Ginsenoside Rh2 (BioDeep_00000622797)

Main id: BioDeep_00000000011

 

PANOMIX_OTCML-2023


代谢物信息卡片


(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-17-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-1,5-dimethylhex-4-enyl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-tri

化学式: C36H62O8 (622.4444452)
中文名称: 20(R)-人参皂甙Rh2, (S型)人参皂苷Rh2, 人参皂甙 Rh2
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 () 0%

分子结构信息

SMILES: CC(=CCCC(C)(C1CCC2(C1C(CC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)O)C)O)C
InChI: InChI=1S/C36H62O8/c1-20(2)10-9-14-36(8,42)21-11-16-35(7)27(21)22(38)18-25-33(5)15-13-26(32(3,4)24(33)12-17-34(25,35)6)44-31-30(41)29(40)28(39)23(19-37)43-31/h10,21-31,37-42H,9,11-19H2,1-8H3/t21-,22+,23+,24-,25+,26-,27-,28+,29-,30+,31-,33-,34+,35+,36-/m0/s1

描述信息

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, acts as a cell antiproliferator. It has anticancer effects via blocking cell proliferation and causing G1 phase arrest. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptosis, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity[1][2][3]. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits the replication and proliferation of mouse and human gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) with an IC50 of 2.77 μM for murine MHV-68[4].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, acts as a cell antiproliferator. It has anticancer effects via blocking cell proliferation and causing G1 phase arrest. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptosis, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity[1][2][3]. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits the replication and proliferation of mouse and human gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) with an IC50 of 2.77 μM for murine MHV-68[4].
Ginsenoside Rh2 induces the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner.
Ginsenoside Rh2 induces the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner.

同义名列表

14 个代谢物同义名

(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-17-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-1,5-dimethylhex-4-enyl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-tri; (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-17-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hex-4-enyl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-tr; (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-17-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hex-4-enyl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-methylol-tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol; (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-17-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-6-methyl-hept-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol; (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-17-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol; beta-D-Glucopyranoside, (3beta,12beta)-12,20-dihydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl; 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2; 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2; Ginsenoside Rh2; 78214-33-2; 2-{[16-hydroxy-14-(2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)-2,6,6,10,11-pentamethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-5-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol; (20R)-Ginsenoside Rh2; 20(S)-Rh2; Ginsenoside-Rh2



数据库引用编号

12 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(2)

PlantCyc(1)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Hui Ao, Huizhu Song, Jing Li, Xiangtao Wang. Enhanced anti-glioma activity of annonaceous acetogenins based on a novel liposomal co-delivery system with ginsenoside Rh2. Drug delivery. 2024 Dec; 31(1):2324716. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2024.2324716. [PMID: 38555735]
  • Xiyu Liu, Jingjing Li, Qingqing Huang, Mingming Jin, Gang Huang. Ginsenoside Rh2 shifts tumor metabolism from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation through regulating the HIF1-α/PDK4 axis in non-small cell lung cancer. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). 2024 Apr; 30(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s10020-024-00813-y. [PMID: 38671369]
  • Lan Yang, Jenny Jie Chen, Brian Sheng-Xian Teo, Jiong Zhang, Mingqiang Jiang. Research Progress on the Antitumor Molecular Mechanism of Ginsenoside Rh2. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2024 Jan; ?(?):1-14. doi: 10.1142/s0192415x24500095. [PMID: 38291582]
  • Jieyu Long, Wanshan Hu, Tao Ren, Xuewen Wang, Chao Lu, Xin Pan, Chuanbin Wu, Tingting Peng. Combating multidrug resistance of breast cancer with ginsenoside Rh2-irrigated nano-in-thermogel. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2024 Jan; 650(?):123718. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123718. [PMID: 38104849]
  • Chunmei Yang, Cheng Qian, Weiwei Zheng, Guanglu Dong, Shan Zhang, Feihui Wang, Zhonghong Wei, Yuhua Xu, Aiyun Wang, Yang Zhao, Yin Lu. Ginsenoside Rh2 enhances immune surveillance of natural killer (NK) cells via inhibition of ERp5 in breast cancer. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2024 Jan; 123(?):155180. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155180. [PMID: 38043385]
  • Chao Hong, Anni Wang, Jiaxuan Xia, Jianming Liang, Ying Zhu, Dan Wang, Huaxing Zhan, Chunbo Feng, Xinnan Jiang, Junjie Pan, Jianxin Wang. Ginsenoside Rh2-Based Multifunctional Liposomes for Advanced Breast Cancer Therapy. International journal of nanomedicine. 2024; 19(?):2879-2888. doi: 10.2147/ijn.s437733. [PMID: 38525007]
  • Mu-Yang Huang, Yu-Chi Chen, Wen-Yu Lyu, Xin-Yu He, Zi-Han Ye, Can-Yu Huang, Xin-Ling He, Xiuping Chen, Xiaobing Chen, Baoxian Zhang, Guoyin Kai, Xiaolei Zhang, Ting Li, Mingqing Huang, Jin-Jian Lu. Ginsenoside Rh2 augmented anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy by reinvigorating CD8+ T cells via increasing intratumoral CXCL10. Pharmacological research. 2023 Dec; 198(?):106988. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106988. [PMID: 37984507]
  • Tianyang Zhao. Suppression or Inhibition of VEGFs on Splenic Angiosarcoma Cell with Traditional Chinese Medicine Zhi Gan Cao. Studies in health technology and informatics. 2023 Nov; 308(?):396-403. doi: 10.3233/shti230865. [PMID: 38007765]
  • Yahui Hu, Shasha He, Xiaolong Xu, Xuran Cui, Yiming Wei, Chunxia Zhao, Haoran Ye, Jingxia Zhao, Qingquan Liu. Shenhuangdan decoction alleviates sepsis-induced lung injury through inhibition of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2023 Aug; 318(Pt B):117047. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117047. [PMID: 37586442]
  • Wei Guan, Wang Qi. Ginsenoside Rh2: A shining and potential natural product in the treatment of human nonmalignant and malignant diseases in the near future. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2023 Jun; 118(?):154938. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154938. [PMID: 37406390]
  • Dong Zhang, Siwei Duan, Zhangyou He, Zeming Zhu, Zhiping Li, Qincheng Yi, Tiantian Cai, Juanjuan Li, Nan Chen, Shaoju Guo. Sijunzi Decoction Targets IL1B and TNF to Reduce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Ulcerative Colitis: Evidence from Silicon Prediction and Experiment Validation. Drug design, development and therapy. 2023; 17(?):3103-3128. doi: 10.2147/dddt.s428814. [PMID: 37868820]
  • Ji-Hyeon Jeon, Jin-Hyang Park, So Yeon Jeon, Minyeong Pang, Min-Koo Choi, Im-Sook Song. Concomitant Administration of Red Ginseng Extract with Lactic Acid Bacteria Increases the Plasma Concentration of Deglycosylated Ginsenosides in Healthy Human Subjects. Biomolecules. 2022 12; 12(12):. doi: 10.3390/biom12121896. [PMID: 36551324]
  • Ying Liu, Xinran Wang, Juhui Qiao, Jiawen Wang, Leilei Jiang, Chenxi Wang, Shiting Yu, Peiguang Zhang, Daqing Zhao, Meiling Fan, Meichen Liu. Ginsenoside Rh2 Induces HeLa Apoptosis through Upregulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related and Downstream Apoptotic Gene Expression. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022 Nov; 27(22):. doi: 10.3390/molecules27227865. [PMID: 36431966]
  • Darcy Lacanilao Garza, Shinya Hanashima, Yuichi Umegawa, Michio Murata, Masanao Kinoshita, Nobuaki Matsumori, Peter Greimel. Behavior of Triterpenoid Saponin Ginsenoside Rh2 in Ordered and Disordered Phases in Model Membranes Consisting of Sphingomyelin, Phosphatidylcholine, and Cholesterol. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids. 2022 08; 38(34):10478-10491. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01261. [PMID: 35984899]
  • Siyu Chen, Ziwei He, Wei Xie, Xuan Chen, Zhuofeng Lin, Jisheng Ma, Zhi Liu, Shihai Yang, Yanfang Wang. Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates CDAHFD-induced liver fibrosis in mice by improving intestinal microbial composition and regulating LPS-mediated autophagy. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2022 Jul; 101(?):154121. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154121. [PMID: 35489327]
  • Zhongwen Qi, Zhipeng Yan, Yueyao Wang, Nan Ji, Xiaoya Yang, Ao Zhang, Meng Li, Fengqin Xu, Junping Zhang. Ginsenoside Rh2 Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Improves Exosomes to Alleviate Hypoxia-Induced Myocardial Injury. Frontiers in immunology. 2022; 13(?):883946. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883946. [PMID: 35865525]
  • Xin-Ling He, Xiao-Huang Xu, Jia-Jie Shi, Mingqing Huang, Yitao Wang, Xiuping Chen, Jin-Jian Lu. Anticancer Effects of Ginsenoside Rh2: A Systematic Review. Current molecular pharmacology. 2022; 15(1):179-189. doi: 10.2174/1874467214666210309115105. [PMID: 33687905]
  • B Shen, F Wang, Y Zhou, T Li, C He, W Zhao. [Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits renal fibrosis and renal cell apoptosis in rats with diabetic nephropathy by downregulating discoid domain receptor 1]. Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University. 2021 Jul; 41(7):1107-1113. doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.07.21. [PMID: 34308864]
  • Zhenlei Wang, Rui Liu, Li Chen, Huanhuan Wang, Mi Zhou, Yongsheng Wang, Yongping Qin. Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenoside Rh2, the Major Anticancer Ingredient of Ginsenoside H Dripping Pills, in Healthy Subjects. Clinical pharmacology in drug development. 2021 06; 10(6):669-674. doi: 10.1002/cpdd.877. [PMID: 33021081]
  • Jingwei Lv, Cong Lu, Ning Jiang, Haixia Wang, Hong Huang, Ying Chen, Yujiao Li, Xinmin Liu. Protective effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on scopolamine-induced memory deficits through regulation of cholinergic transmission, oxidative stress and the ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2021 Jan; 35(1):337-345. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6804. [PMID: 32754961]
  • Minghao Sun, Chune Zhu, Jieyu Long, Chao Lu, Xin Pan, Chuanbin Wu. PLGA microsphere-based composite hydrogel for dual delivery of ciprofloxacin and ginsenoside Rh2 to treat Staphylococcus aureus-induced skin infections. Drug delivery. 2020 Dec; 27(1):632-641. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1756985. [PMID: 32329376]
  • Xun Li, Shifeng Chu, Meiyu Lin, Yan Gao, Yingjiao Liu, Songwei Yang, Xin Zhou, Yani Zhang, Yaomei Hu, Huiqin Wang, Naihong Chen. Anticancer property of ginsenoside Rh2 from ginseng. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2020 Oct; 203(?):112627. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112627. [PMID: 32702586]
  • Hongping Lu, Xiaoxue Yuan, Yu Zhang, Ming Han, Shunai Liu, Kai Han, Pu Liang, Jun Cheng. HCBP6 deficiency exacerbates glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in non-alcoholic fatty liver mice. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie. 2020 Sep; 129(?):110347. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110347. [PMID: 32535386]
  • Yao Cheng, Ruimei Li, Zixuan Lin, Feiyan Chen, Jianguo Dai, Zhu Zhu, Lin Chen, Yunan Zhao. Structure-activity relationship analysis of dammarane-type natural products as muscle-type creatine kinase activators. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2020 09; 30(17):127364. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127364. [PMID: 32738969]
  • Md Shahiduzzaman, Refaat Ras, Giovanni Widmer. Effect of Ginsenoside-Rh2 and Curcurbitacin-B on Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. Experimental parasitology. 2020 May; 212(?):107873. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107873. [PMID: 32165146]
  • Dong Yang, Xin Li, Xiaoyan Zhang. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces DNA damage and autophagy in vestibular schwannoma is dependent of LAMP2 transcriptional suppression. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2020 02; 522(2):300-307. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.026. [PMID: 31771882]
  • Xin Jin, Qing Yang, Ning Cai, Zhenhai Zhang. A cocktail of betulinic acid, parthenolide, honokiol and ginsenoside Rh2 in liposome systems for lung cancer treatment. Nanomedicine (London, England). 2020 01; 15(1):41-54. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0479. [PMID: 31868113]
  • Yingying Chen, Yuqiang Zhang, Wei Song, Ying Zhang, Xiu Dong, Mingqi Tan. Ginsenoside Rh2 Improves the Cisplatin Anti-tumor Effect in Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells via Superoxide and PD-L1. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry. 2020; 20(4):495-503. doi: 10.2174/1871520619666191209091230. [PMID: 31814556]
  • Hadi Zare-Zardini, Ashraf Alemi, Asghar Taheri-Kafrani, Seyed Ahmad Hosseini, Hossein Soltaninejad, Amir Ali Hamidieh, Mojtaba Haghi Karamallah, Majid Farrokhifar, Mohammad Farrokhifar. Assessment of a New Ginsenoside Rh2 Nanoniosomal Formulation for Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy on Prostate Cancer: An in vitro Study. Drug design, development and therapy. 2020; 14(?):3315-3324. doi: 10.2147/dddt.s261027. [PMID: 32884236]
  • Huayu Yan, Huding Jin, Yu Fu, Zhenxing Yin, Chengri Yin. Production of Rare Ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 by Endophytic Bacteria from Panax ginseng. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2019 Aug; 67(31):8493-8499. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03159. [PMID: 31310523]
  • Zeng Qi, Wei Li, Jing Tan, Cuizhu Wang, Hongqiang Lin, Baisong Zhou, Jinping Liu, Pingya Li. Effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on renal apoptosis in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2019 Aug; 61(?):152862. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152862. [PMID: 31048124]
  • Sandrine L Verstraeten, Magali Deleu, Maria Janikowska-Sagan, Emily J S Claereboudt, Laurence Lins, Donatienne Tyteca, Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq. The activity of the saponin ginsenoside Rh2 is enhanced by the interaction with membrane sphingomyelin but depressed by cholesterol. Scientific reports. 2019 05; 9(1):7285. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43674-w. [PMID: 31086211]
  • Zhihua Wang, Unchol Kim, Yanting Jiao, Chaowen Li, Yingying Guo, Xiaoyao Ma, Min Jiang, Zhihong Jiang, Yuanyuan Hou, Gang Bai. Quantitative Proteomics Combined with Affinity MS Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Ginsenoside Antitumor Effects. Journal of proteome research. 2019 05; 18(5):2100-2108. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00972. [PMID: 30860844]
  • Yin-Ping Guo, Man-Yun Chen, Li Shao, Wei Zhang, Tai Rao, Hong-Hao Zhou, Wei-Hua Huang. Quantification of Panax notoginseng saponins metabolites in rat plasma with in vivo gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation by HPLC-MS/MS. Chinese journal of natural medicines. 2019 Mar; 17(3):231-240. doi: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30026-3. [PMID: 30910060]
  • Li-Xue Chen, Zeng Qi, Zi-Jun Shao, Shan-Shan Li, Yu-Li Qi, Kun Gao, Song-Xin Liu, Zhuo Li, Yin-Shi Sun, Ping-Ya Li. Study on Antidepressant Activity of Pseudo-Ginsenoside HQ on Depression-Like Behavior in Mice. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2019 Mar; 24(5):. doi: 10.3390/molecules24050870. [PMID: 30823679]
  • Zeng Qi, Lixue Chen, Zhuo Li, Zijun Shao, Yuli Qi, Kun Gao, Songxin Liu, Yinshi Sun, Pingya Li, Jinping Liu. Immunomodulatory Effects of (24R)-Pseudo-Ginsenoside HQ and (24S)-Pseudo-Ginsenoside HQ on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression and Their Anti-Tumor Effects Study. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019 Feb; 20(4):. doi: 10.3390/ijms20040836. [PMID: 30769948]
  • Yingying Chen, Yuqiang Zhang, Wei Song, Ying Zhang, Xiu Dong, Mingqi Tan. Ginsenoside Rh2 Inhibits Migration of Lung Cancer Cells under Hypoxia via mir-491. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry. 2019; 19(13):1633-1641. doi: 10.2174/1871520619666190704165205. [PMID: 31272362]
  • Delgerzul Baatar, Muhammad Zubair Siddiqi, Wan Taek Im, Nisar Ul Khaliq, Seong Gu Hwang. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ginsenoside Rh2-Mix on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells. Journal of medicinal food. 2018 Oct; 21(10):951-960. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4180. [PMID: 30239266]
  • Cong Lu, Yan Wang, Jingwei Lv, Ning Jiang, Bei Fan, Lina Qu, Yinghui Li, Shanguang Chen, Fengzhong Wang, Xinmin Liu. Ginsenoside Rh2 reverses sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficit in mice. Behavioural brain research. 2018 09; 349(?):109-115. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.005. [PMID: 29544964]
  • Ni Li, Zhican Lin, Wei Chen, Yi Zheng, Yanlin Ming, Zhizhong Zheng, Wen Huang, Lianghua Chen, Jianbo Xiao, Hetong Lin. Corilagin from longan seed: Identification, quantification, and synergistic cytotoxicity on SKOv3ip and hey cells with ginsenoside Rh2 and 5-fluorouracil. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2018 Sep; 119(?):133-140. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.018. [PMID: 29751073]
  • Sandrine L Verstraeten, Marie Albert, Adrien Paquot, Giulio G Muccioli, Donatienne Tyteca, Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq. Membrane cholesterol delays cellular apoptosis induced by ginsenoside Rh2, a steroid saponin. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2018 08; 352(?):59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.014. [PMID: 29782965]
  • Honglin Li, Nan Huang, Weikang Zhu, Jianchun Wu, Xiaohui Yang, Wenjing Teng, Jianhui Tian, Zhihong Fang, Yingbin Luo, Min Chen, Yan Li. Modulation the crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and non-small cell lung cancer to inhibit tumor migration and invasion by ginsenoside Rh2. BMC cancer. 2018 May; 18(1):579. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4299-4. [PMID: 29783929]
  • Zhao-Hui Jin, Wen Qiu, Hui Liu, Xue-Hua Jiang, Ling Wang. Enhancement of oral bioavailability and immune response of Ginsenoside Rh2 by co-administration with piperine. Chinese journal of natural medicines. 2018 Feb; 16(2):143-149. doi: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30041-4. [PMID: 29455730]
  • Xiu-Wei Yang, Li-Yuan Ma, Qi-Le Zhou, Wei Xu, You-Bo Zhang. SIRT1 activator isolated from artificial gastric juice incubate of total saponins in stems and leaves of Panax ginseng. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2018 02; 28(3):240-243. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.067. [PMID: 29317167]
  • Qi Li, Bai Li, Chengya Dong, Yajie Wang, Qi Li. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 suppresses proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting EZH2 to regulate CDKN2A-2B gene cluster transcription. European journal of pharmacology. 2017 Nov; 815(?):173-180. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.023. [PMID: 28928088]
  • Peng Li, XiaoYue Zhou, Ding Qu, Mengfei Guo, Chenyi Fan, Tong Zhou, Yang Ling. Preliminary study on fabrication, characterization and synergistic anti-lung cancer effects of self-assembled micelles of covalently conjugated celastrol-polyethylene glycol-ginsenoside Rh2. Drug delivery. 2017 Nov; 24(1):834-845. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1326540. [PMID: 28532223]
  • Feifei Yang, Jing Zhou, Xiao Hu, Stephanie Kyoungchun Yu, Chunyu Liu, Ruile Pan, Qi Chang, Xinmin Liu, Yonghong Liao. Preparation and evaluation of self-microemulsions for improved bioavailability of ginsenoside-Rh1 and Rh2. Drug delivery and translational research. 2017 10; 7(5):731-737. doi: 10.1007/s13346-017-0402-7. [PMID: 28677033]
  • Yu Zhuang, Guang-Yu Yang, Xiaohui Chen, Qian Liu, Xueli Zhang, Zixin Deng, Yan Feng. Biosynthesis of plant-derived ginsenoside Rh2 in yeast via repurposing a key promiscuous microbial enzyme. Metabolic engineering. 2017 07; 42(?):25-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.04.009. [PMID: 28479190]
  • Ding Qu, Lixiang Wang, Meng Liu, Shiyang Shen, Teng Li, Yuping Liu, Mengmeng Huang, Congyan Liu, Yan Chen, Ran Mo. Oral Nanomedicine Based on Multicomponent Microemulsions for Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer Treatment. Biomacromolecules. 2017 04; 18(4):1268-1280. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00011. [PMID: 28350158]
  • Xiao-Xia Liu, Jing Xia, Jia-Feng Tang, Ming-Hua Zhou, Di-Long Chen, Ze-Hong Liu. [Ginsenoside Rh₂ induces apoptosis and autophagy of K562 cells by activating p38]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2017 Jan; 42(1):146-151. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20161222.053. [PMID: 28945040]
  • Priyanka Singh, Yeon Ju Kim, Hina Singh, Sungeun Ahn, Verónica Castro-Aceituno, Deok Chun Yang. In situ preparation of water-soluble ginsenoside Rh2-entrapped bovine serum albumin nanoparticles: in vitro cytocompatibility studies. International journal of nanomedicine. 2017; 12(?):4073-4084. doi: 10.2147/ijn.s125154. [PMID: 28603419]
  • X Liu, Y Sun, L Yue, S Li, X Qi, H Zhao, Y Yang, C Zhang, H Yu. JNK pathway and relative transcriptional factor were involved in ginsenoside Rh2-mediated G1 growth arrest and apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Genetics and molecular research : GMR. 2016 Sep; 15(3):. doi: 10.4238/gmr.15039003. [PMID: 27706758]
  • Liang Zou, Jia Fu, Wei Li, Tian Yu, Xiao-Heng Guo, Lin Yang. [Preparation and characterization of ginsenoside-Rh₂ lipid nanoparticles and synergistic effect with borneol in resisting tumor activity]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2016 Apr; 41(7):1235-1240. doi: 10.4268/cjcmm20160713. [PMID: 28879737]
  • Ming Peng, Xiaonan Li, Tong Zhang, Yue Ding, Yaxiong Yi, Jian Le, Yongjian Yang, Xijing Chen. Stereoselective pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg₃ epimers in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2016 Mar; 121(?):215-224. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.020. [PMID: 26826673]
  • Hualin Zhang, Zhong Li, Zhongliu Zhou, Hongyan Yang, Zhiyong Zhong, Caixia Lou. Antidepressant-like effects of ginsenosides: A comparison of ginsenoside Rb3 and its four deglycosylated derivatives, Rg3, Rh2, compound K, and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol in mice models of despair. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2016 Jan; 140(?):17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.018. [PMID: 26528894]
  • Liang Chang Li, Hong Mei Piao, Ming Yu Zheng, Zhen Hua Lin, Yun Ho Choi, Guang Hai Yan. Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates allergic airway inflammation by modulating nuclear factor-κB activation in a murine model of asthma. Molecular medicine reports. 2015 Nov; 12(5):6946-54. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4272. [PMID: 26502836]
  • Pingping Wang, Yongjun Wei, Yun Fan, Qunfang Liu, Wei Wei, Chengshuai Yang, Lei Zhang, Guoping Zhao, Jianmin Yue, Xing Yan, Zhihua Zhou. Production of bioactive ginsenosides Rh2 and Rg3 by metabolically engineered yeasts. Metabolic engineering. 2015 May; 29(?):97-105. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.03.003. [PMID: 25769286]
  • Qingchuan Zhang, Bin Hong, Songhua Wu, Tianli Niu. Inhibition of prostatic cancer growth by ginsenoside Rh2. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine. 2015 Apr; 36(4):2377-81. doi: 10.1007/s13277-014-2845-5. [PMID: 25416441]
  • Soo Hyeon Bae, Jung Bae Park, Yu Fen Zheng, Min Jung Jang, Sun Ok Kim, Jeom Yong Kim, Young Hyo Yoo, Kee Dong Yoon, Euichaul Oh, Soo Kyung Bae. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 epimers after oral administration of BST204, a purified ginseng dry extract, in rats. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems. 2014 Dec; 44(12):1099-107. doi: 10.3109/00498254.2014.929192. [PMID: 24933530]
  • Jingwei Zhang, Yuan Sun, Yaoyao Wang, Meng Lu, Jichao He, Jiali Liu, Qianying Chen, Xiaoxuan Zhang, Fang Zhou, Guangji Wang, Xianqiang Sun. Non-antibiotic agent ginsenoside 20(S)-Rh2 enhanced the antibacterial effects of ciprofloxacin in vitro and in vivo as a potential NorA inhibitor. European journal of pharmacology. 2014 Oct; 740(?):277-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.020. [PMID: 25054686]
  • Sri Fatmawati, Taslim Ersam, Hongshan Yu, Chunzhi Zhang, Fengxie Jin, Kuniyoshi Shimizu. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 as aldose reductase inhibitor from Panax ginseng. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2014 Sep; 24(18):4407-4409. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.009. [PMID: 25152999]
  • J Qiu, W Li, S H Feng, M Wang, Z Y He. Ginsenoside Rh2 promotes nonamyloidgenic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein via a cholesterol-dependent pathway. Genetics and molecular research : GMR. 2014 May; 13(2):3586-98. doi: 10.4238/2014.may.9.2. [PMID: 24854439]
  • Jian Shi, Bei Cao, Wei-Bin Zha, Xiao-Lan Wu, Lin-Sheng Liu, Wen-Jing Xiao, Rong-Rong Gu, Run-Bin Sun, Xiao-Yi Yu, Tian Zheng, Meng-Jie Li, Xin-Wen Wang, Jun Zhou, Yong Mao, Chun Ge, Ting Ma, Wen-Juan Xia, Ji-Ye Aa, Guang-Ji Wang, Chang-Xiao Liu. Pharmacokinetic interactions between 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir in vitro and in vivo. Acta pharmacologica Sinica. 2013 Oct; 34(10):1349-58. doi: 10.1038/aps.2013.69. [PMID: 23892274]
  • Jingang Hou, Jianjie Xue, Mira Lee, Lei Liu, Dongliang Zhang, Mengqi Sun, Yinan Zheng, Changkeun Sung. Ginsenoside Rh2 improves learning and memory in mice. Journal of medicinal food. 2013 Aug; 16(8):772-6. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2564. [PMID: 23957360]
  • Soo Hyeon Bae, Yu Fen Zheng, Young Hyo Yoo, Jeom Yong Kim, Sun Ok Kim, Min Jung Jang, Jae Hong Seo, Soo Kyung Bae. Stereoselective determination of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 epimers in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Journal of separation science. 2013 Jun; 36(12):1904-12. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201300107. [PMID: 23559579]
  • Bei Zhou, Xiuli Xiao, Lili Xu, Lian Zhu, Liang Tan, Hao Tang, Youyu Zhang, Qingji Xie, Shouzhuo Yao. A dynamic study on reversal of multidrug resistance by ginsenoside Rh₂ in adriamycin-resistant human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Talanta. 2012 Jan; 88(?):345-51. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.051. [PMID: 22265509]
  • Zhen Yang, Song Gao, Jingrong Wang, Taijun Yin, Yang Teng, Baojian Wu, Ming You, Zhihong Jiang, Ming Hu. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 through improved understanding of its absorption and efflux mechanisms. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2011 Oct; 39(10):1866-72. doi: 10.1124/dmd.111.040006. [PMID: 21757611]
  • Nan Wu, Guo-cai Wu, Rong Hu, Mei Li, Hua Feng. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits glioma cell proliferation by targeting microRNA-128. Acta pharmacologica Sinica. 2011 Mar; 32(3):345-53. doi: 10.1038/aps.2010.220. [PMID: 21372826]
  • Yong-Sheng Jiang, Zhe-Xiong Jin, Hisanori Umehara, Takahide Ota. Cholesterol-dependent induction of dendrite formation by ginsenoside Rh2 in cultured melanoma cells. International journal of molecular medicine. 2010 Dec; 26(6):787-93. doi: 10.3892/ijmm_00000526. [PMID: 21042771]
  • Jingwei Zhang, Fang Zhou, Xiaolan Wu, Yi Gu, Hua Ai, Yuanting Zheng, Yannan Li, Xiaoxuan Zhang, Gang Hao, Jianguo Sun, Ying Peng, Guangji Wang. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 noncompetitively inhibits P-glycoprotein in vitro and in vivo: a case for herb-drug interactions. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2010 Dec; 38(12):2179-87. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.034793. [PMID: 20837659]
  • Jie Liu, Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Hongshan Yu, Chunzhi Zhang, Fengxie Jin, Ryuichiro Kondo. Stereospecificity of hydroxyl group at C-20 in antiproliferative action of ginsenoside Rh2 on prostate cancer cells. Fitoterapia. 2010 Oct; 81(7):902-5. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.05.020. [PMID: 20554003]
  • E-K Park, E J Lee, S-H Lee, K H Koo, J Y Sung, E H Hwang, J H Park, C-W Kim, K-C Jeong, B-K Park, Y-N Kim. Induction of apoptosis by the ginsenoside Rh2 by internalization of lipid rafts and caveolae and inactivation of Akt. British journal of pharmacology. 2010 Jul; 160(5):1212-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00768.x. [PMID: 20590613]
  • Alain G Musende, Andy Eberding, Catherine Wood, Hans Adomat, Ladan Fazli, Antonio Hurtado-Coll, William Jia, Marcel B Bally, Emma Tomlinson Guns. Pre-clinical evaluation of Rh2 in PC-3 human xenograft model for prostate cancer in vivo: formulation, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and efficacy. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology. 2009 Nov; 64(6):1085-95. doi: 10.1007/s00280-009-0965-1. [PMID: 19301006]
  • Jung-Hwa Yang, Sang-Jun Han, Jong Hoon Ryu, Il-Sung Jang, Dong-Hyun Kim. Ginsenoside Rh2 ameliorates scopolamine-induced learning deficit in mice. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin. 2009 Oct; 32(10):1710-5. doi: 10.1248/bpb.32.1710. [PMID: 19801832]
  • Yi Gu, Guang-Ji Wang, Jian-Guo Sun, Yuan-Wei Jia, Wei Wang, Mei-Juan Xu, Tian Lv, Yuan-Ting Zheng, Yang Sai. Pharmacokinetic characterization of ginsenoside Rh2, an anticancer nutrient from ginseng, in rats and dogs. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2009 Sep; 47(9):2257-68. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.013. [PMID: 19524010]
  • Jae-Sung Yi, Hyo-Jung Choo, Bong-Rae Cho, Hwan-Myung Kim, Yong-Nyun Kim, Young-Mi Ham, Young-Gyu Ko. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces ligand-independent Fas activation via lipid raft disruption. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2009 Jul; 385(2):154-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.028. [PMID: 19445898]
  • Tae Woo Kim, Hyuck-Jai Choi, Nam-Jae Kim, Dong-Hyun Kim. Anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 from red ginseng in the elevated plus-maze model. Planta medica. 2009 Jun; 75(8):836-9. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1185402. [PMID: 19266429]
  • C-S Niu, C-H Yeh, M-F Yeh, J-T Cheng. Increase of adipogenesis by ginsenoside (Rh2) in 3T3-L1 cell via an activation of glucocorticoid receptor. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme. 2009 Apr; 41(4):271-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1103277. [PMID: 19048455]
  • David D Kitts, David G Popovich, Chun Hu. Characterizing the mechanism for ginsenoside-induced cytotoxicity in cultured leukemia (THP-1) cells. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. 2007 Nov; 85(11):1173-83. doi: 10.1139/y07-099. [PMID: 18066119]
  • Xiangrong Zhang, Dan Zhang, Jinghua Xu, Jingkai Gu, Yuqing Zhao. Determination of 25-OH-PPD in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application in rat pharmacokinetic studies. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2007 Oct; 858(1-2):65-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.08.021. [PMID: 17825630]
  • Hien-Trung Trinh, Sang-Jun Han, Sang-Wook Kim, Young Chul Lee, Dong-Hyun Kim. Bifidus fermentation increases hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of red ginseng. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology. 2007 Jul; 17(7):1127-33. doi: ". [PMID: 18051323]
  • W-K Lee, S-T Kao, I-M Liu, J-T Cheng. Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the active principles of Panax ginseng root to improve insulin sensitivity in fructose-rich chow-fed rats. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme. 2007 May; 39(5):347-54. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-976537. [PMID: 17533576]
  • Yi Gu, Guang-Ji Wang, Jian-Guo Sun, Yuan-Wei Jia, Hai-Tang Xie, Wei Wang. Quantitative determination of ginsenoside Rh2 in rat biosamples by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2006 Dec; 386(7-8):2043-53. doi: 10.1007/s00216-006-0857-8. [PMID: 17082877]
  • Eun-Ah Bae, Myung Joo Han, Yong-Wook Shin, Dong-Hyun Kim. Inhibitory effects of Korean red ginseng and its genuine constituents ginsenosides Rg3, Rf, and Rh2 in mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and contact dermatitis models. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin. 2006 Sep; 29(9):1862-7. doi: 10.1248/bpb.29.1862. [PMID: 16946499]
  • Liu Yang, Shun-jun Xu, Xing Zeng, Yi-ming Liu, Shi-gui Deng, Zhi-feng Wu, Run-mei Ou. [Determination of ginsenoside Rd and its metabolites in rat urine by LC-MS]. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. 2006 Aug; 41(8):742-6. doi: ". [PMID: 17039780]
  • Yi Gu, Guangji Wang, Jianguo Sun, Yuanwei Jia, Meijuan Xu, Wei Wang. In vitro assessment of plasma protein binding of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 by equilibrium dialysis and LC-MS analysis: a case of species differences. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin. 2006 May; 29(5):951-6. doi: 10.1248/bpb.29.951. [PMID: 16651725]
  • Xu-wen Li, Ming-yu Gui, Ying Zheng, Yong-ri Jin, Han-qi Zhang. [Determination of 20 (S)-ginsengnoside Rh2 in the alkali-hydrolysis product of saponins from leaves of Panax qinquefolium by RP-HPLC]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2006 Mar; 31(5):386-8. doi: ". [PMID: 16711421]
  • Yin Duan, Jian Zheng, Vanessa Law, Russell Nicholson. Natural products from ginseng inhibit [3H]batrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoate binding to Na+ channels in mammalian brain. European journal of pharmacology. 2006 Jan; 530(1-2):9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.022. [PMID: 16359658]
  • Dar-Ming Lai, Yong-Kwang Tu, I-Min Liu, Pei-Feng Chen, Juei-Tang Cheng. Mediation of beta-endorphin by ginsenoside Rh2 to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta medica. 2006 Jan; 72(1):9-13. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-916177. [PMID: 16450289]
  • Wen-Kung Lee, Shung-Te Kao, I-Min Liu, Juei-Tang Cheng. Increase of insulin secretion by ginsenoside Rh2 to lower plasma glucose in Wistar rats. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology. 2006 Jan; 33(1-2):27-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04319.x. [PMID: 16445695]
  • Jeong-In Oh, Kwang-Hoon Chun, Sang-Hoon Joo, You-Take Oh, Seung-Ki Lee. Caspase-3-dependent protein kinase C delta activity is required for the progression of Ginsenoside-Rh2-induced apoptosis in SK-HEP-1 cells. Cancer letters. 2005 Dec; 230(2):228-38. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.043. [PMID: 16297709]
  • Hae-Ung Lee, Eun-Ah Bae, Myung Joo Han, Dong-Hyun Kim. Hepatoprotective effect of 20(S)-ginsenosides Rg3 and its metabolite 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin. 2005 Oct; 28(10):1992-4. doi: 10.1248/bpb.28.1992. [PMID: 16204963]
  • Hai-Tang Xie, Guang-Ji Wang, Jian-Guo Sun, Ian Tucker, Xiao-Chen Zhao, Yuan-Yuan Xie, Hao Li, Xi-Ling Jiang, Rui Wang, Mei-Juang Xu, Wei Wang. High performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of ginsenoside Rg3 and its metabolites in rat plasma using solid-phase extraction for pharmacokinetic studies. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2005 Apr; 818(2):167-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.12.028. [PMID: 15734156]
  • Ke Li, Xiaoyan Chen, Jinghua Xu, Xin Li, Dafang Zhong. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetic studies of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 in dog. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM. 2005; 19(6):813-7. doi: 10.1002/rcm.1862. [PMID: 15714599]
  • Tianxiu Qian, Zongwei Cai, Ricky N S Wong, Zhi-Hong Jiang. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of rat samples for in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of ginsenoside Rh2. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM. 2005; 19(23):3549-54. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2232. [PMID: 16261639]
  • Hai-Tang Xie, Guang-Ji Wang, Hua Lv, Rui Wang Jian-Guo Sun, Xi-Ling Jiang, Hao Li, Wei Wang, Chen-Rong Huang, Mei-Juan Xu. Development of a HPLC-MS assay for ginsenoside Rh2, a new anti-tumor substance from natural product and its pharacokinetic study in dogs. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. 2005 Jan; 30(1-2):63-7. doi: 10.1007/bf03226409. [PMID: 16010863]
  • Young-Sook Kim, Sung-Ha Jin. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptosis via activation of caspase-1 and -3 and up-regulation of Bax in human neuroblastoma. Archives of pharmacal research. 2004 Aug; 27(8):834-9. doi: 10.1007/bf02980175. [PMID: 15460444]
  • Xiao-Li Zeng, Zhi-Guang Tu. [Induction of differentiation by ginsenoside Rh2 in hepatocarcinoma cell SMMC-7721]. Ai zheng = Aizheng = Chinese journal of cancer. 2004 Aug; 23(8):879-84. doi: NULL. [PMID: 15301707]
  • William W-G Jia, Xuexian Bu, Don Philips, Hang Yan, Guoyu Liu, Xiaoguang Chen, Jason A Bush, Gang Li. Rh2, a compound extracted from ginseng, hypersensitizes multidrug-resistant tumor cells to chemotherapy. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. 2004 Jul; 82(7):431-7. doi: 10.1139/y04-049. [PMID: 15389289]