Classification Term: 9
Gamma butyrolactones (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0001245)
Compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom." []
found 89 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Lactones
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
alpha-Methylene-gamma-butyrolactone
Alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone is a butan-4-olide having a methylene group at the 3-position. It has a role as a gastrointestinal drug and an anti-ulcer drug. alpha-Methylene-gamma-butyrolactone is a natural product found in Tulipa agenensis, Tulipa humilis, and other organisms with data available. D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000897 - Anti-Ulcer Agents Tulipalin A (α-Methylene butyrolactone) is a glycoside. Tulipalin A is a causative allergen that induces Allergic contact dermatitides[1]. Tulipalin A (α-Methylene butyrolactone) at low dose affects the functionality of immune cells, such as Jurkat T cells[2]. Tulipalin A (α-Methylene butyrolactone) is a glycoside. Tulipalin A is a causative allergen that induces Allergic contact dermatitides[1]. Tulipalin A (α-Methylene butyrolactone) at low dose affects the functionality of immune cells, such as Jurkat T cells[2].
S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH)
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is formed by the demethylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy or SAH) is also the immediate precursor of all of the homocysteine produced in the body. The reaction is catalyzed by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and is reversible with the equilibrium favoring formation of SAH. In vivo, the reaction is driven in the direction of homocysteine formation by the action of the enzyme adenosine deaminase which converts the second product of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase reaction, adenosine, to inosine. Except for methyl transfer from betaine and from methylcobalamin in the methionine synthase reaction, SAH is the product of all methylation reactions that involve S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. Methylation is significant in epigenetic regulation of protein expression via DNA and histone methylation. The inhibition of these SAM-mediated processes by SAH is a proven mechanism for metabolic alteration. Because the conversion of SAH to homocysteine is reversible, with the equilibrium favoring the formation of SAH, increases in plasma homocysteine are accompanied by an elevation of SAH in most cases. Disturbances in the transmethylation pathway indicated by abnormal SAH, SAM, or their ratio have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, depression, and Parkinsons disease (PMID:18065573, 17892439). Therefore, when present in sufficiently high levels, S-adenosylhomocysteine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine are associated with S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency. S-Adenosylhomocysteine forms when there are elevated levels of homocysteine and adenosine. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation reactions. It is toxic to immature lymphocytes and can lead to immunosuppression (PMID:221926). S-adenosylhomocysteine, also known as adohcy or sah, is a member of the class of compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. S-adenosylhomocysteine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). S-adenosylhomocysteine can be found in a number of food items such as rapini, european plum, rambutan, and pepper (c. pubescens), which makes S-adenosylhomocysteine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. S-adenosylhomocysteine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. S-adenosylhomocysteine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, S-adenosylhomocysteine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(14:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/22:0), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/22:2(13Z,16Z)), and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). S-adenosylhomocysteine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, hawkinsinuria, non ketotic hyperglycinemia, and tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Moreover, S-adenosylhomocysteine is found to be associated with neurodegenerative disease and parkinsons disease. S-adenosylhomocysteine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is an amino acid derivative used in several metabolic pathways in most organisms. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine . [Spectral] S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) and Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine) is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine[1]. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC50 of 0.9 μM[2]. SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine) is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine[1]. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC50 of 0.9 μM[2].
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid, also known as udpglucuronate or udp-D-glucuronic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine nucleotide sugars. Pyrimidine nucleotide sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides bound to a saccharide derivative through the terminal phosphate group. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be synthesized from alpha-D-glucuronic acid. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can also be synthesized into UDP-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucuronic acid. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be found in a number of food items such as parsley, chervil, black mulberry, and malabar plum, which makes uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be found primarily in human liver tissue. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include etoposide metabolism pathway, estrone metabolism, tamoxifen action pathway, and androgen and estrogen metabolism. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include porphyria variegata (PV), glycogenosis, type III. cori disease, debrancher glycogenosis, 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, and hereditary coproporphyria (HCP). Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is made from UDP-glucose by UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) using NAD+ as a cofactor. It is the source of the glucuronosyl group in glucuronosyltransferase reactions . Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP Iduronic acid, which donates Iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. The transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid onto a terminal galactose residue is done by beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferases, responsible for the completion of the protein-glycosaminoglycan linkage region of proteoglycans and of the HNK1 epitope of glycoproteins and glycolipids. In humans the enzyme galactose-beta-1,3-glucuronosyltransferase I completes the synthesis of the common linker region of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by transferring glucuronic acid (GlcA) onto the terminal galactose of the glycopeptide primer of proteoglycans. The GAG chains of proteoglycans regulate major biological processes such as cell proliferation and recognition, extracellular matrix deposition, and morphogenesis. (PMID:16815917). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It is actively imported into the endoplasmic reticulum of cells via glucose transporters. It is trapped therein by reduction back to ascorbate by glutathione and other thiols. Dehydroascorbic acid, also known as L-dehydroascorbate or DHAA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Dehydroascorbic acid has similar biological activity as ascorbic acid. Currently dehydroascorbic acid is an experimental drug with no known approved indications. Dehydroascorbic acid may be a unique E. coli metabolite. Norepinephrine and dehydroascorbic acid can be biosynthesized from dopamine and ascorbic acid through its interaction with the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase. In humans, dehydroascorbic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder called tyrosinemia type I. Concerning dehydroascorbic acids antiviral effect against herpes simplex virus type 1, it is suggested that dehydroascorbic acid acts after replication of viral DNA and prevents the assembly of progeny virus particles. This is important because one study has found that after an ischemic stroke, dehydroascorbic acid has neuroprotective effects by reducing infarct volume, neurological deficits, and mortality. This reaction is reversible, but dehydroascorbic acid can instead undergo irreversible hydrolysis to 2,3-diketogulonic acid. In addition, unlike ascorbic Dehydroascorbic acid acid can cross the blood brain barrier and is then converted to ascorbic acid to enable retention in the brain. Dehydroascorbic acid is made from the oxidation of ascorbic acid. The exact mechanism of action is still being investigated, but some have been elucidated. Both compounds have been shown to have antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus type 1, influenza virus type A and poliovirus type 1 with dehydroascorbic acid having the stronger effect. In the body, both dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid have similar biological activity as antivirals but dehydroascorbic acid also has neuroprotective effects. Even though dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid have similar effects, their mechanism of action seems to be different. Dehydroascorbic acid, also known as dehydroascorbate, is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Dehydroascorbic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dehydroascorbic acid can be found in a number of food items such as white cabbage, gram bean, mexican groundcherry, and common pea, which makes dehydroascorbic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Dehydroascorbic acid may be a unique E.coli metabolite. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It is actively imported into the endoplasmic reticulum of cells via glucose transporters. It is trapped therein by reduction back to ascorbate by glutathione and other thiols. The (free) chemical radical semidehydroascorbic acid (SDA) also belongs to the group of oxidized ascorbic acids . D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke. Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke.
xi-gamma-Undecalactone
(±)-5-Heptyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone is a flavouring ingredient. [Raw Data] CB092_gamma-Undecalactone_pos_20eV_CB000039.txt [Raw Data] CB092_gamma-Undecalactone_pos_30eV_CB000039.txt [Raw Data] CB092_gamma-Undecalactone_pos_10eV_CB000039.txt
L-Gulonolactone
L-Gulonolactone (also known as reduced ascorbic acid, RAA) is the substrate of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.3.8), which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in plants and animals. The enzyme L-Gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase is missing in scurvy-prone, vitamin C-deficient animals, such as humans. L-Gulonolactone is present in human blood and has been used as one of the markers to compare changes in exercise-induced oxidative stress. (PMID: 16956367, 16494601) [HMDB] L-Gulonolactone (also known as reduced ascorbic acid, RAA) is the substrate of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.3.8), which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in plants and animals. The enzyme L-Gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase is missing in scurvy-prone, vitamin C-deficient animals, such as humans. L-Gulonolactone is present in human blood and has been used as one of the markers to compare changes in exercise-induced oxidative stress. (PMID:16956367, 16494601). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a substrate of L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic (Vatamin) C. In other words, L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a direct precursor of vitamin C in animals, in plants and in some protists.
Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone
Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone is found in alcoholic beverages. Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone is present in blackcurrant buds and berries, melon, papaya, pineapple, peaches, apricot, wheat bread, crispbread, wines, black tea and other foodstuffs. Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone is a flavouring agent Flavouring ingredient. It is used in coconut flavours.
Lactucin
Lactucin is found in chicory. Lactucin is a constituent of Cichorium intybus (chicory) Lactucin is a bitter substance that forms a white crystalline solid and belongs to the group of sesquiterpene lactones. It is found in some varieties of lettuce and is an ingredient of lactucarium. It has been shown to have analgesic and sedative properties Constituent of Cichorium intybus (chicory)
dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl- 2(3H)-Furanone
Flavouring compound [Flavornet] DL-Pantolactone can be hydrolyzed to Pantoic acid by the lactonohydrolase of Fusarium oxysporum. DL-Pantolactone also can be used in the preparation of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-DL-pantolactone[1][2]. DL-Pantolactone can be hydrolyzed to Pantoic acid by the lactonohydrolase of Fusarium oxysporum. DL-Pantolactone also can be used in the preparation of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-DL-pantolactone[1][2]. Pantolactone is an endogenous metabolite.
gamma-Butyrolactone
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as 1,4-butanolide or 1,4-lactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. GBL can also be classified as a tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Gamma-butyrolactone is soluble in ethanol and moderately miscible in water. Gamma-butyrolactone is a sweet, caramel, and creamy tasting compound. Gamma-butyrolactone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It can be endogenously produced from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Outside of the human body, gamma-butyrolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell peppers, orange bell peppers, soy beans, evergreen blackberries and a variety of wines (at a concentration of 5 ug/mL) (PMID: 15939164). This could make gamma-butyrolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Gamma-butyrolactone is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyrate by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood. Because it can serve as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone is commonly used as a recreational CNS depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates. Industrially gamma-butyrolactone is used as a common solvent for polymers and alcohols, a chemical intermediate, a raw material for pharmaceuticals, and as a paint stripper, superglue remover, and a stain remover. Present in morello cherry, melon, pineapple, blackberry, quince, strawberry jam, wine, soybeans, black tea, Bourbon vanilla, wheat bread, crispbread and other breads. Flavour ingredient [DFC]. gamma-Butyrolactone is found in many foods, some of which are yellow bell pepper, pepper (c. annuum), red bell pepper, and pulses. D012997 - Solvents
Artabsin
Constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). Artabsin is found in alcoholic beverages and herbs and spices. Artabsin is found in alcoholic beverages. Artabsin is a constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood).
Matricin
Constituent of Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile). Matricin is found in many foods, some of which are german camomile, fats and oils, tea, and herbs and spices. Matricin is found in fats and oils. Matricin is a constituent of Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile).
Galanolactone
Galanolactone is found in ginger. Galanolactone is a constituent of Alpinia galanga (greater galangal) Galanolactone is a diterpenoid lactone first isolated from ginger. It is known to be present in acetone extracts of ginger, and appears to be an antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors. Constituent of Alpinia galanga (greater galangal)
D-Glucaro-1,4-lactone
D-glucaro-1,4-lactone belongs to the family of Pentoses. These are monosaccharides in which the carbohydrate moiety contains five carbon atoms.
D-Gulono-1,4-lactone
Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. 1,4-D-Gulonolactone is an endogenous metabolite.
L-galactono-1,4-lactone
L-galactono-1,4-lactone, also known as L-galactonate-γ-lactone, is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. L-galactono-1,4-lactone is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-galactono-1,4-lactone can be found in a number of food items such as abalone, pear, black-eyed pea, and borage, which makes L-galactono-1,4-lactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. L-galactono-1,4-lactone may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite.
Gamma-Caprolactone
Gamma-Caprolactone, also known as 4-ethyl-4-butanolide or 4-hexanolide, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Thus, Gamma-caprolactone is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Gamma-Caprolactone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Gamma-Caprolactone exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Outside of the human body, Gamma-caprolactone has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as potato, cereals and cereal products, pomes, alcoholic beverages, and fruits. It is occasionally found as a volatile component of human urine. In some cases differences up to an order of magnitude are observed. It has been also found in the polar fraction of human blood. Gamma-caprolactone is a gamma-lactone that is oxolan-2-one substituted by an ethyl group at position 5. It has a role as a human blood serum metabolite. gamma-Caprolactone is a natural product found in Psidium guajava, Polygala senega, and other organisms with data available. 4-Hexanolide is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A gamma-lactone that is oxolan-2-one substituted by an ethyl group at position 5. γ-Hexalactone is a gamma-lactone found in ripe fruits. γ-Hexalactone induces DNA damage and acts a substrate of paraoxonase 1 (PON1)[1][2][3]. γ-Hexalactone is a gamma-lactone found in ripe fruits. γ-Hexalactone induces DNA damage and acts a substrate of paraoxonase 1 (PON1)[1][2][3].
Erythrono-1,4-lactone
Erythrono-1,4-lactone has been identified as a lactone of tetronic acid in the urine from normal adults and neonates. The formation of this compound may be a consequence of lactonization of erythronic acid during the extraction/isolation process. Lactonization is a potential problem when measuring acids that contain a hydroxyl group at the number 4 carbon, as lactones are formed under acidic conditions. Evidence indicates that most 4-hydroxy acids do not normally exist to any appreciable extent as lactones in urine. (PMID 1192581). [HMDB] Erythrono-1,4-lactone has been identified as a lactone of tetronic acid in the urine from normal adults and neonates. The formation of this compound may be a consequence of lactonization of erythronic acid during the extraction/isolation process. Lactonization is a potential problem when measuring acids that contain a hydroxyl group at the number 4 carbon, as lactones are formed under acidic conditions. Evidence indicates that most 4-hydroxy acids do not normally exist to any appreciable extent as lactones in urine. (PMID 1192581).
xi-5-Hexyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone
xi-5-Hexyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone, also known as 4-hexyl-4-butanolide or gamma-lactone decanoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a carboxy group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. xi-5-Hexyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone has been detected, but not quantified, in fruits. This could make XI-5-hexyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Component of apricot, plum and strawberry aromas. xi-5-Hexyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone is found in fruits.
xi-Dihydro-5-octyl-2(3H)-furanone
xi-Dihydro-5-octyl-2(3H)-furanone is found in alcoholic beverages. xi-Dihydro-5-octyl-2(3H)-furanone is present in orange peel oil, various fruits, kumquat peel oil, milk, cooked beef, raw cured pork, roasted peanut, coriander leaf, cheeses and unprocessed rice. xi-Dihydro-5-octyl-2(3H)-furanone is a flavouring ingredient. It is used in perfumery and flavour industries.
Matricarin
Constituent of Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile). Matricarin is found in many foods, some of which are herbs and spices, tea, fats and oils, and german camomile. Matricarin is found in fats and oils. Matricarin is a constituent of Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile)
2-Deoxy-L-ribono-1,4-lactone
2-Deoxy-L-ribono-1,4-lactone is found in herbs and spices. 2-Deoxy-L-ribono-1,4-lactone is a constituent of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). Constituent of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). 2-Deoxy-L-ribono-1,4-lactone is found in herbs and spices.
Quercuslactone a
Quercuslactone b is found in alcoholic beverages. Quercuslactone b is present in aged spirit
Dihydro-5-(2-octenyl)-2(3H)-furanone
Dihydro-5-(2-octenyl)-2(3H)-furanone is found in milk and milk products. Dihydro-5-(2-octenyl)-2(3H)-furanone is isolated from butterfat. Dihydro-5-(2-octenyl)-2(3H)-furanone is a flavouring ingredien Isolated from butterfat. Flavouring ingredient. Dihydro-5-(2-octenyl)-2(3H)-furanone is found in milk and milk products.
Achillicin
Achillicin is found in herbs and spices. Achillicin is a constituent of Achillea millefolium (yarrow). Constituent of Achillea millefolium (yarrow). Achillicin is found in herbs and spices.
Alectrol
Alectrol is found in cowpea. Alectrol is isolated from the roots of Vigna unguiculata (genuine host plant for Alectra species) Strigolactones are plant hormones that have been implicated in inhibition of shoot branching. Strigolactones are carotenoid-derived and trigger germination of parasitic plant seeds (for example striga from which they gained their name) and stimulate symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi. Strigolactones contain a labile ether bond that is easily hydrolysed in the rhizosphere meaning that there is a large concentration gradient between areas near the root and those further away. Isolated from the roots of Vigna unguiculata (genuine host plant for Alectra subspecies)
(1beta,4E,8beta,10alpha)-1,10-Epoxy-4,11(13)-germacradien-12,8-olide
(1beta,4E,8beta,10alpha)-1,10-Epoxy-4,11(13)-germacradien-12,8-olide is found in herbs and spices. (1beta,4E,8beta,10alpha)-1,10-Epoxy-4,11(13)-germacradien-12,8-olide is a constituent of Inula helenium (elecampane) Constituent of Inula helenium (elecampane). (1beta,4E,8beta,10alpha)-1,10-Epoxy-4,11(13)-germacradien-12,8-olide is found in herbs and spices.
Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone
xi-Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone is found in alcoholic beverages. xi-Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone is present in papaya, peach, pineapple, mango, nectarine, cape gooseberry, asparagus, licorice, black tea, wines and canned beef. Flavouring agent [DFC]. 4-Propyl-gamma-butyrolactone is found in peach.
2-C-Methyl-1,4-erythrono-D-lactone
Constituent of Trifolium incarnatum (crimson clover) and Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean). 2-C-Methyl-1,4-erythrono-D-lactone is found in many foods, some of which are tea, yellow wax bean, green bean, and pulses. (2xi,3xi)-4,5-Dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is found in pulses. (2xi,3xi)-4,5-Dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is isolated from chickpea Cicer arietinum.
Sherry lactone
Constituent of akaboshi zenmai (Osmunda japonica) fronds. Also isolated from sherry (stereochem. unspecified). Sherry lactone is found in alcoholic beverages and root vegetables. Sherry lactone is found in alcoholic beverages. Sherry lactone is a constituent of akaboshi zenmai (Osmunda japonica) fronds. Also isolated from sherry (stereochem. unspecified).
Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone
Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, also known as 4-hydroxypentanoic acid lactone or 4-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Thus, dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Constituent of crude pyroligneous acid. It is used in smoke flavours.
Myricanol 5-glucoside
Epimyricanol 5-glucoside is found in fruits. Epimyricanol 5-glucoside is a constituent of the bark of Myrica rubra (Chinese bayberry).
Marmelolactone A
Contributes to the flavour of ripe quince fruit (Cydonia oblonga). Marmelolactone A is found in quince and fruits. Marmelolactone B is found in fruits. Marmelolactone B is from quince (Cydonia oblonga
(8alpha,10beta,11beta)-3-Hydroxy-4,15-dinor-1(5)-xanthen-12,8-olide
(8alpha,10beta,11beta)-3-Hydroxy-4,15-dinor-1(5)-xanthen-12,8-olide is found in fats and oils. (8alpha,10beta,11beta)-3-Hydroxy-4,15-dinor-1(5)-xanthen-12,8-olide is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). (8alpha,10beta,11beta)-3-Hydroxy-4,15-dinor-1(5)-xanthen-12,8-olide is found in fats and oils.
3-Methylbutyrolactone
3-methylbutyrolactone is lactone of 4-hydroxyisovaleric acid and it has been found in the urine of patients with isovaleric acidemia, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (PMID 6452974; PMID 6616835). Isovaleric acidemia is closely related to the genetic metabolic disorder Maple syrup urine disease. Volatile flavour component of dried beans, e.g. soy beans. xi-Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is found in pulses.
Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone
Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is found in fruits. Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is present in Mangifera indica (mango Present in Mangifera indica (mango). 2-Methyl-gamma-butyrolactone is found in fruits.
Artabsinolide D
Constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). Artabsinolide D is found in alcoholic beverages and herbs and spices. Artabsinolide C is found in alcoholic beverages. Artabsinolide C is a constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood)
Artabsinolide A
Constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). Artabsinolide A is found in alcoholic beverages and herbs and spices. Artabsinolide B is found in alcoholic beverages. Artabsinolide B is a constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood)
(xi)-(Z)-5-(3-Hexenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone
Constituent of peppermint oil. (xi)-(Z)-5-(3-Hexenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone is found in herbs and spices. (xi)-(Z)-5-(3-Hexenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone is a flavour and fragrance agent [CCD].
15,5-Farnesanolide
15,5-Farnesanolide is found in fruits. 15,5-Farnesanolide is a constituent of Mangifera indica (mango). Constituent of Mangifera indica (mango). 15,5-Farnesanolide is found in fruits.
5-Dodecyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone
5-Dodecyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone is found in fruits. 5-Dodecyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone is found in pineapple essence and essential oil of parsnip (Pastinaca sativa Found in pineapple essence and essential oil of parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
7-Hydroxytrichodermol
7-Hydroxytrichodermol is a mycotoxin from Myrothecium roridum. Flavouring ingredient
Hydroxygaleon
Hydroxygaleon is found in herbs and spices. Hydroxygaleon is a constituent of Myrica gale (bog myrtle)
Karahana lactone
Karahana lactone is found in alcoholic beverages. Karahana lactone is a constituent of hops. Constituent of hops. Karahana lactone is found in alcoholic beverages.
Sapidolide A
Sapidolide A is found in fruits. Sapidolide A is a constituent of Baccaurea sapida (Burmese grape). Constituent of Baccaurea sapida (Burmese grape). Sapidolide A is found in fruits.
5-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone
5-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone is found in alcoholic beverages. 5-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone is an aroma component of Ruby Cabernet wine from the European grape Vitis vinifer
4-Butyl-gamma-butyrolactone
Present in apricots, peaches and other fruits. Flavouring ingredient [DFC]. 4-Butyl-gamma-butyrolactone is found in many foods, some of which are peach, bilberry, papaya, and pineapple. 4-Butyl-gamma-butyrolactone is found in bilberry. 4-Butyl-gamma-butyrolactone is present in apricots, peaches and other fruits. 4-Butyl-gamma-butyrolactone is a flavouring ingredien
(1alpha,4alpha,5beta,6alpha,11betaH)-1,4-Epoxy-5-hydroxy-10(14)-germacren-12,6-olide
(1alpha,4alpha,5beta,6alpha,11betaH)-1,4-Epoxy-5-hydroxy-10(14)-germacren-12,6-olide is found in herbs and spices. (1alpha,4alpha,5beta,6alpha,11betaH)-1,4-Epoxy-5-hydroxy-10(14)-germacren-12,6-olide is a constituent of Achillea millefolium (yarrow). Constituent of Achillea millefolium (yarrow). (1alpha,4alpha,5beta,6alpha,11betaH)-1,4-Epoxy-5-hydroxy-10(14)-germacren-12,6-olide is found in herbs and spices.
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-5-hexenoic acid gamma lactone
4-methyl-4-vinyl-gamma-butyrolactone is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. 4-methyl-4-vinyl-gamma-butyrolactone is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). 4-methyl-4-vinyl-gamma-butyrolactone has a fruity and minty taste. 4-methyl-4-vinyl-gamma-butyrolactone exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-5-hexenoic acid gamma lactone is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]")
Threonolactone
Threonolactone is an oxidation product of the autoxidation reaction of L-ascorbic acid. [HMDB] Threonolactone is an oxidation product of the autoxidation reaction of L-ascorbic acid.
3-Hydroxyadipic acid 3,6-lactone
3-hydroxyadipic acid 3,6-lactone is an urinary organic acid. Its level in urine is markedly increased during fasting and in some forms of dicarboxylic aciduria. (PMID: 2739576)
5-Hexyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid
5-Hexyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is found in milk and milk products. 5-Hexyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is a possible latent butter aroma compoun
2-Carboxy-5,7-dimethyl-4-octanolide
2-Carboxy-5,7-dimethyl-4-octanolide is found in milk and milk products. 2-Carboxy-5,7-dimethyl-4-octanolide is a possible latent butter aroma compoun
2-Carboxy-4-dodecanolide
2-Carboxy-4-dodecanolide is found in milk and milk products. 2-Carboxy-4-dodecanolide is a possible latent butter aroma compoun
5-(2-Methylpropyl)tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid
5-(2-Methylpropyl)tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is found in milk and milk products. 5-(2-Methylpropyl)tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is a possible latent butter aroma compoun
5-Pentyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid
5-Pentyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is found in milk and milk products. 5-Pentyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is a possible latent butter aroma compoun
5-(3E-Pentenyl)tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid
5-(3E-Pentenyl)tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is found in milk and milk products. 5-(3E-Pentenyl)tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is a possible latent butter aroma compoun
5-Butyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid
5-Butyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is found in milk and milk products. 5-Butyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is a possible latent butter aroma compoun
5-Nonyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid
5-Nonyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is found in milk and milk products. 5-Nonyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is a possible latent butter aroma compoun
5-Heptyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid
5-Heptyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is found in milk and milk products. 5-Heptyltetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acid is a possible latent butter aroma compoun
(Z)-4-Hydroxy-6-dodecenoic acid lactone
(Z)-4-Hydroxy-6-dodecenoic acid lactone is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]")
5-Hexyldihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone
(±)-5-Hexyldihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is a flavouring ingredien Flavouring ingredient
5,5-Dibutyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone
5,5-Dibutyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone is a flavouring ingredien Flavouring ingredient
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-7-decenoic acid gamma-lactone
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-7-decenoic acid gamma-lactone is a flavouring agent for baked goods, candies and meat product Flavouring agent for baked goods, candies and meat products [DFC]
5-Hexyldihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone
5-Hexyldihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is found in citrus. 5-Hexyldihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is isolated from orange juice. Isolated from orange juice. 5-Hexyldihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is found in citrus.
Artenolide
Constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). Artenolide is found in alcoholic beverages and herbs and spices. Artenolide is found in alcoholic beverages. Artenolide is a constituent of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood).
3-Heptyldihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone
3-Heptyldihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone is a flavouring ingredient. Flavouring ingredient
2-Hydroxyglutaric acid lactone
2-Hydroxyglutaric acid lactone belongs to the family of Dicarboxylic Acids and Derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups
Ethyl 5-oxotetrahydro-2-furancarboxylate
Ethyl 5-oxotetrahydro-2-furancarboxylate belongs to the family of Dicarboxylic Acids and Derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups Flavouring compound [Flavornet]
(Z)-Oak lactone
(Z)-Oak lactone belongs to the family of Oxolanes. These are organic compounds containing an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) ring, which is a saturated aliphatic five-member ring containing one oxygen and five carbon atoms. Flavouring compound [Flavornet]
Pantolactone
Pantolactone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-butyrolactones. gamma-Butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma-butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom.
4,5-Dihydro-drospirenone-3-sulfate
4,5-Dihydro-drospirenone-3-sulfate is a metabolite of drospirenone. Drospirenone, also known as 1,2-dihydrospirorenone, is synthetic, steroidal progestin with additional antimineralocorticoid and weak antiandrogen properties which is used as a hormonal contraceptive. It is sold under the brand names Yasmin, Yasminelle, Yaz, Beyaz, Ocella, and Angeliq, all of which are combination products of drospirenone with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol. (Wikipedia)
Dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2(3H)-furanone
Dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2(3H)-furanone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. These are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom.
(2R)-2-[(3R,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-oxooxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyacetaldehyde
Andrographolide
GUAIANOLIDE
Micheliolide
(5R)-5-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)-3-hydroxyoxolane-2,4-dione
8-Deoxylactucin
8-deoxylactucin is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. 8-deoxylactucin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 8-deoxylactucin can be found in chicory, which makes 8-deoxylactucin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Jacquinelin
Jacquinelin, also known as 11,13-dihydro-8-deoxylactucin or jacquilenin, is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Jacquinelin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Jacquinelin can be found in chicory and endive, which makes jacquinelin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Dihydroparthenolide
Dihydroparthenolide is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Dihydroparthenolide is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Dihydroparthenolide can be found in sweet bay, which makes dihydroparthenolide a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
1-Rhamnono-1,4-lactone
1-rhamnono-1,4-lactone is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. 1-rhamnono-1,4-lactone is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1-rhamnono-1,4-lactone can be found in rice, which makes 1-rhamnono-1,4-lactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Proazulene
Proazulene, also known as matricine, is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Thus, proazulene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Proazulene is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Proazulene can be found in anise, which makes proazulene a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Chamazulene, a blue-violet derivative of azulene, found in a variety of plants including in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is biosynthesized from matricin .
(11S,13)-Dihydro-8-deoxylactucin
(11s,13)-dihydro-8-deoxylactucin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (11s,13)-dihydro-8-deoxylactucin can be found in chicory, which makes (11s,13)-dihydro-8-deoxylactucin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Austricin
Austricin is a member of the class of compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Austricin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Austricin can be found in german camomile and sweet bay, which makes austricin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
(trans)-3-methyloctanoic acid-gamma-lactone
Flavouring compound [Flavornet]
