Gene Association: ALDH3A2
UniProt Search:
ALDH3A2 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2
found 86 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Phytol
Phytol, also known as trans-phytol or 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol, is a member of the class of compounds known as acyclic diterpenoids. Acyclic diterpenoids are diterpenoids (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Thus, phytol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Phytol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phytol can be found in a number of food items such as salmonberry, rose hip, malus (crab apple), and black raspberry, which makes phytol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Phytol can be found primarily in human fibroblasts tissue. Phytol is an acyclic diterpene alcohol that can be used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. In ruminants, the gut fermentation of ingested plant materials liberates phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll, which is then converted to phytanic acid and stored in fats. In shark liver it yields pristane . Phytol is a diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a schistosomicide drug and an algal metabolite. It is a diterpenoid and a long-chain primary fatty alcohol. Phytol is a natural product found in Elodea canadensis, Wendlandia formosana, and other organisms with data available. Phytol is an acyclic diterpene alcohol and a constituent of chlorophyll. Phytol is commonly used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. Furthermore, phytol also was shown to modulate transcription in cells via transcription factors PPAR-alpha and retinoid X receptor (RXR). Acyclic diterpene used in making synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. Phytol is a natural linear diterpene alcohol which is used in the preparation of vitamins E and K1. It is also a decomposition product of chlorophyll. It is an oily liquid that is nearly insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. -- Wikipedia. A diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28269 - Phytochemical Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1]. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1].
Lauric aldehyde
Dodecanal is a long-chain fatty aldehyde that is dodecane in which two hydrogens attached to a terminal carbon are replaced by an oxo group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 2,3-saturated fatty aldehyde, a medium-chain fatty aldehyde and a long-chain fatty aldehyde. It derives from a hydride of a dodecane. Dodecanal is a natural product found in Mikania cordifolia, Zingiber mioga, and other organisms with data available. Occurs in peel oil from Citrus subspecies and kumquatand is also present in ginger, coriander, chervil and scallop. Flavouring agent. Lauric aldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are mollusks, rocket salad (sspecies), sweet orange, and fruits. Lauric aldehyde is found in citrus. Lauric aldehyde occurs in peel oil from Citrus species and kumquat. Also present in ginger, coriander, chervil and scallop. Lauric aldehyde is a flavouring agent. A long-chain fatty aldehyde that is dodecane in which two hydrogens attached to a terminal carbon are replaced by an oxo group.
5-Aminopentanoic acid
5-Aminopentanoic acid (or 5-aminovalerate) is a lysine degradation product. It can be produced both endogenously or through bacterial catabolism of lysine. 5-aminovalerate is formed via the following multi-step reaction: L-lysine leads to cadverine leads to L-piperideine leads 5-aminovalerate (PMID:405455). In other words it is a metabolite of cadaverine which is formed via the intermediate, 1-piperideine (PMID:6436440). Cadaverine is a foul-smelling diamine compound produced by protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. High levels of 5-aminovalerate in biofluids may indicate bacterial overgrowth or endogenous tissue necrosis. In most cases endogenous 5-aminovalerate is thought to be primarily a microbial metabolite produced by the gut or oral microflora, although it can be produced endogenously. 5-aminovalerate is a normal metabolite present in human saliva, with a tendency to elevated concentration in patients with chronic periodontitis. Bacterial contamination and decomposition of salivary proteins is primarily responsible for elevated salivary levels (PMID 3481959). Beyond being a general waste product, 5-aminovalerate is also believed to act as a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and functions as a weak GABA agonist (PMID:4031870). It is also known as an antifibrinolytic amino acid analog and so it functions as a weak inhibitor of the blood clotting pathway (PMID:6703712). 5- aminovalerate is an in vivo substrate of 4-aminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (PMID:4031870). It can be found in Corynebacterium (PMID:27717386). 5-aminopentanoic acid is a normal metabolite present in human saliva, with a tendency to elevated concentration in patients with chronic periodontitis. Bacterial contamination and decomposition of salivary proteins is responsible for the elevated salivary levels (PMID 3481959) [HMDB] 5-Aminovaleric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=660-88-8 (retrieved 2024-07-17) (CAS RN: 660-88-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 5-Aminovaleric acid is believed to act as a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and functions as a weak GABA agonist.
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid was synthesized over a century ago, but its history as a compound of biological origin is rather recent. It was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. (PMID:4430715). Urinary excretion of N-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl) glycine has been reported in a 5-year-old affected with type II hyperprolinemia; The child has mild developmental delay, recurrent seizures of the grand mal type and EEG alterations. The urinary excretion of the conjugate is stressed, since it appears that only one previous report in the literature described this compound in the urine of two patients affected by this disturbance (PMID 2383933). Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid was synthesized over a century ago, but its history as a compound of biological origin is rather recent. It was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. (PMID: 4430715) KEIO_ID P112 Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is a natural alkaloid from the marine bacterium Pelomonas puraquae sp. Nov. Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is a natural alkaloid from the marine bacterium Pelomonas puraquae sp. Nov.
Hexadecenal
Among the 19 human ALDHs, ALDH3A2 is the only known ALDH that catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain fatty aldehydes including C16 aldehydes (hexadecanal and trans-2-hexadecenal) generated through sphingolipid metabolism. (PMID: 23721920) We recently identified that two products within the sphingolipid pathway, sphingosine-1-PO4 and hexadecenal, directly regulate BAK and BAX activation, respectively. (PMID: 23750296) Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is the only known enzyme that irreversibly cleaves sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) into phosphoethanolamine and (2E)-hexadecenal during the final step of sphingolipid catabolism. (PMID: 22444536) Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a bioactive signaling molecule with diverse cellular functions, is irreversibly degraded by the endoplasmic reticulum enzyme sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase, generating trans-2-hexadecenal and phosphoethanolamine. We recently demonstrated that trans-2-hexadecenal causes cytoskeletal reorganization, detachment, and apoptosis in multiple cell types via a JNK-dependent pathway. (PMID: 22727907)
Safrole
Safrole, also known as shikimol, is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid. It is typically extracted from the root-bark or the fruit of sassafras plants in the form of sassafras oil, or synthesized from other related methylenedioxy compounds. It is the principal component of brown camphor oil, and is found in small amounts in a wide variety of plants, where it functions as a natural pesticide. Safrole is found in anise and nutmeg. Banned by FDA for use in food. Safrole is formerly used as a food flavour It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide and the recreational drug MDMA ("Ecstacy"). Safrole is a natural plant constituent, found in oil of sassafras and certain other essential oils. It is a member of the methylenedioxybenzene group of compounds, many of which (e.g. piperonyl butoxide) are extensively used as insecticide synergists. Safrole is a major source of human exposure to safrole is through consumption of spices, such as nutmeg, cinnamon and black pepper, in which safrole is a constituent. Safrole is also present in root beer, and has been used as an additive in chewing gum, toothpaste, soaps and certain pharmaceutical preparations. Safrole is a weak hepatocarcinogen and it is a matter of considerable interest whether the ally1 moiety or the methylenedioxy group, or both, are involved in the mechanism of its carcinogenesis. Safrole is extensively metabolized, giving rise to a large number of metabolites. Metabolism involves essentially two major routes, oxidation of the ally1 side chain, and oxidation of the methylenedioxy group with subsequent cleavage to form the catechol. Safrole undergoes oxidation of the allylic group to yield the 2, 3-epoxide (safrole epoxide). The dihydrodiol is one of the metabolites of safrole, and presumably arises from the hydration of the 2, 3-epoxide. The principal route of metabolism of safrole is through cleavage of the methylenedioxy group, the major metabolites being allylcatechol and its isomer, propenylcatechol. Eugenol and its isomer I-methoxy- 2-hydroxy-4-allylbenzene have been detected as minor metabolites in rat, mouse and human (PMID:6719936). The Ocotea cymbarum oil made of the Ocotea pretiosa, a plant growing in Brazil, and sassafras oil made of Sassafras albidum, a tree growing in eastern North America, are the main natural sources for safrole. It has a characteristic "candy-shop" aroma Occurs in nutmeg. Banned by FDA for use in food. Formerly used as a food flavour
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde, also known as 4-anisaldehyde or p-formylanisole, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoyl derivatives, with the chemical formula CH3OC6H4CHO. These are organic compounds containing an acyl moiety of benzoic acid with the formula (C6H5CO-). Anisaldehyde is prepared commercially by oxidation of 4-methoxytoluene (p-cresyl methyl ether) using manganese dioxide to convert a methyl group to the aldehyde group. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a sweet, almond, and anise tasting compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde can be found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as cumins, star anises, and fennels. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as cornmints, anises, herbs and spices, tarragons, and tea. The related ortho isomer has a scent of licorice. It is a colorless liquid with a strong aroma. A solution of para-anisaldehyde in acid and ethanol is a useful stain in thin layer chromatography. Different chemical compounds on the plate can give different colors, allowing easy distinction. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other compounds important in pharmaceuticals and perfumery. Found in anise oil, fennel and vanilla. Flavouring ingredient 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has been found in many plant species including horseradish, anise, star anise. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a possible neurotoxicant and it has shown effects that include mortality, attractancy, and interference with host seeking [1]. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has been found in many plant species including horseradish, anise, star anise. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a possible neurotoxicant and it has shown effects that include mortality, attractancy, and interference with host seeking [1].
4-Hydroxysphinganine
Phytosphingosine is a phospholipid. Phospholipids are a class of lipids and a major component of all biological membranes; sphingolipid metabolites, such as sphingosine and ceramide, are highly bioactive compounds and are involved in diverse cell processes, including cell-cell interaction, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Phytosphingosine is also one of the most widely distributed natural sphingoid bases, which is abundant in fungi and plants, and also found in animals including humans. Phytosphingosine is structurally similar to sphingosine; phytosphingosine possesses a hydroxyl group at C-4 of the sphingoid long-chain base. The physiological roles of phytosphingosine are largely unknown. Phytosphingosine induces apoptosis in human T-cell lymphoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells, and induces caspase-independent cytochrome c release from mitochondria. In the presence of caspase inhibitors, phytosphingosine-induced apoptosis is almost completely suppressed, suggesting that phytosphingosine-induced apoptosis is largely dependent on caspase activities. (PMID: 12576463, 12531554, 8046331, 8048941,8706124) [HMDB] Phytosphingosine is a phospholipid. Phospholipids are a class of lipids and a major component of all biological membranes; sphingolipid metabolites, such as sphingosine and ceramide, are highly bioactive compounds and are involved in diverse cell processes, including cell-cell interaction, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Phytosphingosine is also one of the most widely distributed natural sphingoid bases, which is abundant in fungi and plants, and also found in animals including humans. Phytosphingosine is structurally similar to sphingosine; phytosphingosine possesses a hydroxyl group at C-4 of the sphingoid long-chain base. The physiological roles of phytosphingosine are largely unknown. Phytosphingosine induces apoptosis in human T-cell lymphoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells, and induces caspase-independent cytochrome c release from mitochondria. In the presence of caspase inhibitors, phytosphingosine-induced apoptosis is almost completely suppressed, suggesting that phytosphingosine-induced apoptosis is largely dependent on caspase activities. (PMID: 12576463, 12531554, 8046331, 8048941,8706124). Phytosphingosine is a?phospholipid and has anti-cancer activities. Phytosphingosine induces cell apoptosis via caspase 8 activation and Bax translocation in cancer cells[1].
3-(Pyrazol-1-yl)-L-alanine
L-2-Amino-3-(1-pyrazolyl)propanoic acid is found in fruits. L-2-Amino-3-(1-pyrazolyl)propanoic acid is a amino acid present in seeds of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon Amino acid present in seeds of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon). L-2-Amino-3-(1-pyrazolyl)propanoic acid is found in fruits.
Decanal
Decanal, also known as 1-decyl aldehyde or capraldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, decanal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. Decanal is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Decanal exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Decanal is a sweet, aldehydic, and citrus tasting compound. Decanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as corianders, dills, and gingers and in a lower concentration in limes, sweet oranges, and safflowers. Decanal has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as fishes, cauliflowers, citrus, fats and oils, and lemon grass. This could make decanal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Decanal is a potentially toxic compound. Decanal, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as uremia, asthma, and perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment; decanal has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Decanal occurs naturally and is used in fragrances and flavoring. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Constituent of Cassia, Neroli and other oils especies citrus peel oilsand is also present in coriander leaf or seed, caviar, roast turkey, roast filbert, green tea, fish oil, hop oil and beer. Flavouring agent Decyl aldehyde is a simple ten-carbon aldehyde. Decyl aldehyde is a bacterial luciferase substrate. Decyl aldehyde is a simple ten-carbon aldehyde. Decyl aldehyde is a bacterial luciferase substrate.
Adenosine 2'-phosphate
Adenosine 2-phosphate is converted enzymatically from adenosine 2,3-cyclic phosphate via the enzyme 2,3-cyclic-nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.37). In the brain, this enzyme acts on 2,3-cyclic AMP more rapidly than on the UMP or CMP derivatives. In the liver, this enzyme acts on 2,3-cyclic CMP more rapidly than on the purine derivatives; it also hydrolyses the corresponding 3,5-cyclic phosphates, more slowly. This latter enzyme has been called cyclic-CMP phosphodiesterase. (KEGG). This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside-2,3-cyclic-phosphate 2-nucleotidohydrolase. (Wikipedia). Adenosine 2-phosphate is converted enzymatically from adenosine 2,3-cyclic phosphate via the enzyme 2,3-cyclic-nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.37). In the brain, this enzyme acts on 2,3-cyclic AMP more rapidly than on the UMP or CMP derivatives. In the liver, this enzyme acts on 2,3-cyclic CMP more rapidly than on the purine derivatives; it also hydrolyses the corresponding 3,5-cyclic phosphates, more slowly. This latter enzyme has been called cyclic-CMP phosphodiesterase. (KEGG) Adenosine-2'-monophosphate (2'-AMP) is converted by extracellular 2’,3'-CAMP. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate is further metabolized to extracellular adenosine (a mechanism called the extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP-adenosine pathway). Adenosine-2'-monophosphate inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production via A2A receptor activation[1][2]. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate (2'-AMP) is converted by extracellular 2’,3'-CAMP. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate is further metabolized to extracellular adenosine (a mechanism called the extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP-adenosine pathway). Adenosine-2'-monophosphate inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production via A2A receptor activation[1][2]. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate (2'-AMP) is converted by extracellular 2’,3'-CAMP. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate is further metabolized to extracellular adenosine (a mechanism called the extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP-adenosine pathway). Adenosine-2'-monophosphate inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production via A2A receptor activation[1][2].
Betaine aldehyde
Betaine aldehyde, also known as BTL, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetraalkylammonium salts. These are organonitrogen compounds containing a quaternary ammonium substituted with four alkyl chains. Betaine aldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). In humans, betaine aldehyde is involved in betaine metabolism. Outside of the human body, betaine aldehyde has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdoughs, summer savouries, loganberries, burbots, and celery stalks. This could make betaine aldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Betaine aldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine, and threonine. The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) facilitates the conversion of betaine aldehyde into glycine betaine. Betaine aldehyde is a substrate for choline dehydrogenase (PMID: 12467448, 7646513). Betaine aldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine and threonine. The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) facilitates the conversion of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine. Betaine aldehyde is a substrate for Choline dehydrogenase (mitochondrial). (PMID: 12467448, 7646513) [HMDB]. Betaine aldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are celery leaves, pummelo, star anise, and grape. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID B044 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Heptadecane
Heptadecane, also known as CH3-[CH2]15-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Heptadecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, heptadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heptadecane is an organic compound, an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C17H36. The most compact and branched isomer would be tetra-tert-butylmethane, but its existence is believed to be impossible due to steric hindrance. The name may refer to any of 24894 theoretically possible structural isomers, or to a mixture thereof. Heptadecane is an alkane tasting compound. heptadecane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as lemon balms, coconuts, orange bell peppers, allspices, and pepper (c. annuum). This could make heptadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. In the IUPAC nomenclature, the name of this compound is simply heptadecane, since the other isomers are viewed and named as alkyl-substituted versions of smaller alkanes. The unbranched isomer is normal or n-heptadecane, CH3(CH2)15CH3. Indeed, it is believed to be the smallest "impossible" alkane. Heptadecane, also known as ch3-[ch2]15-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, heptadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heptadecane is an alkane tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as papaya, orange bell pepper, pepper (spice), and red bell pepper, which makes heptadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Heptadecane can be found primarily in saliva. The unbranched isomer is normal or n-heptadecane, CH3(CH2)15CH3. In the IUPAC nomenclature, the name of this compound is simply heptadecane, since the other isomers are viewed and named as alkyl-substituted versions of smaller alkanes .
Heptanal
Heptanal, also known as enanthal or N-heptaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, heptanal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. It is a colourless liquid with a strong fruity odor, which is used as precursor to components in perfumes and lubricants. Heptanal is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Heptanal exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Heptanal is an aldehydic, citrus, and fat tasting compound. heptanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods, such as corns, tea, and sweet oranges and in a lower concentration in lemons, wild carrots, and carrots. heptanal has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as horned melons, common beets, dills, red bell peppers, and malus (crab apple). This could make heptanal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. The formation of heptanal in the fractional distillation of castor oil was already described in 1878. The large-scale production is based on the pyrolytic cleavage of ricinoleic acid ester (Arkema method) and on the hydroformylation of 1-hexene with rhodium 2-ethylhexanoate as a catalyst upon addition of some 2-ethylhexanoic acid (Oxea method):Heptanal naturally occurs in the essential oils of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), lemon (Citrus x limon), bitter orange (Citrus x aurantium), rose (Rosa) and hyacinth (Hyacinthus). Heptanal is a potentially toxic compound. Heptanal has been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis, crohns disease, uremia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also heptanal has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including celiac disease. The compound has a flash point of 39.5 °C. The explosion range is between 1.1\\% by volume as the lower explosion limit (LEL) and 5.2\\% by volume as the upper explosion limit. Heptanal or heptanaldehyde is an alkyl aldehyde. Full hydrogenation provides the branched primary alcohol 2-pentylnonan-1-ol, also accessible from the Guerbet reaction from heptanol. A by-product of the given reaction is the unpleasant rancid smelling (Z)-2-pentyl-2-nonenal. Heptanal forms flammable vapor-air mixtures. Heptanal is a flammable, slightly volatile colorless liquid of pervasive fruity to oily-greasy odor, which is miscible with alcohols and practically insoluble in water. Heptanal reacts with benzaldehyde in a Knoevenagel reaction under basic catalysis with high yield and selectivity (> 90\\%) to alpha-pentylcinnamaldehyde (also called jasmine aldehyde because of the typical jasmine odor), which is mostly used in many fragrances as a cis/trans isomer mixture. Found in essential oils of ylang-ylang, clary sage, California orange, bitter orange and others. Flavouring agent
2-Butenal
(e)-2-butenal, also known as (cis)-crotonaldehyde or (E)-crotonaldehyde (iupac), is a member of the class of compounds known as enals. Enals are an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde of general formula RC=C-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to a C=C triple bond at the alpha,beta position (e)-2-butenal is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). (e)-2-butenal is a flower tasting compound found in fruits, garden tomato, and potato, which makes (e)-2-butenal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (e)-2-butenal can be found primarily in feces and saliva. 2-Butenal (CAS: 4170-30-3), also known as crotonaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as enals. These are alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes of the general formula RC=C-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to a C=C triple bond at the alpha,beta position. The (E)-form of 2-butenal predominates (>95\\%). 2-Butenal can undergo polycondensation with phenols to synthesize phenolic resins. It is an eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. (E)-2-Butenal is found in fruits and vegetables (e.g. tomato juice, strawberry aroma).
Palmitaldehyde
Palmitaldehyde, also known as 1-hexadecanal, is a member of the class of compounds known as fatty aldehydes. Fatty aldehydes are long chain aldehydes with a chain of at least 12 carbon atoms. Thus, palmitaldehyde is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. Palmitaldehyde is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Palmitaldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as rose hip, lambsquarters, pak choy, and swede, which makes palmitaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Palmitaldehyde exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, palmitaldehyde is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include globoid cell leukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), and sphingolipid metabolism. Palmitaldehyde is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include fabry disease, gaucher disease, and krabbe disease. Palmitaldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of Glycosphingolipid. It is a substrate for Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1. Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1]. Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1].
Propanal
Propanal, also known as N-propionaldehyde or C2H5CHO, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-hydrogen aldehydes. These are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organyl group. Propanal exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Propanal is an alcohol, cocoa, and earthy tasting compound. Outside of the human body, Propanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration within wild celeries and carrots. Propanal has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as purple lavers, black salsifies, strawberry guava, grapefruit/pummelo hybrids, and alaska wild rhubarbs. It is an aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. Isolated from various plant sources, e.g. hops, banana, sweet or sour cherry, blackcurrants, melon, pineapple, bread, chesses, coffee, cooked rice and strawberry or apple aroma. Flavouring agent
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde, also known as ethanal, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 2 and 5 carbon atoms. Acetaldehyde exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, acetaldehyde participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, acetaldehyde can be biosynthesized from ethanol which is mediated by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase 1B. Acetaldehyde can also be converted to acetic acid by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial) and aldehyde dehydrogenase X (mitochondrial). The main method of production is the oxidation of ethylene by the Wacker process, which involves oxidation of ethylene using a homogeneous palladium/copper system: 2 CH2CH2 + O2 → 2 CH3CHO. In the 1970s, the world capacity of the Wacker-Hoechst direct oxidation process exceeded 2 million tonnes annually. In humans, acetaldehyde is involved in disulfiram action pathway. Acetaldehyde is an aldehydic, ethereal, and fruity tasting compound. Outside of the human body, acetaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods, such as sweet oranges, pineapples, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine) and in a lower concentration in . acetaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as malabar plums, malus (crab apple), rose hips, natal plums, and medlars. This could make acetaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. In condensation reactions, acetaldehyde is prochiral. Acetaldehyde is formally rated as a possible carcinogen (by IARC 2B) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Acetaldehyde has been found to be associated with several diseases such as alcoholism, ulcerative colitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and crohns disease; also acetaldehyde has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (III) sulfate is used to reoxidize the mercury back to the mercury. Acetaldehyde was first observed by the Swedish pharmacist/chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774); it was then investigated by the French chemists Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy and Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1800), and the German chemists Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (1821, 1822, 1832) and Justus von Liebig (1835). At room temperature, acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) is more stable than vinyl alcohol (CH2CHOH) by 42.7 kJ/mol: Overall the keto-enol tautomerization occurs slowly but is catalyzed by acids. The level at which an average consumer could detect acetaldehyde is still considerably lower than any toxicity. Pathways of exposure include air, water, land, or groundwater, as well as drink and smoke. Acetaldehyde is also created by thermal degradation or ultraviolet photo-degradation of some thermoplastic polymers during or after manufacture. The water industry generally recognizes 20–40 ppb as the taste/odor threshold for acetaldehyde. The level at which an average consumer could detect acetaldehyde is still considerably lower than any toxicity. Flavouring agent and adjuvant used to impart orange, apple and butter flavours; component of food flavourings added to milk products, baked goods, fruit juices, candy, desserts and soft drinks [DFC]
4-Aminobutyraldehyde
4-Aminobutyraldehyde is a metabolite of putrescine. It is a substrate of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) cytoplasmic (E1) and mitochondrial (E2) isozymes (PMID 3324802). [HMDB]. 4-Aminobutyraldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are naranjilla, rambutan, oval-leaf huckleberry, and pepper (capsicum). 4-Aminobutyraldehyde is a metabolite of putrescine. It is a substrate of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) cytoplasmic (E1) and mitochondrial (E2) isozymes (PMID 3324802).
Formyl-CoA
Formyl-CoA is formed during the alpha-oxidation process in liver peroxisomes, as a result of the alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-substituted fatty acids. The amount of formyl-CoA formed constitutes 2 - 5\\% of the total formate. The formyl-CoA formed is not due to activation of formate - until now presumed to be the primary end-product of alpha-oxidation - but is rather than formate the end-product of alpha-oxidation. The cleavage of 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA to 2-methylpentadecanal and formate (formyl-CoA) is probably due to the presence of a specific lyase. (PMID: 9276483, 9166898) [HMDB]. Formyl-CoA is found in many foods, some of which are roman camomile, java plum, sweet marjoram, and new zealand spinach. Formyl-CoA is formed during the alpha-oxidation process in liver peroxisomes, as a result of the alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-substituted fatty acids. The amount of formyl-CoA formed constitutes 2 - 5\\% of the total formate. The formyl-CoA formed is not due to activation of formate - until now presumed to be the primary end-product of alpha-oxidation - but is rather than formate the end-product of alpha-oxidation. The cleavage of 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA to 2-methylpentadecanal and formate (formyl-CoA) is probably due to the presence of a specific lyase. (PMID: 9276483, 9166898).
1-Hexadecanol
Cetyl alcohol, also known as 1-hexadecanol and palmityl alcohol, is a solid organic compound and a member of the alcohol class of compounds. Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)15OH. At room temperature, cetyl alcohol takes the form of a waxy white solid or flakes. It belongs to the group of fatty alcohols. With the demise of commercial whaling, cetyl alcohol is no longer primarily produced from whale oil, but instead either as an end-product of the petroleum industry, or produced from vegetable oils such as palm oil and coconut oil. Production of cetyl alcohol from palm oil gives rise to one of its alternative names, palmityl alcohol. Flavouring ingredient. Cetyl alcohol is found in many foods, some of which are rocket salad (sspecies), soft-necked garlic, bitter gourd, and kohlrabi. 1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol, a lipophilic substrate. 1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol, a lipophilic substrate.
Phytanate
Phytanic acid (or 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) is a 20-carbon branched-chain fatty acid that humans can obtain through the consumption of dairy products, ruminant animal fats, and certain fish. It is primarily formed by bacterial degradation of chlorophyll in the intestinal tract of ruminants. Unlike most fatty acids, phytanic acid cannot be metabolized by beta-oxidation (because of a methyl group in the beta position). Instead, it undergoes alpha-oxidation in the peroxisome, where it is converted into pristanic acid by the removal of one carbon. Pristanic acid can undergo several rounds of beta-oxidation in the peroxisome to form medium-chain fatty acids that can be converted into carbon dioxide and water in mitochondria. Refsum disease, an autosomal recessive neurological disorder caused by mutations in the PHYH gene, is characterized by having impaired alpha-oxidation activity. Individuals with Refsum disease accumulate large stores of phytanic acid in their blood and tissues. This frequently leads to peripheral polyneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, and hearing loss. Therefore, chronically high levels of phytanic acid can be neurotoxic. Phytanic acids neurotoxicity appears to lie in its ability to initiate astrocyte/neural cell death by activating the mitochondrial route of apoptosis. In particular, phytanic acid can induce the substantial generation of reactive oxygen species in isolated mitochondria as well as in intact cells. It also induces the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid, Phytanic acid is present in animal (primarily herbivores or omnivores) tissues where it may be derived from the chlorophyll in consumed plant material. Phytanic acid derives from the corresponding alcohol, phytol, and is ultimately oxidized into pristanic acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (Refsum disease) this lipid may comprise as much as 30\\% of the total fatty acids in plasma. These high levels in Refsum disease (a neurological disorder) are due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.; A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (Refsum disease) this lipid may comprise as much as 30\\% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. [HMDB]
Stearaldehyde
Stearaldehyde or octadecanal is a normal long chain fatty aldehyde that can be found in total lipid extracts of muscle tissue. Stearaldehyde can also be found in the plasma of patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an autosomal recessively inherited neurocutaneous disorder caused by a deficiency of the microsomal enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). (PMID 14564703, 11408337). Octadecanal is often used as the substrate of choice to test FALDH activity in patients suspected of having Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. [HMDB] Stearaldehyde or octadecanal is a normal long chain fatty aldehyde that can be found in total lipid extracts of muscle tissue. Stearaldehyde can also be found in the plasma of patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an autosomal recessively inherited neurocutaneous disorder caused by a deficiency of the microsomal enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). (PMID 14564703, 11408337). Octadecanal is often used as the substrate of choice to test FALDH activity in patients suspected of having Sjogren-Larsson syndrome.
Phytanoyl-CoA
Phytanoyl CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of phytanic acid. Phytanic acid is present in human diet or in animal tissues where it may be derived from chlorophyll in plant extracts. Specifically it is an epimeric metabolite of the isoprenoid side chain of chlorophyll. Owing to the presence of its epimeric beta-methyl group, phytanic acid cannot be metabolized by beta-oxidation. Instead, it is metabolized in peroxisomes via alpha-oxidation to give pristanic acid, which is then oxidized by beta-oxidation. PhyH (phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase) catalyses hydroxylation of phytanoyl-CoA. Mutations of PhyH can lead to phytanic acid accumulation. High levels of phytanic acid are found in patients suffering from Refsums syndrome. This inherited neurological disorder is characterized by an accumulation of phytanic acid in blood and tissues. Clinically it is characterized by adult onset retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, sensory neuropathy, and phytanic acidaemia. This disorder has been found to be related to deficiency in the α-oxidation pathway in the liver. (PMID: 17956235). Phytanoyl CoA and other branched-chain fatty acid CoA products are potent inducers of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARalpha, a nuclear receptor that enhances transcription of peroxisomal enzymes mediating beta-oxidation of these potentially toxic fatty acids (PMID: 16768463). Pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase are strongly inhibited by phytanoyl-CoA. Decreased activity of these important mitochondrial metabolism complexes might therefore contribute to neurological symptoms upon accumulation of phytanic acid in Refsum disease (PMID: 16737698). [HMDB] Phytanoyl CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of phytanic acid. Phytanic acid is present in human diet or in animal tissues where it may be derived from chlorophyll in plant extracts. Specifically it is an epimeric metabolite of the isoprenoid side chain of chlorophyll. Owing to the presence of its epimeric beta-methyl group, phytanic acid cannot be metabolized by beta-oxidation. Instead, it is metabolized in peroxisomes via alpha-oxidation to give pristanic acid, which is then oxidized by beta-oxidation. PhyH (phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase) catalyses hydroxylation of phytanoyl-CoA. Mutations of PhyH can lead to phytanic acid accumulation. High levels of phytanic acid are found in patients suffering from Refsums syndrome. This inherited neurological disorder is characterized by an accumulation of phytanic acid in blood and tissues. Clinically it is characterized by adult onset retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, sensory neuropathy, and phytanic acidaemia. This disorder has been found to be related to deficiency in the α-oxidation pathway in the liver. (PMID: 17956235). Phytanoyl CoA and other branched-chain fatty acid CoA products are potent inducers of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARalpha, a nuclear receptor that enhances transcription of peroxisomal enzymes mediating beta-oxidation of these potentially toxic fatty acids (PMID: 16768463). Pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase are strongly inhibited by phytanoyl-CoA. Decreased activity of these important mitochondrial metabolism complexes might therefore contribute to neurological symptoms upon accumulation of phytanic acid in Refsum disease (PMID: 16737698).
Dodecanol
Dodecanol, also known as dodecyl alcohol or lorol, is a member of the class of compounds known as fatty alcohols. Fatty alcohols are aliphatic alcohols consisting of a chain of a least six carbon atoms. Thus, dodecanol is considered to be a fatty alcohol lipid molecule. Dodecanol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dodecanol can be synthesized from dodecane. Dodecanol can also be synthesized into lauryl palmitoleate and dodecyl palmitate. Dodecanol can be found in a number of food items such as watermelon, quince, prickly pear, and brassicas, which makes dodecanol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Dodecanol can be found primarily in feces and saliva. Dodecanol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Dodecanol (systematically named dodecan-1-ol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)10CH2OH (also written as C 12H 26O). It is tasteless, colourless solid with a floral smell. It is classified as a fatty alcohol . Dodecanol, also known by its IUPAC name 1-dodecanol or dodecan-1-ol, and by its trivial name dodecyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol, is a fatty alcohol. Dodecanol is a colourless, water insoluble solid with a melting point of 24 °C and boiling point of 259 °C. It has a floral odor. Dodecanol can be obtained from palm kernel or coconut oil fatty acids and methyl esters by reduction. 1-Dodecanol is an endogenous metabolite. 1-Dodecanol is an endogenous metabolite.
2-trans,6-trans-Farnesal
Farnesal, also known as (2e,6e)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal or 2-trans,6-trans-farnesal, is a member of the class of compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenoids are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Thus, farnesal is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Farnesal is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Farnesal is a floral and minty tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as bamboo shoots, dandelion, italian sweet red pepper, and chicory roots, which makes farnesal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. This compound belongs to the family of Sesquiterpenes. These are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units.
Dimethylpropiothetin
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, also known as dimethylpropiothetin or S-dimethylsulfonium propionic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as carboxylic acid salts. Carboxylic acid salts are ionic derivatives of carboxylic acid. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dimethylsulfoniopropionate can be found in a number of food items such as sugar apple, american butterfish, coriander, and oxheart cabbage, which makes dimethylsulfoniopropionate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2S+CH2CH2COO−. This zwitterionic metabolite can be found in marine phytoplankton, seaweeds, and some species of terrestrial and aquatic vascular plants. It functions as an osmolyte as well as several other physiological and environmental roles have also been identified. DMSP was first identified in the marine red alga Polysiphonia fastigiata by Frederick Challenger and Margaret Simpson (later Dr. Whitaker) . D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents
3-Aminopropionaldehyde
3-aminopropionaldehyde is a member of the class of compounds known as alpha-hydrogen aldehydes. Alpha-hydrogen aldehydes are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organyl group. 3-aminopropionaldehyde is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-aminopropionaldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as lemon, natal plum, common wheat, and leek, which makes 3-aminopropionaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-aminopropionaldehyde exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3-aminopropionaldehyde is involved in the beta-alanine metabolism. 3-aminopropionaldehyde is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include carnosinuria, carnosinemia, gaba-transaminase deficiency, and ureidopropionase deficiency. 3-Aminopropanal is a reactive aldehyde that mediates progressive neuronal necrosis and glial apoptosis. (PMID 11943872). Increased activity of polyamine oxidase catabolizes polyamines (such as spermine, spermidine and putrescine) to produce 3-aminopropanal. (PMID 15246852).
20-Carboxy-leukotriene B4
20-Carboxyleukotriene B4 is an omega-oxidized metabolite of leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Neutrophil microsomes are known to oxidize 20-hydroxy-LTB4 (20-OH-LTB4) to its 20-oxo and 20-carboxy derivatives in the presence of NADPH. This activity has been ascribed to LTB4 omega-hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450LTB omega). Leukotriene B4 release from polymorphonuclear granulocytes of severely burned patients was reduced as compared to healthy donor cells. This decrease is due to an enhanced conversion of LTB4 into the 20-hydroxy- and 20-carboxy-metabolites and further to a decreased LTB4-synthesis. LTB4 is the major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by w-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by beta-oxidation from the w-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation. Other specific pathways of leukotriene metabolism include the 12-hydroxydehydrogenase/ 15-oxo-prostaglandin-13-reductase that form a series of conjugated diene metabolites that have been observed to be excreted into human urine. Metabolism of LTC4 occurs by sequential peptide cleavage reactions involving a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase that forms LTD4 (leukotriene D4) and a membrane-bound dipeptidase that converts LTD4 into LTE4 (leukotriene E4) before w-oxidation. These metabolic transformations of the primary leukotrienes are critical for termination of their biological activity, and defects in expression of participating enzymes may be involved in specific genetic disease. (PMID 17623009, 7633595, 2155225, 3039534)Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
2-Hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA
2-Hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA is a substrate for Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase (peroxisomal). [HMDB] 2-Hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA is a substrate for Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase (peroxisomal).
Pentadecane
Pentadecane, also known as ch3-[ch2]13-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, pentadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Pentadecane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as dill, papaya, yellow bell pepper, and pepper (c. annuum), which makes pentadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Pentadecane can be found primarily in saliva. Pentadecane is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Pentadecane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C15H32 . Pentadecane belongs to the family of Acyclic Alkanes. These are acyclic hydrocarbons consisting only of n carbon atoms and m hydrogen atoms where m=2*n + 2
Tenofovir disoproxil
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
farnesoic acid
A methyl-branched, trienoic fatty acid consisting of dodeca-2,6,10-trienoic acid having three methyl substituents at the 3-, 7- and 11-positions.
Vinyl ether
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AA - Ethers
20-Hydroxy-leukotriene B4
20-hydroxy- Leukotriene B4 (20-OH-LTB4) is an omega-hydroxylated metabolite of leukotriene B4 in human neutrophils. Elevated urinary concentrations of 20-OH-LTB4 and LTB4 are found in patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS, OMIM 270220), an autosomal recessively inherited neurocutaneous disorder caused by a deficiency of the microsomal enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), which as an essential role in LTB4 metabolism. Preterm birth seems to be one of the features of the syndrome. The reason for the preterm birth is unclear. It is hypothesized that it relates to the defective LTB4 degradation in SLS. The pathological urinary excretion of LTB4 and 20-OH-LTB4 is a biochemical marker for SLS. Surprisingly, 20-OH-LTB4 concentrations are normal in CSF. Leukotriene B4 is the major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by w-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by beta-oxidation from the w-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation. Other specific pathways of leukotriene metabolism include the 12-hydroxydehydrogenase/ 15-oxo-prostaglandin-13-reductase that form a series of conjugated diene metabolites that have been observed to be excreted into human urine. Metabolism of LTC4 occurs by sequential peptide cleavage reactions involving a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase that forms LTD4 (leukotriene D4) and a membrane-bound dipeptidase that converts LTD4 into LTE4 (leukotriene E4) before w-oxidation. These metabolic transformations of the primary leukotrienes are critical for termination of their biological activity, and defects in expression of participating enzymes may be involved in specific genetic disease. (PMID: 12709426, 9799565, 11408337, 17623009). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. 20-hydroxy- Leukotriene B4 (20-OH-LTB4) is an omega-hydroxylated metabolite of leukotriene B4 in human neutrophils. Elevated urinary concentrations of 20-OH-LTB4 and LTB4 are found in patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS, OMIM 270220), an autosomal recessively inherited neurocutaneous disorder caused by a deficiency of the microsomal enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), which as an essential role in LTB4 metabolism. Preterm birth seems to be one of the features of the syndrome. The reason for the preterm birth is unclear. It is hypothesized that it relates to the defective LTB4 degradation in SLS. The pathological urinary excretion of LTB4 and 20-OH-LTB4 is a biochemical marker for SLS. Surprisingly, 20-OH-LTB4 concentrations are normal in CSF. Leukotriene B4 is the major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by w-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by beta-oxidation from the w-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation. Other specific pathways of leukotriene metabolism include the 12-hydroxydehydrogenase/ 15-oxo-prostaglandin-13-reductase that form a series of conjugated diene metabolites that have been observed to be excreted into human urine. Metabolism of LTC4 occurs by sequential peptide cleavage reactions involving a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase that forms LTD4 (leukotriene D4) and a membrane-bound dipeptidase that converts LTD4 into LTE4 (leukotriene E4) before w-oxidation. These metabolic transformations of the primary leukotrienes are critical for termination of their biological activity, and defects in expression of participating enzymes may be involved in specific genetic disease. (PMID: 12709426, 9799565, 11408337, 17623009)
3D,7D,11D-Phytanic acid
3D,7D,11D-Phytanic acid is an isomer of Phytanic acid, an unusual 20-carbon branched-chain fatty acid; Phytanic acid accumulates in blood and tissues of patients with Refsum disease (RD, an inborn error of lipid metabolism inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (OMIM 266500)), and is a reliable identifier of RD from a large number of other neurological disorders. Phytanic acid also accumulates in a number of other disorders with a very different clinical course: disorders of peroxisome biogenesis (Zellweger syndrome (OMIM 214100), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (OMIM 202370), infantile Refsum disease (OMIM 266510)) and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, type 1 (OMIM 215100). Phytanic acid is a 3-methyl fatty acid that cannot be beta-oxidized directly, and first undergoes an alpha-oxidation a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase, which is deficient in RD, the only true disorder of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. (The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease).
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde, also known as 4-anisaldehyde or p-formylanisole, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoyl derivatives, with the chemical formula CH3OC6H4CHO. These are organic compounds containing an acyl moiety of benzoic acid with the formula (C6H5CO-). Anisaldehyde is prepared commercially by oxidation of 4-methoxytoluene (p-cresyl methyl ether) using manganese dioxide to convert a methyl group to the aldehyde group. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a sweet, almond, and anise tasting compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde can be found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as cumins, star anises, and fennels. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as cornmints, anises, herbs and spices, tarragons, and tea. The related ortho isomer has a scent of licorice. It is a colorless liquid with a strong aroma. A solution of para-anisaldehyde in acid and ethanol is a useful stain in thin layer chromatography. Different chemical compounds on the plate can give different colors, allowing easy distinction. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other compounds important in pharmaceuticals and perfumery. P-methoxybenzaldehyde is a member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4. It has a role as an insect repellent, a human urinary metabolite, a plant metabolite and a bacterial metabolite. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a natural product found in Vanilla pompona, Solidago odora, and other organisms with data available. See also: Anise Oil (part of). Found in anise oil, fennel and vanilla. Flavouring ingredient 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has been found in many plant species including horseradish, anise, star anise. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a possible neurotoxicant and it has shown effects that include mortality, attractancy, and interference with host seeking [1]. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has been found in many plant species including horseradish, anise, star anise. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a possible neurotoxicant and it has shown effects that include mortality, attractancy, and interference with host seeking [1].
Pyrrole 2-carboxylate
A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole substituted by a carboxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Penicillium chrysogenum. A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2. Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is a natural alkaloid from the marine bacterium Pelomonas puraquae sp. Nov. Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is a natural alkaloid from the marine bacterium Pelomonas puraquae sp. Nov.
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde, also known as 4-anisaldehyde or p-formylanisole, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoyl derivatives, with the chemical formula CH3OC6H4CHO. These are organic compounds containing an acyl moiety of benzoic acid with the formula (C6H5CO-). Anisaldehyde is prepared commercially by oxidation of 4-methoxytoluene (p-cresyl methyl ether) using manganese dioxide to convert a methyl group to the aldehyde group. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a sweet, almond, and anise tasting compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde can be found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as cumins, star anises, and fennels. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as cornmints, anises, herbs and spices, tarragons, and tea. The related ortho isomer has a scent of licorice. It is a colorless liquid with a strong aroma. A solution of para-anisaldehyde in acid and ethanol is a useful stain in thin layer chromatography. Different chemical compounds on the plate can give different colors, allowing easy distinction. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other compounds important in pharmaceuticals and perfumery. P-methoxybenzaldehyde is a member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4. It has a role as an insect repellent, a human urinary metabolite, a plant metabolite and a bacterial metabolite. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a natural product found in Vanilla pompona, Solidago odora, and other organisms with data available. See also: Anise Oil (part of). Found in anise oil, fennel and vanilla. Flavouring ingredient 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has been found in many plant species including horseradish, anise, star anise. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a possible neurotoxicant and it has shown effects that include mortality, attractancy, and interference with host seeking [1]. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has been found in many plant species including horseradish, anise, star anise. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a possible neurotoxicant and it has shown effects that include mortality, attractancy, and interference with host seeking [1].
Phytol
Phytol is a key acyclic diterpene alcohol that is a precursor for vitamins E and K1. Phytol is an extremely common terpenoid, found in all plants esterified to Chlorophyll to confer lipid solubility[citation needed].; Phytol is a natural linear diterpene alcohol which is used in the preparation of vitamins E and K1. It is also a decomposition product of chlorophyll. It is an oily liquid that is nearly insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. -- Wikipedia C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28269 - Phytochemical Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1]. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1].
5-Aminovaleric acid
MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; JJMDCOVWQOJGCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0196_5-Aminovaleric acid_0500fmol_180831_S2_L02M02_26; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. 5-Aminovaleric acid is believed to act as a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and functions as a weak GABA agonist.
PHYTANIC ACID
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.
Phytosphingosine
Phytosphingosine is a?phospholipid and has anti-cancer activities. Phytosphingosine induces cell apoptosis via caspase 8 activation and Bax translocation in cancer cells[1].
Decanal
A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of capric acid (decanoic acid). Decyl aldehyde is a simple ten-carbon aldehyde. Decyl aldehyde is a bacterial luciferase substrate. Decyl aldehyde is a simple ten-carbon aldehyde. Decyl aldehyde is a bacterial luciferase substrate.
2-Adenylic acid
Adenosine-2'-monophosphate (2'-AMP) is converted by extracellular 2’,3'-CAMP. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate is further metabolized to extracellular adenosine (a mechanism called the extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP-adenosine pathway). Adenosine-2'-monophosphate inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production via A2A receptor activation[1][2]. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate (2'-AMP) is converted by extracellular 2’,3'-CAMP. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate is further metabolized to extracellular adenosine (a mechanism called the extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP-adenosine pathway). Adenosine-2'-monophosphate inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production via A2A receptor activation[1][2]. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate (2'-AMP) is converted by extracellular 2’,3'-CAMP. Adenosine-2'-monophosphate is further metabolized to extracellular adenosine (a mechanism called the extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP-adenosine pathway). Adenosine-2'-monophosphate inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production via A2A receptor activation[1][2].
safrole
A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.
FAL 16:0
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1]. Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1].
CoA 20:0;O
N-HEPTADECANE
A straight-chain alkane with 17 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oils from plants like Opuntia littoralis and Annona squamosa.
Pentadecane
A straight-chain alkane with 15 carbon atoms. It is a component of volatile oils isolated from plants species like Scandix balansae.
Obepin
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has been found in many plant species including horseradish, anise, star anise. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a possible neurotoxicant and it has shown effects that include mortality, attractancy, and interference with host seeking [1]. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has been found in many plant species including horseradish, anise, star anise. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a possible neurotoxicant and it has shown effects that include mortality, attractancy, and interference with host seeking [1].
palmitoyl
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1]. Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1].
Lauryl alcohol
1-Dodecanol is an endogenous metabolite. 1-Dodecanol is an endogenous metabolite.
Cetyl alcohol
A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. 1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol, a lipophilic substrate. 1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol, a lipophilic substrate.
hexadecanal
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1]. Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1].
Vinyl ether
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AA - Ethers
betaine aldehyde
A quaternary ammonium ion that is nitrogen substituted by three methyl groups and a 2-oxoethyl group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of amino acids like glycine, serine and threonine. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
4-aminobutanal
An omega-aminoaldehyde that is butanal in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.
Dimethylpropiothetin
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents
formyl CoA
An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of formic acid.
