4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (BioDeep_00000002210)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00001867775

human metabolite blood metabolite Volatile Flavor Compounds


代谢物信息卡片


1-isocyanato-4-[(4-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]benzene

化学式: C15H10N2O2 (250.07422400000002)
中文名称: 二甲苯烷二异氰酸酯, 4,4-亚甲基双(异氰酸苯酯)
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 97.14%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1CC2=CC=C(C=C2)N=C=O)N=C=O
InChI: InChI=1S/C15H10N2O2/c18-10-16-14-5-1-12(2-6-14)9-13-3-7-15(8-4-13)17-11-19/h1-8H,9H2

描述信息

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Corona-virus
Coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
SARS-CoV
COVID19
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SARS

同义名列表

78 个代谢物同义名

1-isocyanato-4-[(4-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]benzene; Para,para-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanic acid); 4,4-Methylenedi-p-phenylene diisocyanic acid; Methylenedi-para-phenylene diisocyanic acid; Methylenebis(para-phenylene isocyanic acid); Para,para-diphenylmethane diisocyanic acid; Para,para-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate); 4,4-Methylenediphenylene diisocyanic acid; Methylenebis(4-phenylene isocyanic acid); Methylenebis(para-phenyl isocyanic acid); 4,4-Methylenedi-p-phenylene diisocyanate; Methylenebis(p-phenylene isocyanic acid); Methylenedi-p-phenylene diisocyanic acid; 4,4-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanic acid; Methylene di-p-phenylene isocyanic acid; p,P-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanic acid); 4,4-Methylenediphenylene isocyanic acid; 4-4-Diisocyanic acid de diphenylmethane; Methylenedi-para-phenylene diisocyanate; Methylenebis(para-phenylene isocyanate); 4,4-Methylenebis(phenyl isocyanic acid); 4,4-Methylenedi(phenyl isocyanic acid); Para,para-diphenylmethane diisocyanate; 4,4-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanic acid; Methylenebis(4-phenyl isocyanic acid); 1,1-Methylenebis(4-isocyanatobenzene); 4,4-Methylenediphenylene diisocyanate; Methylenebis(p-phenyl isocyanic acid); 1,1-Methylenebis(phenyl)diisocyanate; Diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanic acid; Methylenebis(4-phenylene isocyanate); Methylenebis(para-phenyl isocyanate); 4,4-Methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate; 4,4-Diphenylmethane diisocyanic acid; Methylenedi-p-phenylene diisocyanate; p,P-diphenylmethane diisocyanic acid; 4,4-Methylenediphenyl isocyanic acid; Methylenebis(p-phenylene isocyanate); Methylene diphenyl diisocyanic acid; Methylenebisphenyl diisocyanic acid; 4,4-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate); Methylene di-p-phenylene isocyanate; 4-4-Diisocyanate de diphenylmethane; p,P-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate); 4,4-Methylenediphenylene isocyanate; 4,4-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate; Methylene bisphenyl isocyanic acid; 4,4-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate; 4,4-Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate); 4,4-Methylenedi(phenyl isocyanate); Methylenebis(4-isocyanatobenzene); Methylenebis(p-phenyl isocyanate); Methylenebis(4-phenyl isocyanate); Bis(para-isocyanatophenyl)methane; Diphenyl methane diisocyanic acid; 4,4-Methylenediphenyl isocyanate; Bis(1,4-isocyanatophenyl)methane; DIPHENYLMETHANE-4,4-DIISOCYANATE; Diphenylmethane diisocyanic acid; 4,4-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate; p,P-diphenylmethane diisocyanate; 4,4-Diisocyanatodiphenylmethane; Diphenylmethyl diisocyanic acid; Methylenebisphenyl diisocyanate; Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate; Methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate); Diphenylmethan-4,4-diisocyanat; Bis(p-isocyanatophenyl)methane; Bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)methane; Methylbisphenyl isocyanic acid; Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate; Diphenyl methane diisocyanate; Diphenylmethane diisocyanate; Diphenylmethyl diisocyanate; Methylbisphenyl isocyanate; MDI; MDR; 4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate



数据库引用编号

15 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

1 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Adam V Wisnewski, Ryan Cooney, Michael Hodgson, Kristinza Giese, Jian Liu, Carrie A Redlich. Severe asthma and death in a worker using methylene diphenyl diisocyanate MDI asthma death. American journal of industrial medicine. 2022 03; 65(3):166-172. doi: 10.1002/ajim.23323. [PMID: 35028957]
  • Yang Wang, Mingxue Sun, Dan Qiao, Juan Li, Yajing Wang, Weiyi Liu, Craig Bunt, Hongxia Liu, Jinlong Liu, Xiangdong Yang. Graft copolymer of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyether polyol (CMC-g-TMN-450) improves the crosslinking degree of polyurethane for coated fertilizers with enhanced controlled release characteristics. Carbohydrate polymers. 2021 Nov; 272(?):118483. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118483. [PMID: 34420742]
  • Adam V Wisnewski, Ala F Nassar, Jian Liu, Dhimiter Bello. Dilysine-Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), a Urine Biomarker of MDI Exposure?. Chemical research in toxicology. 2019 04; 32(4):557-565. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00262. [PMID: 30724074]
  • Maggy Lépine, Lekha Sleno, Jacques Lesage, Sébastien Gagné. A validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for 4,4'-methylenedianiline quantitation in human urine as a measure of 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate exposure. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM. 2019 Mar; 33(6):600-606. doi: 10.1002/rcm.8380. [PMID: 30604511]
  • Justin M Hettick, Brandon F Law, Chen-Chung Lin, Adam V Wisnewski, Paul D Siegel. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following respiratory exposure to 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate aerosol. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems. 2018 Jun; 48(6):626-636. doi: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1344791. [PMID: 28629263]
  • Haneen Hamada, Ingrid Liljelind, Magnus Bruze, Malin Engfeldt, Marléne Isaksson, Bo Jönsson, Håkan Tinnerberg, Christian Lindh, Sara Axelsson, Erik Zimerson. Assessment of dermal uptake of diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate using tape stripping and biological monitoring. European journal of dermatology : EJD. 2018 Apr; 28(2):143-148. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2018.3247. [PMID: 29620002]
  • Gabriele Leng, Wolfgang Gries. New specific and sensitive biomonitoring methods for chemicals of emerging health relevance. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2017 03; 220(2 Pt A):113-122. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.014. [PMID: 27692573]
  • Lauren M Hagerman, Brandon F Law, Toni A Bledsoe, Justin M Hettick, Michael L Kashon, Angela R Lemons, Adam V Wisnewski, Paul D Siegel. The influence of diisocyanate antigen preparation methodology on monoclonal and serum antibody recognition. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene. 2016 11; 13(11):829-39. doi: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1183013. [PMID: 27124286]
  • Gabriele Sabbioni, Nagaraju Dongari, Anoop Kumar, Xaver Baur. Determination of albumin adducts of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate after specific inhalative challenge tests in workers. Toxicology letters. 2016 Oct; 260(?):46-51. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.008. [PMID: 27521498]
  • Lore Pollaris, Fien Devos, Vanessa De Vooght, Sven Seys, Benoit Nemery, Peter H M Hoet, Jeroen A J Vanoirbeek. Toluene diisocyanate and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate: asthmatic response and cross-reactivity in a mouse model. Archives of toxicology. 2016 Jul; 90(7):1709-17. doi: 10.1007/s00204-015-1606-6. [PMID: 26468151]
  • Maj-Len Henriks-Eckerman, Erja A Mäkelä, Juha Laitinen, Katriina Ylinen, Katri Suuronen, Aki Vuokko, Riitta Sauni. Role of dermal exposure in systemic intake of methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) among construction and boat building workers. Toxicology letters. 2015 Feb; 232(3):595-600. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.12.012. [PMID: 25542146]
  • Håkan Tinnerberg, Karin Broberg, Christian H Lindh, Bo A G Jönsson. Biomarkers of exposure in Monday morning urine samples as a long-term measure of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates. International archives of occupational and environmental health. 2014 May; 87(4):365-72. doi: 10.1007/s00420-013-0872-y. [PMID: 23558852]
  • Angela R Lemons, Toni A Bledsoe, Paul D Siegel, Donald H Beezhold, Brett J Green. Development of sandwich ELISAs for the detection of aromatic diisocyanate adducts. Journal of immunological methods. 2013 Nov; 397(1-2):66-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.015. [PMID: 24012971]
  • Morgen Mhike, Itai Chipinda, Justin M Hettick, Reuben H Simoyi, Angela Lemons, Brett J Green, Paul D Siegel. Characterization of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate-haptenated human serum albumin and hemoglobin. Analytical biochemistry. 2013 Sep; 440(2):197-204. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.022. [PMID: 23743149]
  • Wolfgang Gries, Gabriele Leng. Analytical determination of specific 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate hemoglobin adducts in human blood. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2013 Sep; 405(23):7205-13. doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7171-z. [PMID: 23839327]
  • Ronald L Pearson, Perry W Logan, Anita M Kore, Constance M Strom, Lisa M Brosseau, Richard L Kingston. Isocyanate exposure assessment combining industrial hygiene methods with biomonitoring for end users of orthopedic casting products. The Annals of occupational hygiene. 2013 Jul; 57(6):758-65. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes110. [PMID: 23680587]
  • Adam V Wisnewski, Jian Liu. Molecular determinants of humoral immune specificity for the occupational allergen, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. Molecular immunology. 2013 Jun; 54(2):233-7. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.11.017. [PMID: 23295252]
  • Takashi Mori, Yoshiharu Tanimoto, Mika Ota, Takaomi Masakado, Sachiko Kitamoto, Koichi Saito, Naohiko Isobe, Hideo Kaneko. Comparison of cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice exposed to respiratory and contact sensitizers. The Journal of toxicological sciences. 2012; 37(2):337-43. doi: 10.2131/jts.37.337. [PMID: 22467024]
  • Katharina Wulf, Michael Teske, Marian Löbler, Frank Luderer, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, Katrin Sternberg. Surface functionalization of poly(ε-caprolactone) improves its biocompatibility as scaffold material for bioartificial vessel prostheses. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials. 2011 Jul; 98(1):89-100. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.31836. [PMID: 21563304]
  • Adam V Wisnewski, Lan Xu, Eve Robinson, Jian Liu, Carrie A Redlich, Christina A Herrick. Immune sensitization to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) resulting from skin exposure: albumin as a carrier protein connecting skin exposure to subsequent respiratory responses. Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England). 2011 Mar; 6(?):6. doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-6-6. [PMID: 21414210]
  • Dominika Swierczyńska-Machura, Jolanta Walusiak-Skorupa, Marta Wiszniewska, Agnieszka Lipińska-Ojrzanowska, Tomasz Wittczak, Wojciech Dudek, Cezary Pałczyński. [The real value of diagnostic methods in case of long time of cessation of occupational exposure to diisocyanates among patients diagnosed in the nofer institute of occupational medicine in Łodź]. Medycyna pracy. 2011; 62(6):567-77. doi: NULL. [PMID: 22312948]
  • E Vangronsveld, S Berckmans, K Verbinnen, C Van Leeuw, C Bormans. Isocyanate and total inhalable particulate air measurements in the European wood panel industry. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2010 Nov; 213(6):475-88. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.011. [PMID: 20851674]
  • Adam V Wisnewski, Jian Liu, Carrie A Redlich. Antigenic changes in human albumin caused by reactivity with the occupational allergen diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Analytical biochemistry. 2010 May; 400(2):251-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.037. [PMID: 20123080]
  • Anoop Kumar, Nagaraju Dongari, Gabriele Sabbioni. New isocyanate-specific albumin adducts of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in rats. Chemical research in toxicology. 2009 Dec; 22(12):1975-83. doi: 10.1021/tx900270z. [PMID: 19928878]
  • Gyu-Young Hur, Gil-Soon Choi, Seung-Soo Sheen, Hyun-Young Lee, Han-Jung Park, Sung-Jin Choi, Young-Min Ye, Hae-Sim Park. Serum ferritin and transferrin levels as serologic markers of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2008 Oct; 122(4):774-780. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.034. [PMID: 19014769]
  • Ren-Long Jan, Shin-Hong Chen, Ho-Yuan Chang, Hui-Jung Yeh, Chi-Chang Shieh, Jiu-Yao Wang. Asthma-like syndrome in school children after accidental exposure to xylene and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi. 2008 Aug; 41(4):337-41. doi: . [PMID: 18787742]
  • G-Y Hur, D-H Koh, G-S Choi, H-J Park, S-J Choi, Y-M Ye, K-S Kim, H-S Park. Clinical and immunologic findings of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma in a car upholstery factory. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2008 Apr; 38(4):586-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02935.x. [PMID: 18352975]
  • Margareta Littorin, Saimei Hou, Karin Broberg, Jonas Björk, Susanne Fält, Galbani Abdoulaye, Malgorzata Kalemba, Charlotta Ryk, Staffan Skerfving. Influence of polymorphic metabolic enzymes on biotransformation and effects of diphenylmethane diisocyanate. International archives of occupational and environmental health. 2008 Feb; 81(4):429-41. doi: 10.1007/s00420-007-0232-x. [PMID: 17676332]
  • Jürgen Pauluhn. Brown Norway rat asthma model of diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI): impact of vehicle for topical induction. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP. 2008 Feb; 50(1):144-54. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.09.003. [PMID: 17964702]
  • Auristela Solà Vázquez, Antonio Martín, José M Costa-Fernandez, Jorge Ruiz Encinar, Nerea Bordel, Rosario Pereiro, Alfredo Sanz-Medel. Quantification of bromine in flame-retardant coatings by radiofrequency glow discharge-optical emission spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2007 Oct; 389(3):683-90. doi: 10.1007/s00216-007-1372-2. [PMID: 17565484]
  • Gabriele Sabbioni, Hansjörg Wesp, Jürgen Lewalter, Richard Rumler. Determination of isocyanate biomarkers in construction site workers. Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals. 2007 Sep; 12(5):468-83. doi: 10.1080/13547500701395636. [PMID: 17701746]
  • A Robert, P Ducos, J M Francin, P Marsan. Biological monitoring of workers exposed to 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in 19 French polyurethane industries. International archives of occupational and environmental health. 2007 Apr; 80(5):412-22. doi: 10.1007/s00420-006-0150-3. [PMID: 17061110]
  • N L Brooker, C D Lagalle, A Zlatanic, I Javni, Z Petrovic. Soy polyol formulations as novel seed treatments for the management of soil-borne diseases of soybean. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences. 2007; 72(2):35-43. doi: . [PMID: 18399422]
  • Maryjanek Selgrade, Elizabeth H Boykin, Najwa Haykal-Coates, Michael R Woolhiser, Connie Wiescinski, Debora L Andrews, Aimen K Farraj, Donald L Doerfler, Stephen H Gavett. Inconsistencies between cytokine profiles, antibody responses, and respiratory hyperresponsiveness following dermal exposure to isocyanates. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2006 Nov; 94(1):108-17. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl094. [PMID: 16940033]
  • C J Sennbro, C H Lindh, C Mattsson, B A G Jönsson, H Tinnerberg. Biological monitoring of exposure to 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. International archives of occupational and environmental health. 2006 Sep; 79(8):647-53. doi: 10.1007/s00420-006-0096-5. [PMID: 16506043]
  • David I Bernstein, M Gerald Ott, Michael Woolhiser, Zana Lummus, Cynthia Graham. Evaluation of antibody binding to diisocyanate protein conjugates in a general population. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2006 Sep; 97(3):357-64. doi: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60801-0. [PMID: 17042142]
  • Gerard Lligadas, Juan C Ronda, Marina Galià, Virginia Cádiz. Novel silicon-containing polyurethanes from vegetable oils as renewable resources. Synthesis and properties. Biomacromolecules. 2006 Aug; 7(8):2420-6. doi: 10.1021/bm060402k. [PMID: 16903691]
  • Jürgen Pauluhn, William E Brown, Paul Hext, Edgar Leibold, Gabriele Leng. Analysis of biomarkers in rats and dogs exposed to polymeric methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) and its glutathione adduct. Toxicology. 2006 May; 222(3):202-12. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.02.014. [PMID: 16574299]
  • Jürgen Pauluhn. Brown Norway rat asthma model of diphenylmethane 4,4'-diisocyanate. Inhalation toxicology. 2005 Dec; 17(13):729-39. doi: 10.1080/08958370500224631. [PMID: 16195208]
  • Zoran S Petrović, Wei Zhang, Ivan Javni. Structure and properties of polyurethanes prepared from triglyceride polyols by ozonolysis. Biomacromolecules. 2005 Mar; 6(2):713-9. doi: 10.1021/bm049451s. [PMID: 15762634]
  • J Pauluhn, M R Woolhiser, L Bloemen. Repeated inhalation challenge with diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate in brown Norway rats leads to a time-related increase of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage after topical induction. Inhalation toxicology. 2005 Feb; 17(2):67-78. doi: 10.1080/08958370590898434. [PMID: 15764484]
  • Mei-Lin Wang, Edward L Petsonk. Symptom onset in the first 2 years of employment at a wood products plant using diisocyanates: some observations relevant to occupational medical screening. American journal of industrial medicine. 2004 Sep; 46(3):226-33. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20050. [PMID: 15307121]
  • G Johannesson, C J Sennbro, P Willix, C H Lindh, B A G Jönsson. Identification and characterisation of adducts between serum albumin and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in human plasma. Archives of toxicology. 2004 Jul; 78(7):378-83. doi: 10.1007/s00204-004-0555-2. [PMID: 15007542]
  • Yoshitaka Morimatsu, Hiroya Akiyoshi, Morihiro Tajiri, Ryo Hirai, Hisamichi Aizawa. [A case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis showing acute respiratory distress syndrome due to exposure to dust containing diphenylmethane diisocyanate]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai zasshi = the journal of the Japanese Respiratory Society. 2004 Jun; 42(6):502-8. doi: . [PMID: 15228137]
  • Victor J Johnson, Joanna M Matheson, Michael I Luster. Animal models for diisocyanate asthma: answers for lingering questions. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology. 2004 Apr; 4(2):105-10. doi: 10.1097/00130832-200404000-00006. [PMID: 15021062]
  • Hidekazu Matsushima, Noboru Takayanagi, Daido Tokunaga, Yuri Maeno, Nagato Sato, Kazuyoshi Kurashima, Mikio Ubukata, Tsutomu Yanagisawa, Yutaka Sugita, Yoshinori Kawabata, Minoru Kanazawa. [A case of combined hypersensitivity pneumonitis and bronchial asthma due to isocyanate (MDI)]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai zasshi = the journal of the Japanese Respiratory Society. 2003 Oct; 41(10):760-5. doi: NULL. [PMID: 14584400]
  • Carl Johan Sennbro, Christian H Lindh, Håkan Tinnerberg, Cecilia Gustavsson, Margareta Littorin, Hans Welinder, Bo A G Jönsson. Development, validation and characterization of an analytical method for the quantification of hydrolysable urinary metabolites and plasma protein adducts of 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals. 2003 May; 8(3-4):204-17. doi: 10.1080/1354750031000090660. [PMID: 12944173]
  • Jürgen Pauluhn. Critical analysis of biomonitoring endpoints for measuring exposure to polymeric diphenyl-methane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI) in rats: a comparison of markers of exposure and markers of effect. Archives of toxicology. 2002 Feb; 76(1):13-22. doi: 10.1007/s00204-001-0301-y. [PMID: 11875620]
  • K Kääriä, A Hirvonen, H Norppa, P Piirilä, H Vainio, C Rosenberg. Exposure to 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) during moulding of rigid polyurethane foam: determination of airborne MDI and urinary 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA). The Analyst. 2001 Apr; 126(4):476-9. doi: 10.1039/b009549o. [PMID: 11340982]
  • S K Meredith, J Bugler, R L Clark. Isocyanate exposure and occupational asthma: a case-referent study. Occupational and environmental medicine. 2000 Dec; 57(12):830-6. doi: 10.1136/oem.57.12.830. [PMID: 11077012]
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  • M Littorin, L Rylander, G Skarping, M Dalene, H Welinder, U Strömberg, S Skerfving. Exposure biomarkers and risk from gluing and heating of polyurethane: a cross sectional study of respiratory symptoms. Occupational and environmental medicine. 2000 Jun; 57(6):396-405. doi: 10.1136/oem.57.6.396. [PMID: 10810129]
  • A S Jang, I S Choi, Y I Koh, J D Moon, K J Lee. Increase in airway hyperresponsiveness among workers exposed to methylene diphenyldiisocyanate compared to workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate at a petrochemical plant in Korea. American journal of industrial medicine. 2000 Jun; 37(6):663-7. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(200006)37:6<663::aid-ajim11>3.0.co;2-h. [PMID: 10797510]
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  • D J Aul, A Bhaumik, A L Kennedy, W E Brown, J Lesage, J L Malo. Specific IgG response to monomeric and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate conjugates in subjects with respiratory reactions to isocyanates. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 1999 May; 103(5 Pt 1):749-55. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70415-x. [PMID: 10329805]
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  • B D Lushniak, C M Reh, D I Bernstein, J S Gallagher. Indirect assessment of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) exposure by evaluation of specific humoral immune responses to MDI conjugated to human serum albumin. American journal of industrial medicine. 1998 May; 33(5):471-7. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199805)33:5<471::aid-ajim6>3.0.co;2-v. [PMID: 9557170]
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