Phenobarbital (BioDeep_00000002387)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000408850

human metabolite Endogenous blood metabolite Chemicals and Drugs


代谢物信息卡片


5-Ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

化学式: C12H12N2O3 (232.0848)
中文名称: 苯巴比妥
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 29.68%

Reviewed

Last reviewed on 2024-09-14.

Cite this Page

Phenobarbital. BioDeep Database v3. PANOMIX ltd, a top metabolomics service provider from China. https://query.biodeep.cn/s/phenobarbital (retrieved 2024-12-22) (BioDeep RN: BioDeep_00000002387). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

分子结构信息

SMILES: CCC1(C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O)C1=CC=CC=C1
InChI: InChI=1S/C12H12N2O3/c1-2-12(8-6-4-3-5-7-8)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h3-7H,2H2,1H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17)

描述信息

Phenobarbital is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant.Phenobarbital acts on GABAA receptors, increasing synaptic inhibition. This has the effect of elevating seizure threshold and reducing the spread of seizure activity from a seizure focus. Phenobarbital may also inhibit calcium channels, resulting in a decrease in excitatory transmitter release. The sedative-hypnotic effects of phenobarbital are likely the result of its effect on the polysynaptic midbrain reticular formation, which controls CNS arousal.

Phenobarbital appears as odorless white crystalline powder or colorless crystals. A saturated aqueous solution is acid to litmus (approximately pH 5). Slightly bitter taste. (NTP, 1992)

Phenobarbital is a member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. It has a role as an anticonvulsant, a sedative, an excitatory amino acid antagonist and a drug allergen.

Phenobarbital is a DEA Schedule IV controlled substance. Substances in the DEA Schedule IV have a low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule III. It is a Depressants substance.

A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.

Phenobarbital is a barbiturate that is widely used as a sedative and an antiseizure medication. Phenobarbital has been linked to rare instances of idiosyncratic liver injury that can be severe and even fatal.

Phenobarbital is a long-acting barbituric acid derivative with antipsychotic property. Phenobarbital binds to and activates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor, thereby mimicking the inhibitory actions of GABA in the brain. The activation effects of the phenobarbital-receptor-ionophore complex include increased frequency of chloride channel openings, membrane hyperpolarization and ultimately synaptic inhibition and decreased neuronal excitability. In addition, this agent inhibits glutamate induced depolarization.

Phenobarbital is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [PubChem] Phenobarbital acts on GABAA receptors, increasing synaptic inhibition. This has the effect of elevating seizure threshold and reducing the spread of seizure activity from a seizure focus. Phenobarbital may also inhibit calcium channels, resulting in a decrease in excitatory transmitter release. The sedative-hypnotic effects of phenobarbital are likely the result of its effect on the polysynaptic midbrain reticular formation, which controls CNS arousal.

A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.

同义名列表

35 个代谢物同义名

5-Ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione; 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione; 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione; 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione; 5-Ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid; 5-Phenyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid; Phenobarbital, monosodium salt; 5-Ethyl-5-phenylbarbitic acid; Monosodium salt phenobarbital; 5-Phenyl-5-ethylbarbitic acid; Acid, phenylethylbarbituric; Phenylethylbarbituric acid; Phenylaethylbarbitursaeure; 5-Ethyl-5-phenylbarbitate; Phenylethylbarbitursaeure; 5-Phenyl-5-ethylbarbitate; Phenylethylbarbitic acid; PHENYLETHYLMALONYLUREA; Phenylethylbarbiturate; Sodium, phenobarbital; Phenobarbituric acid; Phenylethylbarbitate; phenobarbital sodium; Phenobarbitic acid; Phenylbarbital; Phenobarbitate; Phenobarbitone; phenobarbital; Phenobarbitol; Fenobarbital; Gardenal; Phenemal; Luminal; Hysteps; Phenobarbital



数据库引用编号

40 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

1 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有:

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息,我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表,这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘,得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中,存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称,可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。

亚细胞结构定位 关联基因列表
Cytoplasm 10 ABCB1, AHR, CTNNB1, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, HPGDS, NR1I3
Peripheral membrane protein 2 CYP2B6, CYP2E1
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane 8 CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, HSP90B1, UGT1A1
Nucleus 5 AHR, CTNNB1, HSP90B1, NR1I2, NR1I3
cytosol 6 AHR, CTNNB1, GPT, HPGDS, HSP90B1, NR1I3
nuclear body 1 NR1I2
centrosome 1 CTNNB1
nucleoplasm 5 AHR, CTNNB1, HPGDS, NR1I2, NR1I3
Cell membrane 2 ABCB1, CTNNB1
lamellipodium 1 CTNNB1
Multi-pass membrane protein 3 ABCB1, ABCC2, SLC45A2
Synapse 1 CTNNB1
cell cortex 1 CTNNB1
cell junction 1 CTNNB1
cell surface 2 ABCB1, ABCC2
glutamatergic synapse 1 CTNNB1
Golgi membrane 1 INS
lysosomal membrane 1 EGF
mitochondrial inner membrane 1 CYP2E1
presynaptic membrane 1 CTNNB1
smooth endoplasmic reticulum 1 HSP90B1
plasma membrane 7 ABCB1, ABCC2, CTNNB1, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, EGF, UGT1A1
Membrane 9 ABCB1, ABCC2, CTNNB1, CYP3A4, EGF, HGF, HSP90B1, SLC45A2, UGT1A1
apical plasma membrane 2 ABCB1, ABCC2
basolateral plasma membrane 1 CTNNB1
extracellular exosome 5 ABCB1, CTNNB1, EGF, GPT, HSP90B1
endoplasmic reticulum 2 HSP90B1, UGT1A1
extracellular space 3 EGF, HGF, INS
perinuclear region of cytoplasm 3 CTNNB1, HSP90B1, UGT1A1
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse 1 CTNNB1
adherens junction 1 CTNNB1
apicolateral plasma membrane 1 CTNNB1
bicellular tight junction 1 CTNNB1
intercellular canaliculus 1 ABCC2
protein-containing complex 3 AHR, CTNNB1, HSP90B1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle 7 CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, HPGDS
Microsome membrane 5 CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, CYP3A4
Secreted 1 INS
extracellular region 4 EGF, HGF, HSP90B1, INS
Single-pass membrane protein 1 UGT1A1
transcription regulator complex 3 AHR, CTNNB1, NR1I2
Z disc 1 CTNNB1
beta-catenin destruction complex 1 CTNNB1
Wnt signalosome 1 CTNNB1
Melanosome membrane 1 SLC45A2
midbody 1 HSP90B1
apical part of cell 1 CTNNB1
cell-cell junction 1 CTNNB1
postsynaptic membrane 1 CTNNB1
Apical cell membrane 2 ABCB1, ABCC2
Cytoplasm, perinuclear region 1 UGT1A1
Mitochondrion inner membrane 1 CYP2E1
Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton 2 CTNNB1, NR1I3
focal adhesion 2 CTNNB1, HSP90B1
Cell junction, adherens junction 1 CTNNB1
flotillin complex 1 CTNNB1
collagen-containing extracellular matrix 1 HSP90B1
fascia adherens 1 CTNNB1
lateral plasma membrane 1 CTNNB1
chromatin 3 AHR, NR1I2, NR1I3
cell periphery 1 CTNNB1
cytoskeleton 1 NR1I3
Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium basal body 1 CTNNB1
spindle pole 1 CTNNB1
postsynaptic density, intracellular component 1 CTNNB1
microvillus membrane 1 CTNNB1
Endomembrane system 1 CTNNB1
endosome lumen 1 INS
aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex 1 AHR
Melanosome 1 HSP90B1
euchromatin 1 CTNNB1
sperm plasma membrane 1 HSP90B1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton 1 NR1I2
secretory granule lumen 1 INS
Golgi lumen 1 INS
endoplasmic reticulum lumen 2 HSP90B1, INS
platelet alpha granule lumen 2 EGF, HGF
transport vesicle 1 INS
beta-catenin-TCF complex 1 CTNNB1
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane 1 INS
presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component 1 CTNNB1
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane 1 EGF
Sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen 1 HSP90B1
protein-DNA complex 1 CTNNB1
external side of apical plasma membrane 1 ABCB1
catenin complex 1 CTNNB1
endocytic vesicle lumen 1 HSP90B1
endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complex 2 HSP90B1, UGT1A1
beta-catenin-TCF7L2 complex 1 CTNNB1
cytochrome complex 1 UGT1A1
nuclear aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex 1 AHR
beta-catenin-ICAT complex 1 CTNNB1
Scrib-APC-beta-catenin complex 1 CTNNB1
cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex 1 AHR


文献列表

  • Zahra Jamali, Mohammad Hosein Molaei-Farsangi, Habibeh Ahmadipour, Bahareh Bahmanbijari, Fatemeh Sabzevari, Zahra Daei Parizi. Comparison of the effect of phenobarbital & levetiracetam in the treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) as adjuvant treatment in neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit: a randomized clinical trial. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2024 Apr; 24(1):242. doi: 10.1186/s12884-024-06433-y. [PMID: 38580935]
  • Poorvi Shah, Kati L Stegner-Smith, Mohamad Rachid, Tabassum Hanif, Kenneth W Dodd. Front-Loaded Versus Low-Intermittent Phenobarbital Dosing for Benzodiazepine-Resistant Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology. 2022 07; 18(3):198-204. doi: 10.1007/s13181-022-00900-8. [PMID: 35668289]
  • Michelle Hermans, Marios Charalambous, Akos Pakozdy, Ursula Eisl-Glantschnigg, Jasmin Neßler, Sofie Ae Van Meervenne, Gonçalo Serrano, Ine Cornelis, Luc Van Ham, Dominique Paepe, Bart Jg Broeckx, Sofie Fm Bhatti. Evaluation of the effect of phenobarbital administration on the biochemistry profile, with a focus on serum liver values, in epileptic cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery. 2022 06; 24(6):530-538. doi: 10.1177/1098612x211037431. [PMID: 34387120]
  • Ramzi Shawahna, Lina Zaid. Concentrations of antiseizure medications in breast milk of lactating women with epilepsy: A systematic review with qualitative synthesis. Seizure. 2022 May; 98(?):57-70. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.03.017. [PMID: 35427849]
  • Pavla Pokorná, Danica Michaličková, Swantje Völler, Karolina Hronová, Dick Tibboel, Ondřej Slanař, Elke H Krekels. Severity parameters for asphyxia or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy do not explain inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Minerva pediatrics. 2022 04; 74(2):107-115. doi: 10.23736/s2724-5276.20.05740-0. [PMID: 33107271]
  • James R Reed, Jessie J Guidry, Wayne L Backes. Proteomic and Bioinformatics Analysis of Membrane Lipid Domains after Brij 98 Solubilization of Uninduced and Phenobarbital-Induced Rat Liver Microsomes: Defining the Membrane Localization of the P450 Enzyme System. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2022 04; 50(4):374-385. doi: 10.1124/dmd.121.000752. [PMID: 35094979]
  • Yuan Jiang, Lin Qin, Anjing Lu, Juan Chen, Jianmei Wang, Qianru Zhang, Yanliu Lu, Qihai Gong, Jianmei Gao, Hong Ma, Daopeng Tan, Yuqi He. CYP3A1 metabolism-based neurotoxicity of strychnine in rat. Toxicology. 2022 Mar; 471(?):153156. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153156. [PMID: 35358606]
  • Mirosław Zagaja, Anna Zagaja, Joanna Szala-Rycaj, Aleksandra Szewczyk, Marta Kinga Lemieszek, Grzegorz Raszewski, Marta Andres-Mach. Influence of Umbelliferone on the Anticonvulsant and Neuroprotective Activity of Selected Antiepileptic Drugs: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022 Mar; 23(7):. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073492. [PMID: 35408852]
  • Ashish Kumar, Manisha Naithani, Nitesh Kumar, Neha Singh, Shruti Agrawal, Ambika Sharma, Surabhi Thapliyal, Jagjit Singh, Shailendra Handu. Piperlongumine inhibits diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Human & experimental toxicology. 2022 Jan; 41(?):9603271211073593. doi: 10.1177/09603271211073593. [PMID: 35113675]
  • K Famra, P Batra, A Aggarwal, B D Banerjee. Prevalence and predictors of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures. Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine. 2022; 15(1):29-35. doi: 10.3233/npm-200499. [PMID: 34024787]
  • Teerachat Sae-Heng, Rajith Kumar Reddy Rajoli, Marco Siccardi, Juntra Karbwang, Kesara Na-Bangchang. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for dose optimization of quinine-phenobarbital coadministration in patients with cerebral malaria. CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology. 2022 01; 11(1):104-115. doi: 10.1002/psp4.12737. [PMID: 34730282]
  • Shanshan Li, Yang Li, Hongjian Sun, Yang Jiang, Keming Pan, Yue Su, Nan Bu. Mulberry fruit polysaccharides alleviate diethylnitrosamine/phenobarbital-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo: the roles of cell apoptosis and inflammation. Bioengineered. 2021 12; 12(2):11599-11611. doi: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1993716. [PMID: 34866538]
  • Oktay Perk, Tanıl Kendirli, Handan Dinçaslan, Ebru Azapağası, Gokcen Meral. Overlap Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis developed due to the use of toxic-dose vinblastine in case of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis(Letterer-Siwe). Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2021 Oct; 60(5):103173. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103173. [PMID: 34215518]
  • Antoine Kavaye Kandeda, Germain Sotoing Taiwe, Rigobert Espoir Mbomo Ayissi, Clémentine Moutchida. An aqueous extract of Canarium schweinfurthii attenuates seizures and potentiates sleep in mice: Evidence for involvement of GABA Pathway. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie. 2021 Oct; 142(?):111973. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111973. [PMID: 34343898]
  • J J García-Peñas, A Gil Nagel-Rein, R Sánchez-Carpintero, V Villanueva-Haba. Cannabidiol for the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome: experts' recommendations for its use in clinical practice in Spain. Revista de neurologia. 2021 09; 73(S01):S1-S8. doi: 10.33588/rn.73s01.2021250. [PMID: 34486101]
  • Ingrid F Metzger, Anna E Thomas, Cindy A Evrard, David R Jones, Andrea R Masters, David M Haas, Laura S Haneline, Sara K Quinney. Stereoselective Analysis of Methadone and EDDP in Laboring Women and Neonates in Plasma and Dried Blood Spots and Association with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. American journal of perinatology. 2021 07; 38(9):968-975. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1701505. [PMID: 32052397]
  • Claudia Ottka, Corinna Weber, Elisabeth Müller, Hannes Lohi. Serum NMR metabolomics uncovers multiple metabolic changes in phenobarbital-treated dogs. Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society. 2021 06; 17(6):54. doi: 10.1007/s11306-021-01803-5. [PMID: 34076758]
  • Morteza Tavasolizadeh, Kazem Hasanpour, Milad Nazarzadeh, Davood Mahdian, Omid Gholami. The effect of acidic beverage versus mineral water on the change in serum phenobarbital concentrations: a randomized clinical trial on children with seizure. The International journal of neuroscience. 2021 May; 131(5):478-481. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1748619. [PMID: 32216594]
  • Fatoumata Dite Nènè Konipo, Housseini Dolo, Mariam Daou, Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly, Hassane Diallo, Moussa Sangare, Siaka Yamoussa Coulibaly, Modibo Sangare, Seydou Doumbia, Youssoufa M Maiga. Using community health workers as an alternative approach for epidemiological research on epilepsy in six health districts in Mali. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B. 2021 04; 117(?):107842. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107842. [PMID: 33631436]
  • Soha A Hassan, Amira A H Ali, Mona Yassine, Dennis Sohn, Martina Pfeffer, Reiner U Jänicke, Horst-Werner Korf, Charlotte von Gall. Relationship between locomotor activity rhythm and corticosterone levels during HCC development, progression, and treatment in a mouse model. Journal of pineal research. 2021 Apr; 70(3):e12724. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12724. [PMID: 33615553]
  • Philip Hampel, Kerstin Römermann, Björn Gailus, Marie Johne, Birthe Gericke, Edith Kaczmarek, Wolfgang Löscher. Effects of the NKCC1 inhibitors bumetanide, azosemide, and torasemide alone or in combination with phenobarbital on seizure threshold in epileptic and nonepileptic mice. Neuropharmacology. 2021 03; 185(?):108449. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108449. [PMID: 33450274]
  • Luca Zombori, Melody Bacon, Hannah Wood, Fiona Chatterjee, Ramesh Venkateswaran, Simona Lampariello, Michael Yoong. Severe cortical damage associated with COVID-19 case report. Seizure. 2021 Jan; 84(?):66-68. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.11.014. [PMID: 33285362]
  • Yoshiaki Yamamoto, Yuka Shiratani, Shoko Asai, Naotaka Usui, Takuji Nishida, Katsumi Imai, Yoshiyuki Kagawa, Yukitoshi Takahashi. Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and clinical effectiveness of perampanel in Japanese patients with epilepsy. Seizure. 2020 Dec; 83(?):181-186. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.10.017. [PMID: 33171342]
  • Li-Na Zhu, Deng Chen, Ying Deng, Jun He, Yu-Jin He, Dong Zhou, Ling Liu. Long-term seizure, comorbidity and socioeconomic outcomes of patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China. Epilepsy research. 2020 12; 168(?):106480. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106480. [PMID: 33120304]
  • Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Bushra Mdkhana, Saba Al Heialy, Elaref Ratemi, Malak Alghamdi, Salah Abusnana, Tarek Kashour, Qutayba Hamid, Rabih Halwani. Effect of common medications on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors in liver tissue. Archives of toxicology. 2020 12; 94(12):4037-4041. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02869-1. [PMID: 32808185]
  • Ryota Shizu, Yuta Otsuka, Kanako Ezaki, Chizuru Ishii, Shingo Arakawa, Yuto Amaike, Taiki Abe, Takuomi Hosaka, Takamitsu Sasaki, Yuichiro Kanno, Masaaki Miyata, Yasushi Yamazoe, Kouichi Yoshinari. Antiepileptic Drug-Activated Constitutive Androstane Receptor Inhibits Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1α-Dependent Gene Expression to Increase Blood Triglyceride Levels. Molecular pharmacology. 2020 11; 98(5):634-647. doi: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000103. [PMID: 32892155]
  • Krzysztof Łukawski, Grzegorz Raszewski, Stanisław J Czuczwar. Effect of aliskiren on the anticonvulsant activity of antiepileptic drugs against 6 Hz-induced psychomotor seizures in mice. Epilepsy research. 2020 11; 167(?):106435. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106435. [PMID: 32784064]
  • Paulo Teixeira-da-Silva, Dolores Santos-Buelga, María José Otero, María José García. Population pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in Caucasian patients with epilepsy. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020 Oct; 153(?):105484. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105484. [PMID: 32707172]
  • Yoshiaki Yamamoto, Kiyohito Terada, Yasukiyo Araki, Yutaro Fukushima, Katsumi Imai, Yoshiyuki Kagawa, Yukitoshi Takahashi. Therapeutic Monitoring of Lacosamide in Japanese Patients With Epilepsy: Clinical Response, Tolerability, and Optimal Therapeutic Range. Therapeutic drug monitoring. 2020 10; 42(5):754-759. doi: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000764. [PMID: 32941398]
  • Surajit Pathak, Roberto Catanzaro, Dharani Vasan, Francesco Marotta, Yashna Chabria, Ganesan Jothimani, Rama Shanker Verma, Murugesan Ramachandran, Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh, Antara Banerjee. Benefits of aged garlic extract in modulating toxicity biomarkers against p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and phenobarbital induced liver damage in Rattus norvegicus. Drug and chemical toxicology. 2020 Sep; 43(5):454-467. doi: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1499773. [PMID: 30207178]
  • Kamal K Jinadasa, Elena Peña-Vázquez, Pilar Bermejo-Barrera, Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro. A phenobarbital containing polymer/ silica coated quantum dot composite for the selective recognition of mercury species in fish samples using a room temperature phosphorescence quenching assay. Talanta. 2020 Aug; 216(?):120959. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120959. [PMID: 32456893]
  • Sofie Velghe, Lisa Delahaye, Rodney Ogwang, An Hotterbeekx, Robert Colebunders, Michel Mandro, Richard Idro, Christophe P Stove. Dried Blood Microsampling-Based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs in Children With Nodding Syndrome and Epilepsy in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Therapeutic drug monitoring. 2020 06; 42(3):481-490. doi: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000720. [PMID: 31834012]
  • Anne Hagemann, Dennis Klimpel, Christian G Bien, Christian Brandt, Theodor W May. Influence of dose and antiepileptic comedication on brivaracetam serum concentrations in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2020 05; 61(5):e43-e48. doi: 10.1111/epi.16500. [PMID: 32304097]
  • Hiroshi Tsutsumi, Kosei Yonemitsu, Ako Sasao, Yuki Ohtsu, Shota Furukawa, Yoko Nishitani. Cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter levels and central nervous system depression in a rat drug overdose model. Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 2020 Feb; 30(2):139-145. doi: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1672122. [PMID: 31550965]
  • Yan-Ying Wang, Wei-Wei Ma, I-Feng Peng. Screening of sleep assisting drug candidates with a Drosophila model. PloS one. 2020; 15(7):e0236318. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236318. [PMID: 32726319]
  • Sang-June Sohn, So-Young Jeung, Hyung-Kyu Chae, Hee-Seon Cho, Ju-Hyun An, Qiang Li, Woo-Jin Song, Hwa-Young Youn. Phenobarbital-induced anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome in a cat. The Journal of veterinary medical science. 2019 Dec; 81(12):1850-1852. doi: 10.1292/jvms.19-0388. [PMID: 31685729]
  • Heidi L Barnes Heller, Lauren A Trepanier, Michelle Robertson, Chaoqun Mei. Prospective crossover clinical trial comparing transdermal with oral phenobarbital administration in epileptic cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery. 2019 12; 21(12):1181-1187. doi: 10.1177/1098612x18823577. [PMID: 30688552]
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