Classification Term: 3750
Hexoses (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0001498)
Monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity." []
found 86 associated metabolites at family metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Monosaccharides
Child Taxonomies: Glucosinolates, Hexose phosphates, Gluconolactones, Desulfoglucosinolates
Glucosamine
Glucosamine (C6H13NO5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of two polysaccharides, chitosan and chitin. Glucosamine is one of the most abundant monosaccharides. Produced commercially by the hydrolysis of shellfish exoskeletons or, less commonly, by fermentation of a grain such as corn or wheat, glucosamine has many names depending on country. Although a common dietary supplement, there is little evidence that it is effective for relief of arthritis or pain, and is not an approved prescription drug. In the United States, glucosamine is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for medical use in humans. Since glucosamine is classified as a dietary supplement, evidence of safety and efficacy is not required as long as it is not advertised as a treatment for a medical condition. Nevertheless, glucosamine is a popular alternative medicine used by consumers for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is also extensively used in veterinary medicine as an unregulated but widely accepted supplement. Treatment with oral glucosamine is commonly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis. However, there is little evidence that any clinical effect of glucosamine works this way. Its use as a therapy for osteoarthritis appears safe but there is conflicting evidence as to its effectiveness. Glucosamine is naturally present in the shells of shellfish, animal bones, bone marrow, and fungi. D-Glucosamine is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all nitrogen-containing sugars. Specifically in humans, glucosamine-6-phosphate is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate and glutamine by glutamine—fructose-6-phosphate transaminase as the first step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. The end-product of this pathway is uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), which is then used for making glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycolipids. As the formation of glucosamine-6-phosphate is the first step for the synthesis of these products, glucosamine may be important in regulating their production; however, the way that the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway is actually regulated, and whether this could be involved in contributing to human disease remains unclear. Present in mucopolysaccharides and in polysaccharides found in bacteria, fungi, higher plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, antibiotics and UDP complexes. Obt. comly. by hydrol. of seashells [CCD] M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID G051 Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes[1]. Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes[1]. Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes[1].
Glucose
Glucose, also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moiety. Glucose contains an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In aqueous solution, both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is predominant. Glucose is a neutral, hydrophilic molecule that readily dissolves in water. It exists as a white crystalline powder. Glucose is the primary source of energy for almost all living organisms. As such, it is the most abundant monosaccharide and the most widely used aldohexose in living organisms. When not circulating freely in blood (in animals) or resin (in plants), glucose is stored as a polymer. In plants it is mainly stored as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose is produced by plants through the photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide where it is used as an energy and a carbon source Glucose is particularly abundant in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. Foods that are particularly rich in glucose are honey, agave, molasses, apples (2g/100g), grapes (8g/100g), oranges (8.5g/100g), jackfruit, dried apricots, dates (32 g/100g), bananas (5.8 g/100g), grape juice, sweet corn, Glucose is about 75\\\\% as sweet as sucrose and about 50\\\\% as sweet as fructose. Sweetness is detected through the binding of sugars to the T1R3 and T1R2 proteins, to form a G-protein coupled receptor that is the sweetness receptor in mammals. Glucose was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf. It was discovered in grapes by Johann Tobias Lowitz in 1792 and recognized as different from cane sugar (sucrose). Industrially, glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and in the production of glucose-containing foods. In foods, it is used as a sweetener, humectant, to increase the volume and to create a softer mouthfeel. Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of alcoholic beverages. Glucose is found in many plants as glucosides. A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolyzed by purely chemical means or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. Glucose can be obtained by the hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (lactose), cane sugar (sucrose), maltose, cellulose, and glycogen. Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of oligosaccharides such as raffinose and of polysaccharides such as starch and amylopectin, glycogen or cellulose. For most animals, while glucose is normally obtained from the diet, it can also be generated via gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate, glycerol (which is a part of the triacylglycerol molecule), alanine and glutamine. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CA - Tests for diabetes V - Various > V06 - General nutrients > V06D - Other nutrients > V06DC - Carbohydrates COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 226 KEIO_ID G002 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.
Glycoprotein-phospho-D-mannose
Glycoprotein-phospho-D-mannose, also known as (2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal or Mannose homopolymer, is classified as a member of the Hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. Glycoprotein-phospho-D-mannose is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic
Rhamnose
Rhamnose (Rham) is a naturally occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose occurs in nature in its L-form as L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose). This is unusual, since most of the naturally occurring sugars are in D-form. Rhamnose is commonly bound to other sugars in nature. It is a common glycone component of glycosides from many plants. Rhamnose is also a component of the outer cell membrane of certain bacteria. L-rhamnose is metabolized to L-Lactaldehyde, which is a branching point in the metabolic pathway of L-fucose and L-rhamnose utilization. It exists in two anomeric forms, alpha-L-rhamnose and beta-L-rhamnose. Rhamnose has been found in Klebsiella, Pseudomonas (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00369505) (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejlt.200300816). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].
N-Acetyl-b-glucosaminylamine
N-Acetyl-b-glucosaminylamine is the product of a reaction catalyzed vy the enzyme N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase [EC 3.5.1.26, Aspartylglucosaminidase, AGA]. AGA is a key enzyme in the catabolism of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. It cleaves the asparagine from the residual N-acetylglucosamines as one of the final steps in the lysosomal breakdown of glycoproteins. Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is a lysosomal disease caused by deficiency of N-aspartyl-beta-glucosaminidase. AGU is the only known lysosomal storage disease caused by an amidase deficiency. (OMIM208400).
Palmityl-CoA
Palmityl-CoA is a fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. [HMDB] COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
N-Sulfo-D-glucosamine
N-Sulfo-D-glucosamine is a structurally altered form of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (a polysaccharide found in animal tissues) by heparan sulfate N-deacetylase /N-sulfotransferase enzymes. No human references found [HMDB]
3-Keto-b-D-galactose
3-Keto-b-D-galactose is an intermediate in Galactose metabolism, N-Glycan degradation, Glycosaminoglycan degradation, glycerolipid metabolism, Sphingolipid metabolism, Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - ganglioseries and Glycan structures - degradation through the enzyme galactosidase, beta 1 [EC:3.2.1.23], and an intermediate of Fructose and mannose metabolism, Galactose metabolism, Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, Bile acid biosynthesis, Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, Lysine degradation, Bisphenol A degradation, Nucleotide sugars metabolism, Linoleic acid metabolism, Tetrachloroethene degradation, and Butanoate metabolism through th enzyme retinol dehydrogenase 13 (all-trans/9-cis) [EC:1.1.1.-] (KEGG). 3-keto-β-d-galactose, also known as 3-dehydro-β-D-galactose, is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. 3-keto-β-d-galactose is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-keto-β-d-galactose can be found in a number of food items such as pecan nut, common wheat, nopal, and grass pea, which makes 3-keto-β-d-galactose a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Streptozocin
Streptozocin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.It is an antibiotic that is produced by Stretomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals. [PubChem]Although its mechanism of action is not completely clear, streptozocin is known to inhibit DNA synthesis, interfere with biochemical reactions of NAD and NADH, and inhibit some enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis. Its activity appears to occur as a result of formation of methylcarbonium ions, which alkylate or bind with many intracellular molecular structures including nucleic acids. Its cytotoxic action is probably due to cross-linking of strands of DNA, resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01A - Alkylating agents > L01AD - Nitrosoureas D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Tuliposide A
Tuliposide a is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. Tuliposide a is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Tuliposide a can be found in garden onion, which makes tuliposide a a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Tuliposide B
Tuliposide b is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. Tuliposide b is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Tuliposide b can be found in garden onion, which makes tuliposide b a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
D-Arabino-hexos-2-ulose
D-Arabino-hexos-2-ulose is formed during sterilisation of foods by irradiation
D-Glucose
Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group. It is referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In aqueous solution, both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is predominant. Glucose is a primary source of energy for all living organisms. It is a fundamental metabolite found in all organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Most of the world’s glucose is made by plants and algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, where it is used to make cellulose (and other polymeric forms of glucose called polysaccharides) that stabilize plant cell walls. Glucose is also found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals, glucose can be generated from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. Glucose can also be synthesized de novo in animals. In particular it can be synthesized in the liver and kidneys from non-carbohydrate intermediates, such as pyruvate and glycerol, by a process known as gluconeogenesis. Humans also consume large amounts of glucose as part of their regular diet. Ingested glucose initially binds to the receptor for sweet taste on the tongue in humans. This complex of the proteins T1R2 and T1R3 makes it possible to identify glucose-containing food sources. Glucose in the body mainly comes from food - about 300 g per day for the average adult. In humans, the breakdown of glucose-containing polysaccharides happens partly during chewing by means of the enzyme known as amylase, which is contained in saliva, as well as by other enzymes such as maltase, lactase and sucrase on the brush border of the small intestine. The blood sugar content of a healthy person in the short-time fasting state, e.g. after overnight fasting, is about 70 to 100 mg/dL of blood (4 to 5.5 mM). In blood plasma, the measured values are about 10–15\\\\% higher. Dysregulated metabolism of glucose can lead to a number of diseases including diabetes. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body is unable to regulate levels of glucose in the blood either because of a lack of insulin in the body or the failure, by cells in the body, to respond properly to insulin. Each of these situations can be caused by persistently high elevations of blood glucose levels, through pancreatic burnout and insulin resistance. A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.
Glucose
D-Galactose (CAS: 59-23-4) is an aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. D-Galactose is an energy-providing nutrient and also a necessary basic substrate for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in the body. Metabolic pathways for D-galactose are important not only for the provision of these pathways but also for the prevention of D-galactose metabolite accumulation. The main source of D-galactose is lactose in the milk of mammals, but it can also be found in some fruits and vegetables. Utilization of D-galactose in all living cells is initiated by the phosphorylation of the hexose by the enzyme galactokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.6) (GALK) to form D-galactose-1-phosphate. In the presence of D-galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12) (GALT) D-galactose-1-phosphate is exchanged with glucose-1-phosphate in UDP-glucose to form UDP-galactose. Glucose-1-phosphate will then enter the glycolytic pathway for energy production. Deficiency of the enzyme GALT in galactosemic patients leads to the accumulation of D-galactose-1-phosphate. Classic galactosemia, a term that denotes the presence of D-galactose in the blood, is the rare inborn error of D-galactose metabolism, diagnosed by the deficiency of the second enzyme of the D-galactose assimilation pathway, GALT, which, in turn, is caused by mutations at the GALT gene (PMID: 15256214, 11020650, 10408771). Galactose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of milk. Alpha-D-Pyranose-form of the compound Galactose [CCD]. alpha-D-Galactose is found in many foods, some of which are kelp, fig, spelt, and rape. Galactose. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-23-4 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 59-23-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
D-Mannose
D-Mannose (also called Mannose or D-mannopyranose) is a hexose or a six-carbon sugar. It is also classified as an aldohexose. It is fermentable monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose. Mannose commonly exists as two different-sized rings, the pyranose (six-membered) form and the furanose (five-membered) form. Formally, D-Mannose is the 2-epimer of glucose and exists primarily as sweet-tasting alpha- (67\\\\%) or as a bitter-tasting beta- (33\\\\%) anomer of the pyranose form (PMID: 24931670). Mannose is not an essential nutrient, meaning that it can be produced in the human body from glucose or converted into glucose. Mannose is ~5x as active as glucose in non-enzyamtic glycation, which may explain why evolution did not favor it as a biological energy source (PMID: 24931670). Mannose occurs in microbes, plants and animals. Free mannose is found in small amounts in many fruits such as oranges, apples and peaches and in mammalian plasma at 50–100 uM (PMID: 24931670). More often, mannose occurs in homo-or hetero-polymers such as yeast mannans (alpha-mannose) where it can account for nearly 16\\\\% of dry weight or in galactomannans. Coffee beans, fenugreek and guar gums are rich sources of galactomannans. However, these plant polysaccharides are not degraded in the mammalian GI tract and, therefore, provide very little bio-available mannose for glycan synthesis. The digestion of many polysaccharides and glycoproteins also yields mannose. Once mannose is released, it is phosphorylated by hexokinase to generate mannose-6-phosphate. Mannose-6-phosphate is then converted to fructose-6-phosphate, by the enzyme phosphomannose isomerase, whereupon it enters the glycolytic pathway or is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by the gluconeogenic pathway. Mannose is a dominant monosaccharide in N-linked glycosylation, which is a post-translational modification of proteins. N-linked glycosylation is initiated by the transfer of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 to nascent glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum in a co-translational manner as the protein enters the transport system. Typically, mature human glycoproteins only contain three mannose residues buried under sequential modification by GlcNAc, galactose, and sialic acid. High-mannose-type oligosaccharides have been shown to play important roles in protein quality control. Several intracellular proteins such as lectins, chaperones, and glycan-processing enzymes, are involved in this process. These include calnexin/calreticulin, UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT), cargo receptors (such as VIP36 and ERGIC-53), mannosidase-like proteins (e.g. EDEM and Htm1p) and ubiquitin ligase (Fbs). They are thought to recognize high-mannose-type glycans with subtly different structures. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an important constituent of the innate immune system. This protein binds through multiple lectin domains to the repeating sugar arrays that decorate many microbial surfaces and is then able to activate the complement system through a specific protease called MBL-associated protease-2. Mannose (D-mannose) is used as a nutritional supplement, packaged as "D-mannose", to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections (PMID: 21105658). D-mannose prevents FimH-mediated bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract through a competitive inhibition mechanism. This mechanism is based on the structural similarity between D-mannose and urothelial mannosylated receptors exposed by the epithelium of the urinary tract (PMID: 21105658). When D-mannose is administered in sufficient amounts, it is rapidly absorbed and then excreted by the urinary tract where it saturates bacterial FimH, thereby preventing bacterial binding to urothelial cells. Occurs in trace amounts in apples and peaches. obtained from the hydrolysates of D-mannans of the corms of Amorphophallus konjac (devils tongue). D-Mannose is found in many foods, some of which are carob, arabica coffee, fenugreek, and mung bean. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014688 - Venoms COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS D-Mannose is a carbohydrate, which plays an important role in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of specific proteins. D-Mannose is a carbohydrate, which plays an important role in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of specific proteins.
L-Fucose
Fucose (CAS: 2438-80-4) is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. L-Fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose) is a monosaccharide that is a common component of many N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipids produced by mammalian cells. It is the fundamental subunit of the fucoidan polysaccharide. As a free sugar, L-fucose is normally found at very low levels in mammals. It is unique in that it is the only levorotatory sugar synthesized and utilized by mammals. Fucose polymers are synthesized by fucosyltransferases. All fucosyltransferases utilize a nucleotide-activated form of fucose, GDP-fucose, as a fucose donor in the construction of fucosylated oligosaccharides. The ABO blood group antigens are among the most well known fucosylated glycans. The alpha-1->3 linked core fucose is a suspected carbohydrate antigen for IgE-mediated allergy. Two structural features distinguish fucose from other six-carbon sugars present in mammals: the lack of a hydroxyl group on the carbon at the 6-position (C-6) and the L-configuration. In fucose-containing glycan structures, fucosylated glycans, fucose can exist as a terminal modification or serve as an attachment point for adding other sugars. Fucose is metabolized by an enzyme called alpha-fucosidase. Fucose is secreted in urine when the liver is damaged. Free L-fucose in serum and urine can be used as a marker for cancer, cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease and gastric ulcers (PMID: 2311216, 8488966). Elevated levels of serum fucose have been reported in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. It has been shown that feeding rats a diet high in L-fucose induces neuropathy similar to that seen in diabetics. A constituent of the polysaccharides obtained from gum tragacanthand is) also found in glycoproteins obtained from milk (-)-Fucose is classified as a member of the hexoses, plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and host-microbe interactions. (-)-Fucose is classified as a member of the hexoses, plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and host-microbe interactions. (-)-Fucose is classified as a member of the hexoses, plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and host-microbe interactions. (-)-Fucose is classified as a member of the hexoses, plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and host-microbe interactions.
Allose
Allose is an aldohexose sugar. Allose is a C-3 epimer of glucose. D-allose is a rare sugar found in nature and, because of its very limited amount and of the high cost associated with its synthesis, its physiological functions remain virtually unknown (PMID 16080505). It is believed to have inhibitory effect on cancer cell proliferation (PMID 16142305), protective effects against ischemia reperfusion injury (PMID 14605979, 16716947), immunosuppressant on allogenic orthotopic liver transplantation (PMID 11120048), neuroprotective effects against retinal ischemia (PMID 16565406), suppress development of salt-induced hypertension (PMID 16148613) and an inhibitory effect on human ovarian carcinoma cells (PMID 16080505). It is a rare monosaccharide that has been isolated from the leaves of the African shrub Protea rubropilosa. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol. D-allose is a rare sugar found in nature and, because of its very limited amount and of the high cost associated with its synthesis, its physiological functions remain virtually unknown (PMID 16080505). D-Allose is an endogenous metabolite. D-Allose is an endogenous metabolite.
beta-D-Fucose
beta-D-Fucose, also known as 6-deoxy-beta-D-galactose, is a hexose deoxy sugar. beta-D-Fucose is hydrolyzed by Triton X beta-glucosidase. It is Hexose sugar. Beta-D-fucose is hydrolyzed by Triton X beta- glucosidase. [HMDB]
alpha-D-Glucose
alpha-D-Glucose, also known as alpha-dextrose or alpha-D-GLC, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. alpha-D-Glucose exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, alpha-D-Glucose has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as lemon grass, sourdoughs, mixed nuts, sweet rowanberries, and ginsengs. This could make alpha-D-glucose a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. D-Glucopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.
beta-D-Galactose
Galactose is an optical isomer of glucose. An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl-transferase deficiency disease) causes an error in galactose metabolism called galactosemia, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. Galactose (Gal) (also called brain sugar) is a type of sugar found in dairy products, in sugar beets and other gums and mucilages. It is also synthesized by the body, where it forms part of glycolipids and glycoproteins in several tissues. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy. Galactose is less sweet than glucose and not very water-soluble. Galactose is a monosaccharide constituent, together with glucose, of the disaccharide lactose. The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase, a lactase. In the human body, glucose is changed into galactose in order to enable the mammary glands to secrete lactose. Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose. It is found in hemicellulose and can be converted to galactose by hydrolysis. Galactose is an aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl-transferase deficiency disease) causes an error in galactose metabolism called galactosemia, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
L-Gulose
Gulose is an aldohexose sugar and a C-3 epimer of galactose. It is an unnatural monosaccharide that exists as a syrup with a sweet taste. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol. Both the D- and L-forms are not fermentable by yeast. L-gulose is an L-hexose sugar and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-Ascorbate (vitamin C). It can be oxidized to L-guluno-1-4-lactone and it is also produced by the hydrolysis of L-gulose-1-P. Vitamic C is an important antioxidant and an enzyme cofactor. Higher plants and higher animals (but not humans) can synthesize ascorbate. Plants provide the major dietary vitamin C source for humans. The plant ascorbate biosynthesis pathways have only been recently proposed and they differ from what was found in mammals. Gulose has been found to be a metabolite of Ketogulonicigenium (PMID: 15785002). Gulose is an aldohexose sugar and a C-3 epimer of galactose. It is an unnatural monosaccharide that exists as a syrup with a sweet taste. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol. Both the D- and L-forms are not fermentable by yeast. L-gulose is an L-hexose sugar and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-Ascorbate (vitamin C). It can be oxidized to L-guluno-1-4-lactone and it is also produced by the hydrolysis of L-gulose-1-P. Vitamic C is an important antioxidant and an enzyme cofactor. Higher plants and higher animals (but not humans) can synthesize ascorbate. Plants provide the major dietary vitamin C source for humans. The plant ascorbate biosynthesis pathways have only been recently proposed and they differ from what was found in mammals. [HMDB]
2-Deoxygalactopyranose
2-Deoxygalactopyranose is an optical isomer of 2-deoxyglucose, which has the 2-hydroxyl group replaced by hydrogen. 2-deoxygalactose inhibits galactose uptake and oxidation in galactose-grown cells. Similar to galactose,. 2-deoxyglucose, and D-fucose, 2-deoxygalactose induces uptake of H+ when the sugar is added to anaerobic wild-type cells that contain the galactose transport system, whereas the maximal rate of uptake is one-half to one-third of that of galactose. 2-Deoxygalactose is a specific substrate of the galactose permease. None of the other galactose transport systems, including methyl beta-D-thiogalactosides I and II, the beta-methyl-galactoside permease, and both arabinose systems, is able to catalyze transport of 2-deoxygalactose to a significant extent. 2-Deoxygalactose can also be used to isolate mutants defective in galactose permease, since it is bacteriostatic. 2-Deoxygalactopyranose is an optical isomer of 2-deoxyglucose, which has the 2-hydroxyl group replaced by hydrogen. 2-deoxygalactose inhibits galactose uptake and oxidation in galactose-grown cells. Similar to galactose,
D-Fucose
D-Fucose (CAS: 4164-09-4) is a hexose deoxy sugar. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a six-carbon containing moiety. D-Fucose is considered to be soluble (in water) and a very weak acidic compound. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D-(+)-Fucose is a nonmetabolizable analogue of l-arabinose. D-(+)-Fucose prevents growth of Escherichia coli B/r on a mineral salts medium plus l-arabinose by inhibiting induction of the l-arabinose operon[1]. D-fucose is a potent inducer of beta-methylgalactoside permease (MGP)[2].
beta-D-Glucosamine
Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other arthropods, cell walls in fungi and many higher organisms. In the US it is one of the most common non-vitamin, non-mineral, dietary supplements used by adults. beta-D-Glucosamine is found in common bean, yellow wax bean, and green bean. beta-D-Glucosamine is found in common bean. Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other arthropods, cell walls in fungi and many higher organisms. In the US it is one of the most common non-vitamin, non-mineral, dietary supplements used by adults. (Wikipedia
L-Galactose
L-Galactose (CAS: 15572-79-9) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a six-carbon containing moiety. L-Galactose is found in flaxseed. L-Galactose occurs in the polymer agar-agar. Galactose is an optical isomer of glucose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins.
Glucosamine 6-sulfate
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the bodys tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239) [HMDB] Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the bodys tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, also known as 2-acetamido-2-Deoxy-D-glucose or D-GlcNAc, is classified as a member of the Hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. Aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. Aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is a drug which is used for the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis, by itself or in combination with chondroitin sulfate
Momordicoside G
Momordicoside F1 is found in bitter gourd. Momordicoside F1 is a constituent of Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
2-O-Methyl-L-fucose
2-O-Methyl-L-fucose (CAS: 34299-00-8) is found in fruits. 2-O-Methyl-L-fucose is present in plant polysaccharides, e.g. of Prunus domestica (plum). Present in plant polysaccharides, e.g. of Prunus domestica (plum). 2-O-Methyl-L-fucose is found in fruits.
1-Deoxy-D-glucitol
1-Deoxy-D-glucitol is found in herbs and spices. 1-Deoxy-D-glucitol is a constituent of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). Constituent of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel). 1-Deoxy-D-glucitol is found in herbs and spices.
2-O-Benzoyl-D-glucose
2-O-Benzoyl-D-glucose is found in fruits. 2-O-Benzoyl-D-glucose is a constituent of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (cowberry) and Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) Constituent of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (cowberry) and Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry). 2-O-Benzoyl-D-glucose is found in fruits.
Glucosyl 6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2E,7-octadienoate
Glucosyl 6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2E,7-octadienoate is found in alcoholic beverages. Glucosyl 6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2E,7-octadienoate is present in Riesling win Present in Riesling wine. Glucosyl 6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2E,7-octadienoate is found in alcoholic beverages.
Glucosyl (E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-heptadienoate
Glucosyl (E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-heptadienoate is found in fruits. Glucosyl (E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-heptadienoate is a constituent of Passiflora quadrangularis (giant grandilla) Constituent of Passiflora quadrangularis (giant grandilla). Glucosyl (E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-heptadienoate is found in fruits.
(E)-2-O-Cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose
(E)-2-O-Cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose is found in green vegetables. (E)-2-O-Cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose is a constituent of commercial rhubarb, Rheum sp Constituent of commercial rhubarb, Rheum species (E)-2-O-Cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose is found in green vegetables.
beta-D-Glucopyranosyl anthranilate
beta-D-Glucopyranosyl anthranilate is found in fruits. beta-D-Glucopyranosyl anthranilate is a constituent of the fruit of pi~nuela Bromelia plumieri.
Moringyne
Moringyne is found in fats and oils. Moringyne is a constituent of the seeds of Moringa oleifera (horseradish tree)
alpha-Santalyl acetate
The free sugar has been detected in some fruits. Polysaccharides agar, gum arabic, mesquite gum, western larch gum and many plant mucilages and gums contain galactose Mixtures with b-santalyl acetate are used as flavouring ingredients.
beta-L-Fucose
beta-L-Fucose, also known as 6-deoxy-beta-L-galactose, is a hexose deoxy sugar. beta-L-Fucose is a substrate for fucose mutarotase.
Meglumine
Meglumine, also known as megluminum or methylglucamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. Meglumine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).
(2R,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal
β-d-galactose is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. β-d-galactose is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). β-d-galactose can be found in a number of food items such as other cereal product, almond, sea-buckthornberry, and pepper (capsicum), which makes β-d-galactose a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Galactose (galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 30\\% as sweet as sucrose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose .
(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-Sulfanyl-Oxane-3,4,5-Triol
N-((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl)acetamide
L-Chlorozotocin
C9H16ClN3O7 (313.06767360000003)
D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
[[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-Acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]amino] N-phenylcarbamate
C15H21N3O7 (355.13794359999997)
(6S,7R)-3-[(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-7-[[2-(tetrazol-1-yl)acetyl]amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
C14H14N8O4S3 (454.03001240000003)
Phenobarbital N-glucoside
C18H22N2O9 (410.13252420000003)
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl] 3-hydroxybutanoate
D-Glucose, 2-deoxy-2-[[(methylnitrosoamino)carbonyl]amino]-
D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
N-Methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate
D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents > D007502 - Iron Chelating Agents
N-(2,6-Difluorophenyl)-2-oxoglycyl-N-((1S)-1-(carboxymethyl)-2-oxo-3-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenoxy)propyl)-L-alaninamide
C22H17F6N3O7 (549.0970643999999)
Volixibat
C38H51N3O12S2 (805.2914006000001)
4-Hydroxybenzoyl glucose
4-hydroxybenzoyl glucose, also known as 1-O-P-hydroxybenzoyl-β-D-glucose, is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. 4-hydroxybenzoyl glucose is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-hydroxybenzoyl glucose can be found in common thyme, which makes 4-hydroxybenzoyl glucose a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium salt
It is used as a food additive .
Invert sugar
Inverted or invert sugar syrup is a mixture of glucose and fructose; it is obtained by splitting sucrose into these two components. Compared with its precursor, sucrose, inverted sugar is sweeter and its products tend to remain more moist and are less prone to crystallisation. Inverted sugar is therefore valued by bakers, who refer to the syrup as trimoline or invert syrup. Invert sugar is found in fig and black elderberry. C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05B - Antivaricose therapy > C05BB - Sclerosing agents for local injection D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials > D002326 - Cariogenic Agents D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents
Grifola frandosa Lectin
Isolated from fruiting bodies of Grifola frondosa (maitake). N-Acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin. Grifola frandosa Lectin is found in mushrooms.
Croscarmellose
Food additive. Stabiliser, thickener, moisture control agent, emulsifier. Indirect additive arising by migration from cotton fabrics used in food packaging. Croscarmellose sodium also resolves formulators concerns over long-term functional stability, reduced effectiveness at high tablet hardness levels, and similar problems associated with other products developed to enhance drug dissolution. Croscarmellose sodium is a very commonly used pharmaceutical additive approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Its purpose in most tablets - including dietary supplements - is to assist the tablet in disintegrating in the intestinal tract at the required location. If a tablet disintegrating agent is not included, the tablet could disintegrate too slowly, or in the wrong part of the intestine or not at all, thereby reducing the efficacy of the active ingredients.; Croscarmellose sodium is an internally cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose for use as a disintegrant in pharmaceutical formulations. Food additive. Stabiliser, thickener, moisture control agent, emulsifier. Indirect additive arising by migration from cotton fabrics used in food packaging
