Gene Association: PLA2G6
UniProt Search:
PLA2G6 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: phospholipase A2 group VI
found 42 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Pantothenic acid
(R)-pantothenic acid is a pantothenic acid having R-configuration. It has a role as an antidote to curare poisoning, a human blood serum metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a vitamin B5 and a pantothenic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a (R)-pantothenate. Pantothenic acid, also called pantothenate or vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin discovered by Roger J. Williams in 1919. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient as it is required to synthesize coenzyme-A (CoA), as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Pantothenic acid is the amide between pantoic acid and β-alanine and commonly found as its alcohol analog, the provitamin panthenol, and as calcium pantothenate. Small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole-grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, royal jelly, avocado, and yogurt. Pantothenic acid is an ingredient in some hair and skin care products. Only the dextrorotatory (D) isomer of pantothenic acid possesses biological activity. while the levorotatory (L) form may antagonize the effects of the dextrorotatory isomer. Pantothenic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Pantothenic acid is a natural product found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arabidopsis thaliana, and other organisms with data available. Pantothenic Acid is a water-soluble vitamin ubiquitously found in plants and animal tissues with antioxidant property. Vitamin B5 is a component of coenzyme A (CoA) and a part of the vitamin B2 complex. Vitamin B5 is a growth factor and is essential for various metabolic functions, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids. This vitamin is also involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin. (R)-Pantothenic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE. See also: Broccoli (part of). Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life. Pantothenic acid is needed to form coenzyme-A (CoA), and is thus critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Its name is derived from the Greek pantothen meaning "from everywhere" and small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, and royal jelly. Pantothenic acid is classified as a member of the secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols are compounds containing a secondary alcohol functional group, with the general structure HOC(R)(R) (R,R=alkyl, aryl). Pantothenic acid is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. (r)-pantothenate, also known as (+)-pantothenic acid or vitamin b5, is a member of the class of compounds known as secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols are compounds containing a secondary alcohol functional group, with the general structure HOC(R)(R) (R,R=alkyl, aryl) (r)-pantothenate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (r)-pantothenate can be found in a number of food items such as spirulina, nance, cereals and cereal products, and sparkleberry, which makes (r)-pantothenate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (r)-pantothenate can be found primarily in blood and urine (r)-pantothenate exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins A pantothenic acid having R-configuration. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID P032; [MS2] KO009182 KEIO_ID P032; [MS3] KO009183 KEIO_ID P032 D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1]. D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1].
Epi-alpha-amyrin
Alpha-amyrin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane which contains a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a secondary alcohol. It derives from a hydride of an ursane. alpha-Amyrin is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Ficus virens, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Viburnum opulus bark (part of); Eupatorium perfoliatum whole (part of) ... View More ... Carissol is found in beverages. Carissol is a constituent of Carissa carandas (karanda). Constituent of Carissa carandas (karanda). Carissol is found in beverages and fruits.
Maprotiline
Maprotiline is a tetracyclic antidepressant with similar pharmacological properties to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Similar to TCAs, maprotiline inhibits neuronal norepinephrine reuptake, possesses some anticholinergic activity, and does not affect monoamine oxidase activity. It differs from TCAs in that it does not appear to block serotonin reuptake. Maprotiline may be used to treat depressive affective disorders, including dysthymic disorder (depressive neurosis) and major depressive disorder. Maprotiline is effective at reducing symptoms of anxiety associated with depression. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8225; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8223 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8170; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8168 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8212; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8209 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8187; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8185 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8233; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8231 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 835; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8247; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8245 N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3317 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2221 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated, essential fatty acid that has a 20-carbon chain as a backbone and four cis-double bonds at the C5, C8, C11, and C14 positions. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is synthesized from dietary linoleic acid. Arachidonic acid mediates inflammation and the functioning of several organs and systems either directly or upon its conversion into eicosanoids. Arachidonic acid in cell membrane phospholipids is the substrate for the synthesis of a range of biologically active compounds (eicosanoids) including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. These compounds can act as mediators in their own right and can also act as regulators of other processes, such as platelet aggregation, blood clotting, smooth muscle contraction, leukocyte chemotaxis, inflammatory cytokine production, and immune function. Arachidonic acid can be metabolized by cytochrome p450 (CYP450) enzymes into 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), their corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). The production of kidney CYP450 arachidonic acid metabolites is altered in diabetes, pregnancy, hepatorenal syndrome, and in various models of hypertension, and it is likely that changes in this system contribute to the abnormalities in renal function that are associated with many of these conditions. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid (PMID: 12736897, 12736897, 12700820, 12570747, 12432908). The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids are believed to be due in part to selective alteration of arachidonate metabolism that involves cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (PMID: 23371504). 9-Oxononanoic acid (9-ONA), one of the major products of peroxidized fatty acids, was found to stimulate the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the key enzyme to initiate the arachidonate cascade and eicosanoid production (PMID: 23704812). Arachidonate lipoxygenase (ALOX) enzymes metabolize arachidonic acid to generate potent inflammatory mediators and play an important role in inflammation-associated diseases (PMID: 23404351). Essential fatty acid. Constituent of many animal phospholipids Arachidonic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=506-32-1 (retrieved 2024-07-15) (CAS RN: 506-32-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes. Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes.
Docosahexaenoic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 essential fatty acid. Chemically, DHA is a carboxylic acid with a 22-carbon chain and six cis- double bonds with the first double bond located at the third carbon from the omega end. DHA is most often found in fish oil. It is a major fatty acid in sperm and brain phospholipids, especially in the retina. Dietary DHA can reduce the level of blood triglycerides in humans, which may reduce the risk of heart disease (Wikipedia). Docosahexaenoic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Extensively marketed as a dietary supplement in Japan [DFC]. Doconexent is found in many foods, some of which are mung bean, fruit preserve, northern pike, and snapper. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid abundantly present brain and retina. It can be obtained directly from fish oil and maternal milk.
Ethanolamine
Ethanolamine (MEA), also known as monoethanolamine, aminoethanol or glycinol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,2-aminoalcohols (or simply aminoalcohols). These are organic compounds containing an alkyl chain with an amine group bound to the C1 atom and an alcohol group bound to the C2 atom. Ethanolamine is a colorless, viscous liquid with an odor reminiscent of ammonia. In pharmaceutical formulations, ethanolamine is used primarily for buffering or preparation of emulsions. Ethanolamine can also be used as pH regulator in cosmetics. Biologically, ethanolamine is an initial precursor for the biosynthesis of two primary phospholipid classes, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). In this regard, ethanolamine is the second-most-abundant head group for phospholipids. Ethanolamine serves as a precursor for a variety of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). These are molecules that modulate several animal and plant physiological processes such as seed germination, plant–pathogen interactions, chloroplast development and flowering (PMID: 30190434). Ethanolamine, when combined with arachidonic acid (C20H32O2; 20:4, ω-6), can also form the endocannabinoid anandamide. Ethanolamine can be converted to phosphoethanolamine via the enzyme known as ethanolamine kinase. the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and ethanolamine, whereas its two products are ADP and O-phosphoethanolamine. In most plants ethanolamine is biosynthesized by decarboxylation of serine via a pyridoxal 5-phosphate-dependent l-serine decarboxylase (SDC). Ethanolamine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Ethanolamine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as narrowleaf cattails, mung beans, blackcurrants, white cabbages, and bilberries. Ethanolamine, also known as aminoethanol or beta-aminoethyl alcohol, is a member of the class of compounds known as 1,2-aminoalcohols. 1,2-aminoalcohols are organic compounds containing an alkyl chain with an amine group bound to the C1 atom and an alcohol group bound to the C2 atom. Ethanolamine is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ethanolamine can be found in a number of food items such as daikon radish, caraway, muscadine grape, and lemon grass, which makes ethanolamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ethanolamine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Ethanolamine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ethanolamine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/20:0), and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis PE(11D5/9M5). Moreover, ethanolamine is found to be associated with maple syrup urine disease and propionic acidemia. Ethanolamine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine (often abbreviated as ETA or MEA), is an organic chemical compound with the formula HOCH2CH2NH2. The molecule is both a primary amine and a primary alcohol (due to a hydroxyl group). Ethanolamine is a colorless, viscous liquid with an odor reminiscent to that of ammonia. Its derivatives are widespread in nature; e.g., lipids . C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist KEIO_ID E023
Resolvin D2
Resolvin D2 is an autacoid resolvin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. The bioactive local mediators, or autacoids, that require enzymatic generation from the omega-3 essential fatty acid EPA were first identified in resolving inflammatory exudates in vivo and carry potent stereoselective biological actions. Resolvins of the E (RvE) series are derived from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Those derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were termed resolvins of the D series, for example resolvin D1 (RvD1).Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The term resolvins (resolution-phase interaction products) was first introduced to signify that these new structures were endogenous mediators, biosynthesized in the resolution phase of inflammatory exudates, possessing very potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory actions. These actions include reducing neutrophil traffic, regulating cytokine and reactive oxygen species, and lowering the magnitude of the response. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimers disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225) [HMDB] Resolvin D2 is an autacoid resolvin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. The bioactive local mediators, or autacoids, that require enzymatic generation from the omega-3 essential fatty acid EPA were first identified in resolving inflammatory exudates in vivo and carry potent stereoselective biological actions. Resolvins of the E (RvE) series are derived from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Those derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were termed resolvins of the D series, for example resolvin D1 (RvD1).Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The term resolvins (resolution-phase interaction products) was first introduced to signify that these new structures were endogenous mediators, biosynthesized in the resolution phase of inflammatory exudates, possessing very potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory actions. These actions include reducing neutrophil traffic, regulating cytokine and reactive oxygen species, and lowering the magnitude of the response. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimers disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225).
Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine
Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine is a membrane breakdown product resulting from the cleavage of the lipid group from glycerophosphoethanlomine fatty acids (i.e. phosphatidylethanolamine). It acts as a growth stimulant for hepatocytes. A membrane breakdown product resulting from the cleavage of the lipid group from glycerophosphoethanlomine fatty acids (i.e. phosphatidylethanolamine). It acts as a growth stimulant for hepatocytes. [HMDB]
Oleoyl-CoA
Oleoyl-CoA is a substrate for Acyl-CoA desaturase and Protein FAM34A. [HMDB]. Oleoyl-CoA is found in many foods, some of which are cardoon, fruits, hyssop, and rice. Oleoyl-CoA is a substrate for Acyl-CoA desaturase and Protein FAM34A.
Arachidonyl-CoA
Arachidonyl-CoA is an intermediate in Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Arachidonyl-CoA is produced from 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoyl-CoA via the enzyme fatty acid desaturase 1 (EC 1.14.19.-). It is then converted to Arachidonic acid via the enzymepalmitoyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.2).
Tetradecanoyl-CoA
Tetradecanoyl-CoA (or myristoyl-CoA) is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation and the beta oxidation of fatty acids. It is also used in the myristoylation of proteins. The first pass through the beta-oxidation process starts with the saturated fatty acid palmitoyl-CoA and produces myristoyl-CoA. A total of four enzymatic steps are required, starting with VLCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Very Long Chain) activity, followed by three enzymatic steps catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, all present in the mitochondria. Myristoylation of proteins is also catalyzed by the presence of myristoyl-CoA along with Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). Myristoylation is an irreversible, co-translational (during translation) protein modification found in animals, plants, fungi and viruses. In this protein modification a myristoyl group (derived from myristioyl CoA) is covalently attached via an amide bond to the alpha-amino group of an N-terminal amino acid of a nascent polypeptide. It is more common on glycine residues but also occurs on other amino acids. Myristoylation also occurs post-translationally, for example when previously internal glycine residues become exposed by caspase cleavage during apoptosis. Myristoylation plays a vital role in membrane targeting and signal transduction in plant responses to environmental stress. Compared to other species that possess a single functional myristoyl-CoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) gene copy, human, mouse and cow possess 2 NMT genes, and more than 2 protein isoforms. Myristoyl-coa, also known as S-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a or myristoyl-coenzyme a, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acyl coas. Long-chain fatty acyl coas are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. Myristoyl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Myristoyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as sea-buckthornberry, anise, chicory, and cassava, which makes myristoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Myristoyl-coa can be found primarily in human fibroblasts tissue. Myristoyl-coa exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, myristoyl-coa is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include adrenoleukodystrophy, x-linked, beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, and fatty acid metabolism. Myristoyl-coa is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:0/14:0/22:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/12:0/14:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:1(9Z)/14:0/22:2(13Z,16Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(14:0/16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)).
Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol (CAS: 57-55-6), also known as 1,2-propanediol, is an organic compound (a diol alcohol), usually a tasteless, odourless, and colourless clear oily liquid that is hygroscopic and miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. It is manufactured by the hydration of propylene oxide. Propylene glycol is used as a solvent for intravenous, oral, and topical pharmaceutical preparations It is generally considered safe. However, in large doses, it can be toxic, especially if given over a short period of time. Intravenous lorazepam contains the largest amount of propylene glycol of commonly used drugs. In adults with normal liver and kidney function, the terminal half-life of propylene glycol ranges from 1.4 to 3.3 hours. Propylene glycol is metabolized by the liver to form lactate, acetate, and pyruvate. The nonmetabolized drug is excreted in the urine mainly as the glucuronide conjugate, approximately 12 to 45 percent is excreted unchanged in urine. Renal clearance decreases as the dose administered increases (390 ml/minute/173 m2 at a dose of 5 g/day but only 144 ml/minute/173 m2 at a dose of 21 g/day). These data suggest that renal clearance declines at higher propylene glycol doses because of the saturation of proximal tubular secretion of the drug. As an acceptable level of propylene glycol has not been defined, the clinical implication of a propylene glycol level is unclear. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a maximum consumption of 25 mg/kg/day (1.8 g/day for a 75 kg male) of propylene glycol when used as a food additive, but this limit does not address its use as a drug solvent. No maximum dose is recommended in the literature for intravenous therapy with propylene glycol. Intoxication occurs at much higher doses than the WHO dose limit and is exclusive to pharmacologic exposure. Propylene glycol toxicity includes the development of serum hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, and kidney failure. It has been suggested that proximal tubular necrosis is the cause of acute kidney injury from propylene glycol. Along these lines, proximal tubular cell injury occurs in cultured human cells exposed to propylene glycol. Acute tubular necrosis was described with propylene glycol toxicity in a case of concomitant administration of intravenous lorazepam and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Propylene glycol induced intoxication can also mimic sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Patients suspected of having sepsis with negative cultures should be evaluated for propylene glycol toxicity if they have been exposed to high dose lorazepam or other medications containing this solvent (PMID:17555487). Propylene glycol is an anticaking agent, antioxidant, dough strengthener, emulsifier, flavouring agent, formulation aid, humectant, solvent, preservative, stabiliser, hog/poultry scald agent, and surface active agent. It is found in foods such as roasted sesame seeds, oats, truffle and other mushrooms. (R)-(-)-1,2-Propanediol is a (R)-enantiomer of 1,2-Propanediol that produced from glucose in Escherichia coli expressing NADH-linked glycerol dehydrogenase genes[1]. (R)-(-)-1,2-Propanediol is a (R)-enantiomer of 1,2-Propanediol that produced from glucose in Escherichia coli expressing NADH-linked glycerol dehydrogenase genes[1].
Coproporphyrinogen III
Coproporphyrinogen III is a porphyrin metabolite arising from heme synthesis. Porphyrins are pigments found in both animal and plant life. Coproporphyrinogen III is a tetrapyrrole dead-end product resulting from the spontaneous oxidation of the methylene bridges of coproporphyrinogen arising from heme synthesis. It is secreted in feces and urine. Coproporphyrinogen III is biosynthesized from the tetrapyrrole hydroxymethylbilane, which is converted by the action of uroporphyrinogen III synthase to uroporphyrinogen III. Uroporphyrinogen III is subsequently converted into coproporphyrinogen III through a series of four decarboxylations. Increased levels of coproporphyrinogens can indicate congenital erythropoietic porphyria or sideroblastic anemia, which are inherited disorders. Porphyria is a pathological state characterized by abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism and results in the excretion of large quantities of porphyrins in the urine and in extreme sensitivity to light. A large number of factors are capable of increasing porphyrin excretion, owing to different and multiple causes and etiologies: (1) the main site of the chronic hepatic porphyria disease process concentrates on the liver, (2) a functional and morphologic liver injury is almost regularly associated with this chronic porphyria, and (3) the toxic form due to occupational and environmental exposure takes mainly a subclinical course. Hepatic factors include disturbance in coproporphyrinogen metabolism, which results from inhibition of coproporphyrinogen oxidase as well as from the rapid loss and diminished utilization of coproporphyrinogen in the hepatocytes. This may also explain why coproporphyrin, its autoxidation product, predominates physiologically in the urine. Decreased biliary excretion of coproporphyrin leading to a compensatory urinary excretion. Therefore, the coproporphyrin ring isomer ratio (1:III) becomes a sensitive index for impaired liver function, intrahepatic cholestasis, and disturbed activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. In itself, secondary coproporphyrinuria is not associated with porphyria symptoms of a hepatologic-gastroenterologic, neurologic, or dermatologic order, even though coproporphyrinuria can occur with such symptoms (PMID: 3327428). Under certain conditions, coproporphyrinogen III can act as a phototoxin, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin. A phototoxin leads to cell damage upon exposure to light. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of porphyrins are associated with porphyrias such as porphyria variegate, acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria (HCP), congenital erythropoietic porphyria, and sideroblastic anemia. In particular, coproporphyrinogen III is accumulated and excreted excessively in the feces in acute intermittent porphyria, protoporphyria, and variegate porphyria. There are several types of porphyrias (most are inherited). Hepatic porphyrias are characterized by acute neurological attacks (seizures, psychosis, extreme back and abdominal pain, and an acute polyneuropathy), while the erythropoietic forms present with skin problems (usually a light-sensitive blistering rash and increased hair growth). The neurotoxicity of porphyrins may be due to their selective interactions with tubulin, which disrupt microtubule formation and cause neural malformations (PMID: 3441503). Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase is deficient in hereditary coproporphyria. These persons usually have enhanced excretion even in a subclinical state of the disease.(PubMed ID 14605502 ) [HMDB]. Coproporphyrinogen III is found in many foods, some of which are cucumber, climbing bean, horseradish, and pepper (c. frutescens). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Bropirimine
D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007369 - Interferon Inducers C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C2139 - Immunostimulant D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D01666
manoalide
A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D010726 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents
Vinyl ether
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AA - Ethers
propylene glycol
D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D014677 - Pharmaceutical Vehicles D012997 - Solvents (R)-(-)-1,2-Propanediol is a (R)-enantiomer of 1,2-Propanediol that produced from glucose in Escherichia coli expressing NADH-linked glycerol dehydrogenase genes[1]. (R)-(-)-1,2-Propanediol is a (R)-enantiomer of 1,2-Propanediol that produced from glucose in Escherichia coli expressing NADH-linked glycerol dehydrogenase genes[1].
sn-glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine
Sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine is a substrate for: Lysoplasmalogenase. Glycerophosphoethanolamine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1190-00-7 (retrieved 2024-07-25) (CAS RN: 1190-00-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
3-[[(2S)-2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoic acid
Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient. Only the dextrorotatory (D) isomer of pantothenic acid possesses biologic activity. The levorotatory (L) form may antagonize the effects of the dextrorotatory isomer. Pantothenic acid is found in many foods, some of which are cream substitute, yellow bell pepper, corn, and atlantic mackerel. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1]. D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1].
FA 22:6
Chemical was purchased from CAY 90310 (Lot. 0458708-4); Diagnostic ions: 327.1, 283.2, 229.7,191.1, 177.2 COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 296 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid abundantly present brain and retina. It can be obtained directly from fish oil and maternal milk.
FA 20:4
Chemical was purchased from CAY 90010 (Lot. 0447254-11); Diagnostic ions:303.1, 259.2, 205.2 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.604 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.605 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.603 COVID info from WikiPathways Annotation level-2 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes. Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes.
Pantothenic Acid
D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1]. D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1].
Arachidonic acid
A long-chain fatty acid that is a C20, polyunsaturated fatty acid having four (Z)-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14. COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes. Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes.
Ethanolamine
A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethane with an amino substituent at C-1 and a hydroxy substituent at C-2, making it both a primary amine and a primary alcohol. C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist
maprotiline
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AA - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent > C94727 - Tricyclic Antidepressant D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2221
pantothenate
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2028; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2025 D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2045; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2043 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2007; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2005 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2020; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2018 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2022; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2020 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2020; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2018 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4240; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4238 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4241; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4239 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4259; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4257 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4274; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4273 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4270; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4268 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 870; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4269; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4266 D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1]. D-Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism[1].
oleoyl-CoA
An octadecenoyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of oleic acid.
Resolvin D2
A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).
CoA 18:1
CoA 20:4
viminalol
Alpha-amyrin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane which contains a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a secondary alcohol. It derives from a hydride of an ursane. alpha-Amyrin is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Ficus virens, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Viburnum opulus bark (part of); Eupatorium perfoliatum whole (part of) ... View More ...
A3925_SIGMA
COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes. Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes.
Doconexent
A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid abundantly present brain and retina. It can be obtained directly from fish oil and maternal milk.
Vinyl ether
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01A - Anesthetics, general > N01AA - Ethers
coproporphyrinogen III
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
myristoyl-CoA
A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.
