4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (BioDeep_00000000440)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000865335

human metabolite PANOMIX_OTCML-2023 Endogenous Volatile Flavor Compounds


代谢物信息卡片


4-(Hydroxymethyl)phenol;p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol;p-Methylolphenol

化学式: C7H8O2 (124.05242679999999)
中文名称: 对羟基苯甲醇
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(feces) 0.41%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1CO)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8O2/c8-5-6-1-3-7(9)4-2-6/h1-4,8-9H,5H2

描述信息

4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is the cleavage product produced during the biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamine from tyrosine as part of the thiamine biosynthesis pathway. It is a derivative of benzyl alcohol which is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with Lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. Benzyl Alcohol is an aromatic alcohol used in a wide variety of cosmetic formulations as a fragrance component, preservative, solvent, and viscosity-decreasing agent. Benzyl Alcohol is metabolized to Benzoic Acid, which reacts with glycine and excreted as hippuric acid in the human body. Acceptable daily intakes were established by the World Health Organization at 5 mg/kg for Benzyl Alcohol. No adverse effects of benzyl alcohol have been seen in chronic exposure animal studies using rats and mice. Effects of Benzyl Alcohol in chronic exposure animal studies are limited to reduced feed intake and reduced growth. Some differences have been noted in one reproductive toxicity study using mice, but these were limited to lower maternal body weights and decreased mean litter weights. Another study also noted that fetal weight was decreased compared to controls, but a third study showed no differences between control and benzyl alcohol-treated groups. Benzyl Alcohol has been associated with an increased number of resorptions and malformations in hamsters, but there have been no reproductive or developmental toxicity findings in studies using mice and rats. Genotoxicity tests for benzyl alcohol are mostly negative, but there were some assays that were positive. Carcinogenicity studies, however, were negative. Clinical data indicates that benzyl alcohol can produce nonimmunologic contact urticaria and nonimmunologic immediate contact reactions, characterized by the appearance of wheals, erythema, and pruritis. 5\\\\% benzyl alcohol can elicit a reaction. Benzyl Alcohol is not a sensitizer at 10\\\\%. Benzyl Alcohol could be used safely at concentrations up to 5\\\\%, but that manufacturers should consider the nonimmunologic phenomena when using benzyl alcohol in cosmetic formulations designed for infants and children. Additionally, Benzyl Alcohol is considered safe up to 10\\\\% for use in hair dyes. The limited body exposure, the duration of use, and the frequency of use are considered in concluding that the nonimmunologic reactions would not be a concern. Because of the wide variety of product types in which benzyl alcohol may be used, it is likely that inhalation may be a route of exposure. The available safety tests are not considered sufficient to support the safety of benzyl alcohol in formulations where inhalation is a route of exposure. Inhalation toxicity data are needed to complete the safety assessment of benzyl alcohol where inhalation can occur. (PMID: 11766131).
P-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a member of phenols and a member of benzyl alcohols.
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a natural product found in Populus laurifolia, Mesua, and other organisms with data available.
Constituent of muskmelon (Cucurbita moschata)
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a phenolic compound widely distributed in various kinds of plants. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-nociceptive activity. Neuroprotective effect. Inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and growth[1][2][3][4].
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a phenolic compound widely distributed in various kinds of plants. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-nociceptive activity. Neuroprotective effect. Inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and growth[1][2][3][4].

同义名列表

47 个代谢物同义名

4-(Hydroxymethyl)phenol;p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol;p-Methylolphenol; InChI=1/C7H8O2/c8-5-6-1-3-7(9)4-2-6/h1-4,8-9H,5H; 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, analytical standard; 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (ACD/Name 4.0); 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, >=98\\%, FG; Benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy- (9CI); Benzyl alcohol, p-hydroxy- (8CI); 4-HYDROXYBENZYL ALCOHOL [FHFI]; 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 99\\%; HYDROXYBENZYL ALCOHOL [INCI]; Benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy-; Benzyl alcohol, p-hydroxy-; para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; Parahydroxybenzyl Alcohol; 4-hydroxyl-benzyl alcohol; B4-hydroxy-enzenemethanol; (4-Hydroxyphenyl)methanol; p-hydroxy-Benzyl alcohol; 4-Hydroxybenzenemethanol; p-hydroxy benzyl alcohol; 4-Hydroxyphenyl Carbinol; .alpha.-Hydroxy-p-cresol; 4-hydroxy benzyl alcohol; 4-hydroxy-benzyl alcohol; 4-Hydroxyphenyl methanol; p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; p-(Hydroxymethyl)phenol; 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol; 4-Hydroxy-benzylalcohol; 4-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol; 4-(Hydroxymethyl)phenol; 4-Hydroxymethyl-phenol; alpha-Hydroxy-p-cresol; 4-Hydroxybenzylalcohol; 4-hydroxymethyl phenol; p-Hydroxybenzyl alcoho; 4-hydroxymethylphenol; a-hydroxy-p-cresol; 4-methylol phenol; p-Methylolphenol; 4-Methylolphenol; UNII-1A3AH1FP1B; gastrodigenin; 1A3AH1FP1B; 4HBA; p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol; 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol



数据库引用编号

23 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(1)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

3 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(3)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

21 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Prativa Chhetri, L M Dandurand, I Popova. Control of Globodera pallida Using Sinapis alba or 4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol with the Trap Crop Solanum sisymbriifolium or the Biofumigant Brassica juncea Seed Meal Extract. Plant disease. 2023 May; 107(5):1491-1498. doi: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1280-re. [PMID: 36320132]
  • Sha Wu, Rong Huang, Ruiqin Zhang, Chuang Xiao, Lueli Wang, Min Luo, Na Song, Jie Zhang, Fang Yang, Xuan Liu, Weimin Yang. Gastrodin and Gastrodigenin Improve Energy Metabolism Disorders and Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Antagonize Vascular Dementia. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2023 Mar; 28(6):. doi: 10.3390/molecules28062598. [PMID: 36985572]
  • Rui Cheng, Tian-Rui Liu, Yang-Hua Li, Jun-Hui Zhou, Yu-Yang Zhao, Yuan Yuan. [Screening of an Armillaria gallica strain for Gastrodia elata cultivation]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2023 Jan; 48(2):374-381. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20221014.101. [PMID: 36725227]
  • Mingchun Liao, Congyong Sun, Ran Li, Wenjing Li, Zhumei Ge, Michael Adu-Frimpong, Ximing Xu, Jiangnan Yu. Amelioration action of gastrodigenin rhamno-pyranoside from Moringa seeds on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food chemistry. 2022 Jun; 379(?):132087. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132087. [PMID: 35086000]
  • Di Zhang, Hong-Yan Zhu, Xing-Bo Bian, Yan Zhao, Pu Zang, Yu-Gang Gao, Lian-Xue Zhang. The antidepressant effect of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 2-naphthoate through monoaminergic, GABAergic system and BDNF signaling pathway. Natural product research. 2020 Aug; 34(16):2328-2331. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1531862. [PMID: 30580589]
  • Yahui Mi, Siyu Guo, Huan Cheng, Mingping Liu, Pinqing Wei, Meijing Wang, Yukang Mao, Guohan Ke. Pharmacokinetic comparative study of tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid and their compatibility with different concentration of gastrodin and gastrodigenin on blood-stasis migraine model by blood-brain microdialysis method. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2020 Jan; 177(?):112885. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112885. [PMID: 31563759]
  • Zhi-Long Zhang, Yu-Gang Gao, Pu Zang, Pei-Pei Gu, Yan Zhao, Zhong-Mei He, Hong-Yan Zhu. [Research progress on mechanism of gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol on central nervous system]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2020 Jan; 45(2):312-320. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190730.401. [PMID: 32237313]
  • Yahui Mi, Yukang Mao, Huan Cheng, Guohan Ke, Mingping Liu, Chunping Fang, Qian Wang. Studies of blood-brain barrier permeability of gastrodigenin in vitro and in vivo. Fitoterapia. 2020 Jan; 140(?):104447. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104447. [PMID: 31805306]
  • Chih-Sheng Yang, Ming-Chi Lai, Ping-Yen Liu, Yi-Ching Lo, Chin-Wei Huang, Sheng-Nan Wu. Characterization of the Inhibitory Effect of Gastrodigenin and Gastrodin on M-type K+ Currents in Pituitary Cells and Hippocampal Neurons. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019 Dec; 21(1):. doi: 10.3390/ijms21010117. [PMID: 31877994]
  • Juan Antonio Méndez-Líter, Isabel Tundidor, Manuel Nieto-Domínguez, Beatriz Fernández de Toro, Andrés González Santana, Laura Isabel de Eugenio, Alicia Prieto, Juan Luis Asensio, Francisco Javier Cañada, Cristina Sánchez, María Jesús Martínez. Transglycosylation products generated by Talaromyces amestolkiae GH3 β-glucosidases: effect of hydroxytyrosol, vanillin and its glucosides on breast cancer cells. Microbial cell factories. 2019 May; 18(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s12934-019-1147-4. [PMID: 31151435]
  • Minhui Hu, Hui Yan, Yuanyuan Fu, Yulan Jiang, Weifeng Yao, Sheng Yu, Li Zhang, Qinan Wu, Anwei Ding, Mingqiu Shan. Optimal Extraction Study of Gastrodin-Type Components from Gastrodia Elata Tubers by Response Surface Design with Integrated Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2019 Feb; 24(3):. doi: 10.3390/molecules24030547. [PMID: 30717352]
  • Jun-Hui Choi, Soo-Hwan Yeo, Myung-Kon Kim, Hyo-Jeong Lee, Seung Kim. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol inhibits four obesity-related enzymes in vitro. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology. 2018 Dec; 32(12):e22223. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22223. [PMID: 30273962]
  • Wang Bing, Sun Yan-Tao, Pei Zhi-Dong, Kang Ting-Guo, Zhang Hui. Pharmacokinetic and tissue distributions study of adenosine, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and Parishin C from Gastrodia elata extract in rats. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2018 Sep; 31(5(Supplementary)):2053-2060. doi: . [PMID: 30393212]
  • Chunlan Tang, Bingchu Wu, Jinyi Wu, Zheng Zhang, Bocheng Yu. Novel Strategies Using Total Gastrodin and Gastrodigenin, or Total Gastrodigenin for Quality Control of Gastrodia elata. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2018 Jan; 23(2):. doi: 10.3390/molecules23020270. [PMID: 29382151]
  • Yang Liu, Gangliang Huang. The Content Analysis of Gastrodin and Gastrodigenin Obtained by Different Processing Methods. Journal of chromatographic science. 2018 Jan; 56(1):65-67. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx085. [PMID: 29036301]
  • Wei-Cheng Chen, Yi-Syuan Lai, Shih-Hang Lin, Kuan-Hung Lu, Yu-En Lin, Suraphan Panyod, Chi-Tang Ho, Lee-Yan Sheen. Anti-depressant effects of Gastrodia elata Blume and its compounds gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, via the monoaminergic system and neuronal cytoskeletal remodeling. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2016 Apr; 182(?):190-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.001. [PMID: 26899441]
  • Evelyn Auyeung, William Morris, Joseph E Mondloch, Joseph T Hupp, Omar K Farha, Chad A Mirkin. Controlling structure and porosity in catalytic nanoparticle superlattices with DNA. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2015 Feb; 137(4):1658-62. doi: 10.1021/ja512116p. [PMID: 25611764]
  • Lung-Yuan Wu, Wang-Chuan Chen, Fan-Shiu Tsai, Chin-Chuan Tsai, Chi-Rei Wu, Li-Wei Lin. p-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol, an Active Phenolic Ingredient of Gastrodia elata, Reverses the Cycloheximide-Induced Memory Deficit by Activating the Adrenal Gland in Rats. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2015; 43(8):1593-604. doi: 10.1142/s0192415x15500901. [PMID: 26621444]
  • Yuanwei Jia, Xin Li, Haitang Xie, Jie Shen, Jun Luo, Junsong Wang, Kelvin D G Wang, Qingwang Liu, Lingyi Kong. Analysis and pharmacokinetics studies of gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in dogs using ultra fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2014 Oct; 99(?):83-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.004. [PMID: 25108372]
  • Yuanwei Jia, Jie Shen, Xin Li, Haitang Xie, Junsong Wang, Jun Luo, Kelvin D G Wang, Qingwang Liu, Lingyi Kong. Identification and analysis of gastrodin and its five metabolites using ultra fast liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to investigate influence of multiple-dose and food. Journal of chromatography. A. 2014 Sep; 1358(?):110-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.080. [PMID: 25022479]
  • Qin Zheng, Wen-Hai Xiong, Jia-Yu Liu, Ya-Qin Wang, Peng-Yi Hu, Shuang Hu, Xin Xue, Ming Yang. [Study on effect of combined application on distribution of gastrodigenin in rats]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2013 Oct; 38(19):3368-72. doi: ". [PMID: 24422410]
  • Xiao-Hua Duan, Zi-Lei Li, Da-Song Yang, Feng-Lei Zhang, Qing Lin, Rong Dai. [Study on the chemical constituents of Gastrodia elata]. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials. 2013 Oct; 36(10):1608-11. doi: . [PMID: 24761669]
  • Linlin Fan, Yachen Dong, Tengyang Xu, Haifeng Zhang, Qihe Chen. Gastrodin production from p-2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol through biotransformation by cultured cells of Aspergillus foetidus and Penicillium cyclopium. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2013 May; 170(1):138-48. doi: 10.1007/s12010-013-0166-6. [PMID: 23483410]
  • Juan Huang, Hui Luo, Yun Gong, Zhongqiu Liu, Zheng Cai. [Intestinal absorption characteristics of gastrodigenin in rats]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2012 Mar; 37(6):858-61. doi: ". [PMID: 22715738]
  • Byung-Wook Kim, Sushruta Koppula, Jae-Won Kim, Hyung-Woo Lim, Jin-Woo Hwang, In-Su Kim, Pyo-Jam Park, Dong-Kug Choi. Modulation of LPS-stimulated neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia by Gastrodia elata: 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is the bioactive candidate. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2012 Jan; 139(2):549-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.048. [PMID: 22155394]
  • M W Laschke, A E Vorsterman van Oijen, C Scheuer, M D Menger. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the anti-angiogenic actions of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. British journal of pharmacology. 2011 Jun; 163(4):835-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01292.x. [PMID: 21366552]
  • Ling-Ling Yu, Wei-Cheng Hu, Gang Ding, Rong-Tao Li, Jian-He Wei, Zhong-Mei Zou, Myeong-Hyeon Wang. Gusanlungionosides A-D, potential tyrosinase inhibitors from Arcangelisia gusanlung. Journal of natural products. 2011 May; 74(5):1009-14. doi: 10.1021/np100900k. [PMID: 21500777]
  • Ursula Kües, Martin Rühl. Multiple multi-copper oxidase gene families in basidiomycetes - what for?. Current genomics. 2011 Apr; 12(2):72-94. doi: 10.2174/138920211795564377. [PMID: 21966246]
  • Thomas Louveau, Celine Leitao, Sol Green, Cyril Hamiaux, Benoît van der Rest, Odile Dechy-Cabaret, Ross G Atkinson, Christian Chervin. Predicting the substrate specificity of a glycosyltransferase implicated in the production of phenolic volatiles in tomato fruit. The FEBS journal. 2011 Jan; 278(2):390-400. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07962.x. [PMID: 21166996]
  • Zhenggang Yue, Jiachen Zi, Chenggen Zhu, Sheng Lin, Yongchun Yang, Jiangong Shi. [Constituents of Gymnadenia conopsea]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2010 Nov; 35(21):2852-61. doi: . [PMID: 21322946]
  • Krishna K Sharma, Ramesh C Kuhad. Genetic transformation of lignin degrading fungi facilitated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. BMC biotechnology. 2010 Sep; 10(?):67. doi: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-67. [PMID: 20836896]
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  • Haihui Xie, Yaoguang Liang, Jinghua Xue, Qiaolin Xu, Yueming Jiang, Xiaoyi Wei. Secondary metabolites of the phytopathogen Peronophythora litchii. Natural product communications. 2010 Feb; 5(2):245-8. doi: ". [PMID: 20334136]
  • Wen-Jun Dai, Jiao Wu, Zhuang Han, Wen-Li Mei, Hao-Fu Dai. Metabolites from endophytic fungus S20 of Cephalotaxus hainanensis. Journal of Asian natural products research. 2009 Aug; 11(8):704-9. doi: 10.1080/10286020902858846. [PMID: 20183311]
  • Elodie Descamps, Maud Petrault-Laprais, Pierre Maurois, Nicole Pages, Pierre Bac, Régis Bordet, Joseph Vamecq. Experimental stroke protection induced by 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is cancelled by bacitracin. Neuroscience research. 2009 Jun; 64(2):137-42. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.02.005. [PMID: 19428693]
  • Luigi Gennari, Daniela Merlotti, Vincenzo De Paola, Giuseppe Martini, Ranuccio Nuti. Bazedoxifene for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Therapeutics and clinical risk management. 2008 Dec; 4(6):1229-42. doi: 10.2147/tcrm.s3476. [PMID: 19337430]
  • Lei-Chwen Lin, Yen-Fei Chen, Wen-Chuan Lee, Yu-Tse Wu, Tung-Hu Tsai. Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and its metabolite p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in rat blood, brain and bile by microdialysis coupled to LC-MS/MS. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2008 Nov; 48(3):909-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.07.013. [PMID: 18757149]
  • W Zhang, Y X Sheng, J L Zhang. Determination and pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzylalcohol after oral administration of Gastrodia elata Bl. extract in rats by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2008 Oct; 15(10):844-50. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.02.012. [PMID: 18407483]
  • Zheng Cai, Shi-Xiang Hou, Zhao-Xiang Yang, Xiang-Rong Song, Qiu-Hong Chen, Yuan-Bo Li, Bin-Bin Zhao. [Brain targeting of gastrodin nasal in situ gel]. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition. 2008 May; 39(3):438-40. doi: NULL. [PMID: 18575335]
  • Shiuan-Pey Lin, Shang-Yuan Tsai, Yun-Lian Lin, Sheng-Chu Kuo, Yu-Chi Hou, Pei-Dawn Lee Chao. Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxymethyl)phenyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, an antioxidant isolated from Origanum vulgare. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2008 Apr; 56(8):2852-6. doi: 10.1021/jf703730e. [PMID: 18376843]
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  • Jia-Shun Gong, Wei-Peng Ma, Jun-Xue Pu, Shu-Guan Xu, Shuang-Qing Zheng, Chun-Jie Xiao. [The production of gastrodin through biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by cell suspension culture of Datura stramonium]. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. 2006 Oct; 41(10):963-6. doi: ". [PMID: 17184114]
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