Formoterol (BioDeep_00000001989)
Secondary id: BioDeep_00000405828
human metabolite blood metabolite
代谢物信息卡片
3-formylamino-4-Hydroxy-alpha-(N-1-methyl-2-P-methoxyphenethylaminomethyl)benzyl alcohol.hemifumarate
化学式: C19H24N2O4 (344.1736)
中文名称: 酒石酸福莫特罗
谱图信息:
最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 32.77%
分子结构信息
SMILES: CC(CC1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)NCC(C2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)NC=O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C19H24N2O4/c1-13(9-14-3-6-16(25-2)7-4-14)20-11-19(24)15-5-8-18(23)17(10-15)21-12-22/h3-8,10,12-13,19-20,23-24H,9,11H2,1-2H3,(H,21,22)
描述信息
Formoterol is a long-acting (12 hours) beta2-agonist used in the management of asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inhaled formoterol works like other beta2-agonists, causing bronchodilatation through relaxation of the smooth muscle in the airway so as to treat the exacerbation of asthma.
R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03C - Adrenergics for systemic use > R03CC - Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists
R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03A - Adrenergics, inhalants > R03AC - Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists
D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C87053 - Adrenergic Agonist
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists
COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents
Corona-virus
Coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
SARS-CoV
COVID19
SARS2
SARS
同义名列表
20 个代谢物同义名
3-formylamino-4-Hydroxy-alpha-(N-1-methyl-2-P-methoxyphenethylaminomethyl)benzyl alcohol.hemifumarate; N-[2-Hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide; N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide; N-[2-Hydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-ylamino]ethyl]phenyl]formamide; 2-Hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-((p-methoxy-alpha-methylphenethyl)amino)ethyl)formanilide; 2-Hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(p-methoxy-alpha-methylphenethyl)amino]ethyl}formanilide; 2-Hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-((p-methoxy-a-methylphenethyl)amino)ethyl)formanilide; 2-Hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-((p-methoxy-α-methylphenethyl)amino)ethyl)formanilide; 2-Hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(p-methoxy-a-methylphenethyl)amino]ethyl}formanilide; 2-Hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(p-methoxy-α-methylphenethyl)amino]ethyl}formanilide; Formoterol fumarate, ((r*,r*)-(+-))-isomer; Formoterol, ((r*,r*)-(+-))-isomer; Formoterol fumarate; Arformoterol; Eformoterol; formoterol; Foradil; BD 40a; Oxis; Formoterol
数据库引用编号
19 个数据库交叉引用编号
- ChEBI: CHEBI:63082
- ChEBI: CHEBI:5147
- KEGG: C07805
- KEGGdrug: D07990
- PubChem: 3410
- HMDB: HMDB0015118
- Metlin: METLIN2952
- DrugBank: DB00983
- ChEMBL: CHEMBL1256786
- Wikipedia: Formoterol
- MeSH: Formoterol Fumarate
- chemspider: 3292
- CAS: 126587-85-7
- CAS: 128954-45-0
- CAS: 73573-87-2
- PMhub: MS000001605
- PubChem: 10007
- NIKKAJI: J252.815K
- KNApSAcK: 5147
分类词条
相关代谢途径
Reactome(0)
BioCyc(0)
PlantCyc(0)
代谢反应
0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。
Reactome(0)
BioCyc(0)
WikiPathways(0)
Plant Reactome(0)
INOH(0)
PlantCyc(0)
COVID-19 Disease Map(0)
PathBank(0)
PharmGKB(0)
1 个相关的物种来源信息
在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：
- PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
- NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
- Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
- Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。
点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。
文献列表
- Sanna H Loppi, Marco A Tavera-Garcia, Natalie E Scholpa, Boaz K Maiyo, Danielle A Becktel, Helena W Morrison, Rick G Schnellmann, Kristian P Doyle. Boosting Mitochondrial Biogenesis Diminishes Foam Cell Formation in the Post-Stroke Brain.
International journal of molecular sciences.
2023 Nov; 24(23):. doi:
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European journal of clinical pharmacology.
2023 Jul; ?(?):. doi:
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The Journal of physiology.
2023 02; 601(4):743-761. doi:
10.1113/jp283959. [PMID: 36536512] - Piotr Kuna, Joanna Jerzynska, Matteo Martini, Andrea Vele, Irene Barneschi, Fabrizia Mariotti, George Georges, Giorgia Ciurlia. Pharmacokinetics of extrafine beclometasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium bromide in adolescent and adult patients with asthma.
Pharmacology research & perspectives.
2022 08; 10(4):e980. doi:
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Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics.
2022 06; 73-74(?):102129. doi:
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Drugs in R&D.
2022 Mar; 22(1):35-42. doi:
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Trials.
2022 Feb; 23(1):143. doi:
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Journal of proteome research.
2020 01; 19(1):64-74. doi:
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Expert opinion on drug delivery.
2019 12; 16(12):1367-1380. doi:
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Kidney international.
2019 09; 96(3):656-673. doi:
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2018 10; 315(4):E705-E714. doi:
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Respiratory medicine.
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2016 Dec; 46(12):1787-1795. doi:
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2015 Sep; 38(9):1736-41. doi:
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Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.
2014 Oct; 113(4):404-9. doi:
10.1016/j.anai.2014.07.005. [PMID: 25091714] - Kang Mi Lee, Ho Jun Kim, Junghyun Son, Ju-Hyung Park, Oh-Seung Kwon, Jaeick Lee. Simple quantitation of formoterol and 11-nor-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in doping control.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.
2014 Sep; 967(?):8-12. doi:
10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.07.009. [PMID: 25063922] - Dean Quinn, J P Seale, Colin Reisner, Tracy Fischer, Michael Golden, Carlos Fernandez, Patrick Darken, Earl St Rose, Mervyn Thomas, Gregory Tardie, Chadwick Orevillo. A randomized study of formoterol fumarate in a porous particle metered-dose inhaler in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD.
Respiratory medicine.
2014 Sep; 108(9):1327-35. doi:
10.1016/j.rmed.2014.06.009. [PMID: 25060541] - Genye He, Jianghai Lu, Xiaobing Wang, Youxuan Xu, Yun Wu, Ying Dong, Li Shen, Zhenwen He, Jian Zhao, Hong Yuan. An improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method to quantify formoterol in human urine.
Journal of chromatographic science.
2014 Sep; 52(8):848-51. doi:
10.1093/chromsci/bmt127. [PMID: 24029618] - Sean R Jesinkey, Jason A Funk, L Jay Stallons, Lauren P Wills, Judit K Megyesi, Craig C Beeson, Rick G Schnellmann. Formoterol restores mitochondrial and renal function after ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.
2014 Jun; 25(6):1157-62. doi:
10.1681/asn.2013090952. [PMID: 24511124] - Jian-Sheng Li, Yang Xie, Su-Yun Li, Xue-Qing Yu. Comparison of conventional medicine, TCM treatment, and combination of both conventional medicine and TCM treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: study protocol of a randomized comparative effectiveness research trial.
Trials.
2014 May; 15(?):153. doi:
10.1186/1745-6215-15-153. [PMID: 24885672] - Yang Quanjun, Yang Genjin, Wan Lili, Li Bin, Lu Jin, Yu Qi, Li Yan, Han Yonglong, Guo Cheng, Zhang Junping. Serum metabolic profiles reveal the effect of formoterol on cachexia in tumor-bearing mice.
Molecular bioSystems.
2013 Dec; 9(12):3015-25. doi:
10.1039/c3mb70134d. [PMID: 24056883] - Teddy Kosoglou, James Hubbell, David L Cutler, Amy O Johnson-Levonas, Danlin Xu, Bhavna S Kantesaria, Kenneth Kim, S David Miller. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis effects of mometasone furoate/formoterol fumarate vs fluticasone propionate/salmeterol administered through metered-dose inhaler.
Chest.
2013 Dec; 144(6):1795-1802. doi:
10.1378/chest.13-0505. [PMID: 24077095] - Leif Bjermer, Johan Rosenborg, Thomas Bengtsson, Jan Lötvall. Comparison of the bronchodilator and systemic effects of AZD3199, an inhaled ultra-long-acting β₂-adrenoceptor agonist, with formoterol in patients with asthma.
Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease.
2013 Oct; 7(5):264-71. doi:
10.1177/1753465813497527. [PMID: 23907810] - Monica Mazzarino, Xavier de la Torre, Ilaria Fiacco, Chiara Pompei, Fabiana Calabrese, Francesco Botrè. A simplified procedure for the analysis of formoterol in human urine by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: application to the characterization of the metabolic profile and stability of formoterol in urine.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.
2013 Jul; 931(?):75-83. doi:
10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.021. [PMID: 23777613] - Bo L K Chawes, Annalisa Piccinno, Eskil Kreiner-Møller, Nadja H Vissing, Porntiva Poorisrisak, Li Mortensen, Erik Nilson, Amalie Bisgaard, Anna Dossing, Maja Deleuran, Nanna L Skytt, Nasim Samandari, Francesco Sergio, Giorgia Ciurlia, Gianluigi Poli, Daniela Acerbi, Hans Bisgaard. Pharmacokinetic comparison of inhaled fixed combination vs. the free combination of beclomethasone and formoterol pMDIs in asthmatic children.
British journal of clinical pharmacology.
2013 Apr; 75(4):1081-8. doi:
10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04459.x. [PMID: 22978252] - P Lee, R O Day, J R Greenfield, K K Y Ho. Formoterol, a highly β2-selective agonist, increases energy expenditure and fat utilisation in men.
International journal of obesity (2005).
2013 Apr; 37(4):593-7. doi:
10.1038/ijo.2012.90. [PMID: 22641064] - Rosa Ventura, Lucia M P Damasceno, Rosalía Ramírez, Magí Farré, Rosa Bergés, Jordi Segura. Evaluation of the urinary threshold concentration of formoterol in sports drug testing.
Drug testing and analysis.
2013 Apr; 5(4):266-9. doi:
10.1002/dta.1450. [PMID: 23355217] - Christian Grabow Westergaard, Celeste Porsbjerg, Vibeke Backer. A review of mometasone furoate / formoterol in the treatment of asthma.
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy.
2013 Feb; 14(3):339-46. doi:
10.1517/14656566.2013.761976. [PMID: 23363416] - Nikol Sullo, Fiorentina Roviezzo, Maria Matteis, Giuseppe Spaziano, Stefania Del Gaudio, Assunta Lombardi, Monica Lucattelli, Francesca Polverino, Giuseppe Lungarella, Giuseppe Cirino, Francesco Rossi, Bruno D'Agostino. Skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism in an animal model of pulmonary emphysema: formoterol and skeletal muscle dysfunction.
American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.
2013 Feb; 48(2):198-203. doi:
10.1165/rcmb.2012-0167oc. [PMID: 23144332] - Teddy Kosoglou, James Hubbell, Fengjuan Xuan, David L Cutler, Alan G Meehan, Bhavna Kantesaria, Bret A Wittmer. Comparison of the systemic bioavailability of mometasone furoate after oral inhalation from a mometasone furoate/formoterol fumarate metered-dose inhaler versus a mometasone furoate dry-powder inhaler in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
2013; 8(?):107-16. doi:
10.2147/copd.s36592. [PMID: 23525511] - Kasper Eibye, Jimmi Elers, Lars Pedersen, John Henninge, Peter Hemmersbach, Kim Dalhoff, Vibeke Backer. Formoterol concentrations in blood and urine: the World Anti-Doping Agency 2012 regulations.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise.
2013 Jan; 45(1):16-22. doi:
10.1249/mss.0b013e318269fba2. [PMID: 22843108] - Soo Jung Um, Stephen Lam, Harvey Coxson, Shu Fan Paul Man, Don D Sin. Budesonide/formoterol enhances the expression of pro Surfactant Protein-B in lungs of COPD patients.
PloS one.
2013; 8(12):e83881. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0083881. [PMID: 24386300] - Giusy Daniela Albano, Caterina Di Sano, Anna Bonanno, Loredana Riccobono, Rosalia Gagliardo, Pascal Chanez, Mark Gjomarkaj, Angela Marina Montalbano, Giulia Anzalone, Stefania La Grutta, Fabio Luigi Massimo Ricciardolo, Mirella Profita. Th17 immunity in children with allergic asthma and rhinitis: a pharmacological approach.
PloS one.
2013; 8(4):e58892. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0058892. [PMID: 23573194] - V F Sardela, K Deventer, H M G Pereira, F R de Aquino Neto, P Van Eenoo. Development and validation of a ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the direct detection of formoterol in human urine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
2012 Nov; 70(?):471-5. doi:
10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.042. [PMID: 22841556] - Pierachille Santus, Carola Buccellati, Stefano Centanni, Francesca Fumagalli, Paolo Busatto, Francesco Blasi, Angelo Sala. Bronchodilators modulate inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects.
Pharmacological research.
2012 Oct; 66(4):343-8. doi:
10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.007. [PMID: 22659487] - D J Nicholls, S Jordan, E Cadogan, M Lawson, R P Austin, S W Paine, P Gardiner, R Bonnert, S Connolly, A Young. Characteristics of AZD9708, a novel, selective β2-adrenoceptor agonist with rapid onset and long duration of action.
Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics.
2012 Aug; 25(4):293-302. doi:
10.1016/j.pupt.2012.05.008. [PMID: 22659538] - Shashi Bhushan, Kazuhisa Kondo, Benjamin L Predmore, Maxim Zlatopolsky, Adrienne L King, Claire Pearce, Hui Huang, Ya-Xiong Tao, Marah E Condit, David J Lefer. Selective β2-adrenoreceptor stimulation attenuates myocardial cell death and preserves cardiac function after ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.
2012 Aug; 32(8):1865-74. doi:
10.1161/atvbaha.112.251769. [PMID: 22652602] - Lauren P Wills, Richard E Trager, Gyda C Beeson, Christopher C Lindsey, Yuri K Peterson, Craig C Beeson, Rick G Schnellmann. The β2-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.
2012 Jul; 342(1):106-18. doi:
10.1124/jpet.112.191528. [PMID: 22490378] - K Deventer, O J Pozo, F T Delbeke, P Van Eenoo. Quantitative detection of inhaled formoterol in human urine and relevance to doping control analysis.
Drug testing and analysis.
2012 Jun; 4(6):449-54. doi:
10.1002/dta.418. [PMID: 22447497] - Zongbao Chen, Yan Cai, Lin Zhang, Lan Zhang. Capillary electrochromatography of three β2-agonists in human urine using a lauryl methacrylate-based monolithic column.
Journal of separation science.
2012 May; 35(9):1138-45. doi:
10.1002/jssc.201101005. [PMID: 22689490] - Takefumi Saito, Tomoko Hasunuma. Safety and Tolerability of High-Dose Budesonide/Formoterol via Turbuhaler® in Japanese Patients with Asthma : A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Active Comparator-Controlled, Phase III Study.
Clinical drug investigation.
2012 Jan; 32(1):51-61. doi:
10.2165/11595440-000000000-00000. [PMID: 27933599] - Rhys M Jones, Anthony Harrison. A new methodology for predicting human pharmacokinetics for inhaled drugs from oratracheal pharmacokinetic data in rats.
Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.
2012 Jan; 42(1):75-85. doi:
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The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.
2011 Dec; 339(3):914-21. doi:
10.1124/jpet.111.185975. [PMID: 21917560] - Dave Singh, Sara Collarini, Gianluigi Poli, Daniela Acerbi, Alessio Amadasi, Antonio Rusca. Effect of AeroChamber Plus™ on the lung and systemic bioavailability of beclometasone dipropionate/formoterol pMDI.
British journal of clinical pharmacology.
2011 Dec; 72(6):932-9. doi:
10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04024.x. [PMID: 21615456] - Koichi Suda, Masashi Tsuruta, Jihyoun Eom, Chris Or, Tammy Mui, Jen-Erh Jaw, Yuexin Li, Ni Bai, Joseph Kim, Julie Man, David Ngan, Jee Lee, Søren Hansen, Seung-Won Lee, Sheena Tam, S Paul Man, Stephan Van Eeden, Don D Sin. Acute lung injury induces cardiovascular dysfunction: effects of IL-6 and budesonide/formoterol.
American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.
2011 Sep; 45(3):510-6. doi:
10.1165/rcmb.2010-0169oc. [PMID: 21169556] - Lizbet Todorova, Leif Bjermer, Gunilla Westergren-Thorsson, Anna Miller-Larsson. TGFβ-induced matrix production by bronchial fibroblasts in asthma: budesonide and formoterol effects.
Respiratory medicine.
2011 Sep; 105(9):1296-307. doi:
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Pediatric pulmonology.
2011 Aug; 46(8):761-9. doi:
10.1002/ppul.21446. [PMID: 21584948] - Paola Casarosa, Ines Kollak, Tobias Kiechle, Angela Ostermann, Andreas Schnapp, Ralf Kiesling, Michael Pieper, Peter Sieger, Florian Gantner. Functional and biochemical rationales for the 24-hour-long duration of action of olodaterol.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.
2011 Jun; 337(3):600-9. doi:
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British journal of pharmacology.
2011 Jun; 163(3):521-32. doi:
10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01257.x. [PMID: 21306583] - Christian de Mey, Nassr Nassr, Gezim Lahu. No relevant cardiac, pharmacokinetic or safety interactions between roflumilast and inhaled formoterol in healthy subjects: an open-label, randomised, actively controlled study.
BMC clinical pharmacology.
2011 Jun; 11(?):7. doi:
10.1186/1472-6904-11-7. [PMID: 21631929] - Jorge F Maspero, Hendrik Nolte, Iván Chérrez-Ojeda. Long-term safety of mometasone furoate/formoterol combination for treatment of patients with persistent asthma.
The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma.
2010 Dec; 47(10):1106-15. doi:
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Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie.
2010 Jul; 62(4):343-52. doi:
10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.006. [PMID: 19581074] - Wilfried De Backer, Annick Devolder, Gianluigi Poli, Daniela Acerbi, Raffaella Monno, Christiane Herpich, Knut Sommerer, Thomas Meyer, Fabrizia Mariotti. Lung deposition of BDP/formoterol HFA pMDI in healthy volunteers, asthmatic, and COPD patients.
Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery.
2010 Jun; 23(3):137-48. doi:
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Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.
2010 Mar; 104(3):247-52. doi:
10.1016/j.anai.2009.11.064. [PMID: 20377114] - Celestine Juliet Po, Saumya Subhash Chandran, Nazma Syed, K Raghu Naidu, Manoj Rathod, Ameet Sule, Amar Lulla, Shrinivas Purandare. Comparative bioavailability of two hydrofluoroalkane formulations of formoterol fumarate both delivered by pressurised metered dose inhaler.
Arzneimittel-Forschung.
2010; 60(2):81-6. doi:
10.1055/s-0031-1296253. [PMID: 20329656] - William E Berger, Jeffrey G Leflein, David E Geller, Bhash Parasuraman, Christopher J Miller, Christopher D O'Brien, Liza O'Dowd. The safety and clinical benefit of budesonide/formoterol pressurized metered-dose inhaler versus budesonide alone in children.
Allergy and asthma proceedings.
2010 Jan; 31(1):26-39. doi:
10.2500/aap.2010.31.3301. [PMID: 20167143] - Chris Dalby, Tomasz Polanowski, Thomas Larsson, Lars Borgström, Staffan Edsbäcker, Tim W Harrison. The bioavailability and airway clearance of the steroid component of budesonide/formoterol and salmeterol/fluticasone after inhaled administration in patients with COPD and healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial.
Respiratory research.
2009 Oct; 10(?):104. doi:
10.1186/1465-9921-10-104. [PMID: 19878590] - Craig LaForce, Phillip Korenblat, Pamela Osborne, Fang Dong, Mark Higgins. 24-hour bronchodilator efficacy of single doses of indacaterol in patients with persistent asthma: comparison with placebo and formoterol.
Current medical research and opinion.
2009 Oct; 25(10):2353-9. doi:
10.1185/03007990903143143. [PMID: 19650753] - Jörgen Syk, Anna-Lena Undén, Kjell Alving. Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and IgE sensitisation in patients with asthma: influence of steroid treatment.
The clinical respiratory journal.
2009 Jul; 3(3):143-51. doi:
10.1111/j.1752-699x.2008.00124.x. [PMID: 20298397] - Marie E Gibbs, Candice L Rodricks, Dana S Hutchinson, Roger J Summers, Suzanne L Miller. Importance of adrenergic receptors in prenatally induced cognitive impairment in the domestic chick.
International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience.
2009 Feb; 27(1):27-35. doi:
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