Aspirin (BioDeep_00000002166)

描述信息

Aspirin is only found in individuals who have consumed this drug. Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (acetosal) is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammatory. It has also an anticoagulant effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks and cancer. It was isolated from meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839. While their extract was somewhat effective, it also caused digestive problems such as irritated stomach and diarrhoea, and even death when consumed in high doses. In 1853, a French chemist named Charles Frederic Gerhardt neutralized salicylic acid by buffering it with sodium (sodium salicylate) and acetyl chloride, creating acetosalicylic anhydride. Gerhardts product worked, but he had no desire to market it and abandoned his discovery. In 1897, researcher Arthur Eichengrun and Felix Hoffmann, a research assistant at Friedrich Bayer & Co. in Germany, derivatized one of the hydroxyl functional groups in salicylic acid with an acetyl group (forming the acetyl ester), which greatly reduced the negative effects. This was the first synthetic drug, not a copy of something that existed in nature, and the start of the pharmaceuticals industry. The name aspirin is composed of a- (from the acetyl group) -spir- (from the plant genus Spiraea) and -in (a common ending for drugs at the time). It has also been stated that the name originated by another means. As referring to AcetylSalicylic and pir in reference to one of the scientists who was able to isolate it in crystalline form, Raffaele Piria. Finally in due to the same reasons as stated above. Salicylic acid (which is a naturally occurring substance found in many plants) can be acetylated using acetic anhydride, yielding aspirin and acetic acid as a byproduct. It is a common experiment performed in organic chemistry labs, and generally tends to produce low yields due to the relative difficulty of its extraction from an aqueous state. The trick to getting the reaction to work is to acidify with phosphoric acid and heat the reagents under reflux with a boiling water bath for between 40 minutes and an hour. Aspirin acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5).
B - Blood and blood forming organs > B01 - Antithrombotic agents > B01A - Antithrombotic agents > B01AC - Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin
N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02B - Other analgesics and antipyretics > N02BA - Salicylic acid and derivatives
D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
Constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra variety typica (licorice) roots. Acetylsalicylic acid is found in herbs and spices.
D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A01 - Stomatological preparations > A01A - Stomatological preparations
COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor > C287 - Aspirin
D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D005343 - Fibrinolytic Agents
CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3578
D050299 - Fibrin Modulating Agents
D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
D058633 - Antipyretics
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