus . Mutatochrome is found in bitter gourd. Mutatochrome is a constituent of orange peel, Calendula officinalis (pot marigold) and Capsicum annuum (paprika) and others. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

Alpha-Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

Alpha-cryptoxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment with provitamin A activity whose structure is very similar to that of beta-carotene (HMDB00561). These dietary hydroxycarotenoids have been identified in human serum, milk, and ocular tissues. Industrial production of optically active (3R,6′R)-alpha-cryptoxanthin has not yet been achieved. Little is known about the potential physiological role of alpha-cryptoxanthin. Constituent of Capsicum annuum and maize (Zea mays), peach, plum and citrus juices. Natural food colorant [DFC]. alpha-Cryptoxanthin is found in many foods, some of which are avocado, citrus, pepper (c. frutescens), and fruits.

Grandiflorolic acid

C20H30O3 (318.2195)

Grandiflorolic acid is found in green vegetables. Grandiflorolic acid is a constituent of Aralia cordata (udo).

beta-Carotene-15,15'-epoxide

C40H56O (552.4331)

Beta-carotene-15,15-epoxide, also known as 15,15-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene or 15-ebbct, is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Beta-carotene-15,15-epoxide is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Beta-carotene-15,15-epoxide can be found in a number of food items such as ginseng, pepper (c. frutescens), leek, and strawberry, which makes beta-carotene-15,15-epoxide a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. This compound belongs to the family of Xanthophylls. These are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

15,15'-Dihydroxy-beta-carotene

C40H58O2 (570.4437)

15,15-dihydroxy-beta-carotene, also known as retinal-pinacol or 15,15-dihydro-15,15-dihydroxy-b,b-carotene, is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. 15,15-dihydroxy-beta-carotene is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 15,15-dihydroxy-beta-carotene can be found in a number of food items such as white lupine, breadfruit, brussel sprouts, and black salsify, which makes 15,15-dihydroxy-beta-carotene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. This compound belongs to the family of Xanthophylls. These are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone.

cis-Neoxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Cis-neoxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Cis-neoxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cis-neoxanthin can be found in ginkgo nuts and potato, which makes cis-neoxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

1-hydroxylycopene

C40H58O (554.4487)

1-hydroxylycopene, also known as 1-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrolycopene or 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-psi,psi-carotene, is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Thus, 1-hydroxylycopene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. 1-hydroxylycopene is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1-hydroxylycopene can be found in a number of food items such as summer grape, red bell pepper, loganberry, and lima bean, which makes 1-hydroxylycopene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

(3R,3'R,6'R,9-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3R,3R,6R,9-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids such as serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids (3R,3R,6R,9-cis)-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4]. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4].

Ganoderic acid C2

C30H46O7 (518.3243)

Ganoderic acid C2 is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid C2 is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi).

Zeaxanthin dipalmitate

C72H116O4 (1044.8873)

Zeaxanthin dipalmitate is found in green vegetables. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate is a constituent of Physalis species, asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), beans and others Constituent of Physalis subspecies, asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), beans and others. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate is found in sea-buckthornberry and green vegetables. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

cis-5,6-Dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-carotene

C40H58O2 (570.4437)

cis-5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-Carotene is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). cis-5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-Carotene is a carotenoid found in human fluids.

Capsanthin 3,6-epoxide

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Constituent of red paprika (Capsicum annuum). Capsanthin 3,6-epoxide is found in many foods, some of which are orange bell pepper, green bell pepper, herbs and spices, and pepper (c. frutescens). 3,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-b,k-caroten-6-one is found in herbs and spices. 3,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-b,k-caroten-6-one is a constituent of paprika.

(5R,5'R,6S,8'R)-Luteochrome

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Constituent of Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato). (5R,5R,6S,8R)-Luteochrome is found in root vegetables and potato. (5R,5R,6S,8S)-Luteochrome is found in potato. (5R,5R,6S,8S)-Luteochrome is from Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato).

Cryptocapsin

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Constituent of paprika (Capsicum annuum). Cryptocapsin is found in many foods, some of which are pepper (c. annuum), herbs and spices, red bell pepper, and orange bell pepper. Cryptocapsin is found in herbs and spices. Cryptocapsin is a constituent of paprika (Capsicum annuum).

Cryptoxanthin epoxide

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Isolated from yellow paprika (Capsicum annuum variety Lycopersiforme), peel of ripe persimmon (Diospyros kaki), mature fruit of peach (Prunus persica) and ripe peel of a mandarin hybrid (Citrus reticulata). Cryptoxanthin epoxide is found in many foods, some of which are italian sweet red pepper, citrus, fruits, and green bell pepper. Cryptoxanthin epoxide is found in citrus. Cryptoxanthin epoxide is isolated from yellow paprika (Capsicum annuum var. Lycopersiforme), peel of ripe persimmon (Diospyros kaki), mature fruit of peach (Prunus persica) and ripe peel of a mandarin hybrid (Citrus reticulata

5',6'-Epoxy-5',6'-dihydro-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

5,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol is found in citrus. 5,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol is isolated from Citrus reticulata (mandarin). Isolated from Citrus reticulata (mandarin). 5,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol is found in citrus.

Cryptoflavin

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Constituent of persimmon (Diospyros kaki), star fruit (Averrhoa carambola), orange (Citrus sinensis) and alfalfa (Medicago) subspecies Poss. isolated from peach (Prunus persica). Cryptoflavin is found in papaya, citrus, and fruits. Cryptoflavin is found in citrus. Cryptoflavin is a constituent of persimmon (Diospyros kaki), star fruit (Averrhoa carambola), orange (Citrus sinensis) and alfalfa (Medicago) species Poss. isolated from peach (Prunus persica).

Cryptoxanthin diepoxide

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

Cryptoxanthin diepoxide is found in fruits. Cryptoxanthin diepoxide is isolated from Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) fruit and Prunus persica fruit (peach mesocarp during ripening Isolated from Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) fruit and Prunus persica fruit (peach mesocarp during ripening). Cryptoxanthin diepoxide is found in loquat and fruits.

Cryptoxanthin 5,6:5',8'-diepoxide

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

Cryptoxanthin 5,6:5,8-diepoxide is found in citrus. Cryptoxanthin 5,6:5,8-diepoxide is isolated from juice of Shamouti orange (Citrus sinensis) and mature fruit of peach (Prunus persica Isolated from juice of Shamouti orange (Citrus sinensis) and mature fruit of peach (Prunus persica). Cryptoxanthin 5,6:5,8-diepoxide is found in citrus and fruits.

Cucurbitachrome 1

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Constituent of ripe pods of red paprika (Capsicum annuum variety longum). Cucurbitachrome 1 is found in many foods, some of which are fruits, yellow bell pepper, orange bell pepper, and green bell pepper. Cucurbitachrome 2 is found in fruits. Cucurbitachrome 2 is a constituent of ripe pods of red paprika (Capsicum annuum var. longum).

Cucurbitaxanthin A

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

Constituent of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) and of paprika (Capsicum annuum variety longum) fruits. Cucurbitaxanthin A is found in many foods, some of which are green bell pepper, winter squash, orange bell pepper, and japanese pumpkin. Cucurbitaxanthin A is found in fruits. Cucurbitaxanthin A is a constituent of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) and of paprika (Capsicum annuum var. longum) fruits. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

(3R,6'R)-3-Hydroxy-3',4'-didehydro-beta,gamma-carotene

C40H54O (550.4174)

(3R,6R)-3-Hydroxy-3,4-didehydro-β,γ-carotene is a carotenoid found in human serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396)

3-cis-Hydroxy-b,e-Caroten-3'-one

C40H54O (550.4174)

cis-3-hydroxy-b,e-Caroten-3-one is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396).

3-Hydroxy-b,e-caroten-3'-one

C40H54O2 (566.4124)

3-Hydroxy-caroten-3-one is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396).

Mactraxanthin

C40H60O6 (636.439)

Mactraxanthin is found in mollusks. Mactraxanthin is a constituent of Japanese edible surf clam (Mactra chinensis). Constituent of Japanese edible surf clam (Mactra chinensis). Mactraxanthin is found in mollusks.

Mutatoxanthin

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

(8S)-Mutatoxanthin is found in fruits. (8S)-Mutatoxanthin is a constituent of rose hips. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Constituent of ripe rose hips. (8R)-Mutatoxanthin is found in fruits.

(3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6R)-6,7-Didehydro-5,6-dihydro-3,3',5,8'-tetrahydroxy-beta,kappa-caroten-6'-one

C40H56O5 (616.4128)

(3S,3S,5R,5R,6R)-6,7-Didehydro-5,6-dihydro-3,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-beta,kappa-caroten-6-one is found in mollusks. (3S,3S,5R,5R,6R)-6,7-Didehydro-5,6-dihydro-3,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-beta,kappa-caroten-6-one is a constituent of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Constituent of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. (3S,3S,5R,5R,6R)-6,7-Didehydro-5,6-dihydro-3,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-beta,kappa-caroten-6-one is found in mollusks.

Cycloviolaxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Isolated from red paprika Capsicum annuum variety longum nigrum. Cycloviolaxanthin is found in many foods, some of which are orange bell pepper, herbs and spices, italian sweet red pepper, and red bell pepper. Cycloviolaxanthin is found in herbs and spices. Cycloviolaxanthin is isolated from red paprika Capsicum annuum var. longum nigrum. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

7,8-Dihydroparasiloxanthin

C40H60O2 (572.4593)

7,8-Dihydroparasiloxanthin is found in fishes. 7,8-Dihydroparasiloxanthin is a constituent of skin and fin of Japanese catfish (Parasilurus asotus). Constituent of skin and fin of Japanese catfish (Parasilurus asotus). 7,8-Dihydroparasiloxanthin is found in fishes.

Parasiloxanthin

C40H58O2 (570.4437)

Parasiloxanthin is found in fishes. Parasiloxanthin is isolated from skin and fin of Japanese catfish (Parasilurus asotus). Isolated from skin and fin of Japanese catfish (Parasilurus asotus). Parasiloxanthin is found in fishes.

Isozeaxanthin

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Isozeaxanthin is found in fishes. Isozeaxanthin is widespread in marine animals. Additive for salmon feed. Widespread in marine animals. Additive for salmon feed. Isozeaxanthin is found in fishes.

Perillanin

C36H37O18 (757.198)

Perillanin is found in green vegetables. Perillanin is isolated from leaves of Perilla nankinensi

Lycophyll

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Constituent of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Lycophyll is found in garden tomato and garden tomato (variety). Lycophyll is found in garden tomato. Lycophyll is a constituent of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato).

Cucurbitaxanthin B

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Isolated from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) and from paprika fruits. Cucurbitaxanthin B is found in many foods, some of which are pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell pepper, green bell pepper, and pepper (c. frutescens). Cucurbitaxanthin B is found in fruits. Cucurbitaxanthin B is isolated from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) and from paprika fruits.

Ganodermatriol

C30H48O3 (456.3603)

Ganodermatriol is found in mushrooms. Ganodermatriol is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi).

Karpoxanthin

C40H58O4 (602.4335)

Isolated from Capsicum annuum (red paprika pods). 5,6-Diepikarpoxanthin is found in many foods, some of which are orange bell pepper, red bell pepper, yellow bell pepper, and italian sweet red pepper. 5,6-Diepikarpoxanthin is found in fruits. 5,6-Diepikarpoxanthin is isolated from Capsicum annuum (red paprika pods).

Capsanthin 5,6-epoxide

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Constituent of red paprika (Capsicum annuum). Capsanthin 5,6-epoxide is found in many foods, some of which are italian sweet red pepper, pepper (c. frutescens), orange bell pepper, and green bell pepper. Capsanthin 5,6-epoxide is found in herbs and spices. Capsanthin 5,6-epoxide is a constituent of red paprika (Capsicum annuum).

Idoxanthin

C40H54O4 (598.4022)

Idoxanthin is found in common carp. Idoxanthin is isolated from Japanese sandfish and marine fish-eggs. Postulated metabolite produced of Astaxanthin LMC61-X in mackerel eggs. Isolated from Japanese sandfish and marine fish-eggs. Postulated metabolite production of Astaxanthin LMC61-X in mackerel eggs. Idoxanthin is found in common carp and fishes.

beta-Doradecin

C40H52O3 (580.3916)

beta-Doradecin is found in fishes. beta-Doradecin is isolated as an ester from Pacific salmon. Isol. as an ester from Pacific salmon. beta-Doradecin is found in fishes.

Flavochrome

C40H56O (552.4331)

Flavochrome is found in bitter gourd. Flavochrome is a constituent of Calendula officinalis (pot marigold). Constituent of Calendula officinalis (pot marigold). Flavochrome is found in bitter gourd.

Hoduloside IX

C52H86O22 (1062.561)

Hoduloside IX is a constituent of Hovenia dulcis (raisin tree).

3,6-Epoxy-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-b,b-carotene-3',5,5',6'-tetrol

C40H58O5 (618.4284)

Constituent of red paprika pods of Capsicum annuum variety longum. 3,6-Epoxy-5,5,6,6-tetrahydro-b,b-carotene-3,5,5,6-tetrol is found in many foods, some of which are yellow bell pepper, orange bell pepper, red bell pepper, and fruits. 3,6-Epoxy-5,5,6,6-tetrahydro-b,b-carotene-3,5,5,6-tetrol is found in fruits. 3,6-Epoxy-5,5,6,6-tetrahydro-b,b-carotene-3,5,5,6-tetrol is a constituent of red paprika pods of Capsicum annuum var. longum

Salmoxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Salmoxanthin is found in fishes. Salmoxanthin is a constituent of Oncorhynchus keta and other salmon species. Constituent of Oncorhynchus keta and other salmon subspecies Salmoxanthin is found in fishes.

Lucidone B

C24H32O5 (400.225)

Lucidone B is found in mushrooms. Lucidone B is from Ganoderma lucidum (reishi

Cryptocapsone

C40H54O2 (566.4124)

Prepd. by Oppenauer oxidn. of red paprika (ex Capsicum annuum) capsanthin and cryptocapsin (see Capsanthin KCW33-J). Cryptocapsone is found in many foods, some of which are orange bell pepper, yellow bell pepper, green bell pepper, and red bell pepper. Cryptocapsone is found in herbs and spices. Prepd. by Oppenauer oxidation of red paprika (ex Capsicum annuum) capsanthin and cryptocapsin (see Capsanthin KCW33-J).

Aleuriaxanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

Aleuriaxanthin is found in mushrooms. Aleuriaxanthin is a constituent of Aleuria aurantia (orange cup). Constituent of Aleuria aurantia (orange cup). Aleuriaxanthin is found in mushrooms.

Prenigroxanthin

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

Constituent of the ripe pods of red paprika Capsicum annuum variety longum. Prenigroxanthin is found in many foods, some of which are green bell pepper, orange bell pepper, herbs and spices, and red bell pepper. Prenigroxanthin is found in fruits. Prenigroxanthin is a constituent of the ripe pods of red paprika Capsicum annuum var. longum.

delta-Carotene-1,2-epoxide

C40H56O (552.4331)

delta-Carotene-1,2-epoxide is found in garden tomato. delta-Carotene-1,2-epoxide is isolated from delta tomatoes. Isolated from delta tomatoes. delta-Carotene-1,2-epoxide is found in garden tomato and garden tomato (variety).

Necatorine

C15H8N2O3 (264.0535)

Necatorine is found in mushrooms. Necatorine is an alkaloid from the mushroom Lactarius necator.

Nigroxanthin

C40H54O2 (566.4124)

Constituent of the ripe pods of red paprika Capsicum annuum variety longum. Nigroxanthin is found in many foods, some of which are green bell pepper, orange bell pepper, italian sweet red pepper, and fruits. Nigroxanthin is found in fruits. Nigroxanthin is a constituent of the ripe pods of red paprika Capsicum annuum var. longum.

(3S,3'R,4xi)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3',4-triol

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

(3S,3R,4xi)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3,4-triol is found in crustaceans. (3S,3R,4xi)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3,4-triol is isolated as a minor constituent from the crustacean Euchaeta russelli and from eggs of mackerel, yellow tail, dolphin and flying fis Isol. as a minor constituent from the crustacean Euchaeta russelli and from eggs of mackerel, yellow tail, dolphin and flying fish. (3S,3R,4xi)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3,4-triol is found in crustaceans and fishes.

(S)-1',2'-Epoxy-1',2'-dihydro-b,y-carotene

C40H56O (552.4331)

(S)-1,2-Epoxy-1,2-dihydro-b,y-carotene is found in garden tomato. (S)-1,2-Epoxy-1,2-dihydro-b,y-carotene is isolated from fruits of Delta tomato mutant (Lycopersicon esculentum Isolated from fruits of Delta tomato mutant (Lycopersicon esculentum). (S)-1,2-Epoxy-1,2-dihydro-b,y-carotene is found in garden tomato.

2'-Dehydroplectaniaxanthin

C40H54O2 (566.4124)

2-Dehydroplectaniaxanthin is found in mushrooms. 2-Dehydroplectaniaxanthin is isolated from the ascomycete Aleuria aurantia (orange cup). Isolated from the ascomycete Aleuria aurantia (orange cup). 2-Dehydroplectaniaxanthin is found in mushrooms.

3'-Hydroxy-e,e-caroten-3-one

C40H54O2 (566.4124)

3-hydroxy-Caroten-3-one is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids 3-hydroxy-Caroten-3-one is a carotenoid found in human fluids.

E,e-Carotene-3,3'-dione

C40H52O2 (564.3967)

Carotene-3,3-dione is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396).

(3R,3'R,6'R,9'-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3R,3R,6R,9-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids such as serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). (3R,3R,6R,9-cis)-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids.

5,6-Dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-y,y-carotene

C40H60O2 (572.4593)

5,6-Dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-carotene is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). 5,6-Dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-carotene is a carotenoid found in human fluids.

(3R,3'R,13-cis)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3R,3R,13-cis)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer-preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396).

(3R,3'R,9-cis)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3R,3R,9-cis)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer-preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). (3R,3R,9-cis)-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids.

(3R,3'R,15-cis)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3R,3R,15-cis)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer-preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). (3R,3R,15-cis)-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids.

(3R,3'S,6'R)-b,e-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3R,3S,6R)-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids

(3R,3'R,6'R,13-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3R,3R,6R,13-cis)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3-diol is a carotenoid found in human fluids. Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer-preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396).

(8'R)-Neochrome

C41H58O3 (598.4386)

(8R)-Neochrome is found in guava. (8R)-Neochrome is isolated from ripe hips of Rosa pomifera, present in other plants, e.g. Citrus species [CCD

epsilon,gamma-Caroten-3-ol

C40H56O (552.4331)

Isolated from ripe tomatoes, comfrey and kale. epsilon,gamma-Caroten-3-ol is found in brassicas, herbs and spices, and garden tomato. epsilon,gamma-Caroten-3-ol is found in brassicas. epsilon,gamma-Caroten-3-ol is isolated from ripe tomatoes, comfrey and kal

6-Epikarpoxanthin

C40H58O4 (602.4335)

6-Epikarpoxanthin is found in fruits. 6-Epikarpoxanthin is a constituent of Capsicum annuum (red paprika pods)

beta,beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

meso-Zeaxanthin is found in animal foods. meso-Zeaxanthin is a constituent of shrimp Paratya compressa compressa and many fish

(all-E)-Rubixanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

(all-E)-Rubixanthin is found in fruits. (all-E)-Rubixanthin is a constituent of ripe fruit of Rubus chamaemorus (cloudberry).

(3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6R)-3,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-3',5,8'-trihydroxy-beta,kappa-caroten-6'-one

C40H56O5 (616.4128)

(3S,3S,5R,5R,6R)-3,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-3,5,8-trihydroxy-beta,kappa-caroten-6-one is found in mollusks. (3S,3S,5R,5R,6R)-3,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-3,5,8-trihydroxy-beta,kappa-caroten-6-one is a constituent of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Constituent of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. (3S,3S,5R,5R,6R)-3,6-Epoxy-5,6-dihydro-3,5,8-trihydroxy-beta,kappa-caroten-6-one is found in mollusks.

(3S,3'S)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3S,3S)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3-diol is isolated from various fishes, including channel catfish, Paratya compressa compressa (shrimp), and Theragra chalcogramma (pollack) (Dictionary of Food Compounds). Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye. Within the central macula, zeaxanthin is the dominant component, whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein predominates. The principal natural form of zeaxanthin is (3R,3R)-zeaxanthin. As a food additive, zeaxanthin is a food dye with E number E161h (Wikipedia). Isolated from various fishes, including Paratya compressa compressa (shrimp) and Theragra chalcogramma (pollack) [DFC]

(6S,6'S)-epsilon,epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-dione

C40H52O2 (564.3967)

(6S,6S)-epsilon,epsilon-Carotene-3,3-dione is found in dolphin fish. (6S,6S)-epsilon,epsilon-Carotene-3,3-dione is isolated from marine fish-eggs and egg yolk. Isolated from marine fish-eggs and egg yolk. (6S,6S)-epsilon,epsilon-Carotene-3,3-dione is found in dolphin fish, eggs, and fishes.

Isoeicosanoyl-CoA

C41H74N7O17P3S (1061.4075)

A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isoeicosanoic acid.

(13Z,13'Z,3R,3'R,6'R)-Lutein

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(13Z,13Z,3R,3R,6R)-Lutein is a carotenoid found in human serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). This compound has also been isolated from kale (PMID: 10563916). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396)

2',3'-Anhydrolutein

C40H54O (550.4174)

2,3-Anhydrolutein is a carotenoid found in human serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396)

(1R)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-4-[3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohex-3-en-1-ol

C40H56O (552.4331)

(1R)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-4-[3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-[(1R)-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohex-3-en-1-ol

C40H56O (552.4331)

(1R)-4-[18-[(1R,4R)-4-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(1R)-4-[18-[(4R)-4-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(6S,3'S,5'R,6'R)-6,3',5'-Trihydroxy-4,5,6',7'-tetradehydro-7,8,5',6'-tetrahydro-beta,beta-carotene-3,8-dione

C40H54O5 (614.3971)

13-cis-Astaxanthin

C40H52O4 (596.3865)

2,4,4-Trimethyl-3-[3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohex-2-en-1-one

C40H54O (550.4174)

Phoenicoxanthin

C40H52O3 (580.3916)

Astacin

C40H48O4 (592.3552)

Fucoxanthinol

C40H56O5 (616.4128)

Papilioerythrinone

C40H52O3 (580.3916)

Siphonaxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Spirilloxanthin

C42H60O2 (596.4593)

Lutein diacetate

C44H60O4 (652.4491)

(1R,3S,6S)-6-[18-[(1S,4S,6R)-4-Hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-1,5,5-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-ol

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

3,5,5-Trimethyl-4-[3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,2,6-trimethyl-4,5-dioxocyclohexyl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexane-1,2-dione

C40H52O4 (596.3865)

(3S,5R,8S)-5,8-Epoxy-5,8-dihydro-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(3s,5r,8s)-5,8-epoxy-5,8-dihydro-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone (3s,5r,8s)-5,8-epoxy-5,8-dihydro-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). (3s,5r,8s)-5,8-epoxy-5,8-dihydro-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol can be found in guava, which makes (3s,5r,8s)-5,8-epoxy-5,8-dihydro-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

Neochrome

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Neochrome is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Neochrome is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Neochrome can be found in kiwi, which makes neochrome a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. A pre-release version (v0.5) was included with the system disks of the first STs. A proper version 1.0 arrived later, and was bundled with several versions of the ST. Although not officially public domain, this version was often treated as such, and was never actually sold. As a result of this, NEOchrome enjoyed a relatively high level of popularity within the ST community, even in the face of more advanced packages such as DEGAS Elite and Deluxe Paint .

13-cis-Capsanthin

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

13-cis-capsanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. 13-cis-capsanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). 13-cis-capsanthin can be found in a number of food items such as green bell pepper, pepper (c. annuum), red bell pepper, and yellow bell pepper, which makes 13-cis-capsanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

9-cis-Capsanthin

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

9-cis-capsanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. 9-cis-capsanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). 9-cis-capsanthin can be found in a number of food items such as yellow bell pepper, green bell pepper, red bell pepper, and pepper (c. annuum), which makes 9-cis-capsanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Latoxanthin

C40H58O5 (618.4284)

Latoxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Latoxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Latoxanthin can be found in a number of food items such as red bell pepper, yellow bell pepper, orange bell pepper, and pepper (c. annuum), which makes latoxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Oleoresin

C181H251NO12 (2630.906)

Oleoresins are semi-solid extracts composed of a resin in solution in an essential and/or fatty oil, obtained by evaporation of the solvent(s) used for their production. Naturally occurring oleoresins are also known as balsams . Oleoresin can be found in flaxseed, which makes oleoresin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

beta-Carotene-5,6-monoepoxide

C40H56O (552.4331)

Beta-carotene-5,6-monoepoxide is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Beta-carotene-5,6-monoepoxide is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Beta-carotene-5,6-monoepoxide can be found in a number of food items such as yellow bell pepper, potato, orange bell pepper, and pepper (c. annuum), which makes beta-carotene-5,6-monoepoxide a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

cis-Violaxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Cis-violaxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Cis-violaxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cis-violaxanthin can be found in ginkgo nuts and potato, which makes cis-violaxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Lutein ester

C40H56O2 (568.428)

Lutein, also known as all-trans-lutein or 3,3-dihydroxy-alpha-carotene, is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Lutein is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lutein can be found in dandelion and ginkgo nuts, which makes lutein a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Lutein can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout most human tissues. Lutein exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Lutein is isomeric with zeaxanthin, differing only in the placement of one double bond. Lutein and zeaxanthin can be interconverted in the body through an intermediate called meso-zeaxanthin. The principal natural stereoisomer of lutein is (3R,3‚Ä≤R,6‚Ä≤R)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3‚Ä≤-diol. Lutein is a lipophilic molecule and is generally insoluble in water. The presence of the long chromophore of conjugated double bonds (polyene chain) provides the distinctive light-absorbing properties. The polyene chain is susceptible to oxidative degradation by light or heat and is chemically unstable in acids . Lutein, also known as all-trans-lutein or 3,3-dihydroxy-alpha-carotene, is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Lutein is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lutein can be found in dandelion and ginkgo nuts, which makes lutein a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Lutein can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout most human tissues. Lutein exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Lutein is isomeric with zeaxanthin, differing only in the placement of one double bond. Lutein and zeaxanthin can be interconverted in the body through an intermediate called meso-zeaxanthin. The principal natural stereoisomer of lutein is (3R,3′R,6′R)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3′-diol. Lutein is a lipophilic molecule and is generally insoluble in water. The presence of the long chromophore of conjugated double bonds (polyene chain) provides the distinctive light-absorbing properties. The polyene chain is susceptible to oxidative degradation by light or heat and is chemically unstable in acids . Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4]. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4].

Violaxanthin linoleate linolenate

C76H114O6 (1122.8615)

Violaxanthin linoleate linolenate is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Violaxanthin linoleate linolenate can be found in dandelion, which makes violaxanthin linoleate linolenate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

6'-Hydroxylutein

C40H56O3 (584.4229)

6-hydroxylutein is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 6-hydroxylutein can be found in common thyme, which makes 6-hydroxylutein a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

Luteoxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

Luteoxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Luteoxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Luteoxanthin can be found in a number of food items such as yellow bell pepper, pepper (c. annuum), green bell pepper, and apple, which makes luteoxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Lycoxanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

Lycoxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Lycoxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycoxanthin can be found in eggplant and garden tomato (variety), which makes lycoxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Capsanthone

C40H54O3 (582.4073)

Capsanthone is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Capsanthone is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Capsanthone can be found in a number of food items such as yellow bell pepper, italian sweet red pepper, red bell pepper, and pepper (c. frutescens), which makes capsanthone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

b-Cryptoxanthin palmitate

C56H86O2 (790.6627)

B-cryptoxanthin palmitate is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. B-cryptoxanthin palmitate is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). B-cryptoxanthin palmitate can be found in papaya, which makes B-cryptoxanthin palmitate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

2'-(4-Hydroxyphenylacetyl)-6'-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl)-phloroacetophenone 4'-[rhamnosyl-(1->2)-glucoside]

C33H42O17 (710.2422)

2-(4-hydroxyphenylacetyl)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl)-phloroacetophenone 4-[rhamnosyl-(1->2)-glucoside] is a member of the class of compounds known as phenolic glycosides. Phenolic glycosides are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. 2-(4-hydroxyphenylacetyl)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl)-phloroacetophenone 4-[rhamnosyl-(1->2)-glucoside] is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(4-hydroxyphenylacetyl)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl)-phloroacetophenone 4-[rhamnosyl-(1->2)-glucoside] can be found in chinese cinnamon, which makes 2-(4-hydroxyphenylacetyl)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl)-phloroacetophenone 4-[rhamnosyl-(1->2)-glucoside] a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

(13Z)-Violaxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

(all-e)-violaxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone (all-e)-violaxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (all-e)-violaxanthin can be found in a number of food items such as pepper (c. annuum), mango, yellow bell pepper, and red bell pepper, which makes (all-e)-violaxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

1'-hydroxy-gamma-carotene

C40H58O (554.4487)

1-hydroxy-gamma-carotene is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. 1-hydroxy-gamma-carotene is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1-hydroxy-gamma-carotene can be found in a number of food items such as red bell pepper, elderberry, jute, and plains prickly pear, which makes 1-hydroxy-gamma-carotene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

9-cis-violaxanthin

C40H56O4 (600.4178)

9-cis-violaxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. 9-cis-violaxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 9-cis-violaxanthin can be found in a number of food items such as tree fern, naranjilla, chanterelle, and alfalfa, which makes 9-cis-violaxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Violaxanthin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthophylls. These are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Violaxanthin is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).

zeinoxanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

Zeinoxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Zeinoxanthin can be found in a number of food items such as mentha (mint), peppermint, barley, and feijoa, which makes zeinoxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3-diol

C40H56O (552.4331)

epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3-diol is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3-diol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3-diol can be found in a number of food items such as rambutan, brassicas, other cereal product, and kohlrabi, which makes epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3-diol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Cryptoxanthin-alpha

C40H56O (552.4331)