Ginsenoside Rd (BioDeep_00000000031)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000299386, BioDeep_00001867459

human metabolite PANOMIX_OTCML-2023 Endogenous Chemicals and Drugs


代谢物信息卡片


2-{[2-(5-{[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-16-hydroxy-2,6,6,10,11-pentamethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

化学式: C48H82O18 (946.5500872)
中文名称: 人参皂甙 Rd, 人参皂苷 Rd, 人参皂甙Rd, 人参皂苷Rd, 人参皂甙 Rd
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Viridiplantae(plant) 0.1%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C1C[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)C(C)(C)[C@]2([H])CC[C@@]3(C)[C@]4(C)CC[C@@]([C@](O[C@H]5[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O5)(C)CC/C=C(\C)/C)([H])[C@@]4([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]3([H])[C@@]12C
InChI: InChI=1S/C48H82O18/c1-22(2)10-9-14-48(8,66-42-39(60)36(57)33(54)26(20-50)62-42)23-11-16-47(7)31(23)24(52)18-29-45(5)15-13-30(44(3,4)28(45)12-17-46(29,47)6)64-43-40(37(58)34(55)27(21-51)63-43)65-41-38(59)35(56)32(53)25(19-49)61-41/h10,23-43,49-60H,9,11-21H2,1-8H3

描述信息

Ginsenoside Rd is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside. It has a role as a vulnerary, a neuroprotective agent, an apoptosis inducer, an anti-inflammatory drug, an immunosuppressive agent and a plant metabolite. It is a ginsenoside, a beta-D-glucoside and a tetracyclic triterpenoid. It is functionally related to a (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3.
Ginsenoside Rd is a natural product found in Panax vietnamensis, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and other organisms with data available.
See also: American Ginseng (part of); Panax notoginseng root (part of).
Ginsenoside Rd is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rd is a constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng)
Constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng). Ginsenoside Rd is found in tea.
Ginsenoside Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Ginsenoside Rd also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC50s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively.
Ginsenoside Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Ginsenoside Rd also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC50s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively.

同义名列表

26 个代谢物同义名

2-{[2-(5-{[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-16-hydroxy-2,6,6,10,11-pentamethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol; .BETA.-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE, (3.BETA.,12.BETA.)-20-(.BETA.-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLOXY)-12-HYDROXYDAMMAR-24-EN-3-YL 2-O-.BETA.-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL-; (3beta,12beta,20S)-20-[(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-3-[(beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]dammar-24-en-12-ol; (3beta,12beta,20S)-20-((beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-3-((beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)dammar-24-en-12-ol; beta-D-Glucopyranoside, (3-beta,12-beta)-20-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-12-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-; beta-D-Glucopyranoside, (3beta,12beta)-20-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-12-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-; 2-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-(3beta,12beta)-20-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-12-hydroxydammara-24-en-3-yl-beta-D-glucopyranoside; (3beta,12beta)-20-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-12-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside; 20-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-12beta-hydroxydammar-24-en-3beta-yl 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside; b-D-Glucopyranoside,(3b,12b)-20-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-12-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl2-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-; 3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol; GINSENOSIDE RD (CONSTITUENT OF AMERICAN GINSENG, ASIAN GINSENG, AND TIENCHI GINSENG) [DSC]; GINSENOSIDE RD (CONSTITUENT OF AMERICAN GINSENG, ASIAN GINSENG, AND TIENCHI GINSENG); RLDVZILFNVRJTL-IWFVLDDISA-N; GINSENOSIDE RD [INCI]; Chikusetsusaponin FK7; (20S)-ginsenoside Rd; Sanchinoside Rd; Gypenoside VIII; Ginsenoside Rd; ginsenoside-Rd; Panaxoside Rd; Ginsenoside; (GS)-Rd; GS-Rd; G-Rd



数据库引用编号

18 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(3)

PlantCyc(1)

代谢反应

5 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(3)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(2)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Yuanping Wang, Jiading Zheng, Xieyang Xiao, Cailing Feng, Yinghong Li, Hui Su, Ding Yuan, Qinghai Wang, Peihong Huang, Lili Jin. Ginsenoside Rd Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Inflammation and Apoptosis through PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2024; 52(2):433-451. doi: 10.1142/s0192415x24500186. [PMID: 38577825]
  • Zekun Cui, Lifei Gu, Tao Liu, Yining Liu, Boyang Yu, Junping Kou, Fang Li, Kun Yang. Ginsenoside Rd attenuates myocardial ischemia injury through improving mitochondrial biogenesis via WNT5A/Ca2+ pathways. European journal of pharmacology. 2023 Sep; 957(?):176044. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176044. [PMID: 37660968]
  • Adam Yasgar, Danielle Bougie, Richard T Eastman, Ruili Huang, Misha Itkin, Jennifer Kouznetsova, Caitlin Lynch, Crystal McKnight, Mitch Miller, Deborah K Ngan, Tyler Peryea, Pranav Shah, Paul Shinn, Menghang Xia, Xin Xu, Alexey V Zakharov, Anton Simeonov. Quantitative Bioactivity Signatures of Dietary Supplements and Natural Products. ACS pharmacology & translational science. 2023 May; 6(5):683-701. doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00194. [PMID: 37200814]
  • Shiyao Wan, ZeKun Cui, Lingling Wu, Fan Zhang, Tao Liu, Jingui Hu, Jiangwei Tian, Boyang Yu, Fuming Liu, Junping Kou, Fang Li. Ginsenoside Rd promotes omentin secretion in adipose through TBK1-AMPK to improve mitochondrial biogenesis via WNT5A/Ca2+ pathways in heart failure. Redox biology. 2023 04; 60(?):102610. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102610. [PMID: 36652744]
  • Li Shao, Li Wang, Yong-Yan Shi, Wei Zhang, Li-Wen Tan, Jian-Bo Wan, Wei-Hua Huang. Biotransformation of the saponins in Panax notoginseng leaves mediated by gut microbiota from insomniac patients. Journal of separation science. 2023 Jan; ?(?):e2200803. doi: 10.1002/jssc.202200803. [PMID: 36661243]
  • Yuangeng Li, Ping Yu, Wenwen Fu, Shuo Wang, Wenjun Zhao, Yue Ma, Yi Wu, Heming Cui, Xiaofeng Yu, Li Fu, Huali Xu, Dayun Sui. Ginsenoside Rd Inhibited Ferroptosis to Alleviate CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice via cGAS/STING Pathway. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2023; 51(1):91-105. doi: 10.1142/s0192415x23500064. [PMID: 36437551]
  • Lili Niu, Xiangyu Qin, Litao Wang, Na Guo, Hongyan Cao, Hanghang Li, Chunjian Zhao, Huimei Wang, Yujie Fu. Upgrading the accumulation of ginsenoside Rd in Panax notoginseng by a novel glycosidase-producing endophytic fungus G11-7. Folia microbiologica. 2022 Dec; ?(?):. doi: 10.1007/s12223-022-01020-0. [PMID: 36571675]
  • Hui Zhang, Hongxi Zhu, Xiuyuan Luo, Yuanzhen Deng, Wei Zhang, Shubo Li, Jingjuan Liang, Zongwen Pang. Enzymatic biotransformation of Rb3 from the leaves of Panax notoginseng to ginsenoside rd by a recombinant β-xylosidase from Thermoascus aurantiacus. World journal of microbiology & biotechnology. 2022 Nov; 39(1):21. doi: 10.1007/s11274-022-03472-5. [PMID: 36422714]
  • Yu-Ying Chen, Qiu-Ping Liu, Pei An, Min Jia, Xin Luan, Jian-Yuan Tang, Hong Zhang. Ginsenoside Rd: A promising natural neuroprotective agent. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2022 Jan; 95(?):153883. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153883. [PMID: 34952508]
  • Ai-Fang Zhou, Ke Zhu, Pei-Min Pu, Zhuo-Yao Li, Ya-Yun Zhang, Bing Shu, Xue-Jun Cui, Min Yao, Yong-Jun Wang. Neuroprotective Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Ginsenoside-Rd for Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage in Experimental Animal: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2022; 2022(?):7650438. doi: 10.1155/2022/7650438. [PMID: 36092162]
  • Tingyao Zhao, Xinting Wang, Qian Liu, Tianshu Yang, Huiyan Qu, Hua Zhou. Ginsenoside Rd Promotes Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction by Modulating Monocytes/Macrophages Subsets Conversion. Drug design, development and therapy. 2022; 16(?):2767-2782. doi: 10.2147/dddt.s377624. [PMID: 36033133]
  • Xinxiu Yang, Meng Gao, Mengqi Miao, Cuihua Jiang, Dongjian Zhang, Zhiqi Yin, Yicheng Ni, Jing Chen, Jian Zhang. Combining combretastatin A4 phosphate with ginsenoside Rd synergistically inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma by reducing HIF-1α via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 2021 Mar; 73(2):263-271. doi: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa006. [PMID: 33793802]
  • Eunsoo Jung, Mi-Kyung Pyo, Junghyun Kim. Pectin-Lyase-Modified Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rd Inhibits High Glucose-Induced ROS Production in Mesangial Cells and Prevents Renal Dysfunction in db/db Mice. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2021 Jan; 26(2):. doi: 10.3390/molecules26020367. [PMID: 33445772]
  • Jeon-Kyung Kim, Eun Kyu Lee, Chu Hyun Bae, Soo-Dong Park, Jae-Jung Shim, Jung-Lyoul Lee, Hye Hyun Yoo, Dong-Hyun Kim. The Impact of Gut Microbiome on the Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 in Mice after Oral Administration of Red Ginseng. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2021; 49(8):1897-1912. doi: 10.1142/s0192415x21500890. [PMID: 34961415]
  • Baobao Zhang, Xiaolong Hu, Huizhe Wang, Rong Wang, Zhongxuan Sun, Xiaomei Tan, Shumeng Liu, Hao Wang. Effects of a dammarane-type saponin, ginsenoside Rd, in nicotine-induced vascular endothelial injury. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2020 Dec; 79(?):153325. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153325. [PMID: 32920289]
  • Ningning Yang, Guoying Liang, Jing Lin, Sijia Zhang, Qiuchi Lin, Xuechun Ji, Haoyuan Chen, Ning Li, Shizhu Jin. Ginsenoside Rd therapy improves histological and functional recovery in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2020 Nov; 34(11):3019-3028. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6734. [PMID: 32468636]
  • Gereltuya Renchinkhand, Soo-Hyun Cho, Young W Park, Gyu-Yong Song, Myoung Soo Nam. Biotransformation of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd by Dekkera anomala YAE-1 from Mongolian Fermented Milk (Airag). Journal of microbiology and biotechnology. 2020 Oct; 30(10):1536-1542. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2004.04022. [PMID: 32807763]
  • Min Li, Xuwen Li, Limei Zhou, Yongri Jin. Effects of total saponins from Panacis majoris Rhizoma and its degradation products on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie. 2020 Oct; 130(?):110538. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110538. [PMID: 32731133]
  • Haixia Wang, Ning Jiang, Jingwei Lv, Hong Huang, Xinmin Liu. Ginsenoside Rd reverses cognitive deficits by modulating BDNF-dependent CREB pathway in chronic restraint stress mice. Life sciences. 2020 Oct; 258(?):118107. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118107. [PMID: 32682919]
  • Yao Cheng, Ruimei Li, Zixuan Lin, Feiyan Chen, Jianguo Dai, Zhu Zhu, Lin Chen, Yunan Zhao. Structure-activity relationship analysis of dammarane-type natural products as muscle-type creatine kinase activators. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2020 09; 30(17):127364. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127364. [PMID: 32738969]
  • Hui Xiong, Ai-Hua Zhang, Qi-Qi Zhao, Guang-Li Yan, Hui Sun, Xi-Jun Wang. Discovery of quality-marker ingredients of Panax quinquefolius driven by high-throughput chinmedomics approach. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2020 Aug; 74(?):152928. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152928. [PMID: 31451286]
  • Yi-Zhen Tian, Ya-Peng Liu, San-Chun Tian, Su-Yin Ge, Yong-Jie Wu, Bao-Lai Zhang. Antitumor activity of ginsenoside Rd in gastric cancer via up-regulation of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. Die Pharmazie. 2020 04; 75(4):147-150. doi: 10.1691/ph.2020.9931. [PMID: 32295691]
  • Wenqi Jin, Rui Ma, Lu Zhai, Xiaohao Xu, Tingting Lou, Qingxia Huang, Jing Wang, Daqing Zhao, Xiangyan Li, Liwei Sun. Ginsenoside Rd attenuates ACTH-induced corticosterone secretion by blocking the MC2R-cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in Y1 mouse adrenocortical cells. Life sciences. 2020 Mar; 245(?):117337. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117337. [PMID: 31972205]
  • S Zhang, J Luo, J Xie, Z Wang, W Xiao, L Zhao. Cooperated biotransformation of ginsenoside extracts into ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 by three thermostable glycosidases. Journal of applied microbiology. 2020 Mar; 128(3):721-734. doi: 10.1111/jam.14513. [PMID: 31715079]
  • Fang Li, Li-Zhi Pang, Ling Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yuan-Yuan Zhang, Bo-Yang Yu, Jun-Ping Kou. YiQiFuMai powder injection ameliorates chronic heart failure through cross-talk between adipose tissue and cardiomyocytes via up-regulation of circulating adipokine omentin. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie. 2019 Nov; 119(?):109418. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109418. [PMID: 31505423]
  • Lan Luo, Jiazhen Kang, Weijun Zhao, Yue Qi, Shengwang Liang. Validated LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of seven components of Naodesheng in rat serum after oral administration and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2019 Sep; 174(?):1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.036. [PMID: 31153133]
  • Lan Luo, Jiazhen Kang, Qiong He, Yue Qi, Xingyu Chen, Shumei Wang, Shengwang Liang. A NMR-Based Metabonomics Approach to Determine Protective Effect of a Combination of Multiple Components Derived from Naodesheng on Ischemic Stroke Rats. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2019 May; 24(9):. doi: 10.3390/molecules24091831. [PMID: 31086027]
  • Xiao-Nan Chen, Dan-Qi Li, Meng-di Zhao, Gang-Yan Yu, Shou-Ying Du, Yang Lu, Jie Bai, Peng-Yue Li, Ya-Li Wu, Zhi-Hao Tian, Yan-Ying Zeng. Pharmacokinetics of Panax notoginseng Saponins in Adhesive and Normal Preparation of Fufang Danshen. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. 2018 Apr; 43(2):215-225. doi: 10.1007/s13318-017-0433-y. [PMID: 28916980]
  • Muhammad Zubair Siddiqi, Gyu-Min Choi, Wan-Taek Im. Ciceribacter azotifigens sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from activated sludge. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. 2018 Feb; 68(2):482-486. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002438. [PMID: 29297848]
  • E González-Burgos, Carlos Fernández-Moriano, R Lozano, I Iglesias, M P Gómez-Serranillos. Ginsenosides Rd and Re co-treatments improve rotenone-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2017 Nov; 109(Pt 1):38-47. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.013. [PMID: 28843595]
  • Eryun Zhang, Hailian Shi, Li Yang, Xiaojun Wu, Zhengtao Wang. Ginsenoside Rd regulates the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling cascade and suppresses angiogenesis and breast tumor growth. Oncology reports. 2017 Jul; 38(1):359-367. doi: 10.3892/or.2017.5652. [PMID: 28534996]
  • Lu Wang, Yazheng Zhao, Ye Yang, Yuanjia Hu, Xiaohan Zou, Boyang Yu, Jin Qi. Allergens in red ginseng extract induce the release of mediators associated with anaphylactoid reactions. Journal of translational medicine. 2017 06; 15(1):148. doi: 10.1186/s12967-017-1249-x. [PMID: 28659175]
  • Shi Qiu, Wen-Zhi Yang, Chang-Liang Yao, Xiao-Jian Shi, Jing-Ya Li, Yang Lou, Ya-Nan Duan, Wan-Ying Wu, De-An Guo. Malonylginsenosides with Potential Antidiabetic Activities from the Flower Buds of Panax ginseng. Journal of natural products. 2017 04; 80(4):899-908. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00789. [PMID: 28345906]
  • Peiwei Wang, Xiaoye Du, Minqi Xiong, Jingang Cui, Qinbo Yang, Wenjian Wang, Yu Chen, Teng Zhang. Ginsenoside Rd attenuates breast cancer metastasis implicating derepressing microRNA-18a-regulated Smad2 expression. Scientific reports. 2016 09; 6(?):33709. doi: 10.1038/srep33709. [PMID: 27641158]
  • Seockmo Ku, Hyun Ju You, Myeong Soo Park, Geun Eog Ji. Whole-Cell Biocatalysis for Producing Ginsenoside Rd from Rb1 Using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology. 2016 Jul; 26(7):1206-15. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1601.01002. [PMID: 27012233]
  • Cong-liang Guo, Xiao-yan Yang, Zi-ming Chen, Shuang Wu, Cheng-xiao Wang, Lu-qi Huang, Xiu-ming Cui. [The Content Determination of Biotransformation of Rb1 in the Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng by A Plant Endophyte Coniochaeta sp.]. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials. 2016 May; 39(5):1075-8. doi: . [PMID: 30133192]
  • Yujie Chen, Zhongzhen Zhao, Hubiao Chen, Tao Yi, Minjian Qin, Zhitao Liang. Chemical differentiation and quality evaluation of commercial Asian and American ginsengs based on a UHPLC-QTOF/MS/MS metabolomics approach. Phytochemical analysis : PCA. 2015 Mar; 26(2):145-60. doi: 10.1002/pca.2546. [PMID: 25448530]
  • Rongrong Jiang, Jiajia Dong, Xiuxue Li, Feifei Du, Weiwei Jia, Fang Xu, Fengqing Wang, Junling Yang, Wei Niu, Chuan Li. Molecular mechanisms governing different pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides and potential for ginsenoside-perpetrated herb-drug interactions on OATP1B3. British journal of pharmacology. 2015 Feb; 172(4):1059-73. doi: 10.1111/bph.12971. [PMID: 25297453]
  • Xuewei Ye, Siran Yu, Ying Liang, Haocai Huang, Xiao-Yuan Lian, Zhizhen Zhang. Bioactive triterpenoid saponins and phenolic compounds against glioma cells. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2014 Nov; 24(22):5157-63. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.087. [PMID: 25442304]
  • John M T Chu, Dicky K M Lee, Daniella P K Wong, Ricky N S Wong, Ken K L Yung, Christopher H K Cheng, Kevin K M Yue. Ginsenosides attenuate methylglyoxal-induced impairment of insulin signaling and subsequent apoptosis in primary astrocytes. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Oct; 85(?):215-23. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.029. [PMID: 24878245]
  • Chang-ling Zhao, Sheng-chao Yang, Zhong-jian Chen, Yong Shen, Fu-gang Wei, Wu Wang, Ting-ju Long. [Contents of total anthocyanins and total saponins as well as composition of saponin monomers of Purple and Green Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma]. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials. 2014 Oct; 37(10):1749-53. doi: . [PMID: 25895378]
  • Yun-zhang Xu, Ye Ren, Jing-xia Wang, Mei Sun, Xiao-yan Zhao, Yuan Liu. [Research on dynamic accumulation of nine ginsenosides and two pseudo-ginsenosides of Panax quinquefolium root of different growth years and harvest months in Canada]. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials. 2014 Oct; 37(10):1743-8. doi: . [PMID: 25895377]
  • Linli Wang, Zheng Li, Qing Shao, Xiang Li, Ni Ai, Xiaoping Zhao, Xiaohui Fan. Dissecting active ingredients of Chinese medicine by content-weighted ingredient-target network. Molecular bioSystems. 2014 Jul; 10(7):1905-11. doi: 10.1039/c3mb70581a. [PMID: 24781185]
  • Zhen-Dong Zhong, Chun-Mei Wang, Wei Wang, Li Shen, Zhong-Hua Chen. [Major hypoglycemic ingredients of Panax notoginseng saponins for treating diabetes]. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition. 2014 Mar; 45(2):235-9. doi: . [PMID: 24749347]
  • Eun-Young Park, Mi-Hwi Kim, Eung-Hwi Kim, Eun-Kyu Lee, In-Sun Park, Duck-Choon Yang, Hee-Sook Jun. Efficacy comparison of Korean ginseng and American ginseng on body temperature and metabolic parameters. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2014; 42(1):173-87. doi: 10.1142/s0192415x14500128. [PMID: 24467543]
  • Yun-Xin Zhang, Li Wang, Er-Long Xiao, Si-Jia Li, Jia-Jia Chen, Bei Gao, Guang-Ning Min, Zhi-Ping Wang, Yong-Jie Wu. Ginsenoside-Rd exhibits anti-inflammatory activities through elevation of antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibition of JNK and ERK activation in vivo. International immunopharmacology. 2013 Dec; 17(4):1094-100. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.10.013. [PMID: 24455777]
  • Zheng Li, Jing-Jie Li, Li-Juan Gu, Dong-Liang Zhang, Yun-Bo Wang, Chang-Keun Sung. Ginsenosides Rb₁ and Rd regulate proliferation of mature keratinocytes through induction of p63 expression in hair follicles. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2013 Jul; 27(7):1095-101. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4828. [PMID: 23007914]
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