Dimethyl_phthalate (BioDeep_00000017613)

Main id: BioDeep_00000001134

 

human metabolite PANOMIX_OTCML-2023 blood metabolite


代谢物信息卡片


BENZENE,1,2-DICARBOXYLIC ACID,DIMETHYL ESTER (PHTHALIC ACID,DIMETHYL ESTER)

化学式: C10H10O4 (194.057906)
中文名称: 邻苯二甲酸二甲酯
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 () 0%

分子结构信息

SMILES: COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC
InChI: InChI=1S/C10H10O4/c1-13-9(11)7-5-3-4-6-8(7)10(12)14-2/h3-6H,1-2H3

描述信息

Dimethyl phthalate appears as a water-white liquid without significant odor. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Flash point 300 °F. Eye contact may produce severe irritation and direct skin contact may produce mild irritation. Used in the manufacture of a variety of products including plastics, insect repellents, safety glass, and lacquer coatings.
Dimethyl phthalate is a phthalate ester, a diester and a methyl ester.
Dimethyl phthalate has many uses, including in solid rocket propellants, plastics, and insect repellants. Acute (short-term) exposure to dimethyl phthalate, via inhalation in humans and animals, results in irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of dimethyl phthalate in humans. Animal studies have reported slight effects on growth and on the kidney from chronic oral exposure to the chemical. EPA has classified dimethyl phthalate as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogencity.
Dimethyl phthalate is a natural product found in Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus, Allium ampeloprasum, and other organisms with data available.
Dimethyl phthalate is a phthalate ester. Phthalate esters are esters of phthalic acid and are mainly used as plasticizers, primarily used to soften polyvinyl chloride. They are found in a number of products, including glues, building materials, personal care products, detergents and surfactants, packaging, childrens toys, paints, pharmaceuticals, food products, and textiles. Phthalates are hazardous due to their ability to act as endocrine disruptors. They are being phased out of many products in the United States and European Union due to these health concerns. (L1903)
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P03 - Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides, insecticides and repellents > P03B - Insecticides and repellents
D010575 - Pesticides > D007302 - Insect Repellents
D020011 - Protective Agents
D016573 - Agrochemicals
D005404 - Fixatives
ATC code: P03BX02

同义名列表

74 个代谢物同义名

BENZENE,1,2-DICARBOXYLIC ACID,DIMETHYL ESTER (PHTHALIC ACID,DIMETHYL ESTER); InChI=1/C10H10O4/c1-13-9(11)7-5-3-4-6-8(7)10(12)14-2/h3-6H,1-2H; Dimethyl phthalate, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-dimethyl ester; Dimethyl phthalate, SAJ special grade, >=99.0\\%; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid 1,2-dimethyl ester; benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester; 1,2 Benzene dicarboxylacid, dimethylester; Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester; Dimethylester kyseliny ftalove [Czech]; 1,2-dimethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate; dimethyl phthalate, conjugate diacid; Phtalate de dimethyle [ISO-French]; Phthalsaeuredimethylester [German]; dimethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate; Dimethyl benzeneorthodicarboxylate; Dimethyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate; PHTHALIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER (D6); Dimethyl 1,2-benzendicarboxylate; Dimethyl benzene-o-dicarboxylate; Phthalic acid, bis-methyl ester; Dimethylester kyseliny ftalove; Phthalic acid, dimethyl ester; Phthalic acid dimethyl ester; Dimethyl phthalate [BSI:ISO]; Dimethyl phthalate, AR,99\\%; Dimethyl phthalate, CP,99\\%; DIMETHYL PHTHALATE [WHO-DD]; DIMETHYL PHTHALATE (MART.); Phthalic acid methyl ester; Dimethyl phthalate, >=99\\%; DIMETHYL PHTHALATE [MART.]; Phthalsaeuredimethylester; DIMETHYL PHTHALATE [INCI]; DIMETHYL PHTHALATE [HSDB]; DIMETHYL PHTHALATE [ISO]; Dimethyl phthalate, 99\\%; Dimethyl phthalate [USP]; phthalsauredimethylester; DIMETHYL PHTHALATE [MI]; DIMETHYL PHTHALATE [II]; DIMETHYL PHTHALATE (II); Dimethyl orthophthalate; 1,2-dimethyl phthalate; DMF (insect repellant); DimethylPhthalate-13C2; Phtalate de dimethyle; DMF, insect repellent; Dimethyl o-phthalate; Dimethyl phthalate; Ftalato di metile; dimethylphthalate; 1,dimethyl ester; dimethylphtalate; UNII-08X7F5UDJM; WLN: 1OVR BVO1; Kodaflex DMP; Tox21_113536; Bisoflex DMP; Tox21_202145; Tox21_301045; Kemester DMP; Palatinol M; Unimoll DM; 08X7F5UDJM; Solvarone; AI3-00262; Repeftal; Solvanom; Fermine; Avolin; Mipax; NTM



数据库引用编号

13 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

4 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有:

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息,我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表,这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘,得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中,存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称,可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Morgana Vighi, Asunción Borrell, Wissam Sahyoun, Sopheak Net, Alex Aguilar, Baghdad Ouddane, Odei Garcia-Garin. Concentrations of bisphenols and phthalate esters in the muscle of Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Chemosphere. 2023 Aug; ?(?):139686. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139686. [PMID: 37544523]
  • Song Han, Danni Mao, Huijuan Wang, He Guo. An insightful analysis of dimethyl phthalate degradation by the collaborative process of DBD plasma and Graphene-WO3 nanocomposites. Chemosphere. 2022 Mar; 291(Pt 2):132774. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132774. [PMID: 34742767]
  • Fabrizio Pietrini, Valentina Iannilli, Laura Passatore, Serena Carloni, Giulia Sciacca, Marina Cerasa, Massimo Zacchini. Ecotoxicological and genotoxic effects of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) on Lemna minor L. and Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. plants under a short-term laboratory assay. The Science of the total environment. 2022 Feb; 806(Pt 4):150972. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150972. [PMID: 34656584]
  • Xiangjun Fu, Jie He, Deliang Zheng, Xuefeng Yang, Pan Wang, FangXu Tuo, Lin Wang, Shixu Li, Jie Xu, Jie Yu. Association of endocrine disrupting chemicals levels in serum, environmental risk factors, and hepatic function among 5- to 14-year-old children. Toxicology. 2022 01; 465(?):153011. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153011. [PMID: 34715266]
  • Kubra Ulucan-Altuntas, Mubbshir Saleem, Giulia Tomei, Ester Marotta, Cristina Paradisi. Atmospheric plasma-based approaches for the degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in water. Journal of environmental management. 2022 Jan; 301(?):113885. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113885. [PMID: 34619592]
  • Daniel Wolecki, Barbara Trella, Fei Qi, Piotr Stepnowski, Jolanta Kumirska. Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2021 Nov; 26(22):. doi: 10.3390/molecules26226966. [PMID: 34834057]
  • Ling Huang, Xunzhi Zhu, Shixing Zhou, Zhenrui Cheng, Kai Shi, Chi Zhang, Hua Shao. Phthalic Acid Esters: Natural Sources and Biological Activities. Toxins. 2021 07; 13(7):. doi: 10.3390/toxins13070495. [PMID: 34357967]
  • Su Ding, Jinquan Wan, Yongwen Ma, Yan Wang, Xitong Li, Jian Sun, Mengjie Pu. Targeted degradation of dimethyl phthalate by activating persulfate using molecularly imprinted Fe-MOF-74. Chemosphere. 2021 May; 270(?):128620. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128620. [PMID: 33109356]
  • Yong Li, Huangqian Yan, Qiyue Liu, Xiaoqing Li, Jing Ge, Xiangyang Yu. Accumulation and transport patterns of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in two leafy vegetables under hydroponic conditions. Chemosphere. 2020 Jun; 249(?):126457. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126457. [PMID: 32220682]
  • Jiali Gu, Heng Zhao, Lu Liu, Dan Yang, Hong Chen, Ting Sun. Investigation of the binding interactions between dimethyl phthalate and its metabolite with bovine serum albumin by multispectroscopy. Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. 2020 Mar; 228(?):117771. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117771. [PMID: 31727520]
  • Tobie D Lee, Olivia W Lee, Kyle R Brimacombe, Lu Chen, Rajarshi Guha, Sabrina Lusvarghi, Bethilehem G Tebase, Carleen Klumpp-Thomas, Robert W Robey, Suresh V Ambudkar, Min Shen, Michael M Gottesman, Matthew D Hall. A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Molecular pharmacology. 2019 11; 96(5):629-640. doi: 10.1124/mol.119.115964. [PMID: 31515284]
  • Peipei Song, Jianpeng Gao, Xianxu Li, Cui Zhang, Lusheng Zhu, Jinhua Wang, Jun Wang. Phthalate induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Environment international. 2019 08; 129(?):10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.074. [PMID: 31102950]
  • Xueyan Li, Liangpo Liu, Heng Wang, Xueqin Zhang, Tonghu Xiao, Heqing Shen. Phthalate exposure and cumulative risk in a Chinese newborn population. Environmental science and pollution research international. 2019 Mar; 26(8):7763-7771. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04216-z. [PMID: 30673950]
  • Heon Lee, Young-Kwon Park, Jung-Sik Kim, Yung-Hoon Park, Sang-Chul Jung. Degradation of dimethyl phthalate using a liquid phase plasma process with TiO2 photocatalysts. Environmental research. 2019 02; 169(?):256-260. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.025. [PMID: 30481601]
  • Jing Yang, Chuling Guo, Shasha Liu, Weiting Liu, Han Wang, Zhi Dang, Guining Lu. Characterization of a di-n-butyl phthalate-degrading bacterial consortium and its application in contaminated soil. Environmental science and pollution research international. 2018 Jun; 25(18):17645-17653. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-1862-0. [PMID: 29667057]
  • Taofeek Salaudeen, Omobola Okoh, Foluso Agunbiade, Anthony Okoh. Phthalates removal efficiency in different wastewater treatment technology in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2018 Apr; 190(5):299. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018-6665-8. [PMID: 29679156]
  • Anika Engel, Thorsten Buhrke, Francine Imber, Sönke Jessel, Albrecht Seidel, Wolfgang Völkel, Alfonso Lampen. Agonistic and antagonistic effects of phthalates and their urinary metabolites on the steroid hormone receptors ERα, ERβ, and AR. Toxicology letters. 2017 Aug; 277(?):54-63. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.028. [PMID: 28571686]
  • Hai-Tao Gao, Run Xu, Wei-Xin Cao, Liang-Liang Qian, Min Wang, Lingeng Lu, Qian Xu, Shu-Qin Yu. Effects of six priority controlled phthalate esters with long-term low-dose integrated exposure on male reproductive toxicity in rats. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2017 Mar; 101(?):94-104. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.011. [PMID: 28089693]
  • Xialin Hu, Yunyun Gu, Wenping Huang, Daqiang Yin. Phthalate monoesters as markers of phthalate contamination in wild marine organisms. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 2016 Nov; 218(?):410-418. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.020. [PMID: 27435611]
  • Zhihuan Zhang, Tiantian Wan, Xuyang Peng, Guangxiu He, Yu Liu, Li Zeng. Distribution and sources of oxygenated non-hydrocarbons in topsoil of Beijing, China. Environmental science and pollution research international. 2016 Aug; 23(16):16524-41. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6790-2. [PMID: 27172982]
  • Hui Liu, YanXi Li, Xi He, Zakari Sissou, Lei Tong, Chris Yarnes, Xianyu Huang. Compound-specific carbon isotopic fractionation during transport of phthalate esters in sandy aquifer. Chemosphere. 2016 Feb; 144(?):1831-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.080. [PMID: 26539707]
  • Ying Zhang, Hui Zhang, Xin Sun, Lei Wang, Na Du, Yue Tao, Guoqiang Sun, Kehinde O Erinle, Pengjie Wang, Changjian Zhou, Shuwei Duan. Effect of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) on germination, antioxidant system, and chloroplast ultrastructure in Cucumis sativus L. Environmental science and pollution research international. 2016 Jan; 23(2):1183-92. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-5855-y. [PMID: 26631021]
  • Guodong Yang, Baoli Zhou, Xinyu Zhang, Zijun Zhang, Yuanyuan Wu, Yiming Zhang, Shuwen Lü, Qingdao Zou, Yuan Gao, Long Teng. Effects of Tomato Root Exudates on Meloidogyne incognita. PloS one. 2016; 11(4):e0154675. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154675. [PMID: 27128659]
  • Huixiao Hong, William S Branham, Hui Wen Ng, Carrie L Moland, Stacey L Dial, Hong Fang, Roger Perkins, Daniel Sheehan, Weida Tong. Human sex hormone-binding globulin binding affinities of 125 structurally diverse chemicals and comparison with their binding to androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, and α-fetoprotein. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2015 Feb; 143(2):333-48. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu231. [PMID: 25349334]
  • Paul G Stevenson, Danielle N Bassanese, Xavier A Conlan, Neil W Barnett. Improving peak shapes with counter gradients in two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of chromatography. A. 2014 Apr; 1337(?):147-54. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.051. [PMID: 24636564]
  • Huixiao Hong, William S Branham, Stacey L Dial, Carrie L Moland, Hong Fang, Jie Shen, Roger Perkins, Daniel Sheehan, Weida Tong. Rat α-Fetoprotein binding affinities of a large set of structurally diverse chemicals elucidated the relationships between structures and binding affinities. Chemical research in toxicology. 2012 Nov; 25(11):2553-66. doi: 10.1021/tx3003406. [PMID: 23013281]
  • Xiaoyun Xie, Zhaowei Wang, Ximin Zhou, Xiaoru Wang, Xingguo Chen. Study on the interaction of phthalate esters to human serum albumin by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Journal of hazardous materials. 2011 Sep; 192(3):1291-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.038. [PMID: 21764513]
  • Ruthann A Rudel, Janet M Gray, Connie L Engel, Teresa W Rawsthorne, Robin E Dodson, Janet M Ackerman, Jeanne Rizzo, Janet L Nudelman, Julia Green Brody. Food packaging and bisphenol A and bis(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate exposure: findings from a dietary intervention. Environmental health perspectives. 2011 Jul; 119(7):914-20. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1003170. [PMID: 21450549]
  • Justin A Colacino, Amr S Soliman, Antonia M Calafat, Muna S Nahar, Adrienne Van Zomeren-Dohm, Ahmed Hablas, Ibrahim A Seifeldin, Laura S Rozek, Dana C Dolinoy. Exposure to phthalates among premenstrual girls from rural and urban Gharbiah, Egypt: a pilot exposure assessment study. Environmental health : a global access science source. 2011 May; 10(?):40. doi: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-40. [PMID: 21575223]
  • Jin Zhou, Xiao-Shan Zhu, Zhong-Hua Cai. Influences of DMP on the fertilization process and subsequent embryogenesis of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) by gametes exposure. PloS one. 2011; 6(10):e25951. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025951. [PMID: 22028799]
  • Yayoi Suzuki, Mayu Niwa, Jun Yoshinaga, Yoshifumi Mizumoto, Shigeko Serizawa, Hiroaki Shiraishi. Prenatal exposure to phthalate esters and PAHs and birth outcomes. Environment international. 2010 Oct; 36(7):699-704. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.003. [PMID: 20605637]
  • Zhi-Yong Guo, Pan-Pan Gai, Jing Duan, Jin-Xia Zhai, Sha-Sha Zhao, Sui Wang, Dan-Yi Wei. Simultaneous determination of phthalates and adipates in human serum using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with solid-phase extraction. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 2010 Oct; 24(10):1094-9. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1410. [PMID: 20352652]
  • Justin A Colacino, T Robert Harris, Arnold Schecter. Dietary intake is associated with phthalate body burden in a nationally representative sample. Environmental health perspectives. 2010 Jul; 118(7):998-1003. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901712. [PMID: 20392686]
  • Lizbeth López-Carrillo, Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez, Antonia M Calafat, Luisa Torres-Sánchez, Marcia Galván-Portillo, Larry L Needham, Rubén Ruiz-Ramos, Mariano E Cebrián. Exposure to phthalates and breast cancer risk in northern Mexico. Environmental health perspectives. 2010 Apr; 118(4):539-44. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901091. [PMID: 20368132]
  • Joe Liu, Daniel Obando, Liam G Schipanski, Ludwig K Groebler, Paul K Witting, Danuta S Kalinowski, Des R Richardson, Rachel Codd. Conjugates of desferrioxamine B (DFOB) with derivatives of adamantane or with orally available chelators as potential agents for treating iron overload. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2010 Feb; 53(3):1370-82. doi: 10.1021/jm9016703. [PMID: 20041672]
  • M Clara, G Windhofer, W Hartl, K Braun, M Simon, O Gans, C Scheffknecht, A Chovanec. Occurrence of phthalates in surface runoff, untreated and treated wastewater and fate during wastewater treatment. Chemosphere. 2010 Feb; 78(9):1078-84. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.052. [PMID: 20096917]
  • Yi Lu, Fei Tang, Ying Wang, Jinhui Zhao, Xin Zeng, Qifang Luo, Lin Wang. Biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate by Rhodococcus sp. L4 isolated from activated sludge. Journal of hazardous materials. 2009 Sep; 168(2-3):938-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.126. [PMID: 19342169]
  • Cendrine Dargnat, Marie-Jeanne Teil, Marc Chevreuil, Martine Blanchard. Phthalate removal throughout wastewater treatment plant: case study of Marne Aval station (France). The Science of the total environment. 2009 Feb; 407(4):1235-44. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.027. [PMID: 19036415]
  • Gabriel Morales-Cid, Soledad Cárdenas, Bartolomé M Simonet, Miguel Valcárcel. Comparison of aromatic and alkyl micelles for the electrokinetic determination of phthalates in virgin olive oil. Electrophoresis. 2009 Feb; 30(4):618-23. doi: 10.1002/elps.200800312. [PMID: 19180542]
  • Cynthia J Hines, Nancy B Nilsen Hopf, James A Deddens, Antonia M Calafat, Manori J Silva, Ardith A Grote, Deborah L Sammons. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among workers in selected industries: a pilot biomonitoring study. The Annals of occupational hygiene. 2009 Jan; 53(1):1-17. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/men066. [PMID: 18948546]
  • Ping Li, Xingbi Dai, Hong Dan, Xiaohong Huang. [Determine and parallel analysis of three kinds of PAEs in serum for obese children]. Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research. 2008 Sep; 37(5):581-3. doi: NULL. [PMID: 19069659]
  • Xiang-Ji Kong, Dong Li, Lian-Qiu Cao, Xue-Mei Zhang, Yan Zhao, Yang Lv, Jie Zhang. Evaluation of municipal sewage treatment systems for pollutant removal efficiency by measuring levels of micropollutants. Chemosphere. 2008 May; 72(1):59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.005. [PMID: 18400249]
  • Aiming Qi, Meigui Li, Liqiu Mao. [Application of single drop microextraction in the determination of phthalate esters and parabens in drugs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]. Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography. 2008 May; 26(3):306-9. doi: . [PMID: 18724664]
  • Johan Högberg, Annika Hanberg, Marika Berglund, Staffan Skerfving, Mikael Remberger, Antonia M Calafat, Agneta Falk Filipsson, Bo Jansson, Niklas Johansson, Malin Appelgren, Helen Håkansson. Phthalate diesters and their metabolites in human breast milk, blood or serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure in vulnerable populations. Environmental health perspectives. 2008 Mar; 116(3):334-9. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10788. [PMID: 18335100]
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  • Bernard Cartigny, Nathalie Azaroual, Christophe Bochu, Elisabeth Vinner, Michel Imbenotte, Gaston Vermeersch, Michel Lhermitte. Analysis of ingested material and urine by GC-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy: poisoning of an adult with adulterated soda. Journal of analytical toxicology. 2006 Mar; 30(2):86-90. doi: 10.1093/jat/30.2.86. [PMID: 16620537]
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