Gene Association: FBP1
UniProt Search:
FBP1 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: fructose-bisphosphatase 1
found 31 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
(S)-Boldine
Boldine is an aporphine alkaloid. Boldine is a natural product found in Lindera umbellata, Damburneya salicifolia, and other organisms with data available. See also: Peumus boldus leaf (part of). (S)-Boldine is found in sweet bay. (S)-Boldine is an alkaloid from Sassafras and the leaves of Peumus boldus (boldo). (S)-Boldine is a flavouring ingredient. Alkaloid from Sassafras and the leaves of Peumus boldus (boldo). Flavouring ingredient. (S)-Boldine is found in sweet bay. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Boldine is an aporphine isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the root of Litsea cubeba and also possesses these properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Boldine suppresses osteoclastogenesis, improves bone destruction by down-regulating the OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathway and may be a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis[1]. Boldine is an aporphine isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the root of Litsea cubeba and also possesses these properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Boldine suppresses osteoclastogenesis, improves bone destruction by down-regulating the OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathway and may be a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis[1].
Prunin
Naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a metabolite, a hypoglycemic agent, an antilipemic drug and an antibacterial agent. It is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside, a dihydroxyflavanone, a monosaccharide derivative, a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. It is functionally related to a (S)-naringenin. Prunin is a natural product found in Prunus mume, Podocarpus nivalis, and other organisms with data available. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Prunin is a potent inhibitor of human enterovirus A71 (HEVA71). Prunin shows strong inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), with an IC50 of 5.5 μM[1][2]. Prunin is a potent inhibitor of human enterovirus A71 (HEVA71). Prunin shows strong inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), with an IC50 of 5.5 μM[1][2].
Folic acid
Folic acid appears as odorless orange-yellow needles or platelets. Darkens and chars from approximately 482 °F. Folic acid is an N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. It has a role as a human metabolite, a nutrient and a mouse metabolite. It is a member of folic acids and a N-acyl-amino acid. It is functionally related to a pteroic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a folate(2-). Folic acid, also known as folate or Vitamin B9, is a member of the B vitamin family and an essential cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis. More specifically, folic acid is required by the body for the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and methionine before incorporation into DNA or protein. Folic acid is particularly important during phases of rapid cell division, such as infancy, pregnancy, and erythropoiesis, and plays a protective factor in the development of cancer. As humans are unable to synthesize folic acid endogenously, diet and supplementation is necessary to prevent deficiencies. For example, folic acid is present in green vegetables, beans, avocado, and some fruits. In order to function within the body, folic acid must first be reduced by the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) into the cofactors dihydrofolate (DHF) and tetrahydrofolate (THF). This important pathway, which is required for de novo synthesis of nucleic acids and amino acids, is disrupted by anti-metabolite therapies such as [DB00563] as they function as DHFR inhibitors to prevent DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, and therefore prevent the formation of DHF and THF. When used in high doses such as for cancer therapy, or in low doses such as for Rheumatoid Arthritis or psoriasis, [DB00563] impedes the bodys ability to create folic acid. This results in a deficiency of coenzymes and a resultant buildup of toxic substances that are responsible for numerous adverse side effects. As a result, supplementation with 1-5mg of folic acid is recommended to prevent deficiency and a number of side effects associated with MTX therapy including mouth ulcers and gastrointestinal irritation. [DB00650] (also known as folinic acid) supplementation is typically used for high-dose MTX regimens for the treatment of cancer. Levoleucovorin and leucovorin are analogs of tetrahydrofolate (THF) and are able to bypass DHFR reduction to act as a cellular replacement for the co-factor THF. There are also several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that are associated with reduced serum and red blood cell folate, including [DB00564] (CBZ), [DB00252] (PHT), or barbiturates. Folic acid is therefore often provided as supplementation to individuals using these medications, particularly to women of child-bearing age. Inadequate folate levels can result in a number of health concerns including cardiovascular disease, megaloblastic anemias, cognitive deficiencies, and neural tube defects (NTDs). Folic acid is typically supplemented during pregnancy to prevent the development of NTDs and in individuals with alcoholism to prevent the development of neurological disorders, for example. Folic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). CID 6037 is a natural product found in Beta vulgaris, Angelica sinensis, and other organisms with data available. Folic Acid is a collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production. (NCI05) A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treat... Folic acid or folate, is a vitamin that belongs to the class of compounds known as pterins. Chemically, folate consists of three distinct chemical moieties linked together. A pterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-pteridine) linked by a methylene bridge to a p-aminobenzoyl group that in turn is linked through an amide linkage to glutamic acid. It is a member of the vitamin B family and is primarily known as vitamin B9. Folate is required for the body to make DNA and RNA and metabolize amino acids necessary for cell division for the hematopoietic system. As humans cannot make folate, it is required in the diet, making it an essential nutrient (i.e. a vitamin). Folate occurs naturally in many foods including mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (poaceae). Folic acid, being biochemically inactive, is converted to tetrahydrofolic acid and methyltetrahydrofolate by the enzyme known as dihydrofolate reductase. Tetrahydrofolate and methyltetrahydrofolate are transported across cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis where they are needed to maintain normal erythropoiesis, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids, interconvert amino acids and generate formic acid. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in babies. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with NTDs (PMID: 28097362). Folic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (PMID: 22254078). An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03B - Vitamin b12 and folic acid > B03BB - Folic acid and derivatives COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D006397 - Hematinics D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents Dietary supplement Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Formula(Parent): C19H19N7O6; Bottle Name:Folic acid ,approx; PRIME Parent Name:Folic acid; PRIME in-house No.:V0080; SubCategory_DNP: Pteridines and analogues, Pteridine alkaloids Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.543 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 134 Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4]. Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4].
Fructose
A D-fructopyranose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration. Fructose, a member of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Fructose, along with glucose, occurs in fruits, honey, and syrups; it also occurs in certain vegetables. It is a component, along with glucose, of the disaccharide sucrose, or common table sugar. Phosphate derivatives of fructose (e.g., fructose-1-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate) are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates. D-fructopyranose is a fructopyranose having D-configuration. It has a role as a sweetening agent. It is a fructopyranose, a D-fructose and a cyclic hemiketal. D-Fructose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). D-Fructose is a natural product found in Gentiana orbicularis, Colchicum schimperi, and other organisms with data available. A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding. Fructose is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose. Although fructose is a hexose (6 carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose). D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants. D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in many plants. Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid
5 methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) is the most biologically active form of the B-vitamin known as folic acid, also known generically as folate. 5-MTHF functions, in concert with vitamin B12, as a methyl-group donor involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. Methyl (CH3) group donation is vital to many bodily processes, including serotonin, melatonin, and DNA synthesis. Therapeutically, 5-MTHF is instrumental in reducing homocysteine levels, preventing neural tube defects, and improving vascular endothelial function. Research on folate supplementation suggests it plays a key role in preventing cervical dysplasia and protecting against neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Folic acid also shows promise as part of a nutritional protocol to treat vitiligo, and may reduce inflammation of the gingiva. Furthermore, certain neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric presentations may be secondary to folate deficiency. Such presentations include depression, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, dementia, forgetfulness, irritability, endogenous depression, organic psychosis, and schizophrenia-like syndromes. After ingestion, the process of conversion of folic acid to the metabolically active coenzyme forms is relatively complex. Synthesis of the active forms of folic acid requires several enzymes, adequate liver and intestinal function, and adequate supplies of riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), zinc, vitamin C, and serine. After formation of the coenzyme forms of the vitamin in the liver, these metabolically active compounds are secreted into the small intestine with bile (the folate enterohepatic cycle), where they are reabsorbed and distributed to tissues throughout the body. Human pharmacokinetic studies indicate folic acid has high bioavailability, with large oral doses of folic acid substantially raising plasma levels in healthy subjects in a time and dose dependent manner. Red blood cells (RBCs) appear to be the storage depot for folic acid, as RBC levels remain elevated for periods in excess of 40 days following discontinuation of supplementation. Folic acid is poorly transported to the brain and rapidly cleared from the central nervous system. The primary methods of elimination of absorbed folic acid are fecal (through bile) and urinary. Despite the biochemical complexity of this process, evidence suggests oral supplementation with folic acid increases the bodys pool of 5-MTHF in healthy individuals. However, enzyme defects, mal-absorption, digestive system pathology, and liver disease can result in impaired ability to activate folic acid. In fact, some individuals have a severe congenital deficiency of the enzyme Methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase (5-MTHFR), which is needed to convert folic acid to 5-MTHF. Milder forms of this enzyme defect likely interact with dietary folate status to determine risk for some disease conditions. In individuals with a genetic defect of this enzyme (whether mild or severe), supplementation with 5- MTHF might be preferable to folic acid supplementation. (PMID: 17176169). 5 methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) is the most biologically active form of the B-vitamin folic acid, also known generically as folate. 5-MTHF functions, in concert with vitamin B12, as a methyl-group donor involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. Methyl (CH3) group donation is vital to many bodily processes, including serotonin, melatonin, and DNA synthesis. Therapeutically, 5-MTHF is instrumental in reducing homocysteine levels, preventing neural tube defects, and improving vascular endothelial function. Research on folate supplementation suggests it plays a key role in preventing cervical dysplasia and protecting against neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Folic acid also shows promise as part of a nutritional protocol to treat vitiligo, and may reduce inflammation of the gingiva. Furthermore, certain neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric presentations may be secondary to folate deficiency. Such presentations include depression, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, dementia, forgetfulness, irritability, endogenous depression, organic psychosis, and schizophrenia-like syndromes. After ingestion, the process of conversion of folic acid to the metabolically active coenzyme forms is relatively complex. Synthesis of the active forms of folic acid requires several enzymes, adequate liver and intestinal function, and adequate supplies of riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), zinc, vitamin C, and serine. After formation of the coenzyme forms of the vitamin in the liver, these metabolically active compounds are secreted into the small intestine with bile (the folate enterohepatic cycle), where they are reabsorbed and distributed to tissues throughout the body. Human pharmacokinetic studies indicate folic acid has high bioavailability, with large oral doses of folic acid substantially raising plasma levels in healthy subjects in a time and dose dependent manner. Red blood cells (RBCs) appear to be the storage depot for folic acid, as RBC levels remain elevated for periods in excess of 40 days following discontinuation of supplementation. Folic acid is poorly transported to the brain and rapidly cleared from the central nervous system. The primary methods of elimination of absorbed folic acid are fecal (through bile) and urinary. Despite the biochemical complexity of this process, evidence suggests oral supplementation with folic acid increases the bodys pool of 5-MTHF in healthy individuals. However, enzyme defects, mal-absorption, digestive system pathology, and liver disease can result in impaired ability to activate folic acid. In fact, some individuals have a severe congenital deficiency of the enzyme Methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase (5-MTHFR), which is needed to convert folic acid to 5-MTHF. Milder forms of this enzyme defect likely interact with dietary folate status to determine risk for some disease conditions. In individuals with a genetic defect of this enzyme (whether mild or severe), supplementation with 5- MTHF might be preferable to folic acid supplementation. (PMID: 17176169) [HMDB] 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-Methyl THF) is a biologically active form of folic acid. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is a methylated derivate of tetrahydrofolate. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is the predominant natural dietary folate and the principal form of folate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid[1]. Levomefolic acid (5-MTHF) is an orally active, brain-penetrant natural active form of folic acid and is one of the most widely used folic acid food supplements[1][2].
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
Phosphoenolpyruvate, also known as pep or 2-(phosphonooxy)-2-propenoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as phosphate esters. Phosphate esters are organic compounds containing phosphoric acid ester functional group, with the general structure R1P(=O)(R2)OR3. R1,R2 = O,N, or halogen atom; R3 = organyl group. Phosphoenolpyruvate is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phosphoenolpyruvate can be found in a number of food items such as okra, endive, chestnut, and dandelion, which makes phosphoenolpyruvate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Phosphoenolpyruvate can be found primarily in blood, cellular cytoplasm, and saliva, as well as in human prostate tissue. Phosphoenolpyruvate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, phosphoenolpyruvate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include glycolysis, amino sugar metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenosis, type IC. Phosphoenolpyruvate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include glycogen storage disease type 1A (GSD1A) or von gierke disease, salla disease/infantile sialic acid storage disease, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1 (PEPCK1), and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Phosphoenolpyruvate (2-phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP) as the ester derived from the enol of pyruvate and phosphate. It exists as an anion; the parent acid, which is only of theoretical interest, is phosphoenolpyruvic acid. PEP is an important intermediate in biochemistry. It has the highest-energy phosphate bond found (−61.9 kJ/mol) in living organisms, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In plants, it is also involved in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, and in carbon fixation; in bacteria, it is also used as the source of energy for the phosphotransferase system . Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has a high energy phosphate bond, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In glycolysis, PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme enolase on 2-phosphoglycerate. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cells. In gluconeogenesis, PEP is formed from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis of 1 guanosine triphosphate molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia). [Spectral] Phosphoenolpyruvate (exact mass = 167.98237) and 6-Phospho-D-gluconate (exact mass = 276.02463) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID P007
Crustecdysone
20-hydroxyecdysone is an ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an animal metabolite. It is a 20-hydroxy steroid, an ecdysteroid, a 14alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 3beta-sterol, a 2beta-hydroxy steroid, a 22-hydroxy steroid, a 25-hydroxy steroid and a phytoecdysteroid. It is functionally related to an ecdysone. 20-Hydroxyecdysone is a natural product found in Asparagus filicinus, Trichobilharzia ocellata, and other organisms with data available. A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE. Crustecdysone is found in crustaceans. Crustecdysone is isolated from the marine crayfish Jasus lalandei in low yield (2 mg/ton D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3]. Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3].
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid, also known as 2-oxopropanoic acid or alpha-ketopropionic acid, belongs to alpha-keto acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the adjacent carbon. Thus, pyruvic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Pyruvic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Pyruvic acid can be synthesized from propionic acid. Pyruvic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenylpyruvate, 3-acylpyruvic acid, and methyl pyruvate. Pyruvic acid can be found in a number of food items such as kumquat, groundcherry, coconut, and prunus (cherry, plum), which makes pyruvic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Pyruvic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including sweat, blood, urine, and feces, as well as throughout most human tissues. Pyruvic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, pyruvic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include glycogenosis, type IB, glycolysis, urea cycle, and gluconeogenesis. Pyruvic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include non ketotic hyperglycinemia, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency, and 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Moreover, pyruvic acid is found to be associated with anoxia, schizophrenia, fumarase deficiency, and meningitis. Pyruvic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Pyruvic acid is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalanc. Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation . Those taking large doses of supplemental pyruvate—usually greater than 5 grams daily—have reported gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal discomfort and bloating, gas and diarrhea. One child receiving pyruvate intravenously for restrictive cardiomyopathy died (DrugBank). Pyruvate serves as a biological fuel by being converted to acetyl coenzyme A, which enters the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to produce ATP aerobically. Energy can also be obtained anaerobically from pyruvate via its conversion to lactate. Pyruvate injections or perfusions increase contractile function of hearts when metabolizing glucose or fatty acids. This inotropic effect is striking in hearts stunned by ischemia/reperfusion. The inotropic effect of pyruvate requires intracoronary infusion. Among possible mechanisms for this effect are increased generation of ATP and an increase in ATP phosphorylation potential. Another is activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, promoting its own oxidation by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inactivated in ischemia myocardium. Yet another is reduction of cytosolic inorganic phosphate concentration. Pyruvate, as an antioxidant, is known to scavenge such reactive oxygen species as hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides. Indirectly, supraphysiological levels of pyruvate may increase cellular reduced glutathione (T3DB). Pyruvic acid or pyruvate is a simple alpha-keto acid. It is a three-carbon molecule containing a carboxylic acid group and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate is the simplest alpha-keto acid and according to official nomenclature by IUPAC, it is called alpha-keto propanoic acid. Like other keto acids, pyruvic acid can tautomerize from its ketone form to its enol form, containing a double bond and an alcohol. Pyruvate is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It is intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Pyruvate is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell. In particular, pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking (lactic acid). In glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase. This reaction is strongly exergonic and irreversible. In gluconeogenesis, it takes two enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase, to catalyze the reverse transformation of pyruvate to PEP. Pyruvic acid is also a metabolite of Corynebacterium (PMID: 27872963). Pyruvic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=127-17-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 127-17-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
3-methyl-2-oxovalerate
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid (CAS: 1460-34-0) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid are associated with maple syrup urine disease. MSUD is a metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in the blood and urine. The symptoms of MSUD often show in infancy and lead to severe brain damage if untreated. MSUD may also present later depending on the severity of the disease. If left untreated in older individuals, during times of metabolic crisis, symptoms of the condition include uncharacteristically inappropriate, extreme, or erratic behaviour and moods, hallucinations, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, oscillating hypertonia and hypotonia, ataxia, seizures, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, opisthotonus, pancreatitis, rapid neurological decline, and coma. In maple syrup urine disease, the brain concentration of branched-chain ketoacids can increase 10- to 20-fold. This leads to a depletion of glutamate and a consequent reduction in the concentration of brain glutamine, aspartate, alanine, and other amino acids. The result is a compromise of energy metabolism because of a failure of the malate-aspartate shuttle and a diminished rate of protein synthesis (PMID: 15930465). 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a keto-acid, which is a subclass of organic acids. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated MSUD. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, also known as (3s)-2-oxo-3-methyl-N-valeric acid or (S)-omv, belongs to short-chain keto acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms. Thus, (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate can be found in a number of food items such as bean, prickly pear, wild leek, and nutmeg, which makes (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (s)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.; Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a biochemical compound involved in many reactions, from the Calvin cycle in plants to the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in Leishmania mexicana. Its major biochemical role is in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. DHAP may be referred to as glycerone phosphate in older texts.; Dihydroxyacetone phosphate lies in the glycolysis metabolic pathway, and is one of the two products of breakdown of fructose 1,6-phosphate, along with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is rapidly and reversibly isomerised to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.; In the Calvin cycle, DHAP is one of the products of the sixfold reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by NADPH. It is also used in the synthesis of sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate which are both used to reform ribulose 5-phosphate, the key carbohydrate of the Calvin cycle. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are sesame, mexican groundcherry, parsley, and common wheat. [Spectral] Glycerone phosphate (exact mass = 169.99802) and beta-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (exact mass = 339.99605) and NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found to be associated with transaldolase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). KEIO_ID D014
Thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine pyrophosphate is the active form of thiamine, and it serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved primarily in carbohydrate catabolism. The enzymes are important in the biosynthesis of a number of cell constituents, including neurotransmitters, and for the production of reducing equivalents used in oxidant stress defenses and in biosyntheses and for synthesis of pentoses used as nucleic acid precursors. The chemical structure of TPP is that of an aromatic methylaminopyrimidine ring, linked via a methylene bridge to a methylthiazolium ring with a pyrophosphate group attached to a hydroxyethyl side chain. In non-enzymatic model studies it has been demonstrated that the thiazolium ring can catalyse reactions which are similar to those of TPP-dependent enzymes but several orders of magnitude slower. Using infrared and NMR spectrophotometry it has been shown that the dissociation of the proton from C2 of the thiazolium ring is necessary for catalysis; the abstraction of the proton leads to the formation of a carbanion (ylid) with the potential for a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group of the substrate. In all TPP-dependent enzymes the abstraction of the proton from the C2 atom is the first step in catalysis, which is followed by a nucleophilic attack of this carbanion on the substrate. Subsequent cleavage of a C-C bond releases the first product with formation of a second carbanion (2-greek small letter alpha-carbanion or enamine). The formation of this 2-greek small letter alpha-carbanion is the second feature of TPP catalysis common to all TPP-dependent enzymes. Depending on the enzyme and the substrate(s), the reaction intermediates and products differ. Methyl-branched fatty acids, as phytanic acid, undergo peroxisomal beta-oxidation in which they are shortened by 1 carbon atom. This process includes four steps: activation, 2-hydroxylation, thiamine pyrophosphate dependent cleavage and aldehyde dehydrogenation. In the third step, 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA is cleaved in the peroxisomal matrix by 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase (2-HPCL), which uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as cofactor. The thiamine pyrophosphate dependence of the third step is unique in peroxisomal mammalian enzymology. Human pathology due to a deficient alpha-oxidation is mostly linked to mutations in the gene coding for the second enzyme of the sequence, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.18). (PMID: 12694175, 11899071, 9924800) [HMDB] Thiamine pyrophosphate (CAS: 154-87-0) is the active form of thiamine, and it serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved primarily in carbohydrate catabolism. These enzymes are important in the biosynthesis of several cell constituents, including neurotransmitters, and for the production of reducing equivalents used in oxidant stress defences. The enzymes are also important for the synthesis of pentoses used as nucleic acid precursors. The chemical structure of TPP is that of an aromatic methylaminopyrimidine ring, linked via a methylene bridge to a methylthiazolium ring with a pyrophosphate group attached to a hydroxyethyl side chain. In non-enzymatic model studies, it has been demonstrated that the thiazolium ring can catalyze reactions that are similar to those of TPP-dependent enzymes but several orders of magnitude slower. Using infrared and NMR spectrophotometry it has been shown that the dissociation of the proton from C2 of the thiazolium ring is necessary for catalysis; the abstraction of the proton leads to the formation of a carbanion with the potential for a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group of the substrate. In all TPP-dependent enzymes, the abstraction of the proton from the C2 atom is the first step in catalysis, which is followed by a nucleophilic attack of this carbanion on the substrate. Subsequent cleavage of a C-C bond releases the first product with the formation of a second carbanion (enamine). This formation is the second feature of TPP catalysis common to all TPP-dependent enzymes. Depending on the enzyme and the substrate(s), the reaction intermediates and products differ. Methyl-branched fatty acids, as phytanic acid, undergo peroxisomal beta-oxidation in which they are shortened by 1 carbon atom. This process includes four steps: activation, 2-hydroxylation, thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent cleavage, and aldehyde dehydrogenation. In the third step, 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA is cleaved in the peroxisomal matrix by 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase (2-HPCL), which uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as a cofactor. The thiamine pyrophosphate dependence of the third step is unique in peroxisomal mammalian enzymology. Human pathology due to a deficient alpha-oxidation is mostly linked to mutations in the gene coding for the second enzyme of the sequence, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.18) (PMID:12694175, 11899071, 9924800). D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins KEIO_ID C077
β-D-Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. F6P is a derivative of fructose, which has been phosphorylated at the 6-hydroxy group. Fructose 6-phosphate is a fundamental metabolite and exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The great majority of glucose is converted to fructose 6-phosphate as part of the glycolytic metabolic pathway (glycolysis). Specifically, F6P is produce is produced by the isomerisation of glucose 6-phosphate via the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. F6P is in turn further phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvic acid. The free energy released in this process is used to form ATP and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In addition to its key involvement in glycolysis, fructose 6-phosphate can also be biosynthesized from glucosamine 6-phosphate via the enzyme glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase 1. In addition, fructose 6-phosphate and L-glutamine can be converted into glucosamine 6-phosphate and L-glutamic acid through the action of the enzyme glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase. An important intermediate in the Carbohydrates pathway. The interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate, the second step of the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway, is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). In gluconeogenesis, fructose-6-phosphate is the immediate precursor of glucose-6-phosphate (wikipedia) [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID F001
D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (CAS: 77164-51-3), also known as phosphofructokinase activator, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a regulatory molecule controlling the activity of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 or PFK1 (in mammals). PFK1, in turn, is the key regulatory enzyme in the central metabolic pathway glycolysis. D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate has the effect of increasing the activity of PFK1, thus increasing the rate at which the principle food molecule glucose is broken down. At the same time, this regulatory molecule also inhibits the opposing enzyme (FBPase1) in the reverse pathway (gluconeogenesis) so that the synthesis of glucose is not taking place in the same cell where glucose is being broken down (which would be wasteful). D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a regulatory molecule controlling the activity of the enzyme Phosphofructokinase-1 or PFK1 (in mammals). PFK1, in turn, is the key regulatory enzyme in the central metabolic pathway Glycolysis. D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate has the effect of increasing the activity of PFK1, thus increasing the rate at which the principle food molecule glucose is broken down. At the same time, this regulatory molecule also inhibits the opposing enzyme (FBPase1) in the reverse pathway (gluconeogenesis) so that the synthesis of glucose is not taking place in the same cell where glucose is being broken down (which would be wasteful) . [HMDB] KEIO_ID F010
5-Aminoimidazole
Because of its ability to mimic a low energy status of the cell, the cell-permeable nucleoside 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) riboside was proposed as an antineoplastic agent switching off major energy-consuming processes associated with the malignant phenotype (lipid production, DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, cell migration, etc.). Key to the antineoplastic action of AICA riboside is its conversion to ZMP, an AMP mimetic that at high concentrations activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (PMID: 16985054) [HMDB] Because of its ability to mimic a low energy status of the cell, the cell-permeable nucleoside 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) riboside was proposed as an antineoplastic agent switching off major energy-consuming processes associated with the malignant phenotype (lipid production, DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, cell migration, etc.). Key to the antineoplastic action of AICA riboside is its conversion to ZMP, an AMP mimetic that at high concentrations activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (PMID: 16985054).
CB3717
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
2-Oxo-3-methylvalerate
CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 14 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin, and also an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid carrying oxo- and methyl substituents at C-2 and C-3, respectively. An alpha-keto acid analogue and metabolite of isoleucine in man, animals and bacteria. Used as a clinical marker for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin, and also an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
Prunin
Naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a metabolite, a hypoglycemic agent, an antilipemic drug and an antibacterial agent. It is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside, a dihydroxyflavanone, a monosaccharide derivative, a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. It is functionally related to a (S)-naringenin. Prunin is a natural product found in Prunus mume, Podocarpus nivalis, and other organisms with data available. A flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. Prunin is a potent inhibitor of human enterovirus A71 (HEVA71). Prunin shows strong inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), with an IC50 of 5.5 μM[1][2]. Prunin is a potent inhibitor of human enterovirus A71 (HEVA71). Prunin shows strong inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), with an IC50 of 5.5 μM[1][2].
Boldine
Boldine is an aporphine alkaloid. Boldine is a natural product found in Lindera umbellata, Damburneya salicifolia, and other organisms with data available. See also: Peumus boldus leaf (part of). D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents (s)-boldine is a member of the class of compounds known as aporphines. Aporphines are quinoline alkaloids containing the dibenzo[de,g]quinoline ring system or a dehydrogenated derivative thereof (s)-boldine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-boldine can be found in sweet bay, which makes (s)-boldine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Origin: Plant; Formula(Parent): C19H21NO4; Bottle Name:Boldine hydrochloride; PRIME Parent Name:Boldine; PRIME in-house No.:V0322; SubCategory_DNP: Isoquinoline alkaloids, Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids Annotation level-1 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.487 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.480 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.482 IPB_RECORD: 841; CONFIDENCE confident structure Boldine is an aporphine isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the root of Litsea cubeba and also possesses these properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Boldine suppresses osteoclastogenesis, improves bone destruction by down-regulating the OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathway and may be a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis[1]. Boldine is an aporphine isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the root of Litsea cubeba and also possesses these properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Boldine suppresses osteoclastogenesis, improves bone destruction by down-regulating the OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathway and may be a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis[1].
Folic acid
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2727; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2725 B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03B - Vitamin b12 and folic acid > B03BB - Folic acid and derivatives COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D006397 - Hematinics D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2742; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2740 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2705; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2702 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2726; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2724 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2724; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2722 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2722; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2720 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5826; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5821 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5819; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5814 Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4]. Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4].
DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE
A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.
Pyruvic acid
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. Pyruvic acid is an intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures (From Stedman, 26th ed.). Biological Source: Intermediate in primary metabolism including fermentation processes. Present in muscle in redox equilibrium with Lactic acid. A common constituent, as a chiral cyclic acetal linked to saccharide residues, of bacterial polysaccharides. Isolated from cane sugar fermentation broth and peppermint. Constituent of Bauhinia purpurea, Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Delonix regia, Pisum sativum (pea) and Trigonella caerulea (sweet trefoil) Use/Importance: Reagent for regeneration of carbonyl compdounds from semicarbazones, phenylhydrazones and oximes. Flavoring ingredient (Dictionary of Organic Compounds); Pyruvate is a key intersection in the network of metabolic pathways. Pyruvate can be converted into carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis, to fatty acids or energy through acetyl-CoA, to the amino acid alanine and to ethanol. Therefore it unites several key metabolic processes.; Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, which is the main input for a series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle. Pyruvate is also converted to oxaloacetate by an anaplerotic reaction which replenishes Krebs cycle intermediates; alternatively, the oxaloacetate is used for gluconeogenesis. These reactions are named after Hans Adolf Krebs, the biochemist awarded the 1953 Nobel Prize for physiology, jointly with Fritz Lipmann, for research into metabolic processes. The cycle is also called the citric acid cycle, because citric acid is one of the intermediate compounds formed during the reactions.; Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is an organic acid. It is also a ketone, as well as being the simplest alpha-keto acid. The carboxylate (COOH) ion (anion) of pyruvic acid, CH3COCOO-, is known as pyruvate, and is a key intersection in several metabolic pathways. It can be made from glucose through glycolysis, supplies energy to living cells in the citric acid cycle, and can also be converted to carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis, to fatty acids or energy through acetyl-CoA, to the amino acid alanine and to ethanol.; Pyruvic acid is a colorless liquid with a smell similar to that of acetic acid. It is miscible with water, and soluble in ethanol and diethyl ether. In the laboratory, pyruvic acid may be prepared by heating a mixture of tartaric acid and potassium hydrogen sulfate, by the oxidation of propylene glycol by a strong oxidizer (eg. potassium permanganate or bleach), or by the hydrolysis of acetyl cyanide, formed by reaction of acetyl chloride with potassium cyanide:; Pyruvic acid or pyruvate is a key intermediate in the glycolytic and pyruvate dehydrogenase pathways, which are involved in biological energy production. Pyruvate is widely found in living organisms. It is not an essential nutrient since it can be synthesized in the cells of the body. Certain fruits and vegetables are rich in pyruvate. For example, an average-size red apple contains approximately 450 milligrams. Dark beer and red wine are also rich sources of pyruvate. Recent research suggests that pyruvate in high concentrations may have a role in cardiovascular therapy, as an inotropic agent. Supplements of this dietary substance may also have bariatric and ergogenic applications. Pyruvic acid is isolated from cane sugar fermentation broth, Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Pisum sativum (pea), Trigonella cerulea (sweet trefoil) and peppermint. It can be used as a flavouring ingredient. Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Crustecdysone
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials SubCategory_DNP: : The sterols, Cholestanes Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3]. Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP[1]. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system[2]. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179)[3].
10-Propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid
5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-Methyl THF) is a biologically active form of folic acid. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is a methylated derivate of tetrahydrofolate. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is the predominant natural dietary folate and the principal form of folate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid[1]. Levomefolic acid (5-MTHF) is an orally active, brain-penetrant natural active form of folic acid and is one of the most widely used folic acid food supplements[1][2].
Fructose-2,6-diphosphate
A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
