Gene Association: LRP2
UniProt Search:
LRP2 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: LDL receptor related protein 2
found 39 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Ergocalciferol
Ergocalciferol appears as odorless white crystals. Used as a dietary supplement and food additive. (EPA, 1998) Vitamin D2 is a vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a bone density conservation agent, a rodenticide and a plant metabolite. It is a seco-ergostane, a hydroxy seco-steroid and a vitamin D. Ergocalciferol is an inactivated vitamin D analog. It is synthesized by some plants in the presence of UVB light. The production of ergocalciferol was prompted by the identification of dietary deficiency, more specifically vitamin D, as the main causative factor for the development of rickets. Ergocalciferol was isolated for the first time from yeast in 1931 and its structure was elucidated in 1932. Ergocalciferol is considered the first vitamin D analog and is differentiated from [cholecalciferol] by the presence of a double bond between C22 and C23 and the presence of a methyl group at C24. These modifications reduce the affinity of ergocalciferol for the vitamin D binding protein resulting in faster clearance, limits its activation, and alters its catabolism. The first approved product containing ergocalciferol under the FDA records was developed by US Pharm Holdings and was FDA approved in 1941. Ergocalciferol is a Provitamin D2 Compound. Ergocalciferol is a natural product found in Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata, Humulus lupulus, and other organisms with data available. Ergocalciferol is vitamin D2, a fat-soluble vitamin important for many biochemical processes including the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. In vivo, ergocalciferol is formed after sun (ultraviolet) irradiation of plant-derived ergosterol, another form of vitamin D. Ergocalciferol is the form of vitamin D usually found in vitamin supplements. (NCI04) Ergocalciferol is a form of Vitamin D, also called vitamin D2. It is created from viosterol, which in turn is created when ultraviolet light activates ergosterol. Ergocalciferol is used in the treatment of hypcalcemia and in dialysis-dependent renal failure. Ergoalcifediol is a fat soluble steroid hormone precursor of vitamin D that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. Vitamin D2 is the form of vitamin D most commonly added to foods and nutritional supplements. Vitamin D2 must be transformed (hydroxylated) into one of two active forms via the liver or kidney. Once transformed, it binds to the vitamin D receptor that then leads to a variety of regulatory roles. Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24. See also: ... View More ... Ergocalciferol is a form of Vitamin D, also called vitamin D2. It is created from viosterol, which in turn is created when ultraviolet light activates ergosterol. Ergocalciferol is used in the treatment of hypcalcemia and in dialysis-dependent renal failure. Ergoalcifediol is a fat soluble steroid hormone precursor of vitamin D that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. Vitamin D2 is the form of vitamin D most commonly added to foods and nutritional supplements. Vitamin D2 must be transformed (hydroxylated) into one of two active forms via the liver or kidney. Once transformed, it binds to the vitamin D receptor that then leads to a variety of regulatory roles. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CC - Vitamin d and analogues COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D004872 - Ergocalciferols A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents Antirachitic vitamin Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Maleic acid
Maleic acid is a colorless crystalline solid having a faint odor. It is combustible though it may take some effort to ignite. It is soluble in water. It is used to make other chemicals and for dyeing and finishing naturally occurring fibers. Maleic acid is a butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a maleate(1-) and a maleate. Maleic acid is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Ardisia crenata, and other organisms with data available. Maleic Acid is an organic salt or ester of maleic acid that could be conjugated to free base compounds/drugs to improve the physiochemical properties including stability, solubility and dissolution rate. (NCI) Maleic acid is an industrial raw material for the production of glyoxylic acid by ozonolysis. Maleic acid is an organic compound which is a dicarboxylic acid (molecule with two carboxyl groups). The molecule consists of an ethylene group flanked by two carboxylic acid groups. Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the trans isomer. The cis isomer is the less stable one of the two; the difference in heat of combustion is 22.7 kJ/mol. The physical properties of maleic acid are very different from that of fumaric acid. Maleic acid is soluble in water whereas fumaric acid is not and the melting point of maleic acid (130 - 131 degree centigrade) is also much lower than that of fumaric acid (287 degree centigrade). Both properties of maleic acid can be explained on account of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding that takes place at the expense of intermolecular interactions. Maleic acid is converted into maleic anhydride by dehydration, to malic acid by hydration, and to succinic acid by hydrogenation. It reacts with thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride to give the maleic acid chloride (it is not possible to isolate the mono acid chloride). Maleic acid is a reactant in many Diels-Alder reactions. See also: Surfomer (monomer of); Ferropolimaler (monomer of). Maleic acid is an industrial raw material for the production of glyoxylic acid by ozonolysis. Maleic acid is an organic compound which is a dicarboxylic acid (molecule with two carboxyl groups). The molecule consists of an ethylene group flanked by two carboxylic acid groups. Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the trans isomer. The cis isomer is the less stable one of the two; the difference in heat of combustion is 22.7 kJ/mol. The physical properties of maleic acid are very different from that of fumaric acid. Maleic acid is soluble in water whereas fumaric acid is not and the melting point of maleic acid (130 - 131 degree centigrade) is also much lower than that of fumaric acid (287 degree centigrade). Both properties of maleic acid can be explained on account of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding that takes place at the expense of intermolecular interactions. Maleic acid is converted into maleic anhydride by dehydration, to malic acid by hydration, and to succinic acid by hydrogenation. It reacts with thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride to give the maleic acid chloride (it is not possible to isolate the mono acid chloride). Maleic acid is a reactant in many Diels-Alder reactions. [HMDB]. Maleic acid is found in many foods, some of which are cocoa bean, lovage, roselle, and corn. Maleic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, a molecule with two carboxyl groups. It consists of an ethylene group flanked by two carboxylic acid groups. Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the trans isomer. The cis isomer is the less stable one of the two; the difference in heat of combustion is 22.7 kJ/mol. The physical properties of maleic acid are very different from that of fumaric acid. Maleic acid is soluble in water whereas fumaric acid is not and the melting point of maleic acid (130 - 131 oC) is also much lower than that of fumaric acid (287 oC). Maleic acid is converted into maleic anhydride by dehydration, to malic acid by hydration, and to succinic acid by hydrogenation. Maleic acid is used in making polyesters for fibre-reinforced laminated moldings and paint vehicles. More specifically it is used in the manufacture of phthalic-type alkyd and polyester resins, surface coatings, copolymers, plasticizers, lubricant additives and agricultural chemicals. It is also found in adhesives and sealants and as a preservative for oils and fats. In the natural world, maleic acid has been identified in ginseng, pineapple, cacao plants, sour cherries and corn. A large number of microbes are able to convert maleic acid to D-malate using the enzyme maleate hydratase (PMID: 1444397). A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration. Maleic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=110-16-7 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 110-16-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Maleic Acid is a Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor of E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Maleic Acid is a Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor of E. coli and L. monocytogenes.
Inosine triphosphate
Inosine triphosphate (ITP) is an intermediate in the purine metabolism pathway. Relatively high levels of ITP in red cells are found in individuals as result of deficiency of inosine triphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.56, ITPase) ITPase is a cytosolic nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase specific for ITP catalysis to inosine monophosphate (IMP) and deoxy-inosine triphosphate (dITP) to deoxy-inosine monophosphate. ITPase deficiency is not associated with any defined pathology other than the characteristic and abnormal accumulation of ITP in red blood cells. Nevertheless, ITPase deficiency may have pharmacogenomic implications, and the abnormal metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine in ITPase-deficient patients may lead to thiopurine drug toxicity. ITPases function is not clearly understood but possible roles for ITPase could be to prevent the accumulation of rogue nucleotides which would be otherwise incorporated into DNA and RNA, or compete with nucleotides such as GTP in signalling processes. (PMID : 170291, 1204209, 17113761, 17924837) [HMDB] Inosine triphosphate (ITP) is an intermediate in the purine metabolism pathway. Relatively high levels of ITP in red cells are found in individuals as result of deficiency of inosine triphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.56, ITPase) ITPase is a cytosolic nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase specific for ITP catalysis to inosine monophosphate (IMP) and deoxy-inosine triphosphate (dITP) to deoxy-inosine monophosphate. ITPase deficiency is not associated with any defined pathology other than the characteristic and abnormal accumulation of ITP in red blood cells. Nevertheless, ITPase deficiency may have pharmacogenomic implications, and the abnormal metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine in ITPase-deficient patients may lead to thiopurine drug toxicity. ITPases function is not clearly understood but possible roles for ITPase could be to prevent the accumulation of rogue nucleotides which would be otherwise incorporated into DNA and RNA, or compete with nucleotides such as GTP in signalling processes. (PMID: 170291, 1204209, 17113761, 17924837).
Calcitriol
The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.--PubChem [HMDB] The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.--PubChem. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CC - Vitamin d and analogues D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents > D002120 - Calcium Channel Agonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2122 - Cell Differentiating Agent > C1934 - Differentiation Inducer D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D004100 - Dihydroxycholecalciferols D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05A - Antipsoriatics for topical use D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D006887 - Hydroxycholecalciferols D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Cilastatin
A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4. [PubChem] D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2129
Benzamidine
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2169 KEIO_ID B004
Amifostine
Amifostine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia. [PubChem]The thiol metabolite is responsible for most of the cytoprotective and radioprotective properties of amifostine. It is readily taken up by cells where it binds to and detoxifies reactive metabolites of platinum and alkylating agents as well as scavenges free radicals. Other possible effects include inhibition of apoptosis, alteration of gene expression and modification of enzyme activity. V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AF - Detoxifying agents for antineoplastic treatment C26170 - Protective Agent > C2459 - Chemoprotective Agent > C2080 - Cytoprotective Agent D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents KEIO_ID A170 Amifostine (WR2721) is a broad-spectrum cytoprotective agent and a radioprotector. Amifostine selectively protects normal tissues from damage caused by radiation and chemotherapy. Amifostine is potent hypoxia-inducible factor-α1 (HIF-α1) and p53 inducer. Amifostine protects cells from damage by scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals. Amifostine reduces renal toxicity and has antiangiogenic action[1][2][3][4].
Gentamicinc1A
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
7-Dehydrocholesterol
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), also known as provitamin D3 or 5,7-cholestadien-3-b-ol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core. Thus, 7-dehydrocholesterol is also classified as a sterol. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is known as a zoosterol, meaning that it is a sterol isolated from animals (to distinguish those sterols isolated from plants which are called phytosterols). 7-DHC functions in the serum as a cholesterol precursor and is photochemically converted to vitamin D3 in the skin. Therefore 7-DHC functions as provitamin-D3. The presence of 7-DHC in human skin enables humans and other mammals to manufacture vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) from ultraviolet rays in the sun light, via an intermediate isomer pre-vitamin D3. 7-DHC absorbs UV light most effectively at wavelengths between 290 and 320 nm and, thus, the production of vitamin D3 will occur primarily at those wavelengths (PMID: 9625080). The two most important factors that govern the generation of pre-vitamin D3 are the quantity (intensity) and quality (appropriate wavelength) of the UVB irradiation reaching the 7-dehydrocholesterol deep in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum (PMID: 9625080). 7-DHC is also found in the milk of several mammalian species, including cows (PMID: 10999630; PMID: 225459). It was discovered by Nobel-laureate organic chemist Adolf Windaus. 7-DHC can be produced by animals and plants via different pathways (PMID: 23717318). It is not produced by fungi in significant amounts. 7-DHC is made by some algae and can also be produced by some bacteria. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is a zoosterol (a sterol produced by animals rather than plants). It is a provitamin-D. The presence of this compound in skin enables humans to manufacture vitamin D3 from ultra-violet rays in the sun light, via an intermediate isomer provitamin D3. It is also found in breast milk. [HMDB] D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3.
Calcidiol
Calfcifediol is a prehormone that is produced in the liver by hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) by the enzyme cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase. Calcifediol is then converted in the kidneys into calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3), a secosteroid hormone that is the active form of vitamin D. It can also be converted into 24-hydroxycalcidiol in the kidneys via 24-hydroxylation. [Wikipedia]. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol is found in many foods, some of which are green zucchini, green bell pepper, red bell pepper, and other animal fat. The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 (calciferon). It is produced in the liver and is the best indicator of the bodys vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CC - Vitamin d and analogues H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H05 - Calcium homeostasis > H05B - Anti-parathyroid agents D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D006887 - Hydroxycholecalciferols COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
(N-acetylneuraminosyl(a2-6)lactosamine)
(N-acetylneuraminosyl(alpha2-6)lactosamine) is widely distributed among tissues and is involved in biological processes such as the regulation of the immune response and the progression of colon cancer. Sialylation represents one of the most frequently occurring terminations of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Sialic acid is commonly found alpha,6-linked to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). The biosynthesis of the linkage is mediated by a member of the sialyltransferase family, the beta-galactoside alpha,6-sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1, ST6Gal.I). Although expressed by a single gene, this enzyme shows a complex pattern of regulation which allows its tissue- and stage-specific modulation. (PMID 11425186)
.6-Sialyllactosamine is an oligosaccharide found in human milk. Oligosaccharides in human milk inhibit enteric pathogens in vitro and in vivo. (PMID:10683228)
.(N-acetylneuraminosyl(alpha2-6)lactosamine) is widely distributed among tissues and is involved in biological processes such as the regulation of the immune response and the progression of colon cancer. Sialylation represents one of the most frequently occurring terminations of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Sialic acid is commonly found alpha,6-linked to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). The biosynthesis of the linkage is mediated by a member of the sialyltransferase family, the beta-galactoside alpha,6-sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1, ST6Gal.I). Although expressed by a single gene, this enzyme shows a complex pattern of regulation which allows its tissue- and stage-specific modulation. (PMID 11425186)
Probucol
Probucol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).Probucol lowers serum cholesterol by increasing the fractional rate of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) catabolism in the final metabolic pathway for cholesterol elimination from the body. Additionally, probucol may inhibit early stages of cholesterol biosynthesis and slightly inhibit dietary cholesterol absorption. Recent information suggests that probucol may inhibit the oxidation and tissue deposition of LDL cholesterol, thereby inhibiting atherogenesis. It appears to inhibits ABCA1-mediated cellular lipid efflux. D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites
Succimer
Succimer is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them. [PubChem]Succimer is a heavy metal chelator. It binds with high specificity to ions of lead in the blood to form a water-soluble complex that is subsequently excreted by the kidneys. Succimer can also chelate mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in this manner. D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000931 - Antidotes
2-((3-Aminopropyl)amino)ethanethiol
D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents Amifostine thiol (WR-1065) is an active metabolite of the cytoprotector Amifostine (HY-B0639). Amifostine thiol is a cytoprotective agent with radioprotective abilities. Amifostine thiol activates p53 through a JNK-dependent signaling pathway[1][2][3].
Gentamicin
A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (genetic translation). [PubChem] D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (24R,25(OH)2D3) circulates in blood at concentrations about 1000 times higher than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. 24-Hydroxylase is present in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney and in virtual all target cells of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Interestingly, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is a very strong inducer of 24-hydroxylase activity and 24R,25(OH)2D3 formation. Also parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates 24-hydroxylase activity but in a tissue specific manner, i.e. inhibitory in the kidney while a synergistic effect together with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is observed in osteoblasts. Generally, 24-hydroxylation has been considered the first step in the degradation pathway of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 25-(OH)D3. However, through the past decades data have accumulated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is not merely a degradation product but has effects on its own. Classic studies have demonstrated the significance of 24R,25(OH)2D3 for normal chicken egg hatchability and calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. More recently it became apparent that 24R,25(OH)2D3 also has distinct effects on cartilage in particular the resting zone cells. 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulates osteocalcin synthesis in human osteoblasts. 24R,25(OH)2D3 plays a role in bone metabolism but that it acts in concert with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to obtain an optimal effect. (PMID: 11179746). D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D004100 - Dihydroxycholecalciferols D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D006887 - Hydroxycholecalciferols D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents
Doxercalciferol
H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H05 - Calcium homeostasis > H05B - Anti-parathyroid agents D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D004872 - Ergocalciferols D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents
methyl farnesoate
A member of the juvenile hormone family of compounds that is the methyl ester of farnesoic acid. Found in several species of crustaceans.
24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, also known as 24(R),25(OH)2D3, is a vitamin D metabolite; a dihydroxylated form of the seco-steroid. With the identification of a target cell, the growth plate resting zone (RC) chondrocyte, studies indicate that there are specific membrane-associated signal transduction pathways that mediate both rapid, nongenomic, and genomic responses of RC cells to 24(R),25(OH)2D3. These studies indicate that 24(R),25(OH)2D3 plays an important role in endochondral ossification by regulating less mature chondrocytes and promoting their maturation in the endochondral lineage. 24(R),25(OH)2D3 binds RC chondrocyte membranes with high specificity, increasing protein kinase C (PKC) activity. The effect is stereospecific; 24R,25(OH)2D3, but not 24S,25(OH)2D3, causes the increase, indicating a receptor-mediated response. Phospholipase D-2 (PLD2) activity is increased, resulting in increased production of diacylglycerol (DAG), which in turn activates PKC. 24(R),25(OH)2D3 does not cause translocation of PKC to the plasma membrane but activates existing PKCα. There is a rapid decrease in Ca2+ efflux, and the influx is stimulated. 24(R),25(OH)2D3 also reduces arachidonic acid release by decreasing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, thereby decreasing the available substrate for prostaglandin production via the action of cyclooxygenase-1. PGE2 that is produced acts on the EP1 and EP2 receptors expressed by RC cells to downregulate PKC via protein kinase A, but the reduction in PGE2 decreases this negative feedback mechanism. Both pathways converge on MAP kinase, leading to new gene expression. One consequence of this is the production of new matrix vesicles containing PKCα and PKCγ, and an increase in PKC activity. The chondrocytes also produce 24(R),25(OH)2D3, and the secreted metabolite acts directly on the matrix vesicle membrane. Only PKCγ is directly affected by 24(R),25(OH)2D3 in the matrix vesicles, and activity of this isoform is inhibited. This effect may be involved in the control of matrix maturation and turnover. 24(R),25(OH)2D3 causes RC cells to mature along the endochondral developmental pathway, where they become responsive to 1α,25(OH)2D3 and lose responsiveness to 24(R),25(OH)2D3, a characteristic of more mature growth zone (GC) chondrocytes. 1α,25(OH)2D3 elicits its effects on GC through different signal transduction pathways than those used by 24(R),25(OH)2D3 (PMID: 11179745). 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24(R),25(OH)2D3 ) is a vitamin D metabolite, a dihydroxylated form of the seco-steroid. With the identification of a target cell, the growth plate resting zone (RC) chondrocyte, studies indicate that there are specific membrane-associated signal transduction pathways that mediate both rapid, nongenomic and genomic responses of RC cells to 24(R),25(OH)2D3. These studies indicate that 24(R),25(OH)2D3 plays an important role in endochondral ossification by regulating less mature chondrocytes and promoting their maturation in the endochondral lineage. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D004100 - Dihydroxycholecalciferols D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D006887 - Hydroxycholecalciferols D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents
Maleic Acid
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Maleic Acid is a Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor of E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Maleic Acid is a Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor of E. coli and L. monocytogenes.
Cilastatin
The thioether resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol group of L-cysteine with the 7-position of (2Z)-2-({[(1S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]carbonyl}amino)hept-2-enoic acid. It is an inhibitor of dehydropeptidase I (membrane dipeptidase, 3.4.13.19), an enzyme found in the brush border of renal tubes and responsible for degrading the antibiotic imipenem. Cilastatin is therefore administered (as the sodium salt) with imipenem to prolong the antibacterial effect of the latter by preventing its renal metabolism to inactive and potentially nephrotoxic products. Cilastatin also acts as a leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor, preventing the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2129 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2555 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2555; CONFIDENCE standard compound
Benzamidine
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2169
7-Dehydrocholesterol
D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3.
Inosine triphosphate
The inosine phosphate that has a triphosphate group at the 5-position. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of purine.
Calcifediol
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CC - Vitamin d and analogues H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H05 - Calcium homeostasis > H05B - Anti-parathyroid agents D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D006887 - Hydroxycholecalciferols D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
gentamicin
D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S03 - Ophthalmological and otological preparations > S03A - Antiinfectives > S03AA - Antiinfectives J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
Calcitriol
A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the active form of vitamin D3, produced fom calciol via hydoxylation in the liver to form calcidiol, which is subsequently oxidised in the kidney to give calcitriol. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CC - Vitamin d and analogues D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents > D002120 - Calcium Channel Agonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2122 - Cell Differentiating Agent > C1934 - Differentiation Inducer D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D004100 - Dihydroxycholecalciferols D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05A - Antipsoriatics for topical use D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D006887 - Hydroxycholecalciferols D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
24 25-Dihydroxy VD3
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (24R,25(OH)2D3) circulates in blood at concentrations about 1000 times higher than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. 24-Hydroxylase is present in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney and in virtual all target cells of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Interestingly, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is a very strong inducer of 24-hydroxylase activity and 24R,25(OH)2D3 formationand is) also parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates 24-hydroxylase activity but in a tissue specific manner, i.e. inhibitory in the kidney while a synergistic effect together with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is observed in osteoblasts. Generally, 24-hydroxylation has been considered the first step in the degradation pathway of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 25-(OH)D3. However, through the past decades data have accumulated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is not merely a degradation product but has effects on its own. Classic studies have demonstrated the significance of 24R,25(OH)2D3 for normal chicken egg hatchability and calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. More recently it became apparent that 24R,25(OH)2D3 also has distinct effects on cartilage in particular the resting zone cells. 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulates osteocalcin synthesis in human osteoblasts. 24R,25(OH)2D3 plays a role in bone metabolism but that it acts in concert with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to obtain an optimal effect. (PMID: 11179746 ) [HMDB]
amifostine
V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AF - Detoxifying agents for antineoplastic treatment C26170 - Protective Agent > C2459 - Chemoprotective Agent > C2080 - Cytoprotective Agent D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents Amifostine (WR2721) is a broad-spectrum cytoprotective agent and a radioprotector. Amifostine selectively protects normal tissues from damage caused by radiation and chemotherapy. Amifostine is potent hypoxia-inducible factor-α1 (HIF-α1) and p53 inducer. Amifostine protects cells from damage by scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals. Amifostine reduces renal toxicity and has antiangiogenic action[1][2][3][4].
probucol
D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites
Secalciferol
D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D004100 - Dihydroxycholecalciferols D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D006887 - Hydroxycholecalciferols D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents
gentamycin C1a
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
Amifostine thiol
D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents Amifostine thiol (WR-1065) is an active metabolite of the cytoprotector Amifostine (HY-B0639). Amifostine thiol is a cytoprotective agent with radioprotective abilities. Amifostine thiol activates p53 through a JNK-dependent signaling pathway[1][2][3].
