Butorphanol (BioDeep_00000001917)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00001868105

human metabolite blood metabolite Chemicals and Drugs


代谢物信息卡片


(1S,9R,10S)-17-(cyclobutylmethyl)-17-azatetracyclo[7.5.3.0^{1,10}.0^{2,7}]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-triene-4,10-diol

化学式: C21H29NO2 (327.2198)
中文名称: 布托啡诺
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 15.35%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C1CCC2(C3CC4=C(C2(C1)CCN3CC5CCC5)C=C(C=C4)O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C21H29NO2/c23-17-7-6-16-12-19-21(24)9-2-1-8-20(21,18(16)13-17)10-11-22(19)14-15-4-3-5-15/h6-7,13,15,19,23-24H,1-5,8-12,14H2/t19-,20+,21+/m0/s1

描述信息

Butorphanol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but is believed to interact with an opiate receptor site in the CNS (probably in or associated with the limbic system). The opiate antagonistic effect may result from competitive inhibition at the opiate receptor, but may also be a result of other mechanisms. Butorphanol is a mixed agonist-antagonist that exerts antagonistic or partially antagonistic effects at mu opiate receptor sites, but is thought to exert its agonistic effects principally at the kappa and sigma opiate receptors.
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids
N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AF - Morphinan derivatives
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D009292 - Narcotic Antagonists
D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics

同义名列表

23 个代谢物同义名

(1R,9S,10S)-17-(cyclobutylmethyl)-17-azatetracyclo[7.5.3.01,10.02,7]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-triene-4,10-diol; (1S,9R,10S)-17-(cyclobutylmethyl)-17-azatetracyclo[7.5.3.0¹,¹⁰.0²,⁷]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-triene-4,10-diol; Bristol-myers squibb brand OF butorphanol tartrate; 17-(Cyclobutylmethyl)morphinan-3,14-diol; Fort dodge brand OF butorphanol tartrate; Intervet brand OF butorphanol tartrate; Cephalon brand OF butorphanol tartrate; Apotex brand OF butorphanol tartrate; Geneva brand OF butorphanol tartrate; Butorphanol tartrate; Apo-butorphanol; butorphanol; Butorfanol; Torbugesic; Stadol NS; Moradol; Dolorex; Beforal; Stadol; (1S,9R,10S)-17-(cyclobutylmethyl)-17-azatetracyclo[7.5.3.0^{1,10}.0^{2,7}]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-triene-4,10-diol; Butorphanolum; Butorphanol; Butorphanol



数据库引用编号

19 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

1 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。

亚细胞结构定位 关联基因列表
Cytoplasm 8 AIMP2, ALB, CASP3, COMMD3, MAPK8, PKN1, POMC, PRKX
Peripheral membrane protein 1 PKN1
Nucleus 9 AIMP2, ALB, CASP3, COMMD3, FOS, MAPK8, MPO, PKN1, PRKX
cytosol 8 AIMP2, ALB, CASP3, FOS, GPT, MAPK8, PKN1, PRKCQ
dendrite 1 OPRM1
centrosome 1 ALB
nucleoplasm 6 CASP3, FOS, MAPK8, MPO, PKN1, PRKX
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex 1 FOS
Cell membrane 5 OPRD1, OPRL1, OPRM1, PKN1, TNF
Cleavage furrow 1 PKN1
Cell projection, axon 1 OPRM1
Multi-pass membrane protein 3 OPRD1, OPRL1, OPRM1
Synapse 2 MAPK8, OPRM1
cell surface 1 TNF
glutamatergic synapse 1 CASP3
Golgi apparatus 3 ALB, NPY, OPRM1
Golgi membrane 1 INS
neuronal cell body 2 CASP3, TNF
presynaptic membrane 1 OPRD1
Cytoplasm, cytosol 1 AIMP2
Lysosome 1 MPO
endosome 2 OPRM1, PKN1
plasma membrane 5 OPRD1, OPRL1, OPRM1, PRKCQ, TNF
synaptic vesicle membrane 1 OPRD1
Membrane 3 AIMP2, OPRD1, OPRM1
axon 3 CCK, MAPK8, OPRM1
extracellular exosome 3 ALB, GPT, MPO
endoplasmic reticulum 3 ALB, FOS, OPRM1
extracellular space 8 ALB, CCK, IL6, INS, MPO, NPY, POMC, TNF
protein-containing complex 2 ALB, PKN1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle 1 MPO
postsynaptic density 1 CASP3
Secreted 6 ALB, CCK, IL6, INS, NPY, POMC
extracellular region 9 ALB, CCK, COMMD3, IL6, INS, MPO, NPY, POMC, TNF
anchoring junction 1 ALB
centriolar satellite 1 PRKCQ
external side of plasma membrane 1 TNF
perikaryon 1 OPRM1
cytoplasmic vesicle 1 OPRL1
midbody 1 PKN1
recycling endosome 1 TNF
Single-pass type II membrane protein 1 TNF
Membrane raft 1 TNF
GABA-ergic synapse 1 NPY
secretory granule 2 MPO, POMC
neuron projection 3 OPRD1, OPRL1, OPRM1
ciliary basal body 1 ALB
chromatin 1 FOS
phagocytic cup 1 TNF
centriole 1 ALB
spindle pole 1 ALB
blood microparticle 1 ALB
endosome lumen 1 INS
Cell projection, dendrite 1 OPRM1
azurophil granule 1 MPO
ficolin-1-rich granule lumen 1 COMMD3
secretory granule lumen 2 INS, POMC
Golgi lumen 1 INS
endoplasmic reticulum lumen 3 ALB, IL6, INS
nuclear matrix 1 FOS
PcG protein complex 1 COMMD3
platelet alpha granule lumen 1 ALB
axon terminus 1 OPRD1
transport vesicle 1 INS
azurophil granule lumen 1 MPO
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane 1 INS
postsynaptic density membrane 1 OPRD1
immunological synapse 1 PRKCQ
neuronal dense core vesicle 2 NPY, OPRD1
aggresome 1 PRKCQ
phagocytic vesicle lumen 1 MPO
protein-DNA complex 1 FOS
basal dendrite 1 MAPK8
death-inducing signaling complex 1 CASP3
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex 1 AIMP2
dendrite membrane 1 OPRD1
transcription factor AP-1 complex 1 FOS
Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, neuronal dense core vesicle 1 NPY
[Tumor necrosis factor, soluble form]: Secreted 1 TNF
interleukin-6 receptor complex 1 IL6
[Isoform 12]: Cytoplasm 1 OPRM1
spine apparatus 1 OPRD1
ciliary transition fiber 1 ALB
[C-domain 2]: Secreted 1 TNF
[Tumor necrosis factor, membrane form]: Membrane 1 TNF
[C-domain 1]: Secreted 1 TNF


文献列表

  • Shylo R Johnson, Christine K Ellis, Chad K Wickham, Molly R Selleck, Amy T Gilbert. Comparison of Ketamine-Xylazine, Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine, and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone for Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Immobilization. Journal of wildlife diseases. 2023 Nov; ?(?):. doi: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00060. [PMID: 37924235]
  • Marta Tikhomirov, Paweł Jajor, Tomasz Śniegocki, Błażej Poźniak. Predicting the efficacy of opioid sequestration by intravenous lipid emulsion using biologically relevant in vitro models of drug distribution. Scientific reports. 2022 11; 12(1):18683. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21790-4. [PMID: 36333363]
  • Mizuho Tashiro, Atsushi Tohei. Recommended doses of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol with atipamezole for preventing hypothermia in mice. The Journal of veterinary medical science. 2022 Mar; 84(3):445-453. doi: 10.1292/jvms.21-0479. [PMID: 35135936]
  • Minna Guo, Shijiang Liu, Jian Gao, Chuanbao Han, Chun Yang, Cunming Liu. The effects of fentanyl, oxycodone, and butorphanol on gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. BMC anesthesiology. 2022 02; 22(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s12871-022-01594-9. [PMID: 35209847]
  • Bruno H Pypendop, Yael Shilo-Benjamini. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in male neutered cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021 Nov; 44(6):883-887. doi: 10.1111/jvp.13014. [PMID: 34558086]
  • E L Oberhaus, D L Thompson, L E Kerrigan, A M Chapman. Plasma prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in mares treated with detomidine and butorphanol. Domestic animal endocrinology. 2021 01; 74(?):106536. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106536. [PMID: 32871339]
  • Tanya Duke-Novakovski, Carolina Palacios Jimenez, Masako Fujiyama, Shannon G Beazley. Plasma histamine concentrations in horses administered sodium penicillin, guaifenesin-xylazine-ketamine and isoflurane with morphine or butorphanol. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia. 2021 Jan; 48(1):17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.10.003. [PMID: 33229232]
  • Qin Cai, Hanlin Gong, Mingbo Fan, Wen Chen, Lun Cai. The analgesic effect of tramadol combined with butorphanol on uterine cramping pain after repeat caesarean section: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Journal of anesthesia. 2020 12; 34(6):825-833. doi: 10.1007/s00540-020-02820-9. [PMID: 32627064]
  • Lisa L Wolfe, Travis Mays, Mark C Fisher, Michael W Miller. Tissue Residue Levels of the Tranquilizer Combination of Butorphanol, Azaperone, and Medetomidine, and the Antagonists, Naltrexone, Atipamezole, and Tolazoline, in Black Bears (Ursus americanus) Postimmobilization. Journal of wildlife diseases. 2020 10; 56(4):933-936. doi: 10.7589/jwd-d-19-00012. [PMID: 32348204]
  • Jiafu Ji, Wenzhen Lin, Amey Vrudhula, Jin Xi, Alexei Yeliseev, John R Grothusen, Weiming Bu, Renyu Liu. Molecular Interaction Between Butorphanol and κ-Opioid Receptor. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2020 09; 131(3):935-942. doi: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005017. [PMID: 32701545]
  • Stuart W Paine, Jane Bright, James P Scarth, Pamela R Hincks, Clive M Pearce, Colette Hannan, Marc Machnik, Lynn Hillyer. The intravenous pharmacokinetics of butorphanol and detomidine dosed in combination compared with individual dose administrations to exercised horses. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020 Mar; 43(2):162-170. doi: 10.1111/jvp.12838. [PMID: 32012314]
  • H Wang, J-L Wang, H-W Ren, W-F He, M Sun. Butorphanol protects on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through MAPK signaling pathway. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2019 Dec; 23(23):10541-10548. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201912_19695. [PMID: 31841210]
  • Naomi E Crabtree, Cathleen A Mochal-King, Pearce B Sloan, Alison L Eddy, Robert W Wills, Ashley N Meredith, Robin L Fontenot. Synovial butorphanol concentrations and mechanical nociceptive thresholds after intravenous regional limb perfusion in standing sedated horses. Veterinary surgery : VS. 2019 Nov; 48(8):1473-1482. doi: 10.1111/vsu.13309. [PMID: 31513300]
  • J Meng, S-J Jiang, D Jiang, Y Zhao. Butorphanol attenuates inflammation via targeting NF-κB in septic rats with brain injury. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2019 Aug; 23(3 Suppl):161-170. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201908_18643. [PMID: 31389587]
  • Daisy J X Liu, Myriam Hesta, Emmelie Stock, Evelien Bogaerts, Bart J G Broeckx, Jimmy H Saunders, Katrien Vanderperren. Renal perfusion parameters measured by contrast-enhanced ultrasound in healthy dogs demonstrate a wide range of variability in the long-term. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association. 2019 Mar; 60(2):201-209. doi: 10.1111/vru.12690. [PMID: 30276919]
  • I J Kallio-Kujala, H A Turunen, M R Raekallio, J M Honkavaara, K M Salla, D Casoni, H J Hautajärvi, O M Vainio. Peripherally acting α-adrenoceptor antagonist MK-467 with intramuscular medetomidine and butorphanol in dogs: A prospective, randomised, clinical trial. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997). 2018 Oct; 240(?):22-26. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.08.007. [PMID: 30268328]
  • Ira J Kallio-Kujala, Marja R Raekallio, Juhana Honkavaara, Rachel C Bennett, Heta Turunen, Mika Scheinin, Heidi Hautajärvi, Outi Vainio. Peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonism affects the absorption of intramuscularly coadministered drugs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia. 2018 Jul; 45(4):405-413. doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.01.008. [PMID: 29891212]
  • Admire Munanairi, Xian-Yu Liu, Devin M Barry, Qianyi Yang, Jun-Bin Yin, Hua Jin, Hui Li, Qing-Tao Meng, Jia-Hang Peng, Zhen-Yu Wu, Jun Yin, Xuan-Yi Zhou, Li Wan, Ping Mo, Seungil Kim, Fu-Quan Huo, Joseph Jeffry, Yun-Qing Li, Rita Bardoni, Michael R Bruchas, Zhou-Feng Chen. Non-canonical Opioid Signaling Inhibits Itch Transmission in the Spinal Cord of Mice. Cell reports. 2018 Apr; 23(3):866-877. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.087. [PMID: 29669290]
  • L-H Huang, J Li, J-P Gu, M-X Qu, J Yu, Z-Y Wang. Butorphanol attenuates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury through inhibiting mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in mice. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2018 03; 22(6):1819-1824. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201803_14601. [PMID: 29630131]
  • Teppei Nakamura, Naoya Karakida, Ai Dantsuka, Osamu Ichii, Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa, Yasuhiro Kon, Ken-Ichi Nagasaki, Hideki Hattori, Tomoji Yoshiyasu. Effects of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on anesthesia and blood biochemistry and the antagonizing action of atipamezole in hamsters. The Journal of veterinary medical science. 2017 Jul; 79(7):1230-1235. doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0210. [PMID: 28603217]
  • Delphine Laniesse, David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, Heather K Knych, Dale A Smith, Cornelia Mosley, Joanne R Paul-Murphy, Hugues Beaufrère. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in a long-acting poloxamer 407 gel formulation administered to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). American journal of veterinary research. 2017 Jun; 78(6):688-694. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.78.6.688. [PMID: 28541145]
  • Lisa L Wolfe, Mary E Wood, Pauline Nol, Matthew P McCollum, Mark C Fisher, William R Lance. THE EFFICACY OF NALBUPHINE, MEDETOMIDINE, AND AZAPERONE IN IMMOBILIZING AMERICAN BISON (BISON BISON). Journal of wildlife diseases. 2017 04; 53(2):304-310. doi: 10.7589/2016-05-107. [PMID: 28051569]
  • Christina A Gerlach, Maya S Kummrow, Leith C Meyer, Gareth E Zeiler, George F Stegmann, Roxanne K Buck, Geoffrey T Fosgate, Sabine B Kästner. CONTINUOUS INTRAVENOUS INFUSION ANESTHESIA WITH MEDETOMIDINE, KETAMINE, AND MIDAZOLAM AFTER INDUCTION WITH A COMBINATION OF ETORPHINE, MEDETOMIDINE, AND MIDAZOLAM OR WITH MEDETOMIDINE, KETAMINE, AND BUTORPHANOL IN IMPALA (AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 2017 Mar; 48(1):62-71. doi: 10.1638/2016-0010.1. [PMID: 28363076]
  • B Santangelo, F Micieli, F Marino, F Reynaud, P Cassandro, A Carfora, R Petrella, R Borriello, M Cataldi, G Vesce. Plasma concentrations and sedative effects of a dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol combination after transnasal administration in healthy rabbits. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016 Aug; 39(4):408-11. doi: 10.1111/jvp.12282. [PMID: 26687556]
  • Luca Bellini, Marta Vadori, Giulia Maria De Benedictis, Roberto Busetto. Effects of opioids on proximal renal tubular cells undergoing ATP depletion. Journal of pharmacological sciences. 2016 Aug; 131(4):288-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.08.002. [PMID: 27569459]
  • Yasuhiro Tsubokura, Toshio Kobayashi, Yutaka Oshima, Naoki Hashizume, Makoto Nakai, Shozo Ajimi, Nobuya Imatanaka. Effects of pentobarbital, isoflurane, or medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol anesthesia on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood chemistry in rats. The Journal of toxicological sciences. 2016; 41(5):595-604. doi: 10.2131/jts.41.595. [PMID: 27665769]
  • Meredith M Clancy, Butch KuKanich, John M Sykes. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol delivered with an osmotic pump during a seven-day period in common peafowl (Pavo cristatus). American journal of veterinary research. 2015 Dec; 76(12):1070-6. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.76.12.1070. [PMID: 26618732]
  • L Chiavaccini, A K Claude, J H Lee, M K Ross, R E Meyer, V C Langston. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics comparison between subcutaneous and intravenous butorphanol administration in horses. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2015 Aug; 38(4):365-74. doi: 10.1111/jvp.12191. [PMID: 25484250]
  • Adriano B Carregaro, Gabrielle C Freitas, Martina H Ribeiro, Nathalia V Xavier, Renata G S Dória. Physiological and analgesic effects of continuous-rate infusion of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced carpal synovitis. BMC veterinary research. 2014 Dec; 10(?):966. doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0299-z. [PMID: 25528353]
  • Bianca Paludeto Dias, Marcelo Augusto de Araújo, Maurício Deschk, Thomas Alexander Trein, Nirmem Carlos Pinheiro, Silvia Helena Venturolli Perri, Celso Antônio Rodrigues, Paulo Sergio Patto dos Santos. Effects of a continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses on cardiorespiratory parameters, recovery quality, gastrointestinal motility and serum cortisol concentrations. Acta cirurgica brasileira. 2014 Dec; 29(12):801-6. doi: 10.1590/s0102-86502014001900006. [PMID: 25517493]
  • Emmelie Stock, Katrien Vanderperren, Elke Van der Vekens, Hendrik Haers, Luc Duchateau, Ingeborgh Polis, Myriam Hesta, Jimmy H Saunders. The effect of anesthesia with propofol and sedation with butorphanol on quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the healthy feline kidney. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997). 2014 Dec; 202(3):637-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.008. [PMID: 25458879]
  • Lon V Kendall, Ryan J Hansen, Kathryn Dorsey, Sooah Kang, Paul J Lunghofer, Daniel L Gustafson. Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release analgesics in mice. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS. 2014 Sep; 53(5):478-84. doi: . [PMID: 25255070]
  • Takehiro Ochi, Ippei Nishiura, Mitsuyoshi Tatsumi, Yoshimi Hirano, Kouichi Yahagi, Yasuhiro Sakurai, Kanako Matsuyama-Fujiwara, Yuji Sudo, Noriko Nishina, Hironari Koyama. Anesthetic effect of a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The Journal of veterinary medical science. 2014 Jun; 76(6):917-21. doi: 10.1292/jvms.13-0589. [PMID: 24584083]
  • Yun Wu, Jing Wan, Wen-Zhon Zhen, Liu-Fang Chen, Jia Zhan, Jian-Juan Ke, Zong-Ze Zhang, Yan-Lin Wang. The effect of butorphanol postconditioning on myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury in rats. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery. 2014 Mar; 18(3):308-12. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivt516. [PMID: 24336785]
  • Johanna R Elfenbein, Sheilah A Robertson, Robert J MacKay, Butch KuKanich, L Sanchez. Systemic and anti-nociceptive effects of prolonged lidocaine, ketamine, and butorphanol infusions alone and in combination in healthy horses. BMC veterinary research. 2014; 10 Suppl 1(?):S6. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-s1-s6. [PMID: 25238633]
  • H K Knych, H C Casbeer, D S McKemie, R M Arthur. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of butorphanol following intravenous administration to the horse. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013 Feb; 36(1):21-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01385.x. [PMID: 22339417]
  • Wendy Goodwin, Helen Keates, Kirby Pasloske, Martin Pearson, Ben Sauer, Millagahamada G Ranasinghe. Plasma pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone in neonatal foals after an intravenous bolus of alfaxalone following premedication with butorphanol tartrate. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia. 2012 Sep; 39(5):503-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00734.x. [PMID: 22642499]
  • Akari Kamine, Michito Shimozuru, Haruki Shibata, Toshio Tsubota. Effects of intramuscular administration of tiletamine-zolazepam with and without sedative pretreatment on plasma and serum biochemical values and glucose tolerance test results in Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus). American journal of veterinary research. 2012 Aug; 73(8):1282-9. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1282. [PMID: 22849689]
  • D C Williams, M Aleman, B Tharp, D J Fletcher, P H Kass, E P Steffey, R A LeCouteur, T A Holliday. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses after sedation. Journal of veterinary internal medicine. 2012 May; 26(3):645-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00921.x. [PMID: 22489924]
  • Kirsten Biermann, Stephan Hungerbühler, Reinhard Mischke, Sabine B R Kästner. Sedative, cardiovascular, haematologic and biochemical effects of four different drug combinations administered intramuscularly in cats. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia. 2012 Mar; 39(2):137-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00699.x. [PMID: 22356415]
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  • Simone K Ringer, Karine G Portier, Isabelle Fourel, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Development of a xylazine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia. 2012 Jan; 39(1):1-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00653.x. [PMID: 22103355]
  • Simone K Ringer, Karine G Portier, Isabelle Fourel, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Development of a romifidine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia. 2012 Jan; 39(1):12-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00681.x. [PMID: 22151873]
  • Anthony P Kett, Christine M Bruen, Fiona O'Halloran, Valérie Chaurin, Peadar G Lawlor, James A O'Mahony, Linda Giblin, Mark A Fenelon. The effect of α- or β-casein addition to waxy maize starch on postprandial levels of glucose, insulin, and incretin hormones in pigs as a model for humans. Food & nutrition research. 2012; 56(?):. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.7989. [PMID: 22509144]
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