Stavudine (BioDeep_00000003177)

human metabolite blood metabolite Chemicals and Drugs

代谢物信息卡片

1-[(2R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl]-5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione

化学式: C10H12N2O4 (224.07970319999998)
中文名称: 2,3-二脱氢-3-脱氧胸苷
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 69.39%

分子结构信息

SMILES: CC1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)C2C=CC(O2)CO
InChI: InChI=1S/C10H12N2O4/c1-6-4-12(10(15)11-9(6)14)8-3-2-7(5-13)16-8/h2-4,7-8,13H,5H2,1H3,(H,11,14,15)/t7-,8+/m0/s1

描述信息

Stavudine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV. [PubChem]Stavudine inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with the natural substrate dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA.
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AF - Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D044966 - Anti-Retroviral Agents
D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites > D015224 - Dideoxynucleosides
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent
Stavudine (d4T) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Stavudine has activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Stavudine also inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Stavudine reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulates Amyloid-β autophagy. Stavudine induces apoptosis[1][2][3][4].

同义名列表

21 个代谢物同义名

1-[(2R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl]-5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione; 1-(2,3-Dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-pent-2-enofuranosyl)thymine; 1-(2,3-Dideoxy-b-D-glycero-pent-2-enofuranosyl)thymine; 1-(2,3-Dideoxy-β-D-glycero-pent-2-enofuranosyl)thymine; Bristol-myers squibb brand OF stavudine; 2,3-Didehydro-2,3-dideoxythmidine; Bristol-myers brand OF stavudine; 2,3-Didehydro-3-deoxythimidine; 2,3 Didehydro 3 deoxythymidine; 2,3-Didehydro-3-deoxythymidine; Stavudine, monosodium salt; 3-Deoxy-2-thymidinene; Stavudine (d4T); ABBR D4T; Sanilvudine; Estavudina; Stavudinum; Stavudine; Zerit; STV; d4T

数据库引用编号

19 个数据库交叉引用编号

ChEBI: CHEBI:63581
KEGG: C07312
KEGGdrug: D00445
PubChem: 18283
PubChem: 5155
HMDB: HMDB0014787
Metlin: METLIN2495
DrugBank: DB00649
ChEMBL: CHEMBL991
Wikipedia: Stavudine
MeSH: Stavudine
chemspider: 17270
CAS: 220020-60-0
CAS: 3056-17-5
PMhub: MS000008402
PubChem: 9520
NIKKAJI: J83.276F
RefMet: Stavudine
medchemexpress: HY-B0116

分类词条

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

1 个相关的物种来源信息

9606 - Homo sapiens: -

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。

文献列表

Sorour Khayyatnejad Shoushtari, Khalid Zoghebi, Muhammad Imran Sajid, Rakesh Kumar Tiwari, Keykavous Parang. Hybrid Cyclic-Linear Cell-Penetrating Peptides Containing Alternative Positively Charged and Hydrophobic Residues as Molecular Transporters. Molecular pharmaceutics. 2021 10; 18(10):3909-3919. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00594. [PMID: 34491768]
Balagra Kasim Sumabe, Synnøve Brandt Ræder, Lisa Marie Røst, Animesh Sharma, Eric S Donkor, Lydia Mosi, Samuel Duodu, Per Bruheim, Marit Otterlei. Nucleoside Analogues Are Potent Inducers of Pol V-mediated Mutagenesis. Biomolecules. 2021 06; 11(6):. doi: 10.3390/biom11060843. [PMID: 34198819]
Mark J Henderson, Kathleen A Trychta, Shyh-Ming Yang, Susanne Bäck, Adam Yasgar, Emily S Wires, Carina Danchik, Xiaokang Yan, Hideaki Yano, Lei Shi, Kuo-Jen Wu, Amy Q Wang, Dingyin Tao, Gergely Zahoránszky-Kőhalmi, Xin Hu, Xin Xu, David Maloney, Alexey V Zakharov, Ganesha Rai, Fumihiko Urano, Mikko Airavaara, Oksana Gavrilova, Ajit Jadhav, Yun Wang, Anton Simeonov, Brandon K Harvey. A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome. Cell reports. 2021 04; 35(4):109040. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109040. [PMID: 33910017]
Himanshu G Toor, Devjani I Banerjee, Soumya Lipsa Rath, Siddhi A Darji. Computational drug re-purposing targeting the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 as an effective strategy to neutralize COVID-19. European journal of pharmacology. 2021 Jan; 890(?):173720. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173720. [PMID: 33160938]
Christian Eggers, Richard Hoetelmans, Stephanie Läer. Zidovudine and lamivudine reach higher concentrations in ventricular than in lumbar human cerebrospinal fluid. AIDS (London, England). 2020 11; 34(13):1883-1889. doi: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002626. [PMID: 32694416]
Steffen Jockusch, Chuanjuan Tao, Xiaoxu Li, Thomas K Anderson, Minchen Chien, Shiv Kumar, James J Russo, Robert N Kirchdoerfer, Jingyue Ju. A library of nucleotide analogues terminate RNA synthesis catalyzed by polymerases of coronaviruses that cause SARS and COVID-19. Antiviral research. 2020 08; 180(?):104857. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104857. [PMID: 32562705]
S A Chime, A A Attama, G C Onunkwo. Application of SRMS 154 as Sustained Release Matrix for the Delivery of Stavudine: In vitro and in vivo Evaluation and Effect of Poloxamer 188 on the Properties of the Tablets. Infectious disorders drug targets. 2020; 20(1):76-87. doi: 10.2174/1871526519666190313162635. [PMID: 30868966]
Salome A Chime, Godswill C Onunkwo, Anthony A Attama. Evaluation of the Properties of Encapsulated Stavudine Microparticulate Lipid-based Drug Delivery System in Immunocompromised Wistar Rats. Current HIV research. 2020; 18(4):237-247. doi: 10.2174/1570162x18666200510010738. [PMID: 32386495]
Tobie D Lee, Olivia W Lee, Kyle R Brimacombe, Lu Chen, Rajarshi Guha, Sabrina Lusvarghi, Bethilehem G Tebase, Carleen Klumpp-Thomas, Robert W Robey, Suresh V Ambudkar, Min Shen, Michael M Gottesman, Matthew D Hall. A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Molecular pharmacology. 2019 11; 96(5):629-640. doi: 10.1124/mol.119.115964. [PMID: 31515284]
Nongodo Firmin Kaboré, Armel Poda, Jacques Zoungrana, Ollo Da, Laura Ciaffi, Aoua Semdé, Issouf Yaméogo, Adrien B Sawadogo, Eric Delaporte, Nicolas Meda, Sophie Limou, Amandine Cournil. Chronic kidney disease and HIV in the era of antiretroviral treatment: findings from a 10-year cohort study in a west African setting. BMC nephrology. 2019 05; 20(1):155. doi: 10.1186/s12882-019-1335-9. [PMID: 31064340]
Xiao-Lu Luo, Li-da Mo, Guo-Sheng Su, Jin-Ping Huang, Jing-Yu Wu, Han-Zhen Su, Wan-Hong Huang, Shun-da Luo, Zu-Yan Ni. Incidence and types of HIV-1 drug resistance mutation among patients failing first-line antiretroviral therapy. Journal of pharmacological sciences. 2019 Apr; 139(4):275-279. doi: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.11.016. [PMID: 30928089]
Andy Kuo, Janet R Nicholson, Laura Corradini, Maree T Smith. Establishment and characterisation of a stavudine (d4T)-induced rat model of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN) using behavioural and pharmacological methods. Inflammopharmacology. 2019 Apr; 27(2):387-396. doi: 10.1007/s10787-018-00551-8. [PMID: 30600474]
Willem Daniel Francois Venter, Andrew Kambugu, Matthew F Chersich, Stephen Becker, Andrew Hill, Natasha Arulappan, Michelle Moorhouse, Mohammed Majam, Godspower Akpomiemie, Simiso Sokhela, Selvamuthu Poongulali, Charles Feldman, Chris Duncombe, David H Brown Ripin, Alinda Vos, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy. Efficacy and Safety of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Versus Low-Dose Stavudine Over 96 Weeks: A Multicountry Randomized, Noninferiority Trial. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2019 02; 80(2):224-233. doi: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001908. [PMID: 30640204]
Alinda G Vos, Matthew F Chersich, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Peter Zuithoff, Michelle A Moorhouse, Samanta T Lalla-Edward, Andrew Kambugu, N Kumarasamy, Diederick E Grobbee, Roos E Barth, Willem D Venter. Lipid levels, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk over 96 weeks of antiretroviral therapy: a randomised controlled trial comparing low-dose stavudine and tenofovir. Retrovirology. 2018 12; 15(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s12977-018-0460-z. [PMID: 30547820]
D Mukeba-Tshialala, J B Nachega, M Mutombo-Tshingwali, V Arendt, G Gilson, M Moutschen. [Obesity, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolaemia, and untreated diabetes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Adults in Mbuji-Mayi (Democratic republic of congo)]. Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990). 2017 Dec; 110(5):301-309. doi: 10.1007/s13149-017-0561-2. [PMID: 28623554]
Aylin B Unsal, Aviva S Mattingly, Sara E Jones, Julia B Purdy, James C Reynolds, Jeffrey B Kopp, Rohan Hazra, Colleen M Hadigan. Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Bone and Renal Health in Young Adults Infected With HIV in Early Life. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2017 08; 102(8):2896-2904. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-00197. [PMID: 28531309]
Saikat Ghosh, Laboni Mondal, Samrat Chakraborty, Biswajit Mukherjee. Early Stage HIV Management and Reduction of Stavudine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats by Experimentally Developed Biodegradable Nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2017 Apr; 18(3):697-709. doi: 10.1208/s12249-016-0539-6. [PMID: 27222026]
A I Jegede, U Offor, I O Onanuga, E C S Naidu, O O Azu. Effect of co-administration of Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract and antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the histomorphology and seminal parameters in Sprague Dawley rats. Andrologia. 2017 Mar; 49(2):. doi: 10.1111/and.12640. [PMID: 27401301]
Jenny Svärd, Sabina Mugusi, Doreen Mloka, Ujjwal Neogi, Genny Meini, Ferdinand Mugusi, Francesca Incardona, Maurizio Zazzi, Anders Sönnerborg. Drug resistance testing through remote genotyping and predicted treatment options in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected Tanzanian subjects failing first or second line antiretroviral therapy. PloS one. 2017; 12(6):e0178942. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178942. [PMID: 28582463]
Jeerunda Santiprabhob, Surapong Tanchaweng, Sirinoot Maturapat, Alan Maleesatharn, Watcharee Lermankul, Sirintip Sricharoenchai, Orasri Wittawatmongkol, Keswadee Lapphra, Wanatpreeya Phongsamart, Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit. Metabolic Disorders in HIV-Infected Adolescents Receiving Protease Inhibitors. BioMed research international. 2017; 2017(?):7481597. doi: 10.1155/2017/7481597. [PMID: 28293638]
Lovish Marwaha, Yashika Bansal, Raghunath Singh, Priyanka Saroj, Rupinder Kaur Sodhi, Anurag Kuhad. Niflumic acid, a TRPV1 channel modulator, ameliorates stavudine-induced neuropathic pain. Inflammopharmacology. 2016 Dec; 24(6):319-334. doi: 10.1007/s10787-016-0285-0. [PMID: 27757590]
Sirirat Likanonsakul, Bussakorn Suntisuklappon, Ravee Nitiyanontakij, Wisit Prasithsirikul, Emi E Nakayama, Tatsuo Shioda, Chariya Sangsajja. A Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in ABCC4 Is Associated with Tenofovir-Related Beta2-Microglobulinuria in Thai Patients with HIV-1 Infection. PloS one. 2016; 11(1):e0147724. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147724. [PMID: 26807589]
Oluwafeyisetan O Adebiyi, Olubunmi A Adebiyi, Peter M O Owira. Naringin Reverses Hepatocyte Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Associated with HIV-1 Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors-Induced Metabolic Complications. Nutrients. 2015 Dec; 7(12):10352-68. doi: 10.3390/nu7125540. [PMID: 26690471]
Z Dai, W Cai, F Hu, Y Lan, L Li, C Chung, B Caughey, K Zhang, X Tang. Plasma Mitochondrial DNA Levels as a Biomarker of Lipodystrophy Among HIV-infected Patients Treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Current molecular medicine. 2015; 15(10):975-9. doi: 10.2174/1566524016666151123114401. [PMID: 26592244]
Daudi R Mavura, E John Masenga, Eli Minja, Henning Grossmann, John A Crump, John A Bartlett. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults with skin complaints in northern Tanzania. International journal of dermatology. 2015 Jan; 54(1):68-73. doi: 10.1111/ijd.12563. [PMID: 25256912]
Saurabh Srivastava, Rajendra Kumar, S K Arora, V R Sinha. Modified Release Biodegradable Polymeric Microspheres of Stavudine: Cell Viability, Cellular Uptake, Hemolysis Studies and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics. Current HIV research. 2015; 13(6):503-16. doi: 10.2174/1570162x13666150624112345. [PMID: 26103967]
Suhashni Naiker, Cathy Connolly, Lubbe Wiesner, Tracey Kellerman, Tarylee Reddy, Anthony Harries, Helen McIlleron, Christian Lienhardt, Alexander Pym. Randomized pharmacokinetic evaluation of different rifabutin doses in African HIV- infected tuberculosis patients on lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy. BMC pharmacology & toxicology. 2014 Nov; 15(?):61. doi: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-61. [PMID: 25406657]
Janet Gare, Claire E Ryan, Matthew David, Diana Timbi, Petronia Kaima, Zure Kombati, Ulato Imara, Angela Kelly-Hanku, Peter M Siba, Suzanne M Crowe, Anna C Hearps. Presence of HIV drug resistance in antiretroviral therapy-naive and -experienced patients from Papua New Guinea. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2014 Aug; 69(8):2183-6. doi: 10.1093/jac/dku089. [PMID: 24722838]
Aparna Mukherjee, Mohit Singla, T Velpandian, Anju Sirohiwal, M Vajpayee, Ravinder Singh, S K Kabra, Rakesh Lodha. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine, stavudine and lamivudine in Indian HIV-infected children receiving generic fixed dose combinations. Indian pediatrics. 2014 Mar; 51(3):191-7. doi: 10.1007/s13312-014-0382-3. [PMID: 24736906]
Kassoum Kayentao, Etienne A Guirou, Ogobara K Doumbo, Meera Venkatesan, Christopher V Plowe, Teresa L Parsons, Craig W Hendrix, Myaing M Nyunt. Preliminary study of quinine pharmacokinetics in pregnant women with malaria-HIV co-infection. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2014 Mar; 90(3):530-534. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0655. [PMID: 24420779]
Julie Bertrand, Céline Verstuyft, Monidarin Chou, Laurence Borand, Phalla Chea, Kuy Huong Nay, François-Xavier Blanc, France Mentré, Anne-Marie Taburet. Dependence of efavirenz- and rifampicin-isoniazid-based antituberculosis treatment drug-drug interaction on CYP2B6 and NAT2 genetic polymorphisms: ANRS 12154 study in Cambodia. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2014 Feb; 209(3):399-408. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit466. [PMID: 23990572]
Saif Ullah Munshi, Harekrushna Panda, Prasida Holla, Bharat Bhushan Rewari, Shahid Jameel. MicroRNA-150 is a potential biomarker of HIV/AIDS disease progression and therapy. PloS one. 2014; 9(5):e95920. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095920. [PMID: 24828336]
Victor Musiime, Adrian Cook, Joshua Kayiwa, Dorothy Zangata, Carol Nansubuga, Beatrice Arach, Julia Kenny, Priscilla Wavamunno, Justine Komunyena, Desiree Kabamba, Alice R Asiimwe, Grace Mirembe, George Abongomera, Veronica Mulenga, Adeodata Kekitiinwa, Cissy Kityo, Sarah A Walker, Nigel Klein, Diana M Gibb. Anthropometric measurements and lipid profiles to detect early lipodystrophy in antiretroviral therapy experienced HIV-infected children in the CHAPAS-3 trial. Antiviral therapy. 2014; 19(3):269-76. doi: 10.3851/imp2695. [PMID: 24717427]
C N Menezes, N J Crowther, R Duarte, D Van Amsterdam, D Evans, C Dickens, T Dix-Peek, M Rassool, A Prinsloo, F Raal, I Sanne. A randomized clinical trial comparing metabolic parameters after 48 weeks of standard- and low-dose stavudine therapy and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy in HIV-infected South African patients. HIV medicine. 2014 Jan; 15(1):3-12. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12074. [PMID: 23980620]
Pere Domingo, María del Mar Gutierrez, José Miguel Gallego-Escuredo, Ferran Torres, Gracia María Mateo, Joan Villarroya, Ignacio de los Santos, Joan Carles Domingo, Francesc Villarroya, Luis Del Rio, Vicente Estrada, Marta Giralt. Effects of switching from stavudine to raltegravir on subcutaneous adipose tissue in HIV-infected patients with HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS). A clinical and molecular study. PloS one. 2014; 9(2):e89088. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089088. [PMID: 24586518]
Faye Wang, Oliver P Flint. BMS-986001, an HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, does not degrade mitochondrial DNA in long-term primary cultures of cells isolated from human kidney, muscle, and adipose tissue. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2013 Dec; 57(12):6205-12. doi: 10.1128/aac.01206-13. [PMID: 24080659]
Pornpen Srisawasdi, Tanida Suwalak, Chonlaphat Sukasem, Anchalee Chittamma, Anothai Pocathikorn, Somlak Vanavanan, Apichaya Puangpetch, Siwalee Santon, Wasun Chantratita, Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul, Martin H Kroll. Small-dense LDL cholesterol/large-buoyant LDL cholesterol ratio as an excellent marker for indicating lipodystrophy in HIV-infected patients. American journal of clinical pathology. 2013 Oct; 140(4):506-15. doi: 10.1309/ajcpe5i3keltbxej. [PMID: 24045547]
Jingshan Zhang, Alan S Perelson. Contribution of follicular dendritic cells to persistent HIV viremia. Journal of virology. 2013 Jul; 87(14):7893-901. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00556-13. [PMID: 23658450]
Linda Barlow-Mosha, Allison Ross Eckard, Grace A McComsey, Philippa M Musoke. Metabolic complications and treatment of perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2013 Jun; 16(?):18600. doi: 10.7448/ias.16.1.18600. [PMID: 23782481]
Frida William Mghamba, Omary M S Minzi, Augustine Massawe, Philip Sasi. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected children measured by caretaker report, medication return, and drug level in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC pediatrics. 2013 Jun; 13(?):95. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-95. [PMID: 23768248]
B Sandhya, Ashwini H Hegde, J Seetharamappa. Elucidation of binding mechanism and identification of binding site for an anti HIV drug, stavudine on human blood proteins. Molecular biology reports. 2013 May; 40(5):3817-27. doi: 10.1007/s11033-012-2460-8. [PMID: 23275205]
James N Kiage, Douglas C Heimburger, Christopher K Nyirenda, Melissa F Wellons, Shashwatee Bagchi, Benjamin H Chi, John R Koethe, Donna K Arnett, Edmond K Kabagambe. Cardiometabolic risk factors among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. Lipids in health and disease. 2013 Apr; 12(?):50. doi: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-50. [PMID: 23575345]
Stephen Arpadi, Stephanie Shiau, Renate Strehlau, Leigh Martens, Faeezah Patel, Ashraf Coovadia, Elaine J Abrams, Louise Kuhn. Metabolic abnormalities and body composition of HIV-infected children on Lopinavir or Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. Archives of disease in childhood. 2013 Apr; 98(4):258-64. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-302633. [PMID: 23220209]
C N Menezes, R Duarte, C Dickens, T Dix-Peek, D Van Amsterdam, M-A John, P Ive, M Maskew, P Macphail, M P Fox, F Raal, I Sanne, N J Crowther. The early effects of stavudine compared with tenofovir on adipocyte gene expression, mitochondrial DNA copy number and metabolic parameters in South African HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial. HIV medicine. 2013 Apr; 14(4):217-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01054.x. [PMID: 23036096]
T C S Martin, A Scourfield, N Rockwood, N K Martin, N Patel, M Nelson, B G Gazzard. Pancreatic insufficiency in patients with HIV infection: role of didanosine questioned. HIV medicine. 2013 Mar; 14(3):161-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01047.x. [PMID: 22994793]
L G Ekali, L K Johnstone, J B Echouffo-Tcheugui, C Kouanfack, M Y Dehayem, L Fezeu, B Nouthe, L Hayes, N C Unwin, E Sobngwi. Fasting blood glucose and insulin sensitivity are unaffected by HAART duration in Cameroonians receiving first-line antiretroviral treatment. Diabetes & metabolism. 2013 Feb; 39(1):71-7. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2012.08.012. [PMID: 23153435]
Silvia Neamtu, Mihaela Mic, Mircea Bogdan, Ioan Turcu. The artifactual nature of stavudine binding to human serum albumin. A fluorescence quenching and isothermal titration calorimetry study. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2013 Jan; 72(?):134-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.09.023. [PMID: 23146237]
Ramakrishna Nirogi, Vishwottam Kandikere, Prashanth Komarneni, Raghupathi Aleti, Nagasuryaprakash Padala, Ilayaraja Kalaikadhiban, Gopinadh Bhyrapuneni, Nageswararao Muddana. Exploring dried blood spot sampling technique for simultaneous quantification of antiretrovirals: lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine in a rodent pharmacokinetic study. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 2012 Dec; 26(12):1472-81. doi: 10.1002/bmc.2718. [PMID: 22344535]
Jutarat Praparattanapan, Wilai Kotarathitithum, Romanee Chaiwarith, Nontakan Nuntachit, Thira Sirisanthana, Khuanchai Supparatpinyo. Resistance-associated mutations after initial antiretroviral treatment failure in a large cohort of patients infected with HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE. Current HIV research. 2012 Dec; 10(8):647-52. doi: 10.2174/157016212803901356. [PMID: 23061604]
Yuan-bo Su, Jing Xie, Yang Han, Zhi-feng Qiu, Yan-ling Li, Xiao-jing Song, Wei Yu, Tai-sheng Li. [The influence of long-term nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors on lipids metabolism in HIV/AIDS patients]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi. 2012 Nov; 51(11):859-62. doi: ". [PMID: 23291022]
Metodi V Stankov, Diana Panayotova-Dimitrova, Martin Leverkus, Florian W R Vondran, Rudolf Bauerfeind, Annerose Binz, Georg M N Behrens. Autophagy inhibition due to thymidine analogues as novel mechanism leading to hepatocyte dysfunction and lipid accumulation. AIDS (London, England). 2012 Oct; 26(16):1995-2006. doi: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835804f9. [PMID: 22914580]
I Casas-Breva, J Peris-Vicente, M Rambla-Alegre, S Carda-Broch, J Esteve-Romero. Monitoring of HAART regime antiretrovirals in serum of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients by micellar liquid chromatography. The Analyst. 2012 Sep; 137(18):4327-34. doi: 10.1039/c2an35298b. [PMID: 22858583]
Quirine Fillekes, Veronica Mulenga, Desiré Kabamba, Chipepo Kankasa, Margaret J Thomason, Adrian Cook, Alex Ferrier, Chifumbe Chintu, A Sarah Walker, Diana M Gibb, David M Burger. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-infected infants weighing 3 kg to less than 6 kg taking paediatric fixed dose combination tablets. AIDS (London, England). 2012 Sep; 26(14):1795-800. doi: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835705fd. [PMID: 22739394]
Jessica M Fogel, Taha E Taha, Jin Sun, Donald R Hoover, Teresa L Parsons, Johnstone J Kumwenda, Lynne M Mofenson, Mary Glenn Fowler, Craig W Hendrix, Newton I Kumwenda, Susan H Eshleman, Mark Mirochnick. Stavudine concentrations in women receiving postpartum antiretroviral treatment and their breastfeeding infants. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2012 Aug; 60(5):462-5. doi: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31825ddcfa. [PMID: 22614899]
J Mirjam Oudijk, Helen McIlleron, Veronica Mulenga, Chifumbe Chintu, Concepta Merry, A Sarah Walker, Adrian Cook, Diana M Gibb, David M Burger. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-infected children under 3 years on rifampicin-based antituberculosis treatment. AIDS (London, England). 2012 Jul; 26(12):1523-8. doi: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283550e20. [PMID: 22546991]
Livio Azzoni, Andrea S Foulkes, Cynthia Firnhaber, Xiangfan Yin, Zhi Q Xiang, Yan Li, Wendy Stevens, Robert Gross, Hildegund C J Ertl, Ian Sanne, Luis J Montaner. Antiretroviral therapy interruptions result in loss of protective humoral immunity to neoantigens in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS (London, England). 2012 Jul; 26(11):1355-62. doi: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328354648e. [PMID: 22516873]
Uduak Okomo, Toyin Togun, Francis Oko, Kevin Peterson, John Townend, Ingrid Peterson, Assan Jaye. Treatment outcomes among HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected children initiating antiretroviral therapy in a concentrated low prevalence setting in West Africa. BMC pediatrics. 2012 Jul; 12(?):95. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-95. [PMID: 22770231]
Sanjeev Saini, Preena Bhalla, Hitender Gautam, Usha Krishan Baveja, S Tazeen Pasha, Richa Dewan. Resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1 among patients failing first-line antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (Chicago, Ill. : 2002). 2012 May; 11(3):203-9. doi: 10.1177/1545109711421217. [PMID: 21990611]
G Malunga, W B Mujaji, C Musarurwa, T Nyamayaro. Investigation of the effect of Stalanev (Stavudine, Lamivudine and Nevirapine) treatment on plasma lactate levels in adults attending Beatrice Road and Wilkins Infectious Diseases Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. The Central African journal of medicine. 2012 May; 58(5-6):22-5. doi: . [PMID: 26255331]
Raveen Parboosing, Glenn E M Maguire, Patrick Govender, Hendrik G Kruger. Nanotechnology and the treatment of HIV infection. Viruses. 2012 04; 4(4):488-520. doi: 10.3390/v4040488. [PMID: 22590683]
Fatih M Uckun, Pedro Cahn, Sanjive Qazi, Osmond D'Cruz. Stampidine as a promising antiretroviral drug candidate for pre-exposure prophylaxis against sexually transmitted HIV/AIDS. Expert opinion on investigational drugs. 2012 Apr; 21(4):489-500. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2012.664635. [PMID: 22360744]
Johannes Vermehren, Annika Vermehren, Axel Mueller, Amina Carlebach, Thomas Lutz, Peter Gute, Gaby Knecht, Christoph Sarrazin, Mireen Friedrich-Rust, Nicole Forestier, Thierry Poynard, Stefan Zeuzem, Eva Herrmann, Wolf Peter Hofmann. Assessment of liver fibrosis and associated risk factors in HIV-infected individuals using transient elastography and serum biomarkers. BMC gastroenterology. 2012 Mar; 12(?):27. doi: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-27. [PMID: 22453133]
Wiroj Mankhatitham, Aroon Luaengniyomkul, Weerawat Manosuthi. Lipid profile changes in Thai HIV and tuberculosis co-infected patients receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors-based antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. 2012 Feb; 95(2):163-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 22435244]
Nuccia Saleri, Sary Mathurin Dembélé, Paola Villani, Anna Cristina C Carvalho, Maria Cusato, Victor Bonkoungou, Rachel Nacanabo, Seni Kouanda, Mario Comelli, Mario Regazzi, Alberto Matteelli. Systemic exposure to rifampicin in patients with tuberculosis and advanced HIV disease during highly active antiretroviral therapy in Burkina Faso. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2012 Feb; 67(2):469-72. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr445. [PMID: 22028201]
Tavitiya Sudjaritruk, Thira Sirisanthana, Virat Sirisanthana. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome from Penicillium marneffei in an HIV-infected child: a case report and review of literature. BMC infectious diseases. 2012 Jan; 12(?):28. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-28. [PMID: 22289885]
Yoon-Ok Jang, Xianglan Quan, Ranjan Das, Shanhua Xu, Choon-Hee Chung, Chan Mug Ahn, Soon-Koo Baik, In Deok Kong, Kyu-Sang Park, Moon Young Kim. High-dose clevudine impairs mitochondrial function and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E cells. BMC gastroenterology. 2012 Jan; 12(?):4. doi: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-4. [PMID: 22230186]
Julie H Levison, Catherine Orrell, Sébastien Gallien, Daniel R Kuritzkes, Naishin Fu, Elena Losina, Kenneth A Freedberg, Robin Wood. Virologic failure of protease inhibitor-based second-line antiretroviral therapy without resistance in a large HIV treatment program in South Africa. PloS one. 2012; 7(3):e32144. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032144. [PMID: 22427821]
Mei Zhang, Hongwei Zhang, Tong Zhang, Yunxia Ji, Yanmei Jiao, Hao Wu. Longitudinal changes of peripheral blood DC subsets and regulatory T cells in Chinese chronic HIV-1-infected patients during antiretroviral therapy. PloS one. 2012; 7(5):e37966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037966. [PMID: 22701538]
Thomas A Rasmussen, Danny Jensen, Martin Tolstrup, Ulla S Nielsen, Erland J Erlandsen, Henrik Birn, Lars Østergaard, Bente L Langdahl, Alex L Laursen. Comparison of bone and renal effects in HIV-infected adults switching to abacavir or tenofovir based therapy in a randomized trial. PloS one. 2012; 7(3):e32445. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032445. [PMID: 22479327]
Amit C Achhra, Janaki Amin, Jennifer Hoy, Junko Tanuma, Thira Sirisanthana, David Nolan, Tuti Merati, Michelle Giles. Differences in lipid measurements by antiretroviral regimen exposure in cohorts from Asia and australia. AIDS research and treatment. 2012; 2012(?):246280. doi: 10.1155/2012/246280. [PMID: 22675613]
Ahmed Djeghader, Gerard Aragonès, Nune Darbinian, Mikael Elias, Daniel Gonzalez, Anabel García-Heredia, Raúl Beltrán-Debón, Rafal Kaminski, Guillaume Gotthard, Julien Hiblot, Anna Rull, Olivier Rohr, Christian Schwartz, Carlos Alonso-Villaverde, Jorge Joven, Jordi Camps, Eric Chabriere. The level of DING proteins is increased in HIV-infected patients: in vitro and in vivo studies. PloS one. 2012; 7(3):e33062. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033062. [PMID: 22427948]
Bernhard Setzer, Ulrich A Walker. Antiretroviral nucleoside analogues suppress antibody synthesis in human B-lymphocytes. Antiviral therapy. 2012; 17(4):729-35. doi: 10.3851/imp2086. [PMID: 22414568]
Robert Balikuddembe, Joshua Kayiwa, David Musoke, Muhammad Ntale, Steven Baveewo, Paul Waako, Celestino Obua. Plasma drug level validates self-reported adherence but predicts limited specificity for nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. ISRN pharmacology. 2012; 2012(?):274978. doi: 10.5402/2012/274978. [PMID: 22530137]
Nittaya Phanuphak, Jintanat Ananworanich, Nipat Teeratakulpisarn, Tanate Jadwattanakul, Stephen J Kerr, Nitiya Chomchey, Piranun Hongchookiat, Pornpen Mathajittiphun, Suteeraporn Pinyakorn, Patcharawee Rungrojrat, Pairoa Praihirunyakit, Mariana Gerschenson, Praphan Phanuphak, Victor Valcour, Jerome H Kim, Cecilia Shikuma. A 72-week randomized study of the safety and efficacy of a stavudine to zidovudine switch at 24 weeks compared to zidovudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate when given with lamivudine and nevirapine. Antiviral therapy. 2012; 17(8):1521-31. doi: 10.3851/imp2497. [PMID: 23220732]
Yung-Chih Kuo, Chiu-Yen Chung. Solid lipid nanoparticles comprising internal Compritol 888 ATO, tripalmitin and cacao butter for encapsulating and releasing stavudine, delavirdine and saquinavir. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces. 2011 Dec; 88(2):682-90. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.07.060. [PMID: 21865017]
L Ene, D Duiculescu, S M Ruta. How much do antiretroviral drugs penetrate into the central nervous system?. Journal of medicine and life. 2011 Nov; 4(4):432-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 22514580]
Sanjeev Sinha, Sahajal Dhooria, Sanjiv Kumar, Nipam Shah, T Velpandian, Ak Ravi, Narendra Kumar, Hafeez Ahmad, Akshat Bhargwa, Karan Chug, Naresh Bumma, Rahul Chandrashekhar, Meera Ekka, Vishnu Sreenivas, Surendra K Sharma, Jc Samantaray, Ronald Mitsuyasu. The antiretroviral efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy and plasma nevirapine concentrations in HIV-TB co-infected Indian patients receiving rifampicin based antituberculosis treatment. AIDS research and therapy. 2011 Nov; 8(1):41. doi: 10.1186/1742-6405-8-41. [PMID: 22047185]
M G B Ceccato, P F Bonolo, A I Souza Neto, F S Araújo, M I F Freitas. Antiretroviral therapy-associated dyslipidemia in patients from a reference center in Brazil. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas. 2011 Nov; 44(11):1177-83. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500129. [PMID: 22052375]
Torsak Bunupuradah, Thanyawee Puthanakit, Pope Kosalaraksa, Stephen Kerr, Pitch Boonrak, Wasana Prasitsuebsai, Pagakrong Lumbiganon, Tawan Mengthaisong, Chayapa Phasomsap, Chitsanu Pancharoen, Kiat Ruxrungtham, Jintanat Ananworanich. Immunologic and virologic failure after first-line NNRTI-based antiretroviral therapy in Thai HIV-infected children. AIDS research and therapy. 2011 Oct; 8(?):40. doi: 10.1186/1742-6405-8-40. [PMID: 22026962]
Vijay B Bansode, Simon Aa Travers, Amelia C Crampin, Bagrey Ngwira, Neil French, Judith R Glynn, Grace P McCormack. Reverse transcriptase drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients on ART in Karonga District, Malawi. AIDS research and therapy. 2011 Oct; 8(1):38. doi: 10.1186/1742-6405-8-38. [PMID: 21995490]
Anne K Monroe, Adrian S Dobs, Xiaoqiang Xu, Frank J Palella, Lawrence A Kingsley, Mallory D Witt, Todd T Brown. Sex hormones, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus among men with or at risk for HIV infection. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2011 Oct; 58(2):173-80. doi: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3182278c09. [PMID: 21705912]
Eric Walter Pefura Yone, Awa Foueudjeu Betyoumin, André Pascal Kengne, François Jérome Kaze Folefack, Jeanne Ngogang. First-line antiretroviral therapy and dyslipidemia in people living with HIV-1 in Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. AIDS research and therapy. 2011 Sep; 8(?):33. doi: 10.1186/1742-6405-8-33. [PMID: 21943115]
Gerard Aragonès, Carlos Alonso-Villaverde, Pedro Pardo-Reche, Anna Rull, Raúl Beltrán-Debón, Esther Rodríguez-Gallego, Laura Fernández-Sender, Jordi Camps, Jorge Joven. Antiretroviral treatment-induced dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients is influenced by the APOC3-related rs10892151 polymorphism. BMC medical genetics. 2011 Sep; 12(?):120. doi: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-120. [PMID: 21939545]
R Shegokar, K K Singh, R H Müller. Production & stability of stavudine solid lipid nanoparticles--from lab to industrial scale. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2011 Sep; 416(2):461-70. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.014. [PMID: 20727389]
Charlotte Huet, Abdoulaye Ouedraogo, Issouf Konaté, Isidore Traore, François Rouet, Antoinette Kaboré, Anselme Sanon, Philippe Mayaud, Philippe Van de Perre, Nicolas Nagot. Long-term virological, immunological and mortality outcomes in a cohort of HIV-infected female sex workers treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in Africa. BMC public health. 2011 Sep; 11(?):700. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-700. [PMID: 21917177]
Alejandra Borjabad, Susan Morgello, Wei Chao, Seon-Young Kim, Andrew I Brooks, Jacinta Murray, Mary Jane Potash, David J Volsky. Significant effects of antiretroviral therapy on global gene expression in brain tissues of patients with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. PLoS pathogens. 2011 Sep; 7(9):e1002213. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002213. [PMID: 21909266]
Mariana Babayeva, Susan Cox, Michael P White, David R Taft. Renal excretion of apricitabine in rats: ex vivo and in vivo studies. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. 2011 Sep; 36(3):141-50. doi: 10.1007/s13318-011-0038-9. [PMID: 21744041]
Rudi Wisaksana, Rachmat Sumantri, Agnes R Indrati, Aleta Zwitser, Hadi Jusuf, Quirijn de Mast, Reinout van Crevel, Andre van der Ven. Anemia and iron homeostasis in a cohort of HIV-infected patients in Indonesia. BMC infectious diseases. 2011 Aug; 11(?):213. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-213. [PMID: 21827653]
Vicente Estrada, Paloma Geijo, Manuel Fuentes-Ferrer, María Luisa García Alcalde, María Rodrigo, María José Galindo, Agustín Muñoz, Pere Domingo, Esteve Ribera, Jaime Cosín, Pompeyo Viciana, Fernando Lozano, Alberto Terrón, Antonio Vergara, Ramón Teira, Josefa Muñoz-Sánchez, Bernardino Roca, Trinitario Sánchez, José López-Aldeguer, Elisabeth Deig, Francisco Vidal, Enric Pedrol, Manuel Castaño-Carracedo, Teresa Puig, Myriam Garrido, Ignacio Suárez-Lozano. Dyslipidaemia in HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy. Analysis of 922 patients from the Spanish VACH cohort. BMC women's health. 2011 Aug; 11(?):36. doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-11-36. [PMID: 21816091]
Cristina Maderuelo, Aránzazu Zarzuelo, José M Lanao. Optimization of release kinetics from sustained-release formulations using model-independent pharmacokinetic simulation. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2011 Aug; 100(8):3260-3267. doi: 10.1002/jps.22565. [PMID: 21484806]
Laurence Ahoua, Gunar Guenther, Christine Rouzioux, Loretxu Pinoges, Paul Anguzu, Anne-Marie Taburet, Suna Balkan, David M Olson, Charles Olaro, Mar Pujades-Rodríguez. Immunovirological response to combined antiretroviral therapy and drug resistance patterns in children: 1- and 2-year outcomes in rural Uganda. BMC pediatrics. 2011 Jul; 11(?):67. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-67. [PMID: 21791095]
B Prabhakar, Asima Banu, H B Pavithra, P Chandrashekhara, Suresh Sasthri. Immunological failure despite virological suppression in HIV seropositive individuals on antiretroviral therapy. Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. 2011 Jul; 32(2):94-8. doi: 10.4103/0253-7184.85412. [PMID: 22021970]
Anoumou Y Dagnra, Nicole Vidal, Akovi Mensah, Akouda Patassi, Komi Aho, Mounerou Salou, Marjorie Monleau, Mireille Prince-David, Assétina Singo, Palokinam Pitche, Eric Delaporte, Martine Peeters. High prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in Lomé, Togo. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2011 Jun; 14(?):30. doi: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-30. [PMID: 21663632]
Alessandro Schipani, Christoph Wyen, Tabitha Mahungu, Heidy Hendra, Deirdre Egan, Marco Siccardi, Gerry Davies, Saye Khoo, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael Youle, Jürgen Rockstroh, Norbert H Brockmeyer, Margaret A Johnson, Andrew Owen, David J Back. Integration of population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics: an aid to optimal nevirapine dose selection in HIV-infected individuals. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2011 Jun; 66(6):1332-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr087. [PMID: 21441248]
Adrian Curran, Esteban Ribera. From old to new nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: changes in body fat composition, metabolic parameters and mitochondrial toxicity after the switch from thymidine analogs to tenofovir or abacavir. Expert opinion on drug safety. 2011 May; 10(3):389-406. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2011.542145. [PMID: 21235431]
Weerawat Manosuthi, Aroon Lueangniyomkul, Wiroj Mankatitham, Sukanya Chimsuntorn, Preecha Tantanathip, Supeda Thongyen, Busakorn Suntisuklappon, Samruay Nilkamhang, Somnuek Sungkanuparph. Metabolic benefits of switching to tenofovir/lamivudine after long-term use of stavudine/lamivudine in NNRTI-based antiretroviral regimens: a prospective study. The Journal of infection. 2011 May; 62(5):406-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.02.012. [PMID: 21382413]
Jessica Fogel, Qing Li, Taha E Taha, Donald R Hoover, Newton I Kumwenda, Lynne M Mofenson, Johnstone J Kumwenda, Mary Glenn Fowler, Michael C Thigpen, Susan H Eshleman. Initiation of antiretroviral treatment in women after delivery can induce multiclass drug resistance in breastfeeding HIV-infected infants. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2011 Apr; 52(8):1069-76. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir008. [PMID: 21460326]
John R Koethe, Meridith Blevins, Christopher Nyirenda, Edmond K Kabagambe, Bryan E Shepherd, C William Wester, Isaac Zulu, Janelle M Chiasera, Lloyd B Mulenga, Albert Mwango, Douglas C Heimburger. Nutrition and inflammation serum biomarkers are associated with 12-week mortality among malnourished adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in Zambia. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2011 Apr; 14(?):19. doi: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-19. [PMID: 21477359]
R Shegokar, K K Singh. Stavudine entrapped lipid nanoparticles for targeting lymphatic HIV reservoirs. Die Pharmazie. 2011 Apr; 66(4):264-71. doi: ". [PMID: 21612153]